539:
2395:
28:
2582:
2341:
1772:
1629:
1173:
921:
635:
65:
197:
394:
2091:
810:
1605:, compact disc, radio or internet. Modern forms of Malagasy music may incorporate such innovations as amplified or imported instruments (particularly electric guitar, bass guitar, synthesizer and drum kit), blend the sounds of new and traditional instruments or use traditional instruments in innovative ways. As contemporary artists adapt their musical heritage to today's market, they manage to preserve the melodic,
2475:
2798:
656:
514:) spiritual rituals practiced in several regions of the island, as it is believed that each spirit has a different preferred piece of music. The association between music and ancestors is so strong on the eastern coast that some musicians will put rum, cigarettes or other valued objects inside an instrument (through the
1562:
are found throughout the island and are believed to have come across with the original
Indonesian settlers. The earliest of these is played uniquely by a pair of women, one of whom sits with her legs outstretched together and the bars of the xylophone resting across her legs rather than on a separate
1085:
to obtain the desired range. One of the most common tunings drops the sixth string from E to C and the fifth string from A to G, thereby enabling the guitarist to capture a range approximating that of a vocal choir. The
Malagasy acoustic guitar style has been internationally promoted by such artists
2489:
Music has long served a variety of secular and sacred purposes in
Madagascar. Song may accompany daily tasks, provide entertainment, preserve history or communicate social and political messages. Music is likewise integral to the experience of spiritual ritual among many ethnic and religious groups
2963:
in 1836, but the hymns they developed became anthems for early
Malagasy converts persecuted under the Queen's traditionalist policies. In 1871, an LMS missionary (J. Richardson) improved the rhythm and harmony of these original hymns, which were considerably influenced by European musical styles
384:
Music in
Madagascar has served a variety of sacred and secular functions. In addition to its performance for entertainment or personal creative expression, music has played a key part in spiritual ceremonies, cultural events and historic and contemporary political functions. By the late 19th
707:
Strings may be plucked with the fingernails, which are allowed to grow longer for this purpose. The instrument was originally used for rituals and for creative artistic expression alike. However, beginning in the mid-19th century, playing the instrument became the prerogative of the
1528:
on the eastern coast of the island, although modern items such as empty insecticide tins or sweetened condensed milk cans filled with pebbles increasingly take the place of traditional bamboo. Shakers of this sort are used throughout
Madagascar, commonly in conjunction with
1868:
Distinct contemporary forms of music, rooted in local musical traditions, have emerged in the coastal regions since the 1960s. Chief among these are two up-tempo dance music styles that have become especially popular across
Madagascar and have achieved crossover success:
627:
accompanied by a melodic bass line. The strings are traditionally cut and raised from the fibrous surface of the bamboo tube itself, although a contemporary form also exists that instead uses bicycle brake cables for strings to give the instrument a punchier sound.
497:
was favored, while in the south and western coastal regions singing was performed with more elaborate ornamentation and in small groups. Musical performance in
Madagascar has often been associated with spiritual functions. Music is a key component in achieving a
2900:
accompanies this piece, in which dancers will form a long chain of male-female pairs with the woman at the front of each pair, both facing forward holding each other's hands while advancing to the rhythm of the music. From its origins as a courtly dance, the
680:
573:
and other instruments that were incorporated into local musical traditions by the mid-16th century. The influence of instruments and musical styles from France and Great
Britain began to have a significant impact on music in Madagascar by the 19th century.
4111:
2968:. Originally, church music was performed by slaves seated in groups of four to five at the front of the church. By the 1870s a more European congregational style had been adopted with all members of the church rising to their feet to sing together.
1148:, about a foot long with six finger holes and one for the thumb, and another similar end-blown flute over two feet long with three holes at the far end. Both are open-ended and are played by blowing diagonally across the near opening. The master of
654:
546:
Instruments in
Madagascar were brought to the island by successive waves of settlers from across the Old World. Over 1500 years ago, the earliest settlers from Indonesia brought the oldest and most emblematic instruments, including the tube zither
968:
2848:(free Merina). Each year at Christmas, the directors of each group would arrange a performance before the queen of a new original composition; the queen would select a winner among the three. While court musicians (and therefore the earliest
2939:
ritual. While in a trance, the medium is possessed by an ancestral spirit. Each spirit is believed to prefer a particular tune or style of music and will not enter the medium unless the suitable piece of music is performed at the ceremony.
2625:
655:
993:
2600:
644:
718:
is the most emblematic form of the instrument most likely due to its popularization by the 19th century Merina aristocracy, other forms of the instrument exist across the island. In the region around the eastern port city of
1222:
939:
1818:
344:
singing style common to South Africa. Foreign instruments such as the acoustic guitar and piano have been adapted locally to create uniquely Malagasy forms of music. Contemporary Malagasy musical styles such as the
2872:
troupes alike to make increasing use of foreign instruments such as violins, clarinets, trombones and trumpets. The tradition of the court musician died out with the abolition of the monarchy in Madagascar after
2266:, such as might have more commonly been performed in rural villages twenty years ago, rather than the amplified, synthesized and remixed style in heavy rotation on radio stations performed by national stars like
678:
1077:. Soon afterward, the guitar was widely disseminated throughout the island, producing an explosion of regionally distinctive Malagasy guitar styles inspired by the music played on local traditional instruments.
444:
state, typically induced by music) is present on both the western and eastern coasts of the island but the vocal styles or instruments used in the ceremony will vary regionally. Music in Madagascar tends toward
315:
Malagasy music can be roughly divided into three categories: traditional, contemporary and popular music. Traditional musical styles vary by region and reflect local ethnographic history. For instance, in the
405:
relative to percussion instruments. Musical instruments and vocal styles found in Madagascar represent a blend of widespread commonalities and highly localized traditions. A common vocal style among the
2623:
256:, Portugal, England, France and the United States over time as indigenous people, immigrants, and colonists have made the island their home. Traditional instruments reflect these widespread origins: the
1842:
2525:
The preservation of oral history may be achieved through musical performance in Madagascar. Among the Betsileo, for instance, oral histories are retold through a form of musical performance called the
2598:
1191:
1790:
2359:
1647:
1569:
with a pair of sticks, one keeping the beat while the second plays a melody. The xylophone bars range from five to seven in number and are made of differing lengths of a rot-resistant wood called
679:
966:
2794:. Over time, these musicians formed independent troupes who used and continue to use the non-threatening performance format to explore sensitive social and political themes in the public arena.
991:
385:
century, certain instruments and types of music became primarily associated with specific castes or ethnic groups, although these divisions have always been fluid and are continually evolving.
4104:
2624:
2462:
are experimenting with the fusion of hip-hop and traditional Malagasy musical styles and instruments. There is also a small metal scene with bands like Sasamaso being the most prominent.
967:
937:
2834:, and another for the city of Antananarivo. The queen's troupe consisted of over 300 musicians. Until slavery was abolished, musicians in these groups were members of the slave class (
2506:
serfs singing in the rice fields, "timing the music to the movements of their bodies, so that at each accented note they plant a stalk." Similarly, songs may accompany the paddling of
2599:
1816:
992:
1220:
1840:
1221:
938:
2886:
Musical styles from abroad have been merged with pre-existing Malagasy musical traditions to create distinctly Malagasy sounds with foreign roots. An example of this is the
3892:
1817:
1189:
457:, most likely due to early Arab influences at coastal ports of call. Malagasy music has served a wide range of social, spiritual and mundane functions across the centuries.
361:
have evolved from traditional styles modernized by the incorporation of electric guitar, bass, drums and synthesizer. Many Western styles of popular music, including rock,
2357:
2135:("broken") which is primarily instrumental—voice serves only to urge on more energetic dancing—and during which the vocalists (and the audience) will launch into intricate
1788:
1645:
2297:
just as there are many nationally and internationally acclaimed musicians who draw upon the musical traditions of the coastal regions in their compositions. Of note are
749:
from wood, near Toamasina the box is constructed of metal sheeting with much thicker and heavier strings that produce a different sound from the bamboo and bicycle cable
4584:
2172:
1841:
1190:
1789:
3918:
2358:
1646:
1297:), popular across Madagascar, is believed to have been imported by French colonists after 1896. In the 20th century, the instrument was commonly performed during
1264:) is a similarly ancient instrument believed to have been brought over by early Indonesian settlers. Mainly played by men, it features a lateral blow hole in the
3786:
3759:
3732:
3617:
3426:
3394:
2498:
Among some ethnic groups music would help advance a repetitive or arduous task. Geo Shaw, a missionary to Madagascar in the 19th century, described observing
1327:, while also inspiring the style used by the guitarists in these bands. Although today the sound of the accordion is most often replicated by a synthesizer in
668:
2569:
featuring for example a solo musician who strums rather than fiddles his accompanying instrument and sings at a lower, more natural pitch. While the Betsileo
844:
resonator, although modern versions may have as many as eleven or thirteen strings, typically made of steel. A maximum of four of these are strung over the
2234:
is evident in both the guitars and polyharmonic vocals, often performed by female singers who repeat variations on a short refrain throughout the song.
2252:
only truly began to garner a similar level of widespread appreciation by the mid-1990s. It was not until the 2000 release of the "Tulear Never Sleeps"
4549:
2203:
and that has recently been adapted to contemporary instruments such as electric guitar, bass guitar and drum kit. Generally even more rapid than the
862:
is especially popular among the Betsileo of the southern Highlands and the Betsimisaraka of the southeast, who play it in accompaniment to their sung
959:
820:
4545:
2959:
as missionaries developed Malagasy-language hymns for their nascent church. The first wave of missionaries was obliged to depart Madagascar under
1992:
1609:-dominated sound that distinguishes traditional Malagasy music from the more percussion-heavy traditions of mainland Africa. African genres like
227:
2442:. Artists of this new wave of malagasy music include Black Nadia, Vaiavy Chila, LIANAH and BIG MJ. Jazz has been popularized by artists such as
3669:
984:
479:(as exemplified by groups such as Salala or Senge), whereas Highland harmonies, strongly influenced in the past two hundred years by European
4515:
4285:
1719:
assured his band regular performances in association with Presidential functions, and his band came to define the Ratsiraka epoch for many.
2612:
2575:
can address diverse themes, those performed by other southern groups are almost always praise songs recalling a favorably memorable event.
2279:
1677:
In the 1950s and 1960s, a variety of bands in the Highlands (in the area between and around Antananarivo and Fianarantsoa) were performing
3334:
Adams, Rashid Epstein (2018), "The Making of a National Instrument: Imagery, Symbolism, and the Social Function of the Malagasy Valiha",
2240:
music is performed at all manner of ceremonial occasion in the South, whether a birthday celebration, community party, or funeral. While
259:
3563:
1048:
style in the 1920s and 1930s before declining in the 1940s. Today, the compositions of this period by pianist theatrical composers like
183:
330:, the predominantly Austronesian ethnic group that has inhabited the area since at least the 15th century, whereas among the southern
4207:
3865:
2591:
2451:
2907:
today is a quintessentially Malagasy tradition performed at the beginning of a social event or concert to kick off the festivities.
1065:
piano style but for whom the purchase of a costly piano was out of reach. Early guitarists adapted the piano style (itself based on
2827:
2510:
on long journeys. Music may also accompany another form of entertainment, such as songs chanted by female spectators at matches of
1059:
When the modern acoustic guitar was first popularized in Madagascar, it was adopted by the lower classes who were inspired by the
2790:) and to entertain them as they labored on public works projects such as building dikes to irrigate the rice paddies surrounding
2285:
There are many more regional styles of contemporary music that have yet to achieve the level of national recognition attained by
930:
806:
but with nylon fishing line for strings and five or seven movable frets that facilitate modification of the instrument's tuning.
2822:
troupes of today are remnants of a tradition of court musicians that persisted through the end of the 19th century. Under Queen
780:
ethnic groups. The soundbox, which is typically square or rectangular today, was originally circular in form, first made from a
2455:
4430:
3896:
4270:
4033:
4004:
3979:
3823:
3546:
3495:
3249:
3195:
3140:
3104:
3020:
1339:
bands due to the expense and rarity of the instrument, accordions continue to hold a privileged place in the performance of
1056:(1892–1952) form part of the canon of classical Malagasy music and feature in the repertoire of Malagasy students of piano.
1809:
4118:
1213:
772:) is a four to six-stringed simple guitar common in the southern Highlands moving toward the east, particularly among the
401:
Malagasy music is highly melodic and distinguishes itself from many traditions of mainland Africa by the predominance of
220:
518:, for instance) as an offering to the spirits to receive their blessings. Similarly, music has long been central to the
304:
considered the national instrument of Madagascar—directly evolved from an earlier form of zither carried with the first
4290:
3922:
3590:
3715:
3790:
3763:
3736:
3621:
3430:
3398:
414:
of the Highlands, for instance, does not preclude differences in the prevalence of particular instrument types (the
1142:, is believed to be one of the oldest instruments on the island. There exists the more common and well-known short
4163:
1681:
of European and American hits or adapting mainland African tunes for local audiences. Madagascar got its first
1268:
style and is typically reserved for ritual or spiritual uses rather than to create music for entertainment. The
1601:
and have been created for entertainment purposes, typically with the intent of eventual mass dissemination via
1434:, traditionally associated with solemn occasions, are found throughout the island. In the Highlands, European
542:
Madagascar: Early 20th century distribution of musical instruments with African, Indonesian or European origins
213:
48:
2915:
Music is a common element of spiritual ritual and ceremonies throughout the island. For instance, members of
2450:
broke into the mainstream in the mid-nineties and has since skyrocketed to popularity through artists such as
4200:
1656:'s music is a fusion of Malagasy rhythms, vocal styles and instruments distinguished by the inclusion of the
173:
96:
4621:
2563:
are not predominant in the harmony. Other Southern ethnic groups also perform simplified variations of the
1833:
1715:
to create a distinctly Malagasy radio-friendly sound. His open and enthusiastic support for then-President
2866:
and drums - over the course of the 19th century the increasing European influence led court musicians and
19:
4541:
1496:("male wood") drum produces the deepest sound and is reserved for the most significant occasions such as
1182:
2784:, who reportedly employed musicians to gather the public together for royal speeches and announcements (
662:
The strings of the ancestral valiha are made from the raised fibers of the bamboo tube resonator itself.
4305:
2651:
Endogenous musical styles may also serve as a form of artistic expression, as in the highly syncopated
1781:
1249:
168:
117:
2199:
is energetic dance music that originated from the traditional music of the southwestern region around
2053:, with heavy electric bass and a driving percussion. The percussion section might include a drum kit,
4588:
2944:
2350:
2047:
1638:
1166:) banknote after independence in 1960 and his death on 29 September 2001 prompted national mourning.
1033:
1029:
3673:
3039:
Blench, Roger (1982). "Evidence for the Indonesian origins of certain elements of African culture".
538:
491:. In the Highlands, and particularly in the 19th century, vocal performance by large groups called
18:
This article is about the music of the country Madagascar. For the soundtrack of the 2005 film, see
4193:
2732:
Musical performance in the Highlands took on a distinctly political and educative role through the
2164:
603:
4174:
3187:
Recollecting from the Past: Musical Practice and Spirit Possession on the East Coast of Madagascar
2634:
is the final Malagasy quadrille composed for the royal court prior to French colonization in 1896.
712:
to such an extent that possessing long fingernails became symbolic of nobility. While the tubular
4597:
4078:
2774:
performed by a troupe or as a competition between two or more troupes. While the origins of the
1702:
91:
852:
and are strummed with the fingers in accompaniment to the primary melody which is played with a
4345:
2466:
has gained popularity in Madagascar since late 2010s with artists like Mad Max and Basta Lion.
1745:
1049:
1036:, and soon afterward, local musicians began creating their own compositions for piano based on
101:
3784:
3757:
3730:
3615:
3424:
3392:
3363:
3130:
1363:
to the world music scene, winning several international awards for his accordion performance.
4580:
4455:
4445:
4250:
3567:
2929:
reburial ceremonies of central Madagascar. In coastal regions, music is crucial to helping a
2430:. Since mid-2010s malagasy popular music has been a blend of malagasy music, tropical music (
1545:—was popularized in Madagascar after being imported there from Brazil where it is known as a
1371:
476:
245:
86:
56:
4022:
3460:
2955:. The subsequent spread of Christianity in Madagascar was coupled with the introduction of
27:
4460:
4350:
4280:
2781:
2719:, popularized in Imerina during the final two decades of the colonial period, in which the
2402:
A wide range of foreign music styles have been popularized in Madagascar, including French
2080:
773:
305:
122:
3869:
3518:
Rakotomavo, Germain (2004). "Ny gitara tendry gasy ou jeu guitare à la manière malgache".
2435:
2394:
1610:
882:
was considered to be a slave instrument which only mature men were permitted to play. The
8:
4520:
4440:
4405:
4390:
4330:
4265:
2058:
1053:
147:
137:
132:
4571:
4050:
381:, have also gained in popularity in Madagascar over the later half of the 20th century.
4395:
4156:. National Museum of African Art (Smithsonian Institution). Retrieved 29 November 2010.
4153:
3997:
The Performance of Tradition: An Ethnography of Hira Gasy Popular Theatre in Madagascar
3056:
2559:
range. The structure of the song is complex and, unlike other Malagasy musical styles,
1682:
1265:
1078:
873:
599:
163:
2531:, which in its current form may represent a combination of the original, single-verse
4495:
4470:
4320:
4315:
4295:
4260:
4245:
4029:
4000:
3975:
3819:
3711:
3542:
3491:
3309:
3245:
3191:
3136:
3100:
3016:
2874:
2843:
2443:
2427:
2253:
1760:
artist whose blunt social and political critiques propelled his group to popularity.
1598:
562:
201:
2896:
that was popularized in the Malagasy court in the 19th century. A specific form of
2152:
2094:
1071:
style) to this novel stringed instrument to create a genre that came to be known as
4567:
4558:
4480:
4450:
4435:
4420:
4410:
4400:
4365:
4360:
4310:
4255:
4230:
3840:
3219:
3048:
2780:
are uncertain, oral history attributes its modern form to 18th century Merina king
2447:
2084:
1749:
1716:
1694:
1653:
1602:
1350:
488:
127:
3945:
2830:, there were three official groups of state musicians: one for the queen, one for
4490:
4485:
4425:
4380:
4340:
4235:
4216:
4167:
3813:
3705:
3485:
3303:
3185:
3092:
3010:
2831:
2763:
2753:
2499:
2478:
1346:
1139:
914:), believed to have been brought to Madagascar by settlers from mainland Africa.
777:
411:
309:
273:
178:
81:
31:
4105:
The Museum of Art and Archaeology of the University of Antananarivo (Madagascar)
3972:
Madagascar, le theatre du peuple de l'art hira gasy entre tradition et rebellion
2246:
had risen to national popularity by the mid-1980s (some would argue the 1970s),
2156:
1354:
1229:
612:
is considered the national instrument of Madagascar. It is typically tuned to a
4465:
4415:
4370:
4355:
4335:
4325:
4300:
4240:
2823:
2606:"Mifankatiava Ihany" is a well-known classic of theatrical ba-gasy vocal style.
2326:
2316:
2231:
1422:
and other traditional celebrations. Metal and wood harmonicas are also played.
1273:
1159:
1082:
484:
450:
393:
4107:. Image and sound gallery of Malagasy instruments. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
3644:
2105:
In addition to their commonalities in tempo, vocal style, and tendency toward
1597:
Contemporary music comprises modern-day compositions that have their roots in
4615:
4475:
4385:
4275:
2897:
2560:
2507:
2503:
1972:
1942:
1431:
624:
407:
253:
249:
4146:
4139:
4132:
3594:
2762:
is a day-long spectacle of music, dance, and a stylized form of traditional
3052:
2960:
2948:
2809:
2791:
2419:
2257:
2168:
2160:
1938:
1505:
1419:
1277:
1087:
885:
849:
815:
616:
480:
362:
3220:
Conservatoire national de musique et de déclamation (1922), "Madagascar",
3097:
The Rough Guide to World Music, Vol. 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East
2224:
form of music features a guitar performance style inspired by traditional
2854:
troupes) originally performed using traditional instruments – namely the
2726:
1897:
1723:
1606:
1586:
1582:
1201:
1155:
1091:
911:
901:
863:
853:
833:
797:
781:
472:
454:
446:
402:
341:
331:
3060:
1321:
music. This accordion style was also integrated into the performance of
4180:
4160:
3302:
McLeod, Norma (1977), "Musical Instruments and History in Madagascar",
2987:
2977:
2930:
2924:
2643:
2386:
2136:
2000:
1860:
1757:
1678:
1669:
1499:
1445:
1413:
1240:
1020:
699:
521:
461:
336:
2956:
2006:
1753:
1738:
simultaneously; Solo Miral, featuring guitar played in the style of a
2893:
2519:
2463:
2439:
2308:
2114:
2106:
2076:
2050:
2043:
1893:
1698:
1690:
1614:
1553:
1536:
1435:
1367:
1288:
1281:
1095:
1008:
950:
904:
ethnic groups. The simplest form of instrument in this family is the
867:
720:
515:
378:
4112:
Traditional Malagasy music performed at the Paris Exposition of 1931
3785:
The Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Antananarivo.
3758:
The Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Antananarivo.
3731:
The Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Antananarivo.
3616:
The Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Antananarivo.
3425:
The Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Antananarivo.
3393:
The Museum of Art and Archeology of the University of Antananarivo.
2725:
vocal sensibilities are applied to love themes and accompanied by a
2129:'s structure in that it always features a middle section called the
2983:
2952:
2735:
2704:
2668:
2513:
2474:
2423:
2298:
2271:
2139:
1986:
1907:
1876:
1465:
1399:
1396:). Their use today is largely restricted to the Highlands and the
1205:
1081:
is the favored technique and guitarists frequently experiment with
841:
738:
709:
620:
613:
460:
Further information on the traditional vakodrazana music band:
4185:
3841:"Painful Memories of the Revolt of 1947: Nationalism or Survival?"
2090:
1722:
Other important contemporary musicians from the Highlands include
809:
2980:, (1895–1973), US composer, lyricist and poet of Malagasy descent
2687:, a vocal ornamentation delivered in a nasal tone, offset by the
2658:
2556:
2405:
2321:
2312:
2267:
2200:
1928:
1924:
1686:
570:
374:
356:
317:
3313:
3645:"Some Remarks on the Austronesian Background of Malagasy Music"
3132:
Popular musics of the non-Western world: an introductory survey
2769:
2482:
2459:
2415:
2366:
2275:
2054:
2042:, energetic dance music dominated by ringing electric guitars,
2027:
1962:
1797:
1706:
1473:
1457:
1284:
brought to Madagascar after 1000 CE by immigrants from Africa.
1163:
1133:
897:
791:
785:
761:
595:
591:
585:
550:
527:
499:
441:
429:
370:
348:
334:, who trace their ancestry back to the African mainland, their
327:
301:
297:
291:
283:
267:
36:
4077:
Richardson, J. (1876), "Malagasy 'Tonon-kira' and Hymnology",
2369:
blends hip-hop and traditional Betsileo influences, including
1448:
introduced in the 19th century have replaced an earlier drum (
1104:
with innovative open tunings to approximate the sounds of the
2965:
2694:
2411:
2301:(a largely acoustic roots band from the Southeast that plays
1982:
1958:
1375:
848:, while the rest are strung lengthwise down the sides of the
837:
3272:
Rakotomalala, Mireille (1998), "Performance in Madagascar",
2797:
2311:(an acclaimed acoustic guitarist from the inland South near
1094:
artist Ernest Randrianasolo (better known by his stage name
3946:"Quadrille Malagasy, Dihin-dRadama II fanao tao anaty Rova"
3222:
Encyclopédie de la musique et dictionnaire du Conservatoire
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3034:
3032:
2431:
2110:
2039:
1042:
technique. Piano compositions reached their peak with the
845:
566:
366:
277:
3921:(in French). Lemurecords. 21 February 2013. Archived from
3667:
3561:
1535:
and other ceremonies. During the slave trade era, another
1504:, circumcision ceremonies and the ancient festival of the
4114:. National Library of France. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
3893:"Un nouvel exploit pour le groupe de Pop rock AmbondronA"
3652:
The 2005 International Forum of Ethnomusicology in Taiwan
3336:
Music in Art: International Journal for Music Iconography
1689:, whose members blended traditional Malagasy sounds with
4083:, Press of the London Missionary Society, pp. 23–35
3067:
3029:
3588:
2667:
emerged in conjunction with the French introduction of
2555:
while singing very loudly with a strained pitch in the
1522:) filled with seeds are integral to the performance of
896:
with the sound box carved to resemble a three-stringed
648:("Take Him/Her With You, O Bird") (traditional lullaby)
4024:
The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: Africa
3487:
The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theater: Africa
1454:) traditionally beat to accentuate the discourse of a
2675:
beginning in the late 1910s. The vocal style used in
2260:. This compilation, however, showcases "traditional"
2921:
troupes are traditionally invited to perform at the
2256:
that the genre achieved international exposure on a
1315:
was incorporated for the performance of electrified
1272:
has also been recorded to have been used as part of
598:
very similar in form to those used traditionally in
326:
and more subdued vocal styles are emblematic of the
4181:
Radio Shows with Malagasy Music in RealAudio Stream
3357:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
2671:and the subsequent rise of Malagasy theater at the
2325:-style guitar, and whose band performs a fusion of
1470:or other formal occasions where the oratory art of
561:) distinct to the island. Later settlers from the
475:; southern vocal styles bear strong resemblance to
4021:
735:ceremonies may take a rectangular box form called
582:The most emblematic instrument of Madagascar, the
565:and the eastern coast of Africa contributed early
3539:Guitar Atlas: Guitar Styles from Around the World
3179:
2230:compositions, but the influence of South African
1617:heavily influence modern malagasy popular music.
784:and later from wood carved into a rounded shape.
434:among the Betsileo). Similarly, the practice of
4613:
3593:. International Artists Database. Archived from
3346:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3004:
3002:
2469:
1484:, while women and men may both play the smaller
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
2113:influence, and which stands in contrast to the
1981:polyharmonic tradition performed by bands like
1303:spirit possession ceremonies in a style called
960:Andrianary Ratianarivo "Azafady Ramatoa" (1929)
453:, although coastal music makes frequent use of
340:vocal traditions bear close resemblance to the
272:owe their existence to the introduction of the
3895:(in French). Midi Madagasikara. Archived from
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3261:
2934:
2922:
2916:
2902:
2887:
2878:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2835:
2817:
2785:
2775:
2767:
2757:
2747:
2741:
2733:
2729:composition for piano or occasionally guitar.
2720:
2714:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2662:
2652:
2570:
2564:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2511:
2302:
2292:
2286:
2261:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2225:
2204:
2194:
2188:
2179:
2146:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2070:
2064:
2033:
2013:
1998:
1990:
1976:
1966:
1952:
1946:
1932:
1901:
1892:style that originated in the northwest around
1870:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1710:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1557:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1517:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1370:were introduced in the 19th century under the
1358:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1259:
1253:
1149:
1143:
1131:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1099:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1043:
1037:
905:
900:, is popular among the Southern Antandroy and
891:
883:
877:
872:. In 19th-century Highlands society under the
857:
827:
801:
796:are the Antandroy names of a popular Southern
767:
759:
750:
744:
736:
730:
724:
713:
690:has grown in popularity over the past century.
607:
583:
556:
548:
519:
509:
503:
492:
471:Vocal traditions in Madagascar are most often
435:
427:
421:
415:
354:
346:
321:
289:
281:
265:
257:
4201:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3156:
2999:
2592:Troupe Analamanga "Mifankatiava Ihany" (1929)
2069:is an electrified version of the traditional
1390:), and less frequently the trombone or oboe (
1345:ceremonial music. Artists like half-brothers
974:Theatrical Malagasy piano style was based on
244:has been shaped by the musical traditions of
221:
3668:Radio France International (1 August 2006).
3642:
3562:Radio France International (December 2001).
3271:
3204:
2403:
1951:of Morondava and the southwestern interior,
4133:"Valiha and the Music of the Spirit House."
3445:
3276:, Garland Publishing, Inc, pp. 781–792
3274:Africa: Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
3258:
3239:
2398:Da Hopp, the godfathers of Malagasy hip-hop
1752:, a highly accomplished solo vocalist, and
1748:, a Malagasy fusion band based in England;
1732:virtuosos; Rakoto Frah, who could play two
1581:is still played in the southwest among the
1032:in the early 19th century by envoys of the
4208:
4194:
4076:
3943:
3703:
3688:
3582:
3517:
3511:
3228:
2329:/East African and Malagasy dance styles).
1941:and the northeast coast as popularized by
1353:have gained success as accordion players.
526:ceremony (periodic reburial of ancestors'
228:
214:
4072:
4070:
3890:
3751:
3663:
3661:
3643:Schmidhoffer, August (4–8 October 2005),
4149:BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
4142:BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
4135:BBC Radio 3. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
3965:
3963:
3937:
3838:
3458:
3090:
2796:
2549:is performed by two men who each play a
2473:
2393:
2089:
1923:style centered in the southwest between
808:
537:
392:
26:
20:Madagascar (2005 film) § Soundtrack
4013:
3994:
3857:
3832:
3710:(in French). Maisonneuve & Larose.
3589:House of World Cultures (16 May 2003).
3461:"Gitara Gasy! Guitarists of Madagascar"
3420:
3418:
3416:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3124:
3122:
4614:
4067:
4048:
3658:
3386:
3308:, Town House Press, pp. 189–215,
3301:
3128:
3038:
2493:
1563:resonator box. Each woman strikes the
1028:The piano was introduced to the royal
533:
397:Distribution of Malagasy musical forms
288:originated in mainland Africa and the
280:or European seafarers, the ubiquitous
4189:
4019:
3969:
3960:
3911:
3609:
3555:
3536:
3483:
3333:
3183:
3008:
2910:
2426:performed by bands such as Green and
1592:
1478:is practiced. Only men can play the
743:. While some regions construct their
672:("Moonlight") (traditional folk song)
3811:
3778:
3724:
3654:, Taipei: Soochow University, Taiwan
3591:"Rakoto Frah: In Every Ear and Hand"
3413:
3361:
3280:
3119:
1204:in a song dedicated to him by group
388:
4215:
3707:100 mots pour comprendre Madagascar
3093:"Ocean Music from Southeast Africa"
2883:tradition has continued to thrive.
1971:of the northeast as popularized by
1961:region performed by such groups as
1931:. Other key coastal styles include
466:
240:The highly diverse and distinctive
13:
4161:Virtual Archive of Malagasy Music.
4123:Musée de l'Ethnographie de Genève.
3224:, C. Delagrave, pp. 3214–3223
3099:, Rough Guides, pp. 523–532,
2681:is characterized by female use of
2642:Problems playing these files? See
2580:
2518:, a traditional form of full-body
2339:
2117:dominance of Highland music), the
2075:musical style that Tandroy singer
1859:Problems playing these files? See
1810:Vaiavy Chila "Walli Wallah" (2006)
1770:
1693:to enormous and enduring success.
1627:
1357:brought the contemporary style of
1239:Problems playing these files? See
1228:Malagasy accordion performance by
1171:
1019:Problems playing these files? See
985:D'Gary & Jihe "Lagnana" (1995)
931:Vilon'androy "Tolombolagne" (2005)
919:
698:Problems playing these files? See
633:
619:to produce complex music based on
63:
14:
4633:
4097:
3839:Leymarie, Philippe (March 1997),
3427:"The Jejy Voatavo (Stick Zither)"
2951:in 1820 during the reign of King
1763:
1425:
949:is commonly heard in traditional
555:) which evolved into a box form (
4516:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4286:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3863:
3566:. RFIMusique.com. Archived from
3242:Madagascar: les chants d'une île
2713:inspired the musical duet style
2621:
2596:
2385:Problems playing this file? See
2355:
2332:
1838:
1814:
1786:
1701:shortly afterward, adapting the
1668:Problems playing this file? See
1643:
1218:
1187:
1158:, was featured on the 1000
989:
964:
935:
819:played by a member of the group
676:
652:
195:
4042:
3988:
3884:
3805:
3636:
3530:
3477:
3327:
1726:and Sylvestre Randafison, both
1214:RĂ©gis Gizavo "Zeombanao" (1995)
577:
4145:Audio clip (60 minutes):
4138:Audio clip (60 minutes):
4131:Audio clip (60 minutes):
4052:Madagascar before the conquest
3891:Mahetsaka (21 February 2013).
3704:Ranaivoson, Dominique (2007).
3672:. RFIMusic.com. Archived from
3135:. Oxford University Press US.
2933:enter a trance state during a
2159:. Among the later artists are
2145:The major exponents of modern
1:
3868:. Afropop.com. Archived from
3362:Shaw, Geo (8 November 1879).
3190:. Wesleyan University Press.
2993:
2892:, a tune based on the French
2470:Performance of Malagasy music
2410:performed by artists such as
1575:. A similar xylophone called
1511:
1374:. These most notably include
1183:Feo-Gasy "Rakoto Frah" (1996)
1125:
1098:), who blends the rhythms of
953:music of southern Madagascar.
4140:"Hira Gasy and Court Music."
3944:Randriatsiresy, Zo ny Aina.
3240:Randrianary, Victor (2001).
2943:British missionaries of the
2537:and an epic poem called the
2522:popular in coastal regions.
2109:(which some attribute to an
1827:as performed by Vaiavy Chila
1620:
1007:inspired Malagasy guitarist
7:
4175:Free MP3 of Malagasy Music.
4154:Contemporary Malagasy music
4125:Accessed 29 November 2010.
3541:. Alfred Music Publishing.
2971:
2826:, the final monarch in the
2673:Theatre Municipale d'Isotry
2481:farmers playing harmonica,
2458:. More recently bands like
2319:(who popularized Congolese
2046:(real or synthesized), and
840:strings, three frets and a
836:that traditionally has two
530:-wrapped mortal remains).
489:Polynesian vocal traditions
10:
4638:
4170:Accessed 29 November 2010.
4119:Traditional Malagasy music
3364:"Music among the Malagasy"
3316:, in book, but inaccurate)
2434:) and African genres like
2178:
2142:to the beat of the music.
2025:
1834:Jarifa "Dangodango" (2003)
1796:Mangaliba as performed by
1599:traditional musical styles
483:, are more reminiscent of
459:
420:among the Merina, and the
17:
4529:
4504:
4223:
2945:London Missionary Society
2617:("Move It Softly") (1894)
2351:Oladad "Salamanga" (2010)
2012:
1034:London Missionary Society
4271:Central African Republic
4028:. Taylor & Francis.
3995:Edkvist, Ingela (1997).
3618:"Antsiva (marine conch)"
3244:(in French). Actes Sud.
2707:) line sung by the men.
2613:Madame Razafindriantsoa
2173:Dr. J.B. and the Jaguars
2101:for an audience in Paris
1782:Rabaza "Mifaneva" (2008)
1709:and vocal styles of the
1287:The two-octave diatonic
4080:The Antananarivo Annual
3999:. Uppsala Universitet.
3974:(in French). Karthala.
3012:World Music: the basics
3009:Nidel, Richard (2005).
2964:such as quadrilles and
2005:music from neighboring
1639:Rossy "Ikalasoa" (2006)
868:
792:
786:
4049:Sibree, James (1896).
3970:Mauro, Didier (2001).
3490:. Taylor and Francis.
3459:Anderson, Ian (1998),
3129:Manuel, Peter (1990).
3091:Anderson, Ian (2000),
3053:10.21504/amj.v6i2.1118
2986:, a Malagasy style of
2935:
2923:
2917:
2903:
2888:
2879:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2818:
2813:
2786:
2776:
2768:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2699:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2663:
2653:
2585:
2571:
2565:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2486:
2404:
2399:
2344:
2303:
2293:
2287:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2226:
2205:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2147:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2102:
2071:
2065:
2034:
2014:
1999:
1991:
1977:
1967:
1953:
1947:
1933:
1902:
1871:
1851:as performed by Jarifa
1775:
1740:
1734:
1728:
1711:
1632:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1541:
1539:—a scraper called the
1531:
1524:
1518:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1412:
1410:bands that perform at
1406:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1366:A variety of European
1359:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1260:
1254:
1176:
1150:
1144:
1132:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1050:Andrianary Ratianarivo
1044:
1038:
924:
906:
892:
884:
878:
858:
856:. This more elaborate
828:
823:
802:
768:
760:
751:
745:
737:
731:
725:
714:
638:
608:
584:
557:
549:
543:
520:
510:
504:
493:
436:
428:
422:
416:
398:
355:
347:
322:
290:
282:
266:
258:
68:
41:
4431:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4291:Republic of the Congo
3845:Le Monde diplomatique
3305:Essays for a Humanist
2800:
2584:
2477:
2397:
2343:
2093:
1774:
1631:
1175:
923:
812:
646:Iny Hono Izy Ravorona
637:
541:
477:South African singing
396:
202:Madagascar portal
67:
57:Culture of Madagascar
30:
4179:Fandaharana Baobab:
4166:25 July 2011 at the
3872:on 26 September 2011
3812:Dawe, Kevin (2004).
3368:The Musical Standard
3015:. Psychology Press.
2782:Andrianampoinimerina
1309:. In the 1970s, the
184:World Heritage Sites
4622:Music of Madagascar
4506:States with limited
4020:Rubin, Don (1997).
3899:on 24 February 2013
3818:. Berg Publishers.
3537:Rubin, Don (2008).
3484:Rubin, Don (1997).
3184:Emoff, Ron (2002).
2875:French colonization
2697:) and rapid-moving
2494:Secular performance
2079:used to perform at
1276:royal regalia. The
1054:Naka Rabemananatsoa
534:Musical instruments
242:music of Madagascar
40:and acoustic guitar
3733:"Ampongabe (drum)"
3676:on 3 December 2012
3570:on 19 January 2012
3433:on 8 February 2010
2911:Sacred performance
2832:her prime minister
2814:
2586:
2487:
2400:
2345:
2103:
1776:
1685:in the 1970s with
1633:
1593:Contemporary music
1451:ampongan’ny ntaolo
1177:
925:
874:Kingdom of Imerina
824:
755:of the Highlands.
710:Merina aristocracy
639:
544:
399:
308:settlers on their
69:
42:
34:musicians playing
4607:
4606:
4533:other territories
4306:Equatorial Guinea
4035:978-0-415-05931-2
4006:978-91-554-4070-1
3981:978-2-84586-019-3
3825:978-1-85973-703-3
3787:"The atranatrana"
3548:978-0-7390-5563-2
3497:978-0-415-05931-2
3251:978-2-7427-3556-3
3197:978-0-8195-6500-6
3142:978-0-19-506334-9
3106:978-1-84353-551-5
3022:978-0-415-96801-0
2947:(LMS) arrived in
2626:
2601:
2444:Nicolas Vatomanga
2360:
2254:compilation album
2051:polyphonic vocals
2048:call-and-response
1843:
1819:
1791:
1648:
1462:speaker during a
1430:Various types of
1384:) and clarinets (
1223:
1192:
994:
969:
940:
686:The steel-string
681:
657:
563:Arabian peninsula
389:Traditional music
238:
237:
4629:
4594:
4593:(United Kingdom)
4589:Tristan da Cunha
4585:Ascension Island
4577:
4564:
4555:
4531:Dependencies and
4224:Sovereign states
4217:Music of Africa
4210:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4186:
4128:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4046:
4040:
4039:
4027:
4017:
4011:
4010:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3967:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3789:. Archived from
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3762:. Archived from
3760:"The tsikadraha"
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3739:on 10 March 2011
3735:. Archived from
3728:
3722:
3721:
3701:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3620:. Archived from
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3602:
3597:on 23 March 2012
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3456:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3429:. Archived from
3422:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3397:. Archived from
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3359:
3344:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3299:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3256:
3255:
3237:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3088:
3065:
3064:
3036:
3027:
3026:
3006:
2938:
2928:
2920:
2906:
2891:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2840:) directed by a
2839:
2821:
2789:
2779:
2773:
2761:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2724:
2718:
2716:Kaolon'ny Fahiny
2712:
2702:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2666:
2656:
2628:
2627:
2603:
2602:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2448:Malagasy hip hop
2409:
2362:
2361:
2342:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2265:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2208:
2198:
2192:
2183:
2150:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2074:
2068:
2037:
2017:
2004:
1996:
1980:
1970:
1957:of the southern
1956:
1950:
1936:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1905:
1890:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1874:
1845:
1844:
1821:
1820:
1800:, featuring the
1793:
1792:
1773:
1750:Olombelona Ricky
1743:
1737:
1731:
1717:Didier Ratsiraka
1714:
1650:
1649:
1630:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1561:
1544:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1516:Bamboo shakers (
1503:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1453:
1443:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1263:
1257:
1225:
1224:
1194:
1193:
1174:
1153:
1147:
1137:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1083:original tunings
1076:
1070:
1064:
1052:(1895–1949) and
1047:
1041:
996:
995:
971:
970:
942:
941:
922:
909:
895:
889:
881:
871:
861:
831:
805:
795:
789:
771:
765:
754:
748:
742:
734:
728:
723:, for instance,
717:
683:
682:
659:
658:
636:
611:
589:
560:
554:
525:
513:
507:
496:
467:Vocal traditions
439:
433:
425:
419:
360:
352:
325:
310:outrigger canoes
295:
287:
271:
263:
230:
223:
216:
200:
199:
198:
66:
44:
43:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4575:
4562:
4553:
4534:
4532:
4525:
4509:
4507:
4500:
4219:
4214:
4173:MP3 Streaming:
4168:Wayback Machine
4126:
4103:Virtual visit:
4100:
4095:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4068:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4018:
4014:
4007:
3993:
3989:
3982:
3968:
3961:
3951:
3949:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3925:on 6 March 2015
3917:
3916:
3912:
3902:
3900:
3889:
3885:
3875:
3873:
3864:Eyre, Banning.
3862:
3858:
3849:
3847:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3793:on 24 June 2010
3783:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3766:on 24 June 2010
3756:
3752:
3742:
3740:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3702:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3666:
3659:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3624:on 24 June 2010
3614:
3610:
3600:
3598:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3535:
3531:
3516:
3512:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3482:
3478:
3469:
3467:
3457:
3446:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3401:on 24 June 2010
3395:"Kabosa (lute)"
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3360:
3347:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3317:
3300:
3281:
3270:
3259:
3252:
3238:
3229:
3218:
3205:
3198:
3182:
3157:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3127:
3120:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3089:
3068:
3037:
3030:
3023:
3007:
3000:
2996:
2974:
2913:
2804:performance of
2649:
2648:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2597:
2594:
2587:
2581:
2561:parallel thirds
2543:. The Betsileo
2496:
2490:on the island.
2472:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2365:Malagasy group
2363:
2356:
2353:
2346:
2340:
2335:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2185:
2030:
2019:
2009:and Mauritius.
1975:, the southern
1917:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1886:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1777:
1771:
1766:
1703:instrumentation
1675:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1595:
1589:ethnic groups.
1552:Early forms of
1514:
1428:
1372:Merina monarchy
1246:
1245:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1200:performance by
1195:
1188:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1140:end-blown flute
1128:
1090:and pioneering
1062:Kalon'ny Fahiny
1045:Kalon'ny Fahiny
1026:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
997:
990:
987:
981:
980:
979:
972:
965:
962:
956:
955:
954:
943:
936:
933:
926:
920:
800:similar to the
705:
704:
696:
694:
693:
692:
691:
684:
677:
674:
665:
664:
663:
660:
653:
650:
640:
634:
580:
536:
469:
464:
451:diatonic scales
391:
234:
196:
194:
179:Miss Madagascar
82:Malagasy people
64:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4635:
4625:
4624:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4598:Western Sahara
4595:
4578:
4565:
4556:
4542:Canary Islands
4538:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4227:
4225:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4212:
4205:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4157:
4150:
4147:"Justin Vali."
4143:
4136:
4129:
4115:
4108:
4099:
4098:External links
4096:
4094:
4093:
4066:
4041:
4034:
4012:
4005:
3987:
3980:
3959:
3936:
3910:
3883:
3856:
3831:
3824:
3804:
3777:
3750:
3723:
3716:
3687:
3670:"RĂ©gis Gizavo"
3657:
3635:
3608:
3581:
3554:
3547:
3529:
3510:
3496:
3476:
3444:
3412:
3385:
3345:
3342:(1–2): 141–157
3326:
3279:
3257:
3250:
3227:
3203:
3196:
3155:
3141:
3118:
3105:
3066:
3028:
3021:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2981:
2973:
2970:
2912:
2909:
2904:afindrafindrao
2889:Afindrafindrao
2828:Merina dynasty
2824:Ranavalona III
2639:
2632:Afindrafindrao
2630:
2620:
2615:Afindrafindrao
2611:
2610:
2605:
2595:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2495:
2492:
2471:
2468:
2382:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2317:Toto Mwandjani
2232:township music
2215:
2184:
2177:
2026:Main article:
2018:
2011:
2007:Reunion Island
1913:
1882:
1856:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1823:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1795:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1764:Coastal styles
1762:
1665:
1660:brass section.
1652:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1594:
1591:
1513:
1510:
1432:membranophones
1427:
1426:Membranophones
1424:
1236:
1227:
1217:
1212:
1211:
1196:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1160:Malagasy franc
1127:
1124:
1079:Finger picking
1016:
998:
988:
983:
982:
973:
963:
958:
957:
944:
934:
929:
928:
927:
918:
917:
916:
782:tortoise shell
695:
685:
675:
667:
666:
661:
651:
643:
642:
641:
632:
631:
630:
579:
576:
535:
532:
468:
465:
390:
387:
246:Southeast Asia
236:
235:
233:
232:
225:
218:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
189:
188:
187:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
158:
157:
153:
152:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
112:
111:
107:
106:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
76:
75:
71:
70:
60:
59:
53:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4634:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4610:
4599:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4579:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:Guinea-Bissau
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4211:
4206:
4204:
4199:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4182:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4152:Audio clips:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4117:Audio clips:
4116:
4113:
4110:Audio clips:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4082:
4081:
4073:
4071:
4054:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4016:
4008:
4002:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3948:(in Malagasy)
3947:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3914:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3846:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3815:Island Musics
3808:
3792:
3788:
3781:
3765:
3761:
3754:
3738:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3717:9782706819445
3713:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3662:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3623:
3619:
3612:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3525:
3522:(in French).
3521:
3514:
3499:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3466:
3462:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3275:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3144:
3138:
3134:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3041:African Music
3035:
3033:
3024:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3005:
3003:
2998:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2898:partner dance
2895:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2633:
2618:
2616:
2593:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2541:
2535:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2508:dugout canoes
2505:
2501:
2491:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2352:
2333:Popular music
2330:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2218:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2140:hand-clapping
2138:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:Betsimisaraka
2078:
2073:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1994:
1993:kwassa-kwassa
1988:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:Jerry Marcoss
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1943:Mika sy Davis
1940:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1873:
1864:
1862:
1850:
1835:
1826:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1783:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:emerged as a
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1673:
1671:
1659:
1655:
1640:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1420:circumcisions
1418:(reburials),
1416:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1231:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1184:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1154:performance,
1152:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1010:
1006:
1002:
986:
977:
961:
952:
948:
932:
915:
913:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:, an evolved
888:
887:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
822:
818:
817:
811:
807:
804:
799:
794:
788:
783:
779:
775:
774:Betsimisaraka
770:
764:
763:
756:
753:
747:
741:
740:
733:
727:
722:
716:
711:
703:
701:
689:
673:
671:
649:
647:
629:
626:
622:
618:
615:
610:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
587:
575:
572:
568:
564:
559:
553:
552:
540:
531:
529:
524:
523:
517:
512:
506:
501:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
463:
458:
456:
452:
448:
443:
438:
432:
431:
424:
418:
413:
409:
404:
395:
386:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
359:
358:
351:
350:
343:
339:
338:
333:
329:
324:
319:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
294:
293:
286:
285:
279:
275:
270:
269:
262:
261:
255:
251:
247:
243:
231:
226:
224:
219:
217:
212:
211:
209:
208:
203:
193:
192:
191:
190:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
160:
159:
155:
154:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
114:
113:
109:
108:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
78:
77:
73:
72:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
39:
38:
33:
29:
25:
21:
16:
4609:
4581:Saint Helena
4552:
4456:South Africa
4446:Sierra Leone
4375:
4251:Burkina Faso
4122:
4085:, retrieved
4079:
4057:. Retrieved
4055:. T.F. Unwin
4051:
4044:
4023:
4015:
3996:
3990:
3971:
3950:. Retrieved
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3923:the original
3913:
3901:. Retrieved
3897:the original
3886:
3874:. Retrieved
3870:the original
3859:
3848:, retrieved
3844:
3834:
3814:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3791:the original
3780:
3768:. Retrieved
3764:the original
3753:
3741:. Retrieved
3737:the original
3726:
3706:
3678:. Retrieved
3674:the original
3651:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3622:the original
3611:
3599:. Retrieved
3595:the original
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3568:the original
3557:
3538:
3532:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3501:. Retrieved
3486:
3479:
3468:, retrieved
3464:
3435:. Retrieved
3431:the original
3403:. Retrieved
3399:the original
3388:
3376:. Retrieved
3371:
3367:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3318:, retrieved
3304:
3273:
3241:
3221:
3186:
3146:. Retrieved
3131:
3110:, retrieved
3096:
3047:(2): 81–93.
3044:
3040:
3011:
2961:Ranavalona I
2949:Antananarivo
2942:
2914:
2885:
2863:jejy voatavo
2815:
2810:Antananarivo
2805:
2801:
2792:Antananarivo
2731:
2672:
2650:
2641:
2631:
2614:
2524:
2497:
2488:
2436:Coupé décalé
2420:gospel music
2401:
2384:
2374:
2370:
2320:
2284:
2216:
2186:
2169:Vaiavy Chila
2161:Ninie Doniah
2157:Mily Clément
2144:
2137:polyrhythmic
2104:
2098:
2063:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2020:
1939:Diego-Suarez
1914:
1883:
1867:
1858:
1848:
1824:
1801:
1721:
1676:
1667:
1657:
1611:Coupé-décalé
1596:
1556:such as the
1551:
1546:
1515:
1429:
1365:
1355:RĂ©gis Gizavo
1286:
1280:is a simple
1278:fipple flute
1269:
1247:
1238:
1230:RĂ©gis Gizavo
1197:
1129:
1088:Erick Manana
1058:
1030:Merina court
1027:
1018:
1004:
1000:
975:
946:
879:jejy voatavo
859:jejy voatavo
829:jejy voatavo
825:
821:Vilon'androy
814:
757:
706:
697:
687:
669:
645:
581:
578:Chordophones
545:
481:church music
473:polyharmonic
470:
440:(entering a
400:
383:
342:polyharmonic
335:
314:
306:Austronesian
241:
239:
169:Coat of arms
142:
118:Architecture
35:
24:
15:
4508:recognition
4461:South Sudan
4351:Ivory Coast
4127:(in French)
4087:10 November
4059:26 November
3952:14 November
3797:26 November
3770:26 November
3743:26 November
3628:26 November
3601:12 November
3503:16 November
3437:26 November
3405:26 November
3378:15 November
3320:15 November
3112:17 November
2258:major label
2123:shares the
2097:performing
1898:Antsiranana
1724:Justin Vali
1607:chordophone
1572:hazomalagny
1566:atranatrana
1559:atranatrana
1446:snare drums
1387:mainty kely
1250:conch shell
1202:Rakoto Frah
1156:Rakoto Frah
912:musical bow
834:chordophone
798:chordophone
623:, parallel
604:Philippines
403:chordophone
332:Bara people
252:, Oceania,
4563:(Portugal)
4521:Somaliland
4441:Seychelles
4406:Mozambique
4391:Mauritania
4376:Madagascar
4331:The Gambia
4266:Cape Verde
4159:Database:
3876:10 October
3680:5 November
3574:5 November
3470:10 October
3374:(797): 297
3148:8 November
2994:References
2988:concertina
2978:Andy Razaf
2925:famadihana
2877:, but the
2727:syncopated
2644:media help
2485:and guitar
2428:AmbondronA
2387:media help
2280:Mamy Gotso
2107:minor keys
1861:media help
1683:supergroup
1670:media help
1542:tsikadraha
1512:Idiophones
1506:royal bath
1500:famadihana
1490:drum. The
1487:langoroana
1436:bass drums
1414:famadihana
1368:aerophones
1266:Polynesian
1241:media help
1162:(200
1126:Aerophones
1021:media help
978:technique.
864:epic poems
700:media help
522:famadihana
462:Ny Antsaly
455:minor keys
447:major keys
337:a cappella
133:Literature
4396:Mauritius
3850:9 October
3465:FolkRoots
2918:hira gasy
2894:quadrille
2880:hira gasy
2869:hira gasy
2851:hira gasy
2819:hira gasy
2802:Hira gasy
2777:hira gasy
2766:known as
2759:hira gasy
2736:hira gasy
2657:genre of
2520:wrestling
2464:Dancehall
2440:Afrobeats
2304:mangaliba
2115:major key
2087:rituals.
2085:Tsimihety
2077:Mama Sana
2044:accordion
1954:mangaliba
1894:Mahajanga
1712:hira gasy
1699:superstar
1691:soft rock
1658:hira gasy
1621:Highlands
1615:Afrobeats
1554:xylophone
1547:caracacha
1537:idiophone
1481:ampongabe
1466:hira gasy
1458:mpikabary
1441:ampongabe
1400:hira gasy
1289:accordion
1282:aerophone
951:Antandroy
907:jejy lava
866:, called
787:Mandolina
721:Toamasina
670:Diavolana
600:Indonesia
516:tone hole
502:state in
487:or other
379:folk rock
318:Highlands
276:by early
260:mandoliny
92:Languages
4616:Category
4587: /
4583: /
4576:(France)
4570: /
4548: /
4544: /
4496:Zimbabwe
4471:Tanzania
4321:Ethiopia
4316:Eswatini
4296:Djibouti
4261:Cameroon
4246:Botswana
4164:Archived
3919:"Oladad"
3903:22 April
3866:"Salegy"
3564:"D'Gary"
3314:77360537
3061:30249759
2984:Taralila
2972:See also
2953:Radama I
2754:Malagasy
2746:: song;
2705:baritone
2669:operetta
2514:moraingy
2500:Betsileo
2479:Betsileo
2424:pop rock
2322:ndombolo
2299:Hazolahy
2272:Terakaly
2227:marovany
1987:Terakaly
1948:kilalaky
1603:cassette
1578:katiboky
1493:hazolahy
1407:mpilalao
1393:anjomara
1206:Feo-Gasy
1119:marovany
1005:marovany
842:calabash
778:Betsileo
746:marovany
739:marovany
729:used in
621:harmonic
614:diatonic
602:and the
571:whistles
558:marovany
485:Hawaiian
423:marovany
412:Betsileo
102:Religion
97:Holidays
49:a series
47:Part of
32:Malagasy
4572:RĂ©union
4568:Mayotte
4559:Madeira
4554:(Spain)
4550:Melilla
4481:Tunisia
4451:Somalia
4436:Senegal
4421:Nigeria
4411:Namibia
4401:Morocco
4366:Liberia
4361:Lesotho
4311:Eritrea
4281:Comoros
4256:Burundi
4231:Algeria
2966:waltzes
2957:solfège
2764:oratory
2756:). The
2722:ba-gasy
2710:Ba-gasy
2678:ba-gasy
2664:ba-gasy
2661:. The
2659:Imerina
2654:ba-gasy
2557:soprano
2452:Da Hopp
2406:chanson
2327:Central
2315:), and
2313:Betroka
2294:tsapiky
2268:Tearano
2263:tsapiky
2249:tsapiky
2237:Tsapiky
2209:, this
2201:Toliara
2196:tsapiky
2181:Tsapiky
2153:Jaojoby
2095:Jaojoby
2059:shakers
1968:kawitry
1929:Betroka
1925:Toliara
1903:tsapika
1849:Tsapika
1754:Samoëla
1707:rhythms
1687:Mahaleo
1519:kaiamba
1381:bingona
1360:renitra
1336:tsapika
1324:tsapika
1312:renitra
1306:renitra
1270:antsiva
1261:angaroa
1255:antsiva
1107:lokanga
1101:tsapiky
1074:ba-gasy
947:lokanga
886:lokanga
816:lokanga
590:, is a
375:hip-hop
357:tsapika
156:Symbols
128:Cuisine
87:History
74:Society
4591:
4574:
4561:
4491:Zambia
4486:Uganda
4426:Rwanda
4381:Malawi
4341:Guinea
4236:Angola
4032:
4003:
3978:
3929:22 May
3822:
3714:
3545:
3526:: 2–3.
3520:Kabaro
3494:
3312:
3248:
3194:
3139:
3103:
3059:
3019:
2936:tromba
2931:medium
2857:sodina
2837:andevo
2812:, 1999
2806:kabary
2787:kabary
2770:kabary
2690:fasiny
2684:angola
2504:Merina
2483:kabosy
2460:Oladad
2422:, and
2416:reggae
2371:kabosy
2367:Oladad
2309:D'Gary
2288:salegy
2278:, and
2276:Jarifa
2243:salegy
2206:salegy
2190:salegy
2171:, and
2148:salegy
2132:folaka
2120:salegy
2099:salegy
2066:Salegy
2057:, and
2055:djembe
2035:Salegy
2028:Salegy
2015:Salegy
1989:, and
1963:Rabaza
1934:basesa
1900:, and
1872:salegy
1825:Salegy
1802:kabosy
1798:Rabaza
1746:Tarika
1741:valiha
1735:sodina
1729:valiha
1679:covers
1532:tromba
1525:tromba
1474:kabary
1444:) and
1376:bugles
1342:tromba
1330:salegy
1318:salegy
1300:tromba
1294:gorodo
1274:Merina
1198:Sodina
1164:ariary
1151:sodina
1145:sodina
1134:sodina
1113:valiha
1096:D'Gary
1068:valiha
1039:valiha
1009:D'Gary
1001:valiha
976:valiha
898:fiddle
876:, the
803:kabosy
793:gitara
769:kabosa
762:kabosy
752:valiha
732:tromba
726:valiha
715:valiha
688:valiha
625:thirds
609:valiha
606:. The
596:zither
592:bamboo
586:valiha
551:valiha
528:shroud
505:tromba
500:trance
442:trance
437:tromba
430:kabosy
417:valiha
408:Merina
371:reggae
363:gospel
349:salegy
328:Merina
323:valiha
320:, the
302:zither
298:bamboo
292:valiha
284:djembe
274:guitar
268:kabosy
254:Arabia
250:Africa
174:Anthem
148:Sports
123:Cinema
110:Topics
51:on the
37:valiha
4546:Ceuta
4466:Sudan
4416:Niger
4371:Libya
4356:Kenya
4336:Ghana
4326:Gabon
4301:Egypt
4241:Benin
3648:(PDF)
3057:JSTOR
2695:tenor
2412:Poopy
2187:Like
2151:were
2126:antsa
2072:antsa
2040:funky
1983:Senge
1959:Anosy
1758:roots
1695:Rossy
1654:Rossy
1351:Rossy
1138:, an
846:frets
838:sisal
832:is a
594:tube
567:lutes
494:antsa
300:tube
296:—the
143:Music
138:Media
4476:Togo
4386:Mali
4276:Chad
4089:2010
4061:2010
4030:ISBN
4001:ISBN
3976:ISBN
3954:2011
3931:2013
3905:2013
3878:2010
3852:2010
3820:ISBN
3799:2010
3772:2010
3745:2010
3712:ISBN
3682:2011
3630:2010
3603:2010
3576:2011
3543:ISBN
3505:2010
3492:ISBN
3472:2010
3439:2010
3407:2010
3380:2010
3322:2010
3310:LCCN
3246:ISBN
3192:ISBN
3150:2010
3137:ISBN
3114:2010
3101:ISBN
3017:ISBN
2844:Hova
2816:The
2749:gasy
2743:hira
2700:beno
2572:rija
2566:rija
2552:jejy
2546:rija
2534:rija
2528:rija
2502:and
2456:18,3
2454:and
2438:and
2432:Zouk
2375:rija
2373:and
2291:and
2165:Wawa
2155:and
2111:Arab
2083:and
2001:sega
1997:and
1985:and
1978:beko
1927:and
1906:, a
1896:and
1875:, a
1756:, a
1613:and
1587:Bara
1585:and
1583:Vezo
1349:and
1347:Lego
1248:The
1130:The
1116:and
1092:Bara
1003:and
999:The
945:The
902:Bara
893:jejy
869:rija
850:neck
826:The
813:The
790:and
776:and
766:(or
758:The
617:mode
511:bilo
508:(or
449:and
426:and
410:and
377:and
367:jazz
278:Arab
264:and
164:Flag
3049:doi
2808:in
2540:isa
2307:),
2038:is
1937:of
1404:or
1333:or
1258:or
1086:as
854:bow
353:or
4618::
4121:.
4069:^
3962:^
3843:,
3690:^
3660:^
3650:,
3524:II
3463:,
3447:^
3415:^
3372:17
3370:.
3366:.
3348:^
3340:43
3338:,
3282:^
3260:^
3230:^
3206:^
3158:^
3121:^
3095:,
3069:^
3055:.
3043:.
3031:^
3001:^
2860:,
2752::
2446:.
2418:,
2414:,
2282:.
2274:,
2270:,
2193:,
2175:.
2167:,
2163:,
2061:.
1965:,
1945:,
1744:;
1705:,
1549:.
1508:.
1122:.
1110:,
569:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
312:.
248:,
4209:e
4202:t
4195:v
4063:.
4038:.
4009:.
3984:.
3956:.
3933:.
3907:.
3880:.
3828:.
3801:.
3774:.
3747:.
3720:.
3684:.
3632:.
3605:.
3578:.
3551:.
3507:.
3441:.
3409:.
3382:.
3254:.
3200:.
3152:.
3063:.
3051::
3045:6
3025:.
2740:(
2703:(
2693:(
2646:.
2389:.
2377:.
2217:4
1915:4
1884:8
1863:.
1672:.
1438:(
1378:(
1291:(
1252:(
1243:.
1023:.
1011:.
910:(
702:.
547:(
229:e
222:t
215:v
22:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.