Tatmadaw - Knowledge

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its comparatively large resources; adequate though this may have been for peacetime conditions it was quite inadequate to deal with the expansion im- posed by a great war. The officers were drawn from the British service and the Indian Army with little hope of reinforcement in time of war except for the untrained resources of Burma. Before the outbreak of war with Japan and for some time afterwards Burma Army Headquarters was simultaneously a War Office, a G.H.Q,., a Corps H.Q. and an Area H.Q. Matters of detail could have been worked out more quickly and efficiently by G.H.Q,. in India if the Army in Burma had been placed for command and general administration under . As it was, up to November 1940 Burma was directly under the War Office at home; it was then placed under Far Eastern Command at Singapore. Neither arrangement even bordered upon common sense, but although three times in 1940 and 1941 successive commanders-in-chief urged the authorities in the United Kingdom to place Burma , it was not done until December 15th by which time it was too late."

1822: 2748: 8483: 4125: 3709: 86: 407: 2422: 388: 103: 366: 603: 344: 254: 3605: 3791: 3728: 108: 98: 3721: 3798: 3784: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3756: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3584:. The Myanmar Navy currently operates more than 122 vessels. Before 1988, the Myanmar Navy was small and its role in the many counterinsurgency operations was much less conspicuous than those of the army and air force. Yet the navy has always been, and remains, an important factor in Burma's security and it was dramatically expanded in recent years to a provide blue water capability and external threat defence role in Burma's territorial waters. Its personnel number 19,000 (including two naval infantry battalions). 228: 3504: 3237: 3086: 241: 8900: 663: 215: 1590: 3566: 202: 3456: 651: 794: 8913: 8848: 7994: 8874: 8835: 8926: 2525: 8018: 8887: 8939: 4144: 4137: 4786: 8822: 687: 591: 266: 3428: 639: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 8861: 627: 675: 2623:(MEC). Revenues generated from these business interests have strengthened the Burmese military's autonomy from civilian oversight, and have contributed to the military's financial operations in "a wide array of international human rights and humanitarian law violations." Revenues from MEHL and MEC are kept "off-book," enabling the military to autonomously finance military affairs with limited civilian oversight. 615: 4676: 4525: 8006: 1262:, were formed in the 16th century. Outside the special firearm units, there was no formal training program for the regular conscripts, who were expected to have a basic knowledge of self-defence, and how to operate the musket on their own. As the technological gap between European powers widened in the 18th century, the army was dependent on Europeans' willingness to sell more sophisticated weaponry. 4764: 4736: 4708: 4613: 4585: 4557: 1868:, three GSO-II with the rank of major, four GSO-III with the rank of captain for operation, training, planning and intelligence, and one Intelligence Officer (IO). The Chief of Staff office also had one GSO-II and one GSO-III for field engineering, and the Chief Signal Officer and a GSO-II for signal. Directorate of Signal and Directorate Field Engineering are also under General Staff Office. 3352:) retained control of the Directorates of Signals, Directorate of Armour Corps, Directorate of Artillery Corps, Defence Industries, Security Printing, Public Relations and Psychological Warfare, and Military Engineering (field section), People's Militias and Border Troops, Directorate of Defence Services Computers (DDSC), the Defence Services Museum and Historical Research Institute. 5763: 5779: 2727:, which in turn became the external threat to state security and sovereignty of Burma. The first phase of the doctrine was tested for the first time in Operation "Naga Naing" in February 1953 against invading KMT forces. The doctrine did not take into account logistic and political support for KMT from the 4319:) is one of the major branches of the Tatmadaw. It was established as the Air Defence Command in 1997 but was not fully operational until late 1999. It was renamed the Bureau of Air Defence in the early 2000s. In early 2000s, the Tatmadaw established the Myanmar Integrated Air Defence System (MIADS) ( 3367:

and also serve as appointed chairmen of the state- and division-level Law and Order Restoration Committees. They were formally responsible for both military and civil administrative functions for their command areas. Also, three additional regional military commands were created. In early 1990, a new

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In Myanmar, out of nearly 35 million people, the combined armed forces (army, navy and air force) are about two hundred thousand. In terms of percentage, that is about 0.01%. It is simply impossible to defend a country the size of ours with only this handful of troops... therefore, what we have to do

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in Rakhine State. The Tatmadaw had sentenced seven soldiers to 10-year prison terms for killing 10 Rohingya men in Rakhine in September 2017. A 2019 UN report revealed the degree to which the country's military uses its own businesses, foreign companies and arms deals to support, away from the public

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The Quarter Master General office also had three branch offices: QG-1 planning, procurement, and budget; QG-2 maintenance, construction, and cantonment; and QG-3 transportation. Under the QMG office were Garrison Engineering Corps, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Corps, Military Ordnance Corps,

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Over the past decade, through a series of modernisation programs, the Tatmadaw has developed and invested in better Command, Control, Communication and Intelligence system; real-time intelligence; formidable air defence system; and early warning systems for its 'strategic denial' and 'total people's

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from front line fighting against ethnic insurgents in the Karen states. Battalions from three Light Infantry Divisions, augmented by infantry battalions under Yangon Regional Military Command and supporting units from Directorate of Artillery and Armour Corps were deployed during the suppression of

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These military forces were expanded between 1939 and the end of 1941, but the additional strength was impaired by defects inherent in the organisation as it stood before separation. The small and independent military command now set up had been carved out of the experienced Indian organisation with

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A number of new subordinate command headquarters were formed in response to the growth and reorganisation of the Army. These include Regional Operation Commands (ROC, or Da Ka Sa), which are subordinate to RMCs, and Military Operations Commands (MOC, or Sa Ka Kha), which are equivalent to Western

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Within the policy, the role of the Tatmadaw was defined as a `modern, strong and highly capable fighting force'. Since the day of independence, the Tatmadaw has been involved in restoring and maintaining internal security and suppressing insurgency. It was with this background that the Tatmadaw's

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According to an analysis of budgetary data between FY 2011–12 and 2018–19, approximately 13% to 14% of the national budget is devoted to the Burmese military. However, the military budget remains opaque and subject to limited civilian scrutiny, and a 2011 Special Funds Law has enabled the Burmese

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following a proposal by Deputy Minister of Defence. In June 2016, Myanmar and Russia signed a defence cooperation agreement. The agreement will envisage exchanging information on international security issues, including fight against terrorism, cooperation in the sphere of culture and vacation of

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and object to the usage of the complimentary term "royal" to describe it. As a result, many Burmese people have taken to using an alternative name "Sit-Tat", which simply means "military" with no positive or negative connotations. Some citizens and activists also use the openly derogatory variant

3008:(SLORC) in September 1988 as part of the armed forces modernisation programme. The development was the reflection of sensitivity towards direct foreign invasion or invasion by proxy state during the turbulent years of the late 1980s and early 1990s, for example: the unauthorised presence of a US 3415:

and military intelligence units. OSS ordered 4 regiment to raid in DDSI Headquarter in Yangon. At the same time, all of the MIU in the whole country were raided and arrested by OSS corps. Nearly two thirds of MIU officers were detained for years. A new military intelligence unit called Military

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These BSO are similar to "Army Groups" in Western armies, high level staff units formed to manage different theatres of military operations. They were responsible for the overall direction and co-ordination of the Regional Military Commands (RMC) with BSO-1 covering Northern Command (NC), North

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The Tatmadaw has developed an 'active defence' strategy based on guerrilla warfare with limited conventional military capabilities, designed to cope with low intensity conflicts from external and internal foes, which threatens the security of the state. This strategy, revealed in joint services

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As per War Office order No. (9) 1955 on 28 September 1955, the Chief of Staff became the Commander in Chief, the Chief of Army Staff became the Vice Chief of Staff (Army), the Chief of Naval Staff become Vice Chief of Staff (Navy) and the Chief of Air Staff became the Vice Chief of Staff (Air).

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Under Adjutant General Office were Judge Advocate General, Military Secretary, and Vice Adjutant General. The Adjutant General (AG) was a brigadier general whereas the Judge Advocate General (JAG), Military Secretary (MS) and Vice Adjutant General (VAG) were colonels. VAG handles adjutant staff

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and dispersed regular troops which would eventually wear down the invading forces, both physically and psychologically, and leave it vulnerable to a counter-offensive. If the conventional strategy of strategic denial fails, then the Tatmadaw and its auxiliary forces will follow Mao's strategic

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The third phase was to face the lower level external threats with a strategy of strategic denial under total people's defence concept. Current military leadership has successfully dealt with 17 major insurgent groups, whose 'return to legal fold' in the past decade has remarkably decreased the

2383:), issued a warning against potential protestors during a televised speech. He stated that if the "disturbances" continued the "Army would have to be called and I would like to make it clear that if the Army shoots, it has no tradition of shooting into the Air, it would shoot straight to hit". 2822:

became the core of the new military doctrine and strategy. Beginning in 1961, the Directorate of Military Training took charge the research for national defence planning, military doctrine and strategy for both internal and external threats. This included reviews of international and domestic

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Under the Adjutant General Office, there are three directorates: Medical Services, Resettlement, and Provost Martial. Under the Quartermaster General Office are the directorates of Military Engineering (garrison section), Supply and Transport, Ordnance Services, and Electricaland Mechanical

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was reorganised by incorporating the British Burma Army and the Patriotic Burmese Force. The officer corps shared by ex-PBF officers and officers from the British Burma Army and Army of Burma Reserve Organisation (ABRO). The colonial government also decided to form what were known as "Class

1155:. Since Burma has not been a monarchy since the era prior to British colonial rule, the word "royal" in this usage is understood to mean "glorious". This name has become controversial in Myanmar, especially since 2021, as many people in Myanmar have opposed the military during the country's 2402:) security battalions and to patrol the streets of the capital and to guard government offices and building. However, at midnight of 8 August 1988 troops from 22 Light Infantry Division guarding Yangon City Hall opened fire on unarmed protesters as the crackdown against the protests began. 1848:

and Quartermaster General. Vice Chief of Staff, who was also Chief of Army Staff and the head of General Staff Office. VCS oversee General Staff matters and there were three branch offices: GS-1 Operation and Training, GS-2 Staff Duty and Planning; GS-3 Intelligence. Signal Corps and Field

3141:, State Council and Council of Ministers. There was also a National Security Council which acted in advisory capacity. The Defence Minister cum Chief-of-Staff of Defence Services exercised day-to-day control of the armed forces and assisted by three Vice-Chiefs of Staff, one each for the 2441:

hit Myanmar a few days before the referendum, and the government did not allow postponement of the referendum. Under the 2008 Constitution, the Tatmadaw is guaranteed 25% of the seats in the parliament, making it difficult to pass meaningful reforms that the Tatmadaw does not approve of.

1399:, made up of Chins and Burmese, were also raised. All these units began their overseas assignment in 1917. The 70th Burma Rifles served in Egypt for garrison duties while the Burmese Labour Corps served in France. One company of Burma Sappers and Miners distinguished themselves in 2916:, total people's defence policy, the nature of perceived threats, its geography and the regional environment, the size of its population in comparison with those of its neighbours, the relatively underdeveloped nature of its economy and its historical and political experiences. 2109:" and handed over power on 28 October 1958. Under the stewardship of the Military Caretaker Government, parliamentary elections were held in February 1960. Several high-ranking and senior officers were dismissed due to their involvement and supporting various political parties. 1872:

matters and there were also three branch offices; AG-1 planning, recruitment and transfer; AG-2 discipline, moral, welfare, and education; AG-3 salary, pension, and other financial matters. The Medical Corps and the Provost Marshal Office were under the Adjutant General Office.

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of the insurgents as one of the tasks for national defence and state security" and called for "liquidation of insurgents through the strength of the working people as the immediate objective". This doctrine ensures the role of Tatmadaw at the heart of national policy making.

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has always been by far the largest service and has always received the lion's share of Burma's defence budget. It has played the most prominent part in Burma's struggle against the 40 or more insurgent groups since 1948 and acquired a reputation as a tough and resourceful

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In the FY 2019–20 national budget, the military was allocated 3,385 billion kyats (approximately US$ 2.4 billion). In May 2020, the Burmese parliament reduced the military's supplementary budgetary request by $ 7.55 million. On 28 October 2014, the Minister for Defence

3202:. Under G Staff, there were also a number of directorates which corresponded to the Army's functional corps, such as Intelligence, Signals, Training, Armour and Artillery. The A Staff was responsible for the Adjutant General, Directorate of Medical Services and the 3216:

Operational Command in the field was exercised through a framework of Regional Military Commands (RMC), the boundaries of which corresponded with the country's Seven States and Seven Divisions. The Regional Military Commanders, all senior army officers, usually of

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until the mid-1960s. The doctrine was under constant review and modifications throughout KMT invasion and gained success in anti-KMT operations in the mid and late 1950s. However, this strategy became increasingly irrelevant and unsuitable in the late 1950s as the

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The Joint Staff within the Ministry of Defence consisted of three major branches, one each for Army, Navy and Air Force, along with a number of independent departments. The Army Office had three major departments; the General (G) Staff to oversee operations, the

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In April 1968, the Tatmadaw introduced special warfare training programmes at "Command Training Centres" at various regional commands. Anti-Guerrilla warfare tactics were taught at combat forces schools and other training establishments with special emphasis on

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Maung Maung pointed out that newspapers, such as the "Nation", carried reports detailing the training and troops positioning, even went as far to the name and social background of the commanders who are leading the operation thus losing the element of surprise.

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in the case of foreign invasion is to mobilise people in accordance with the "total people's war" doctrine. To defend our country from aggressors, the entire population must be involved in the war effort as the support of people dictate the outcome of the war.

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Saw Myint, who was second in command for the operation, also complained about the long lines of communications and the excessive pressure imposed upon the units for public relations activities to prove that the support of the people was behind the operation.

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leadership was concerned that foreign powers might arm the insurgents on the border to exploit the political situation and tensions in the country. This new threat perception, previously insignificant under the nation's isolationist foreign policy, led

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The objective was to contain the offensive of the invading forces at the border for at least three months, while waiting for the arrival of international forces, similar to the police action by international intervention forces under the directive of

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military to circumvent parliamentary oversight to access supplemental funding. Defence budgets were publicly shared for the first time in 2015, and in recent years, parliamentary lawmakers have demanded greater transparency in military spending.

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and all weather day and night offensive and attack capabilities along with winning the hearts and minds of people are important parts of anti-guerrilla warfare. For countering an historical enemy with equal strength, the Tatmadaw should fight a

1228:-based wartime army. Conscription was based on the ahmudan system, which required local chiefs to supply their predetermined quota of men from their jurisdiction on the basis of population in times of war. The wartime army also consisted of 3221:

rank, were responsible for the conduct of military operations in their respective RMC areas. Depending on the size of RMC and its operational requirements, Regional Military Commanders have at their disposal 10 or more infantry battalions

2703:. However, the conventional strategy under the concept of total war was undermined by the lack of appropriate command and control system, proper logistical support structure, sound economic bases and efficient civil defence organisations. 3308:

A new command structure was introduced at the Ministry of Defence level in 2002. The most important position created is the Joint Chief of Staff (Army, Navy, Air Force) that commands commanders-in-chief of the Navy and the Air Force.

3055:"multifaceted" defence policy was formulated and its military doctrine and strategy could be interpreted as defence-in-depth. It was influenced by a number of factors such as history, geography, culture, economy and sense of threats. 2963:

size operations were also practised in the Southwest Regional Military Command area. The new military doctrine was formally endorsed and adopted at the first party congress of the BSPP in 1971. BSPP laid down directives for "complete

1414:, the colonial government stopped recruiting Burmese soldiers, and discharged all but one Burmese companies, which had been abolished by 1925. The last Burmese company of Burma Sappers and Miners too was disbanded in 1929. Instead, 3359:

Other independent department within the Ministry of Defence are Judge Advocate General, Inspector General, Military Appointment General, Directorate of Procurement, Record Office, Central Military Accounting, and Camp Commandant.

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Eastern Command (NEC), North Western Command (NWC), Western Command (WC) and Eastern Command (EC). BSO-2 responsible for South Eastern Command (SEC), South Western Command (SWC), Western Command (WC) and Central Command (CC).

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became the sole political party and the majority of its full members were military. Government servants underwent military training and the Military Intelligence Service functioned as the secret police of the state.

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internal threats to state security, at least for the short and medium terms, even though threat perception of the possibility of external linkage to internal problems, perceived as being motivated by the continuing

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at the time of independence and four of them were made up of former members of PBF. None of the influential positions within the War Office and commands were manned with former PBF Officers. All services including

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It is designed to deter potential aggressors by the knowledge that defeat of the Tatmadaw's regular forces in conventional warfare would be followed by persistent guerrilla warfare in the occupied areas by people

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The Myanmar Directorate of Defence Industries (DI) consists of 25 major factories throughout the country that produce approximately 70 major products for Army, Navy and Air Force. The main products include

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Throughout the BSPP era, the total people's war doctrine was solely applied in counterinsurgency operations, since Burma did not face any direct foreign invasion throughout the period. In 1985, the then

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with people's war and the perception of threats to state security was more of internal threats. During this phase, external linkage of internal problems and direct external threats were minimised by the

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The initial development of Burmese military doctrine post-independence was developed in the early 1950s to cope with external threats from more powerful enemies with a strategy of Strategic Denial under

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In 2010, conscription legislation was passed that compelled able-bodied men and women between 18–45 and 18–35 respectively to serve up to three years in the military, or face significant jail sentences.

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I have to inform you, citizens of the Union that Armed Forces have taken over the responsibility and the task of keeping the country's safety, owing to the greatly deteriorating conditions of the Union.

6325: 6149: 2660:. The perception of threats to state security was more external than internal threats. The internal threat to state security was managed through the use of a mixture of force and political persuasion. 2579:. As of 2023, analysts suggested that the Tatmadaw has sustained significant losses due to both combat against the pro-democracy insurgents as well as desertions within the rank and file soldiers. The 4914: 3213:

level. All these officers were responsible for the overall management of the various naval and air bases around the country, and the broader administrative functions such as recruitment and training.

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eye, a “brutal operations” against ethnic groups that constitute “serious crimes under international law”, bypassing civilian oversight and evading accountability. In June 2020, the Tatmadaw accused

6504: 3661:. Its command structure is based on established civil jurisdictions. Each of Burma's seven states and seven divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in the respective capital cities. 2851:

under total war strategy, without giving up an inch of its territory to the enemy. For powerful enemy and foreign invaders, the Tatmadaw should engage in total people's war, with a special focus on

2834:-training courses were delivered at the training schools. The new doctrine laid out three potential enemies and they are internal insurgents, historical enemies with roughly an equal strength (i.e. 3059:

exercises, is built on a system of total people's defence, where the armed forces provide the first line of defence and the training and leadership of the nation in the matter of national defence.

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While the army had held its own against the armies of the kingdom's neighbours, its performance against more technologically advanced European armies deteriorated over time. While it defeated the

4367:), is a branch of the Myanmar's Armed Forces tasked with intelligence gathering. It was created to replace the Directorate of Defence Services Intelligence (DDSI), which was disbanded in 2004. 1484:

4 One Indian mountain battery and one field company Indian Sappers and Miners. Both.. were on loan from India and the latter was to be replaced by a company of Burma Sappers and Miners in 1940.

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was given the post of Vice Chief of Staff (Army). Brigadier General D. A Blake became commander of South Burma Subdistrict Command (SBSD) and Brigadier General Kyaw Zaw, a member of the

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and managed by a War Office Council chaired by the Minister of Defence. At the head of War Office was Chief of Staff, Vice Chief of Staff, Chief of Naval Staff, Chief of Air Staff,

6119: 6762: 5612: 5168: 5117: 5234: 7059: 3483:". This judgment was echoed in 1983, when another observer noted that "Myanmar's infantry is generally rated as one of the toughest, most combat seasoned in Southeast Asia". 2838:), and enemies with greater strength. It states that in suppressing insurgencies, the Tatmadaw must be trained to conduct long-range penetration with a tactic of continuous 2642:

session that 46.2% of the budget is spent on personnel cost, 32.89% on operation and procurement, 14.49% on construction related projects and 2.76% on health and education.

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claimed that the referendum was a success, with an approval rate of 93.82%; however, there has been widespread criticism of the veracity of these claims, partially because

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Affairs Security (MAS) was formed to take over the functions of the DDSI, but MAS units were much fewer than DDSI's and MAS was under control by local Division commander.

6624: 8811: 2931:). The doctrine did not develop concepts of strategic denial or counter-offensive capabilities. It relied almost totally on irregular low-intensity warfare, such as its 6436: 6235: 1332:

to garrison the nascent colony. Due to mistrust of the Burmese population, the colonial government maintained this ban for decades, instead looking to the indigenous

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Kyi Win submitted a report outlining the requirement for new military doctrine and strategy. He stated that the 'Tatmadaw did not have a clear strategy to cope with

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in the late 14th century, became integrated into strategy only gradually over many centuries. The first special musket and artillery units, equipped with Portuguese

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The Tatmadaw's organisational and command structure dramatically changed after the military coup in 1988. In 1990, the country's most senior army officer become a

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level. Chiefs of Bureau of Special Operations (BSO), the heads of Q and A Staffs and the Director of Defence Services Intelligence (DDSI) were also elevated to

2901:. A research team was also formed at General Staff Office within the War Office to study defence capabilities and militia formations of neighbouring countries. 6413: 1438:

from 1930 to 1931. On 1 April 1937, Burma was made a separate colony, and Burmese were now eligible to join the army. But few Burmese bothered to join. Before

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The Navy and Air Force Offices within the Ministry were headed by the Vice Chiefs of Staff for those Services. Each was supported by a staff officer at full

6467: 5700: 5353: 3206:'s Office. The Q Staff included the Directorates of Supply and Transport, Ordnance Services, Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and Military Engineers. 1344:

to form new military units in the colony. In 1937, the colonial government overturned the ban, and Burmese troops started to enlist in small numbers in the

6701: 6496: 5198: 1379:. During the conflict, the demands of war led to the colonial government relaxing the ban, raising a Burmese battalion in the 70th Burma Rifles, a Burmese 2818:

based on isolation. It was common view of the commanders that unless insurgency was suppressed, foreign interference would be highly probable, therefore

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Formed after Aung San was assassinated in later part of 1947, Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – First CO was Lieutenant Colonel Zeya

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warfare. Based upon Colonel Kyi Win's report, the Tatmadaw began developing an appropriate military doctrine and strategy to meet the requirements of

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of the Tatmadaw (Myanmar Armed Forces) to command all three services – Army, Navy and Air Force – under a single unified command for the first time.

413: 6591: 3395:). The council includes all senior military officers and commanders of the RMCs. A new Ministry of Military Affairs was established and headed by a 4350: 7090: 6381: 2734:

The Tatmadaw leadership then argued that the excessive media coverage was partly to blame for the failure of Operation "Naga Naing". For example,

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was formed on 16 January 1947, while Myanmar (also known as Burma) was under British colonial rule. By 1948, the new air force fleet included 40

3427: 2222: 5512: 2587:. The Tatmadaw itself has acknowledged that it does not have control over 132 of Myanmar’s 330 townships, or 42 percent of the country's towns. 5407: 1728: 1792: 358: 160:တပ်နှင့်ပြည်သူ လက်တွဲကူပြည်ထောင်စုဖြိုခွဲသူမှန်သမျှချေမှုန်းကြ။ ("Military and the people, cooperate and crush all those harming the union.") 7273: 3318:) was formed around 1994 and charged with formulating defence policies, and planning and doctrine of the Tatmadaw. The OSS was commanded by 6671: 5317: 148:တပ်နှင့်ပြည်သူမြဲကြည်ဖြူ သွေးခွဲလာသူတို့ရန်သူ။ ("Military and the people in eternal unity, anyone attempting to divide them is our enemy.") 6295: 5989: 5584: 4937: 6111: 6085: 8482: 3293:) rank and also acted as deputy commander in Chief of the Defence Services. The C-in-C of the Air Force and Navy hold the equivalent of 8314: 8284: 8179: 8061: 6770: 5620: 5479: 4969: 1879:

Both AG and QMG office similar structure to the General Staff Office, but they only had three ASO-III and three QSO-III respectively.

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as its commander on 1 August 1943 when Burma achieved nominal independence. In late 1944, it had a strength of approximately 15,000.

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The army was organised into a small standing army of a few thousands, which defended the capital and the palace, and a much larger

1530:. Thousands of young men joined its ranks—reliable estimates range from 15,000 to 23,000. The great majority of the recruits were 8334: 7473: 7028: 6739: 6520: 5966: 3384: 3380: 3257: 3253: 3005: 2406: 1610:, organisational origin and different services. The most serious problem was the tension between Karen Officers, coming from the 1057: 5138: 3305:

rank. The reorganisation of the armed forces after 1988 resulted in the upgrading by two ranks of most of the senior positions.

7933: 7660: 6616: 3153:. These officers also acted as Deputy Ministers of Defence and commanders of their respective Services. They were all based at 2912:

for foreign invasion, were designed to be appropriate for Burma. The doctrine flowed from the country's independent and active

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Subsequently, the 22 Light Infantry Division, 33 Light Infantry Division and the 44 Light Infantry Division were redeployed to

1904: 1128: 1049: 336: 2560:. The same day, Min Aung Hlaing announced that the country's state of emergency had been extended by an additional two years. 1602:

At the time of Myanmar's independence in 1948, the Tatmadaw was weak, small and disunited. Cracks appeared along the lines of

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on 2 February 2021 as the current government in power. On 1 August 2021, the State Administration Council was re-formed as a

1132: 145:အသက်သွေးချွေး စဉ်မနှေးပေးဆပ်သည်မှာတပ်မတော်ပါ။ ("Never hesitating always ready to sacrifice blood and sweat is the Tatmadaw.)" 6265: 5074:

Junta Watch: Belarus Seals Bloody Alliance With Regime; Resistance-Hit Naypyitaw Touted as Top Tourism Destination; and More

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often provide specialists to enhance the training of Burma's police. Personnel: 72,000 (including 4,500 Combat/SWAT Police)

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of the Defence Services. He thus exercised both political and operational control over the entire country and armed forces.

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Battle Group in Myanmar's territorial waters during the 1988 political uprising as evidence of an infringement of Myanmar's

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The third phase of doctrinal development of the Myanmar Armed Forces came after the military take over and formation of the

8362: 7679: 7488: 6561: 6227: 5292:"OHCHR | Myanmar: Tatmadaw leaders must be investigated for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes – UN report" 3376:

was split into two RMCs, and South Eastern Command was divided to create a new RMC in country's far south coastal regions.

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was formed in 1940 and, although very small, played an active part in Allied operations against the Japanese during the

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of Defence Services. He thus exercised supreme operational control over all three services, under the direction of the

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re-established a ‘normal’ bilateral relationship with Myanmar to support democratisation and reform. In June 2016, the

1923: 1643:, supply and transport, ordnance and medical services, Navy and Air Force were commanded by former Officers from ABRO. 5548: 1852:

According to the war establishment adopted on 14 April 1948, Chief of Staff was under the War Office with the rank of

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for the infantry. The MA series of weapons were designed to replace the old German-designed but locally manufactured

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in July 1964 to study organisation structure, armaments, training, territorial organisation and strategy of people's

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intrusions in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively, the army proved unable to match the military strength of the

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At the beginning of the 1950s, while the Tatmadaw was able to reassert its control over most part of the country,

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3 Two British infantry battalions. Four Burma Rifles battalions, each with its own training company for recruits.

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consisted two Bureaus of Special Operations (BSO), which were created in April 1978 and June 1979 respectively.

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Following Myanmar's political reforms, Myanmar has made substantial shifts in its relations with major powers

2326: 2300: 1069: 990: 30:"Armed forces of Burma" and "Military of Burma" redirect here. For the country's historical armed forces, see 8783: 8347: 7744: 7689: 7532: 7160: 5375: 4748: 4720: 4660: 4597: 4569: 4509: 3419:

In early 2006, a new Regional Military Command (RMC) was created at the newly formed administrative capital,

2466: 1065: 1061: 1053: 1010: 1006: 930: 380: 8411: 7113:"Karen Human Rights Group | KHRG Photo Gallery 2008 | Landmines, mortars, army camps and soldiers" 2747: 1615: 136:ရဲသော်မသေ၊ သေသော်ငရဲမလား။ ("If you are brave, you will not die, and if you die, hell will not come to you.") 8965: 8562: 8517: 8494: 8304: 8264: 8204: 8119: 7820: 7764: 7672: 7633: 7618: 7572: 7547: 7443: 7418: 7297: 3138: 2830:

In 1962, as part of new military doctrine planning, principles of anti-guerrilla warfare were outlined and

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in response to anti-junta ethnic militias and pro-democracy rebels capturing massive swathes of territory.

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The Office of the Chief of Military Security Affairs (OCMSA), commonly referred to by its Burmese acronym

8770: 8319: 8124: 7953: 7878: 7778: 7739: 7537: 7512: 6983: 4814: 3480: 3154: 2827:, collection of information for strategic planning and defining the possible routes of foreign invasion. 2330: 2058: 1841: 1169: 31: 6202:"Myanmar companies bankroll 'brutal operations' of military, independent UN experts claim in new report" 3325:, who is also the Director of Defence Service Intelligence (DDSI). Regional Military Commands (RMC) and 2731:

and as a result it failed to deliver its objectives and ended in a humiliating defeat for the Tatmadaw.

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has no command role over the Tatmadaw, though he may work with the NDSC in authorizing military action.

8717: 7958: 7845: 7082: 6377: 4892: 4809: 4310: 4304: 3048: 1290: 1180: 958: 157:တပ်မတော်သည်အမျိုးသားရေးကိုဘယ်တော့မှသစ္စာမဖောက်။ ("The military shall never betray the national cause.") 6055: 2333:". Around midnight the troops began to move into Yangon to take up strategic position. Prime Minister 1714:

Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by then Lieutenant Colonel Zeya BC-3503

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1 Headquarters Army in Burma, which was about the same size as the former Headquarters Burma District.

142:တပ်မတော်အင်အားရှီမှ တိုင်ပြည်အင်အားရှီမည်။ ("Only when the army is strong will the nation be strong.") 8603: 8507: 8454: 8294: 8169: 8139: 8114: 8047: 7696: 7557: 7542: 7517: 5997: 5501: 4689: 4538: 3678: 3345: 3280: 3134: 2981: 2866: 2557: 2498: 2490: 1270: 1136: 709: 6648:

Military Capitalism in Myanmar: Examining the Origins, Continuities and Evolution of "Khaki Capital"

4871: 1160:"Sit-kwe", which means "dog-soldiers", in reference to the perceived blind loyalty of the soldiers. 8788: 8390: 8385: 8094: 8076: 8010: 7655: 7527: 6497:

Facing setbacks against resistance forces, Myanmar’s military government activates conscription law

4036: 3971: 3632: 3616: 3245: 2395: 2306: 1619: 1282: 1101: 998: 891: 840: 370: 348: 8760: 8737: 8684: 8545: 8462: 8352: 8289: 8184: 8104: 8089: 7968: 7840: 7795: 7734: 7623: 7603: 7290: 7270: 6318:"Myanmar military leader takes new title of prime minister in caretaker government – state media" 4338: 4086: 3522: 2583:

estimates that the Tatamadaw has sustained at least 13,000 combat losses and 8,000 losses due to

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The Navy and Air Force were separate services under the War office but under the chief of staff.

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of Tatmadaw reminded his commanders during his speech at the Command and General Staff College:

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Military situation in Myanmar as of 2024. Areas controlled by the Tatmadaw are highlighted in

2469:(USPACOM), was invited to address his counterparts at the Myanmar National Defence College in 8244: 8234: 8209: 8164: 8134: 8099: 7893: 7873: 7608: 7438: 7351: 5433:

Smith, Martin (1 December 2003). "The Enigma of Burma's Tatmadaw: A "State Within a State"".

3180: 3040: 2639: 2474: 1671:(Military Police + Members of Taungoo Guerilla group members associated with Aung San's PBF) 1306: 139:ရဲရဲတက်၊ ရဲရဲတိုက်၊ ရဲရဲချေမှုန်း။ ("Bravely charge, bravely fight, and bravely annihilate.") 6982: 2943:' strategy, but also the building and designation of 'white area' and 'black area' as well. 2497:

cooperation and intelligence sharing. In December 2017, the US imposed sanctions on General

2482:

servicemen and their families, along with exchanging experience in peacekeeping activities.

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Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar), vol. 59 of Asian/Oceanian historical dictionaries

5469: 4965: 4457: 4076: 3650: 3645:. It was reorganised on 1 October 1995 and informally become part of the Tatmadaw. Current 3612: 3599: 3530: 2848: 2665: 2657: 2553: 2399: 1140: 1117: 1085: 946: 561: 258: 3576:

is the naval branch of the armed forces of Burma with estimated 19,000 men and women. The

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signed a new Memorandum of Understanding with its Myanmar counterparts aimed at enhancing

2413:

on 18 September 1988. By late September the military had complete control of the country.

8: 8793: 8646: 8372: 8279: 8144: 8084: 7973: 7830: 7586: 7562: 7396: 4438: 4423: 4041: 3976: 3637: 2773: 2672: 2494: 2473:, which trains colonels and other high-ranking military officers. In May 2016, Myanmar's 2316: 1994: 1830: 1578: 1563: 1396: 1356: 1345: 1318: 1266: 1018: 954: 950: 896: 845: 523: 270: 246: 3541:

since its inception has been to provide transport, logistical, and close air support to

3171:. It served as a government ministry as well as joint military operations headquarters. 3099:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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5 A minimum of ancillary units and services without provision for second line transport.

8727: 8395: 8254: 8159: 8109: 8028: 7938: 7855: 7754: 7717: 7667: 7522: 7468: 7401: 7343: 7317: 7139:"Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news – Myanmar, the world's landmine capital" 5838:

Military Staff: Strategizing the Nexus, Command, Coordination, and 21st Century Warfare

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strategy included not only elimination of insurgents and their support bases with the '

2904:

The new doctrine of total people's war, and the strategy of anti-guerrilla warfare for

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and other high-ranking politicians after a contested election with disputed results. A

1945: 1909: 1865: 1857: 1737: 1700: 1611: 1607: 1559: 512: 6228:"After ASEAN & India, Now Myanmar Accuses China Of Creating Trouble On The Border" 5958: 2706: 8636: 8472: 8017: 7923: 7898: 7815: 7371: 7240: 7221: 7202: 7183: 7154: 7002: 6992: 6826: 6651: 6028: 5876: 5870: 5769: 5733: 5706: 5454: 5226: 4454: 4450: 4026: 3996: 3654: 3538: 3514: 3498: 3218: 3044: 2952: 2936: 2909: 2905: 2859: 2831: 2819: 2803: 2799: 2776: 2735: 2684: 2502: 2075: 1928: 1861: 1834: 1640: 1461: 1314: 1105: 1038: 942: 519: 373: 233: 121: 6991:. Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 256. 5680:

Sir Compton Mackenzie, "Eastern Epic," Volume 1, Chatto & Windus, 1951, 406/407.

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concepts of 'strategic defensive', 'strategic stalemate' and 'strategic offensive'.

2723:, invaded Burma and used the country's frontier as a springboard for attack against 2630:

in dividends from MEHL, whose entire board is made up of senior military officials.

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Director of Directorate of Military Training / Commandant, National Defence College

2007: 1845: 1519: 1210: 1194: 1152: 1081: 1014: 905: 879: 854: 828: 815: 801: 733: 503: 166:အမိနိုင်ငံတော်ကိုချစ်ပါ။ ဥပဒေကိုလးစားပါ။ ("Love your motherland. Respect the law.") 6257: 3797: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3762: 3755: 3748: 3741: 3734: 2337:

and his cabinet ministers were taken into protective custody. At 8:50 am, General

1387:, and seven Burmese Mechanical Transport companies. In addition, three companies ( 107: 97: 8755: 8745: 8679: 8669: 8540: 8535: 7928: 7908: 7406: 7381: 7356: 7277: 6508: 6172:"US House Backs Measures to Sanction Myanmar's Military, Nudge Gem Sector Reform" 5322: 5148: 4839: 4769: 4741: 4713: 4618: 4590: 4562: 4399: 4391: 4383: 4066: 3534: 3526: 3518: 3203: 2549: 2082: 1543: 1539: 1511: 1499: 1423: 1206: 1022: 745: 541: 351: 191: 163:စည်းကမ်းရှီမှတိုးတက်မည်။ (Only when there is discipline will there be progress.") 6964: 6553: 6404:"China, Russia arming Myanmar junta, UN expert says | DW | 22.02.2022" 5446: 3411:

On 18 October 2004, the OSS and DDSI were abolished during the purge of General

8707: 8598: 8400: 8022: 7888: 7863: 7433: 7386: 7361: 6408: 6201: 6142:"Defence cooperation with Myanmar—Australia and other countries: a quick guide" 5474: 5256: 4791: 4419: 4091: 3476: 3468: 3329:

Divisions (LID) were also reorganised, and LIDs are now directly answerable to

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Moreover, in response to Naypyidaw's post-2011 political and economic reforms,

2438: 2069: 1805: 1531: 1523: 1472:"The Army in Burma commanded by a general officer under the Governor comprised; 1455: 1274: 1218: 1214: 1093: 760: 5944: 3503: 1562:, founded on 26 August 1942 with three thousand BIA veterans. The army became 8959: 8441: 7913: 7458: 7391: 7376: 7366: 5230: 5141: 5080: 5022: 4909: 4446: 3991: 3364: 3298: 3249: 3236: 3184: 2955:

weapons and tactics, individual battle initiative for tactical independence,

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The military also generates substantial revenue through 2 conglomerates, the

2458: 2368: 2362: 1853: 1764: 1451: 1372: 1337: 1229: 1198: 1026: 1002: 704: 6378:"Texts adopted – Myanmar, one year after the coup – Thursday, 10 March 2022" 6258:"Myanmar military takes control of country after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi" 4905:"Protégé of Myanmar Junta Boss Tipped to be His Successor as Military Chief" 2919:

The doctrine was based upon 'three totalities': population, time and space (

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Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by then Major

1589: 8641: 8631: 7868: 7749: 5380: 4430: 4056: 4051: 4011: 3577: 3573: 3560: 3542: 3463: 3450: 3349: 3334: 3122: 2965: 2894: 2870: 2795: 2568: 1931: 1733: 1663: 1551: 1443: 1439: 1404: 1368: 1360: 1333: 1225: 1190: 970: 938: 934: 433: 395: 220: 207: 117: 113: 6288:"Urgent: Myanmar forms caretaker government: State Administration Council" 5577:"Myanmar's Military Is Smaller Than Commonly Thought — and Shrinking Fast" 5408:"Tatmadaw Claims Killed Karen Community Leader Was a Plainclothes Fighter" 4938:"Myanmar's Military Is Smaller Than Commonly Thought — and Shrinking Fast" 3565: 1699:

Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force – Commanded by the then

154:တစ်သွေးတည်း၊ အသံတစ်သံ၊ အမိန့်တစ်ခု။ ("One blood, one voice, one command.") 8905: 8899: 7428: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6842: 5083: 4387: 3013: 2882: 2410: 1783: 1447: 1415: 1411: 1400: 1388: 1376: 1352: 1341: 1202: 1072:. The Tatmadaw has been widely accused by international organizations of 978: 974: 668: 656: 6024:"Myanmar and major powers: shifts in ties with China, Russia and the US" 5217:"New 'Burmese Way' Relies On Slogans From the Military (Published 1990)" 3399:. This new ministry was abolished after its minister Lieutenant General 2794:

fighters during the anti-British and anti-Japanese campaigns during the

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At the 1958 the Tatmadaw's annual Commanding Officers (COs) conference,

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from the 9th to 19th centuries. It refers to the military forces of the

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attacks on the Tatmadaw forces, which saw the Rohingya minority facing

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The country would be ruled by the military for the next 12 years. The

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Engineering Corps are also under the command of General Staff Office.

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in chronological order. The army was one of the major armed forces of

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was released by the military government for a public referendum. The

2143: 2140: 1912: 1603: 1535: 1364: 1255: 1237: 1097: 285: 6521:"Analysis | Tracking the Myanmar Govt's Income Sources and Spending" 5376:"The World Isn't Prepared to Deal with Possible Genocide in Myanmar" 4463: 4143: 4136: 2524: 8931: 8925: 8879: 8873: 8840: 8834: 8442: 7282: 5261: 4804: 4427: 4403: 3064: 2956: 2898: 2835: 2760: 2707:

Kuomintang invasion/Burma Socialist Programme Party era (1958–1988)

2669: 2635: 2078: 1688: 1635: 1593: 1515: 1435: 1247: 1109: 7263: 6732:"Myanmar parliament cuts Defence Ministry budget by K10.6 billion" 6672:"Myanmar military gets billions from profitable business: Amnesty" 4171: 4164: 4157: 4150: 2322:

On 2 March 1962, the then Chief of Staff of Armed Forces, General

151:လေ့လာပါ၊ လေ့ကျင့်ပါ၊ လိုက်နာပါ။ ("Study, Practice and Follow Up.") 8944: 8938: 8892: 8886: 7313: 6500: 6086:"Myanmar parliament passes military cooperation plan with Russia" 4415: 4330: 4001: 3400: 3284: 3210: 3199: 3164: 3126: 2878: 2783: 2740: 2177: 2062: 2023: 1326: 1233: 1089: 994: 926: 692: 596: 410: 392: 289: 7006: 3125:) rested with the country's highest-ranking military officer, a 3075: 2057:

On 1 January 1956, the War Office was officially renamed as the

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The name "Tatmadaw" literally means "Royal Armed Forces" in the

8827: 8821: 7026: 4472:, Myanmar's legislature, are reserved for military appointees. 4442: 4326: 3662: 3641:), was established in 1964 as independent department under the 3168: 2948: 2862: 2843: 2572: 2478: 2454: 2387: 2372: 2338: 2323: 2102: 2065: 1971: 1703: 1581:

switched sides, and joined the allied forces on 27 March 1945.

1567: 1329: 1259: 986: 680: 644: 7056:"Burmese Military Reshuffle Sees New Security Chief Appointed" 6809:

Strategic Cultures in Asia-Pacific Region (St. Martin's Press)

6468:"Signs of desperation as the Myanmar junta rotates commanders" 6348:"Myanmar military extends emergency, promises vote in 2 years" 3252:

rank in Western armies) and held the positions of chairman of

2935:

strategy to counter any form of foreign invasion. The overall

2650: 2085:, became Commander of North Burma Subdistrict Command (NBSD). 1017:. The 1990s also saw the escalation of the conflict involving 8812:

Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) member states

8446: 5889: 5350:"U.N. Investigators Renew Call for Genocide Probe in Myanmar" 5318:"Myanmar's military accused of genocide in damning UN report" 4867: 4334: 3587: 3369: 3297:

rank, while all three Service Chiefs of Staff were raised to

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leaders to review the defence capability and doctrine of the

2925:) and 'four strengths': manpower, material, time and morale ( 2724: 2576: 2507: 2450: 2394:

Initially, these troops were deployed in support of the then

1864:. The Chief of Staff was staffed with GSO-I with the rank of 1840:

The War Office was officially opened on 8 May 1948 under the

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responsible for security and defence affairs in Myanmar. The

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Aung San Thuriya Hla Thaung (Armanthit Sarpay, Yangon, 1999)

5943:. Myanmar Radio and Television. 23 July 1988. Archived from 5019:"Myanmar Junta Increases Military Budget to US$ 2.7 Billion" 4626: 2626:

Between 1990 and 2020, Myanmar's military officers received

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Due to deteroriating political situations in 1957, the then

8866: 8860: 4475: 4411: 4407: 3472: 3146: 3142: 2680: 2334: 2312: 2098: 1241: 1131:. Some actions of the Tatmadaw require the approval of the 632: 7182:. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University SEAP Publications. 6907:

Working Papers – Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, ANU

4993:"Taint of 1988 still lingers for rebooted student militia" 2823:

political situations, studies of the potential sources of

7220:. Vol. 59 (Illustrated ed.). Sacredcrow Press. 6437:"THE MYANMAR MILITARY IS FACING DEATH BY A THOUSAND CUTS" 2824: 2510:

for arming rebel groups in the country's frontier areas.

2319:) led civilian government resume control of the country. 2315:

back as the Prime Minister and Pyidaungsu Party (

1634:

Battalions" based on ethnicity. There were a total of 15

6702:"Spending on electricity tops budget for the first time" 5940:

Dictator Ne Win threatening speech to the people in 1988

3387:) was abolished and the military government created the 3363:

All RMC Commander positions were raised to the level of

2759:

Despite failure, the Tatmadaw continued to rely on this

2567:

has progressed, the Tatmadaw has become more reliant on

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protests in and around the then capital city of Yangon.

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2 Karen Companies + 1 Chin Company and 1 Kachin Company

6876: 6874: 2501:, a general of Western Myanmar Command who oversaw the 1775:

Kachin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO

314: 112:

Emblems of the Myanmar Armed Forces' service branches:

6822: