779:
846:
727:
503:
642:
589:
33:
1319:
861:
799:
679:
695:
814:
157:
711:
763:
496:
575:
560:
388:
395:
605:
747:
480:
381:
661:
830:
22:
890:
227:
623:
487:
187:, bestowed upon the soldier who first climbed the wall of a besieged city or fortress to successfully place the standard (flag) of the attacking army upon it. The Roman mural crown was made of gold, and decorated with turrets, as is the heraldic version. As it was among the highest order of military decorations, it was not awarded to a claimant until after a strict investigation. The
331:
established strict rules for its municipal heraldry, in which each coat of arms contains a mural crown, with three silver towers signifying a village or an urban parish, four silver towers representing a town, five silver towers standing for a city and five gold towers for a capital city. The
778:
641:
726:
320:
and some provinces and military corps have mural crowns on their coats of arms: gold with five towers for cities, and silver with nine-towered for others. The coat of arms of the
1521:
339:
Romanian municipal coats of arms contain a mural crown, with one or three towers for villages and communes, five and seven towers for towns and municipalities.
1055:
588:
845:
1079:
762:
1214:, and notes examples supporting the crest "to be seen over the arms of many of the British officers who distinguished themselves in the
1137:
860:
710:
333:
176:
1269:
678:
813:
694:
1131:
1318:
798:
1531:
604:
1526:
660:
622:
346:
wears a mural crown to signify its status as a republic. This is in contrast to the royal crowns that adorned the
1424:
351:
746:
1262:
272:) came to be adopted for the arms of cities, with increasingly specific details: "Residential (i.e. having a
199:
indicative of captured ships, was assigned as naval prize to the first in a boarding party, similar to the
559:
332:
Portuguese rules are also applied to most municipal coats of arms of Brazil and some other members of the
1511:
1176:
785:
295:, adding "Strict regulations in the matter do not yet exist" and warning that the usage was not British.
829:
789:
96:, mostly for cities and towns, and in the 19th and 20th centuries was used in some republican heraldry.
1516:
851:
804:
574:
1239:
866:
288:
1255:
990:
362:
1010:
566:
366:
343:
321:
1541:
647:
610:
32:
1485:
502:
1233:
1121:
1065:
1053:
The mural crown as an indicator of the personification of a city was thoroughly explored by:
666:
580:
211:
737:
287:
with five towers, large towns one with four towers, smaller towns one with three", observed
1536:
1303:
650:, capital of Germany. Here, the wall of the mural crown is combined with the leaves of the
26:
183:(Latin for "walled crown") was a golden crown, or a circle of gold intended to resemble a
149:
too could be rendered as a mural crown in
Hellenistic times, specifically designating the
8:
347:
215:
89:
77:
1374:
1211:
1073:
925:
915:
595:
421:
112:
1460:
1127:
965:
651:
132:
105:
1059:
1338:
1333:
1117:
1020:
1005:
870:
359:
299:
239:
207:
142:
81:
61:
214:
usually include her mural crown, signifying Rome's status as a loyal protector of
1364:
1215:
1030:
1025:
910:
895:
403:
69:
156:
1298:
980:
945:
311:
195:
150:
116:
53:
960:
495:
1505:
1480:
1409:
1389:
1308:
1092:
970:
769:
633:
244:
108:, where they resemble crenelations on Mesopotamian and Persian buildings.
1421:
1359:
1232:
1000:
370:
85:
733:
387:
1475:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1343:
1293:
940:
935:
930:
394:
355:
200:
37:
479:
380:
21:
1465:
1429:
1399:
1394:
975:
905:
685:
184:
169:
1171:
985:
820:
788:
is topped with a form of mural crown, which is the golden five-tower
753:
717:
533:
65:
234:
The Roman military decoration was subsequently employed in
European
1193:
Mellor, R., "The
Goddess Roma" in Haase, W., Temporini, H., (eds),
1181:
670:
614:
328:
273:
235:
189:
131:(the embodiment of the protection of a city, familiar to Romans as
93:
73:
25:
Depiction of Darius the Great wearing an early mural crown on the
1379:
1369:
1247:
920:
226:
165:
124:
123:(the embodiment of the fortunes of a city, familiar to Romans as
1490:
1384:
955:
874:
836:
629:
543:
486:
305:
250:
146:
128:
41:
264:(i.e. stone-coloured). In 19th-century Germany, mural crowns (
1470:
1414:
1279:
1015:
995:
950:
701:
256:
161:
137:
120:
242:
modeled after the walls of a castle, which may be tinctured
92:. Later the mural crown developed into a symbol of European
1100:
298:
Mural crowns were used, rather than royal crowns, for
654:, marking Berlin's status as both a city and a state.
885:
350:(and the imperial crown positioned above it) in the
1116:
792:
of a
Russian federal subject administrative centre.
358:. The mural-crowned eagle was abandoned under the
104:Early appearances of the mural crown occur in the
1503:
1126:. University of California Press. pp. 77–.
1522:Military awards and decorations of ancient Rome
1210:(1846, p. 307) however, instances the crest of
168:, Roman version of a 3rd-century BC bronze by
1263:
315:
303:
281:
266:
1110:
1270:
1256:
1195:Aufstieg und Niedergang der romischen Welt
1123:The Military Decorations of the Roman Army
1078:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
334:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
279:) cities and capital towns usually bear a
551:
99:
225:
155:
31:
20:
1054:
532:Modern elaborations of mural crowns of
392:
84:who watched over a city, and among the
1504:
1251:
428:Mural crowns of Portuguese heraldry:
36:Mural crown on city goddess (silver
13:
1277:
485:
450:Mural crowns of Romanian heraldry:
373:and remains in place to this day.
115:culture, a mural crown identified
14:
1553:
1225:
1140:from the original on 3 April 2023
1061:Étude sur la déesse grecque Tyché
365:from 1934, but was reinstated in
177:ancient Roman military decoration
1317:
888:
859:
844:
828:
812:
797:
777:
761:
745:
725:
709:
700:The coat of arms of the city of
693:
677:
659:
640:
621:
603:
587:
573:
558:
501:
494:
478:
393:
386:
379:
16:Heraldic crown resembling a wall
539:Mural crown of an Italian City
352:coat of arms of Austria-Hungary
314:, personifies Italy. In Italy,
221:
1200:
1187:
1164:
1152:
1086:
1047:
772:(municipality, county capital)
720:, the smallest Italian commune
1:
1197:, de Gruyter, 1991, pp 60–63.
1064:(in French). Paris. pp.
1040:
193:mural crown, composed of the
819:Coat of arms of the City of
732:Coat of arms of the city of
293:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
7:
1177:Lives of the Twelve Caesars
881:
786:coat of arms of Krasnoyarsk
500:
493:
385:
378:
238:, where the term denoted a
10:
1558:
1240:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1161:according to Aulus Gellius
852:Coat of arms of Calderdale
805:Coat of Arms of Kryvyi Rih
542:Mural crown of an Italian
327:In the early 20th century
175:The mural crown became an
64:or headpiece representing
1532:National symbols of Italy
1453:
1352:
1326:
1315:
1286:
867:Coat of arms of Vancouver
473:
449:
289:Arthur Charles Fox-Davies
206:The Graeco-Roman goddess
991:National personification
688:, capital of New Zealand
434:Village or urban parish
363:Federal State of Austria
310:. A mural-crowned lady,
135:). The high cylindrical
1527:Municipal coats of arms
567:coat of arms of Austria
510:Mural crowns of Brazil:
367:Allied-occupied Austria
344:coat of arms of Austria
322:Second Spanish Republic
648:Coat of arms of Berlin
611:Coat of arms of Lisbon
552:Examples from heraldry
490:
354:until their defeat in
316:
304:
282:
267:
231:
230:A heraldic mural crown
172:
100:Usage in ancient times
80:, it was an emblem of
57:
45:
29:
667:Coat of arms of Sofia
581:Coat of arms of Malta
489:
229:
159:
153:as patron of a city.
35:
24:
1425:military decorations
768:The coat of arms of
752:The coat of arms of
716:The coat of arms of
594:Coat of arms of the
216:Hellenic city-states
119:such as the goddess
27:Behistun inscription
1234:"Mural Crown"
1208:Display of Heraldry
1118:Valerie A. Maxfield
1011:The Stella d’Italia
416:Department Capital
348:double-headed eagle
324:had a mural crown.
302:and modern Italian
90:military decoration
78:classical antiquity
1512:Crowns in heraldry
1212:Viscount Beresford
1120:(1 January 1981).
926:Corolla (headgear)
916:Chaplet (headgear)
738:State of SĂŁo Paulo
598:, Catalonia, Spain
596:Province of Lleida
491:
232:
173:
46:
30:
1517:Crowns (headgear)
1499:
1498:
1133:978-0-520-04499-9
966:Fillet (clothing)
736:, capital of the
549:
548:
529:
469:
447:
425:
342:The eagle on the
210:'s attributes on
106:Achaemenid Empire
1549:
1321:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1236:
1219:
1206:William Newton,
1204:
1198:
1191:
1185:
1170:Livy. l.c.; cf.
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1114:
1108:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1069:
1056:Allègre, Fernand
1051:
1006:Tainia (costume)
898:
893:
892:
891:
871:British Columbia
863:
848:
835:Coat of arms of
832:
816:
801:
781:
765:
749:
729:
713:
697:
684:Coat of arms of
681:
663:
644:
628:Coat of arms of
625:
607:
591:
577:
562:
512:
505:
498:
482:
452:
430:
408:
402:Mural crowns of
397:
390:
383:
376:
375:
319:
309:
285:
270:
117:tutelary deities
82:tutelary deities
1557:
1556:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1449:
1417:
1348:
1322:
1313:
1282:
1276:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1188:
1169:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1115:
1111:
1105:Ab Urbe Condita
1091:
1087:
1071:
1070:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1031:Emblem of Italy
1026:Wreath (attire)
911:Celestial crown
896:Heraldry portal
894:
889:
887:
884:
877:
864:
855:
849:
840:
833:
824:
817:
808:
802:
793:
790:coronet of rank
782:
773:
766:
757:
750:
741:
730:
721:
714:
705:
698:
689:
682:
673:
664:
655:
645:
636:
626:
617:
608:
599:
592:
583:
578:
569:
563:
554:
511:
451:
429:
407:
404:French heraldry
360:clerico-fascist
224:
102:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1555:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1418:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1226:External links
1224:
1221:
1220:
1199:
1186:
1163:
1151:
1132:
1109:
1085:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
981:Italia Turrita
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
946:Civic heraldry
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
902:
901:
900:
899:
883:
880:
879:
878:
865:
858:
856:
850:
843:
841:
834:
827:
825:
818:
811:
809:
803:
796:
794:
783:
776:
774:
767:
760:
758:
751:
744:
742:
731:
724:
722:
715:
708:
706:
699:
692:
690:
683:
676:
674:
665:
658:
656:
652:people's crown
646:
639:
637:
627:
620:
618:
609:
602:
600:
593:
586:
584:
579:
572:
570:
564:
557:
553:
550:
547:
546:
540:
537:
530:
507:
506:
499:
492:
483:
475:
474:
471:
470:
448:
426:
399:
398:
391:
384:
312:Italia Turrita
223:
220:
181:corona muralis
151:mother goddess
101:
98:
58:corona muralis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1554:
1543:
1542:Visual motifs
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1097:Noctes Attici
1094:
1093:Aulus Gellius
1089:
1081:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1046:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Laurel wreath
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
897:
886:
876:
872:
868:
862:
857:
853:
847:
842:
838:
831:
826:
822:
815:
810:
806:
800:
795:
791:
787:
780:
775:
771:
770:Arad, Romania
764:
759:
755:
748:
743:
739:
735:
728:
723:
719:
712:
707:
703:
696:
691:
687:
680:
675:
672:
669:, capital of
668:
662:
657:
653:
649:
643:
638:
635:
634:Guinea-Bissau
632:, capital of
631:
624:
619:
616:
613:, capital of
612:
606:
601:
597:
590:
585:
582:
576:
571:
568:
561:
556:
555:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
509:
508:
504:
497:
488:
484:
481:
477:
476:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
441:
437:
433:
427:
424:
423:
419:
415:
411:
405:
401:
400:
396:
389:
382:
377:
374:
372:
368:
364:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
337:
335:
330:
325:
323:
318:
313:
308:
307:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
284:
278:
276:
271:
269:
263:
259:
258:
253:
252:
247:
246:
241:
237:
228:
219:
217:
213:
212:Greek coinage
209:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
191:
186:
182:
178:
171:
167:
163:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:, 160–150 BC)
43:
39:
34:
28:
23:
19:
1486:Cross pattée
1420:
1404:
1238:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1189:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1122:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1060:
1049:
1001:Olive wreath
525:
521:
517:
513:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
439:
435:
431:
420:
417:
413:
409:
371:World War II
341:
338:
326:
297:
292:
280:
274:
265:
261:
255:
249:
243:
233:
222:Heraldic use
205:
194:
188:
180:
174:
136:
110:
103:
49:
47:
18:
1537:Iconography
1159:muri pinnis
961:Ferronnière
941:Civic crown
936:Grass crown
931:Naval crown
356:World War I
268:Mauerkronen
201:naval crown
113:Hellenistic
50:mural crown
38:tetradrachm
1506:Categories
1395:Golden hat
1334:Coronation
1144:23 October
1041:References
976:Liangbatou
906:Camp crown
686:Wellington
369:following
283:Mauerkrone
260:(red), or
254:(silver),
185:battlement
170:Eutychides
74:fortresses
66:city walls
40:issued by
1461:Half-arch
1365:Celestial
1278:Types of
1172:Suetonius
1107:, XXVI.48
1099:, V.6.4;
1074:cite book
986:Kokoshnik
854:, England
839:, Belgium
821:Zrenjanin
807:, Ukraine
754:Trondheim
734:SĂŁo Paulo
718:Morterone
536:heraldry
277:residence
1339:Heraldic
1299:Imperial
1216:late war
1182:Augustus
1138:Archived
1058:(1889).
882:See also
823:, Serbia
756:, Norway
740:, Brazil
671:Bulgaria
615:Portugal
516:Village
456:Village
412:Capital
329:Portugal
300:medieval
248:(gold),
236:heraldry
190:rostrata
94:heraldry
1410:Radiate
1390:Eastern
1380:Coronet
1375:Corolla
1370:Circlet
1353:By form
1309:Consort
1287:By rank
1243:. 1921.
921:Circlet
704:, Italy
534:Catalan
528:Capital
468:Capital
446:Capital
422:Commune
179:. The
166:Antioch
127:), and
125:Fortuna
60:) is a
1491:Lappet
1385:Diadem
1360:Astral
1327:By use
1130:
956:Diadem
875:Canada
837:Ninove
630:Bissau
544:Comune
317:comuni
306:comuni
262:proper
251:argent
196:rostra
147:Cybele
129:Hestia
86:Romans
70:towers
42:Smyrna
1481:Cross
1471:Monde
1454:Parts
1445:Naval
1440:Grass
1435:Civic
1422:Roman
1415:Tiara
1405:Mural
1344:State
1304:Royal
1294:Papal
1280:crown
1021:Vinok
1016:Tiara
996:Polos
951:Crown
702:Milan
524:City
520:Town
464:City
460:Town
442:City
438:Town
291:, in
275:royal
257:gules
240:crown
162:Tyche
138:polos
133:Vesta
121:Tyche
76:. In
72:, or
62:crown
54:Latin
1466:Hoop
1430:Camp
1400:Hoop
1146:2016
1128:ISBN
1101:Livy
1080:link
1068:–92.
784:The
565:The
208:Roma
160:The
143:Rhea
1476:Cap
1184:25.
1066:187
164:of
141:of
111:In
1508::
1237:.
1218:".
1180:,
1174:,
1136:.
1103:,
1095:,
1076:}}
1072:{{
873:,
869:,
526:4.
522:3.
518:2.
514:1.
466:4.
462:3.
458:2.
454:1.
444:4.
440:3.
436:2.
432:1.
418:3.
414:2.
410:1.
336:.
245:or
218:.
203:.
88:a
68:,
56::
48:A
1427::
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1148:.
1082:)
406::
145:/
52:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
