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Buddha's help and is given a rod to smash prison walls and release the prisoners of hell to a higher reincarnation, but his mother is not released. Mulian's mother is reborn as a hungry ghost who can never eat her fill because her neck is too thin. Mulian tries to send her food by placing it on the ancestral altar, but the food bursts into flame just as it reaches her mouth. To rescue her from this torture, the Buddha instructs Mulian and all filial sons to provide a grand feast of "yülan bowls" on the fifteenth day of the seventh month, the time when monks emerge from their summer retreat. When his mother reincarnates as a black dog, Mulian recites
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983:東アジアの盂蘭盆と東南アジアのワン・オ一クパンサーなどは、いずれも、釈尊の時代に規定された様に七月十五日の自恣の日を祝っているのだが（日本ではこのことはすでに意識されていない）、東南アジアでは古代インドの暦に基づいて行われるのに対し、東アジアでは、中国の太陰暦に従っているので、ニケ月の差があり、これらが同一の行事ということに気付く人は少ない。English Translation: Both the East Asian Urabon and Southeast Asian Wan Ok Phansa are celebrated on the 15th day of the seventh month, the day of Pravāraṇā just as it was promulgated in Lord Buddha's time (in Japan, this matter is not known to people). In Southeast Asian countries, they use the ancient Indian calendar as opposed to East Asian countries where they use the
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are several further challenges. In the past, the opera was passed on orally through family troupes which kept their skills to themselves. However, these troupes no longer exist. The opera is difficult to perform. The ghost roles involve acrobatic skills which require years of training. Since it is a genre that has a small audience, performers require government support. Some observers point to signs for hope, however. While traditional village audiences have dwindled, some film stars and celebrities have taken up the art. Local authorities in
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to eat the rice as it was transformed into burning coal. Maudgalyayana then asks the Buddha to help him; whereupon Buddha explains how one is able to assist one's current parents and deceased parents in this life and in one's past seven lives by willingly offering food, etc., to the sangha or monastic community during
Pravarana (the end of the monsoon season or vassa), which usually occurs on the 15th day of the seventh month whereby the monastic community transfers the merits to the deceased parents, etc.,
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856:報恩奉盆經 (T. 16, no. 686, 780a20), indicates clearly that this sutra is not apocryphal but a genuine translation, because only somebody who knew the original Indian form was able to transliterate it thus correctly into Chinese. In conclusion, I assume that this sutra is not apocryphal, but a translation from an Indian text translated by Dharmarakṣa or somebody else in pre-Kumārajīva times . Also c.f. p 301 for derivation of Yulan from Middle Indic (Gandhari) *olana.
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On the mainland, the genre started to decline in popularity after the 1920s. However, the Mulian opera revived when it was listed as a
National Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2006. But even supporters in the People's Republic see the future as under threat from high-tech television and films. There
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and uses his newfound powers to search for his deceased parents. Maudgalyayana discovers that his deceased mother was reborn into the preta or hungry ghost realm. She was in a wasted condition and
Maudgalyayana tried to help her by offering her a bowl of rice. Unfortunately as a preta, she was unable
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p.302 -Although this sutra has often been regarded as apocryphal , the contents and ideas in it are well rooted in India as we have seen above. In addition to that, the vocabulary and usage of
Chinese words are more archaic, compared with Kumārajīva's corpus (401–413 CE), while they resemble greatly
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summary : Numerous early sutras or suttas talk about filial piety e.g. Katanna Sutta, Dighajanu Sutta, Sabrahma Sutta, Samyuktaratnapitaka Sutra, Mahayanna Sutta, Sigalovada Sutta, Vatapada Sutta, Matuposaka Sutta, Samyuktagama Sutra no. 506, Sama Jataka, Syama Jataka (represented on relief in
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lectures by monks. They often used pictures and songs to amuse their audiences, enriching the Mulian story with many variations and making it thoroughly
Chinese. The story-tellers shaped their stories to meet the charge that Buddhism undermined filial piety because it took believers away from their
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which is also very similar to the
Yulanpen Sutra, Maudgalyayana communicates on the behalf of five hundred pretas with their respective relatives who in turn make offerings on the pretas' behalf to the monastic community. Once the transference of merit is completed, the former pretas are reborn and
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who sees his ancestors hanging upside down in purgatory because he has not married. His parents begged him to get married so they could be reborn in Heaven. This is based on the Tang
Dynasty Sanskrit etymology of the Chinese word 'Yulanpen' said to be derived from Sanskrit 'avalambana' or 'hanging
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The fullest and most important of these
Dunhuang texts is "Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld, With Pictures, One Scroll, With Preface." In this text, Mulian's original name is "Radish", or "Turnip," typical Chinese nicknames, and his
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Hell, the cruelest of the purgatories. Mulian descends and meets ox-headed devils who force sinners to cross the river to hell and to embrace hot copper pillars that burn away their chests. But by the time Mulian locates his mother she has been nailed down with forty-nine iron spikes. He seeks
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p 293 : Pravāraṇā (Pāli Pavāraṇā) zizi 自恣 and suiyi 隨意 in
Chinese, is a ceremony held at the end of the three-month rainy season retreat by Buddhist monks. In Theravada Buddhism and in Nepal, it was and is still held on the full moon day of the seventh or eight month. i.e. Āśvina
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The sutra was in part translated and promoted to help reconcile
Buddhism with the Confucian ideals of filial piety;however there was already a concept of filial piety within Indian Buddhism which had a large overlap with the Chinese version but also significant differences. (c.f.
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on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month. The performance "presented the mysteries of death and rebirth in scenes whose impact on audiences must have been overwhelming" and which taught the audience religious and moral values, though not always in orthodox form.
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rescuing his deceased mother from his previous fifth life as an act of filial piety. Like other accounts in the Petavatthu, it also records the reasons for her rebirth into the preta world. The first reference to the Petavatthu is in the Mahavamsa's account of
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1. The shows are performed because many of the deceased enjoyed their performance while they were alive. These people are gradually dying out, and because of the changing Taiwanese culture, the shows are no longer as popular as they once were.
453:, ruler of the underworld, and dropped to the lowest order of hell for her selfish deception. Mulian becomes a Buddhist and uses his new powers to travel to heaven. There his father informs him that his mother is suffering extremely in the
399:(which is a revision of an earlier text with same title from the mid 6th century CE that is no longer extant); however based on references in various literary sources, it may have been celebrated even as early as the late 5th century CE.
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for her transgressions. Mulian cannot rescue her by his individual effort, however, but is instructed by the Buddha to offer food and gifts to monks and monasteries on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, which established the
477:"I can go or stay, sit or lie as I choose. If I am hungry I can always eat human excrement in the privy; if I am thirsty, I can always quench my thirst in the gutter. In the morning I hear my master invoking the protection of the
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The stories sometimes use earthy characterization. When Mulian's mother is reincarnated as a black dog, Mulian seeks her out and she concedes that she is better off than she had been as a hungry ghost. As a dog, she says:
481:; in the evening I hear his wife reciting the noble scriptures. To be a dog and have to accept the whole realm of impurities is a small price to pay for never so much as hearing the word 'Hell' said in my ear."
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In another version, "The Mulian Legend," Mulian's mother, Liu Qingti, had been pious but after her husband died took up sacrificing animals to eat meat, resorted to violence, and cursed. When she dies, the
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the translations by Dharmarakṣa (fl. 265?–311 CE). Moreover, the transliteration 鉢和羅 (EH pat γwa la > MC pwât γwâ lâ} of Skt. pravāra(ṇā), which only occurs in this sutra and its adaptation, i.e. the
1025:盂蘭盆 out of its original context. If it means "hanging upside down", "saving", "soul", a name of a month or festival, then how can the phrase 以百味飲食安盂蘭盆中 "place food and drink of a hundred flavors in
538:, wrote the opera Mulian jiu mu xing xiao xi wen (Mulian rescues his mother). According to local legend, Zheng was blind when he wrote the opera and was restored to full sight by a grateful
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services, especially in the countryside, until the end of the twentieth century. The legend spread quickly to other parts of East Asia, and was one of the earliest to be written down in the
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Before Radish became a Buddhist, he went abroad on business and gave his mother money for feeding monks and beggars. She stingily hides it away, and soon after Radish returns, dies and the
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Filial emotion is vivid in this version. Mulian's mother calls him "my filial and obedient son," while Mulian "chokes and sobs with his tears falling like rain." As in the
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1017:(September–October) or Kārttika (October–November) respectively. And p 300 : The second mistake, which has caused a great deal of confusion surrounding the
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The Yulanpen Sutra or Ullambana Sutra is an Indic text translated into Chinese in the 3rd to 4th century CE, which records the time when Maudgalyayana achieves
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using it to teach Sri Lankans ca. 3rd century BCE. This may be the earliest Indic precursor to the Yulanpen Sutra. Another canonical account can be found in
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upside down'. Recent studies by Karashima has cast doubts on this and other old etymologies and have affirmed the connection of the Yulanpen holiday with the
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Translation of "Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld, With Pictures, One Scroll, WIth Preface."
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3. The performers are mainly middle-aged and elderly. There are few newcomers learning the traditional performances since their clientele is dying out.
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542:(the legend also has it that when Zheng later wrote a love story he went blind again). Zheng's opera places emphasis on Confucian family values.
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1662:(YouTube 1 min 53 seconds). Nanyin performance by Siong Leng Musical Association at the Poh Ern Shih Temple, Singapore. Mulian fights demons.
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for seven days and seven nights, and his mother is reborn as a human again. In the end she is reborn and can attain the joys of heaven.
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Series of images, with extensive links to other images of Tang dynasty scroll paintings of hells and purgatories in the series
1391:, Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai English Tripitaka Series, Berkeley: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, pp. 17–44,
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Annual Report of the International Research Institute F<or Advance Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2012
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Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advance Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2012
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Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advance Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2012
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Annual Report of the International Research Institute for Advance Buddhology at Soka University for the Academic Year 2012
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1650:(YouTube 4 min 40 seconds) East Asia gallery interactive of the Singapore. Worship and opera performances in Singapore.
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1356:[zh:Funeral Performances Comforting the Soul: A Preliminary Investigation and Analysis of the 'Sigong' Genre].
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in Taiwan (along with other funeral related performances) is gradually disappearing. According to Shixian Yang of
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1656:(YouTube 6 min 4 seconds) Singapore Opera recorded February 27, 2013. The scene in which Mulian meets his mother.
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The earliest attested celebration of the festival appears in much later sources, such as the early 7th-century
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Ritual Opera and Mercantile Lineage: The Confucian Transformation of Popular Culture in Late Imperial Huizhou
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Mulian is the preferred Chinese transliteration for Maudgalyayana. We also see Mujianlian and Damujianlian.
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families and prevented them from attending to their ancestors. The written versions of these stories were
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Guang Xing (2013). "Early Buddhist and Confucian Concepts of Filial Piety: A Comparative Study".
685:"Maudgalyāyana: Transformation Text on Mahamaudgalyāyana Rescuing His Mother from the Underworld"
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660:. Classical Chinese Literature: An Anthology of Translations. Vol. I. New York; Hong Kong:
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and helped to make Buddhism into a Chinese religion, it also reflected strong undercurrents of
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Among the many film and television adaptations is a 1957 version, starring popular actor
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has been called "the greatest of all Chinese religious operas," often performed for the
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which was translated from Indic sources by Dharmarakṣa sometime between 265 and 311 CE.
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Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins
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270:('transformation tales'). Mulian and his mother appeared onstage in operas, especially
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Ritual Opera, Operatic Ritual: "Mu-Lien Rescues His Mother" in Chinese Popular Culture
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Tortures of Chinese Buddhist Hell (including those who take money intended for temples
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977:[The Real Meaning of Urabon –The Solution to a 1400 Year Misunderstanding].
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How Did Moggallana and Sariputta Rescue their Mothers from the Hungry Ghost Realm?
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Bandō, Shōjun, ed. (2005), "The Ullambana Sutra (Taishō Vol. 16, No. 685)",
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clearly means a vessel in the original context. cf p 301 for derivation of
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Guang Xing (2016). "The Teaching and Practice of Filial Piety In Buddhism".
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A popularized retelling of the Mulian story by an imagined Tang dynasty nun.
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dating to the early 9th century CE. It is an elaboration of the canonical
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Guang Xing (2017). "Yulanpen Festival and Chinese Ancestor Worship".
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as evidenced through its canonical texts and epigraphical remains.
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Escape from Blood Pond Hell: The Tales of Mulian and Woman Huang
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The story developed many variations and appeared in many forms.
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Sanchi Stupa, Gandhara reliefs, Ajanta Caves c.f. pp 220–221)
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The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature
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Possible Indic precursors of canonical text and early history
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Another canonical version similar to the Yulanpen Sutra, has
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2980:
2646:
2143:
491:
450:
314:
in the cultures of Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Laos.
189:
1071:"The Meaning of Yulanpen 盂蘭盆 "Rice Bowl" On Pravāraṇā Day"
1021:, is that most of the scholars have investigated the word
1001:"The Meaning of Yulanpen 盂蘭盆 "Rice Bowl" On Pravāraṇā Day"
949:"The Meaning of Yulanpen 盂蘭盆 "Rice Bowl" On Pravāraṇā Day"
836:"The Meaning of Yulanpen 盂蘭盆 "Rice Bowl" On Pravāraṇā Day"
3845:
2381:
306:. It is the basis of the custom of offering foods to the
1086:
Also Sanskrit fragments of this account have been found.
748:, Sources of Chinese Tradition, vol. II, New York:
430:, and was not rediscovered until the twentieth century.
176:
is a popular Chinese Buddhist tale first attested in a
1275:
1273:
411:
Tang dynasty tales of karmic punishment and redemption
1597:
Buddhist funeral cultures of Southeast Asia and China
1107:
Journal of the Centre for Buddhist Studies, Sri Lanka
972:
145:
131:
1665:
245:
filial piety that existed throughout Indian Buddhism
1029:" possibly be interpreted? As we shall see later,
928:
822:
The Transformation Text on Mulien Saving His Mother
415:In the Tang dynasty, Mulian was a popular topic of
254:texts discovered early in the twentieth century at
1208:
1206:
771:
579:
545:
490:judges that she should be sent to the underworld.
194:
4932:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations
1589:"Feeding the dead: ghosts, materiality and merit"
1568:. Chinese Popular Culture Project. Berkeley, CA:
1142:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
354:No. 14 – The Story of the Mother of Sariputta, a
318:Stages in the popularization of a canonical sutra
4991:
1068:
998:
946:
833:
326:Mulian Intercedes With Buddha to Save His Mother
297:as the chief protagonist and is recorded in the
16:Popular Chinese Buddhist tale about filial piety
606:, translated by Berezkin, Rostislav, New York:
258:in Gansu revealed rich stories in the form of
4384:
1711:
652:Minford, John & Joseph S. M. Lau (2000).
81:
57:
2493:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
1628:Narratives Informing Chinese Notions of Hell
626:"Maudgalyayana Rescues His Mother From Hell"
1174:Traditional woodblock print, reproduced in
4391:
4377:
1718:
1704:
1360:(in Traditional Chinese). pp. 255–256
1139:
1104:
876:
33:
449:judges that she should be turned over to
1564:Johnson, David G.; Grant, Beata (1989).
1175:
432:
321:
3680:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1415:"The Buddha Speaks the Ullambana Sutra"
1279:
973:辛嶋静志 Karashima Seishi (October 2013).
746:From 1600 through the Twentieth Century
735:
717:, translated by Waley, Arthur, London:
4992:
3883:List of Buddhist architecture in China
1586:
1476:
1430:
1350:Yang, Shixian (楊士賢) (September 2015).
1228:
1052:
907:
711:"Mu Lien Rescues His Mother from Hell"
4398:
4372:
1699:
1381:
1260:
1193:
1046:
934:
708:
624:Ma, Y. W.; Lau, Joseph, eds. (1985),
623:
335:The Indian ancient classic epic, the
204:world (in canonical sutra) or in the
1572:, distributed by IEAS Publications.
1510:Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism
1480:The Ghost Festival in Medieval China
1451:
1349:
1244:
597:
341:, includes the story of an ascetic,
264:('transmissions of the strange') or
4878:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio
1538:
1516:Grant, Beata; Idema, W. L. (2011).
1311:
1212:
1158:
1123:
979:大法輪 (The Great Wheel of the Dharma)
13:
4480:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
3670:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1502:
1328:Mulian Opera 'Ghost Drama' Revival
715:Ballads and Stories from Tun-Huang
658:From Antiquity to the Tang Dynasty
14:
5026:
4899:What the Master Would Not Discuss
1617:
1095:cf Karashima (2013), esp. p 301-2
744:, in DeBary, Wm. Theodore (ed.),
173:Mulian Saves His Mother From Hell
39:Mulian and his mother Madame Liu
4351:
4341:
4340:
3898:Thai temple art and architecture
3643:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
1883:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
1749:
1736:
1726:
1682:
1668:
1178:Chinese Symbolism and Art Motifs
820:Teiser p 44. "The manuscript of
396:Record of the Seasons of Jingchu
4964:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl
4957:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy
1750:
1375:
1343:
1321:
1289:
1168:
1133:
1098:
1089:
1069:Karashima Seishi (March 2013).
1062:
999:Karashima Seishi (March 2013).
992:
947:Karashima Seishi (March 2013).
834:Karashima Seishi (March 2013).
591:
580:Film and television adaptations
546:Mulian in the twentieth century
526:) (1518–1595), a native of the
4925:Records of the Grand Historian
3888:Japanese Buddhist architecture
3690:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
2770:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
1961:Places where the Buddha stayed
1522:University of Washington Press
1487:: Princeton University Press,
966:
940:
917:
870:
861:
827:
814:
780:University of California Press
382:release from their suffering.
231:
222:
146:
132:
82:
58:
1:
4892:In Search of the Supernatural
4808:Classic of Mountains and Seas
3903:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
802:
683:Mair, Victor H., ed. (1983),
650:illustrated and annotated as
600:"A local drama from Shaoxing"
566:, the reasons are threefold:
365:, contains an account of the
104:Moggallāna Rescues His Mother
5010:Chinese folk religious texts
3660:Buddhism and the Roman world
3636:Decline of Buddhism in India
3631:History of Buddhism in India
1731: Topics in
1462:: Harvard University Press,
1419:City of Ten Thousand Buddhas
807:
689:Tun-Huang Popular Narratives
7:
2858:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
2598:
1512:, Stanford University Press
1477:Teiser, Stephen F. (1988),
879:Journal of Law and Religion
633:Traditional Chinese Stories
195:
10:
5031:
3808:The unanswerable questions
1601:Cambridge University Press
1595:; Ladwig, Patrice (eds.),
1455:T'ang Transformation Texts
770:(1999). "The Nun's Tale".
693:Cambridge University Press
598:Mair, Victor, ed. (2011),
208:(in elaborated tale), the
4978:Mulian Rescues His Mother
4950:Legend of the White Snake
4941:
4799:
4773:
4697:
4533:
4467:
4406:
4336:
4288:
4203:
4118:
3893:Buddhist temples in Korea
3816:
3718:
3601:
3298:
3226:
3053:
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2866:
2501:
2456:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2367:
2359:Three planes of existence
2307:
2152:
2044:
1974:
1966:Buddha in world religions
1828:
1773:
1745:
1642:Mulian Rescues His Mother
1640:(Mongolian Depictions of
1547:Stanford University Press
1296:Mulian Rescues His Mother
1176:Williams, C.A.S. (1941),
750:Columbia University Press
740:Mulian Rescues His Mother
662:Columbia University Press
637:Columbia University Press
608:Columbia University Press
560:Mulian Rescues His Mother
523:
504:Mulian Rescues His Mother
497:
167:Mulian Rescues His Mother
159:
139:
125:
118:
113:
109:
99:
75:
51:
32:
28:
24:Mulian Rescues His Mother
23:
4850:The Peach Blossom Spring
3675:Persecution of Buddhists
2896:Four stages of awakening
2277:Three marks of existence
1863:Physical characteristics
1587:Ladwig, Patrice (2012),
1570:University of California
1545:. Stanford, California:
1452:Mair, Victor H. (1989),
1352:
1037:pen from Middle Prakrit
974:
774:Life Along the Silk Road
666:Chinese University Press
53:Traditional Chinese
4971:The Magic Lotus Lantern
4864:Investiture of the Gods
3038:Ten principal disciples
1921:(aunt, adoptive mother)
1660:Mulian Saves His Mother
1648:Mulian Saves His Mother
1624:Mulian saves his mother
1437:, Abingdon: Routledge,
975:「盂蘭盆」の本当の意味 ―千四百間の誤解を解く
736:Johnson, David (2000),
691:, Cambridge; New York:
442:mother is Liu Qingti.
77:Simplified Chinese
4786:Peaches of Immortality
4611:Chinese guardian lions
4534:Mythological creatures
3748:Buddhism and democracy
3261:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3256:Chinese Buddhist canon
2488:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
2483:Early Buddhist schools
709:Waley, Arthur (1960),
534:, village of Qingxi,
438:
327:
4871:The Sorcerer's Revolt
4459:Chinese folk religion
3758:Eight Consciousnesses
1868:Life of Buddha in art
1431:Langer, Rita (2007),
1385:Apocryphal Scriptures
1353:喪事演戲慰亡靈:「司公戲」的初步調查與分析
1300:World Digital Library
654:"The Quest of Mulian"
514:In the Ming dynasty,
436:
325:
4419:Godly world concepts
4235:East Asian religions
3665:Buddhism in the West
3236:Early Buddhist texts
2851:Four Right Exertions
2317:Ten spiritual realms
1810:Noble Eightfold Path
981:(in Japanese): 185.
721:, pp. 216–235,
4885:Journey to the West
4358:Religion portal
4105:Temple of the Tooth
3984:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3023:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
2516:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2299:Two truths doctrine
2119:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1919:Mahapajapati Gotamī
1654:Mu Lian Jiu Mu 目连救母
1539:Guo, Qitao (2005).
1508:Cole, Alan (1998).
1019:meaning of yulanpen
891:10.1017/jlr.2016.20
752:, pp. 93–104,
695:, pp. 87–122,
558:The performance of
280:literature of Korea
178:Dunhuang manuscript
4906:Heavenly Questions
4720:Gate of the Ghosts
4475:Gods and immortals
4439:Gods and immortals
4280:Western philosophy
3878:Dzong architecture
3700:Vipassana movement
3695:Buddhist modernism
3123:Emperor Wen of Sui
2891:Pratyekabuddhayāna
2824:Threefold Training
2626:Vipassana movement
2342:Hungry Ghost realm
2162:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2109:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
1858:Great Renunciation
1853:Eight Great Events
1735:
1333:2014-12-15 at the
854:Baoen Fengpen jing
610:, pp. 303–9,
439:
328:
210:karmic retribution
4987:
4986:
4857:The Four Journeys
4400:Chinese mythology
4366:
4365:
4004:Om mani padme hum
3710:Women in Buddhism
3626:Buddhist councils
3496:Western countries
3284:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3045:Shaolin Monastery
2622:Samatha-vipassanā
2232:Pratītyasamutpāda
2036:Metteyya/Maitreya
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1783:Four Noble Truths
1610:978-1-107-00388-0
1531:978-0-295-99119-1
1469:978-0-674-86815-1
1444:978-1-134-15872-0
793:978-0-520-23214-3
728:978-1-135-65119-0
617:978-0-231-15312-6
564:Nanhua University
375:Venerable Mahinda
163:
162:
155:
154:
120:Standard Mandarin
46:
5022:
4942:Other folk tales
4672:Nine-headed Bird
4667:Peng (mythology)
4573:Four Holy Beasts
4468:Major personages
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4183:Sacred languages
4031:Maya Devi Temple
3994:Mahabodhi Temple
3798:Secular Buddhism
3763:Engaged Buddhism
2603:
2451:Tibetan Buddhism
2402:Vietnamese Thiền
2001:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
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1358:Taiwan Historica
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768:Whitfield, Susan
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276:Buddhist funeral
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4682:Nine-tailed fox
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4485:Eight Immortals
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4407:Overview topics
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3851:Ordination hall
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3685:Buddhist crisis
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3246:Mahayana sutras
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2812:Bodhisattva vow
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2262:Taṇhā (Craving)
2197:Five hindrances
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1690:Religion portal
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1503:Further reading
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1340:March 24, 2011.
1335:Wayback Machine
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536:Zhenyuan County
502:The folk opera
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479:Three Treasures
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133:《Mùlián jiù mǔ》
100:Literal meaning
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3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2807:Eight precepts
2804:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2578:Five Strengths
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2373:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2217:Mental factors
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:Mahamoggallāna
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1984:Avalokiteśvara
1980:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1723:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1679:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1645:
1635:
1619:
1618:External links
1616:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1593:Williams, Paul
1584:
1578:
1561:
1555:
1536:
1530:
1513:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1474:
1468:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1411:
1397:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1342:
1338:Women of China
1320:
1304:
1288:
1280:Johnson (2000)
1269:
1253:
1237:
1221:
1202:
1186:
1167:
1151:
1132:
1116:
1097:
1088:
1061:
1045:
991:
965:
939:
937:, p. 216.
927:
916:
900:
885:(2): 212–226.
869:
860:
826:
812:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
800:
799:
792:
764:
758:
733:
727:
706:
701:
680:
674:
645:
621:
616:
593:
590:
581:
578:
553:Huangshan City
547:
544:
508:Ghost Festival
499:
496:
483:
482:
467:Yulanpen Sutra
412:
409:
332:
329:
319:
316:
312:Ghost Festival
215:Ghost Festival
182:Yulanpen Sutra
161:
160:
157:
156:
153:
152:
143:
137:
136:
129:
123:
122:
116:
115:
114:Transcriptions
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
79:
73:
72:
55:
49:
48:
38:
30:
29:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5027:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4980:
4979:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4954:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4829:Liexian Zhuan
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Jade Mountain
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Eight Pillars
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4689:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4593:Spirit turtle
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4567:
4566:Yellow Dragon
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Creation myth
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4389:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4120:Miscellaneous
4117:
4111:
4110:Vegetarianism
4108:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Buddha in art
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3586:United States
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3143:Padmasambhava
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3055:Major figures
3052:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:Western tulku
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:Five precepts
2800:
2799:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Dhamma vicaya
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Buddhābhiṣeka
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Enlightenment
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Dhamma theory
2180:
2178:
2177:Buddha-nature
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
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2057:
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2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Samantabhadra
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
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1982:
1981:
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1639:
1638:蒙古文绘本 "目连救母经"
1636:
1633:
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1625:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1599:, Cambridge:
1598:
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1579:0-9624327-0-9
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1408:on 2013-02-10
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1234:
1230:
1229:Teiser (1988)
1225:
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1214:
1209:
1207:
1199:
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1190:
1183:
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1120:
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1092:
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1072:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1053:Langer (2007)
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1014:: 293,300–1.
1013:
1009:
1002:
995:
988:
986:
980:
969:
961:
957:
950:
943:
936:
931:
925:
920:
913:
909:
908:Teiser (1988)
904:
897:
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888:
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880:
873:
864:
857:
855:
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844:
837:
830:
823:
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759:0-231-51799-8
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712:
707:
704:
702:0-521-24761-6
698:
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690:
686:
681:
677:
675:0-231-09676-3
671:
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659:
655:
648:
646:0-231-04058-X
642:
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627:
622:
619:
613:
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561:
556:
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543:
541:
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533:
529:
521:
517:
516:Zheng Zhizhen
512:
509:
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476:
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397:
391:
388:
383:
380:
379:Avadanasataka
376:
371:
368:
364:
360:
357:
353:
350:holiday. The
349:
344:
340:
339:
324:
315:
313:
309:
308:hungry ghosts
305:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
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277:
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269:
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199:
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191:
187:
186:Maudgalyayana
183:
179:
175:
174:
169:
168:
158:
149:
144:
142:
138:
130:
128:
124:
121:
117:
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56:
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36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4930:
4923:
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4904:
4897:
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4745:Moving Sands
4687:
4607:(Fox spirit)
4551:Azure Dragon
4541:Four Symbols
4298:Bodhisattvas
4218:Christianity
4213:Baháʼí Faith
4078:Dharmachakra
4068:Prayer wheel
4058:Prayer beads
3826:Architecture
3705:969 Movement
3489:Saudi Arabia
3467:Central Asia
3460:South Africa
3282:
3265:
3198:Panchen Lama
3103:Buddhapālita
2699:Satipatthana
2694:Mindful Yoga
2607:Recollection
2521:Brahmavihara
2392:Japanese Zen
2387:Chinese Chan
2347:Animal realm
2154:Key concepts
1976:Bodhisattvas
1788:Three Jewels
1676:China portal
1641:
1632:Reed College
1596:
1565:
1541:
1517:
1509:
1479:
1454:
1433:
1422:, retrieved
1418:
1403:the original
1384:
1376:Bibliography
1362:. Retrieved
1357:
1345:
1323:
1307:
1291:
1261:Waley (1960)
1256:
1240:
1224:
1194:Waley (1960)
1189:
1177:
1170:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1091:
1081:
1077:
1064:
1048:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
994:
982:
978:
968:
959:
955:
942:
935:Waley (1960)
930:
919:
903:
894:
882:
878:
872:
863:
853:
850:
846:
842:
829:
821:
816:
778:. Berkeley:
773:
745:
739:
714:
688:
657:
632:
603:
592:Translations
583:
575:
572:
568:
559:
557:
549:
513:
503:
501:
488:Jade Emperor
484:
471:
466:
464:
459:
447:Jade Emperor
444:
440:
423:
416:
414:
401:
394:
392:
384:
336:
334:
301:
292:
265:
259:
252:Tang dynasty
249:
241:filial piety
230:
193:
172:
171:
166:
165:
164:
147:
127:Hanyu Pinyin
103:
18:
4843:Shenyi Jing
4657:Four Perils
4556:White Tiger
4505:Yan Emperor
4143:Dharma talk
3972:Asalha Puja
3768:Eschatology
3571:Switzerland
3551:New Zealand
3479:Middle East
3388:Philippines
3308:Afghanistan
3113:Bodhidharma
3098:Buddhaghosa
3018:Householder
2928:Monasticism
2881:Bodhisattva
2736:Prostration
2689:Mindfulness
2617:Anapanasati
2600:Kammaṭṭhāna
2397:Korean Seon
2337:Asura realm
2332:Human realm
2272:Ten Fetters
2227:Parinirvana
2129:Uppalavanna
2094:Mahākaccana
2079:Mahākassapa
2011:Kṣitigarbha
2006:Ākāśagarbha
1903:Suddhodāna
1848:Four sights
1775:Foundations
1520:. Seattle:
1298:目蓮救母行孝戲文
1282:, pp.
1247:, pp.
1245:Mair (1989)
1231:, pp.
1215:, pp.
1196:, pp.
1126:, pp.
910:, pp.
782:. pp.
586:Ivy Ling Po
338:Mahabharata
4994:Categories
4760:Weak River
4652:Fox spirit
4260:Psychology
4240:Gnosticism
4228:Comparison
4223:Influences
4205:Comparison
4088:Bhavacakra
4046:Kushinagar
4021:Pilgrimage
3967:Māgha Pūjā
3922:Bodhi Tree
3738:Buddhology
3728:Abhidharma
3720:Philosophy
3653:Menander I
3521:Costa Rica
3472:Uzbekistan
3313:Bangladesh
3267:Dhammapada
3251:Pali Canon
3213:Ajahn Chah
3193:Dalai Lama
3093:Kumārajīva
3088:Vasubandhu
3063:The Buddha
2971:Zen master
2906:Sakadagami
2886:Buddhahood
2817:Pratimokṣa
2632:Shikantaza
2588:Meditation
2563:Deity yoga
2434:Madhyamaka
2327:Deva realm
2222:Mindstream
2172:Bodhicitta
2084:Aṅgulimāla
1951:Devadatta
1927:Yaśodharā
1830:The Buddha
1820:Middle Way
1424:2018-08-31
1364:2018-08-31
1314:, p.
1312:Guo (2005)
1263:, p.
1213:Guo (2005)
1161:, p.
1159:Guo (2005)
1124:Guo (2005)
1055:, p.
803:References
363:Pali Canon
356:Theravadan
352:Petavatthu
303:Petavatthu
272:folk-opera
206:Avici Hell
196:Moggallāna
141:Wade–Giles
5015:Katabasis
4918:Huainanzi
4815:Shi Yi Ji
4755:Red River
4605:Huli jing
4583:Fenghuang
4424:Astrology
4328:Festivals
4308:Buddhists
4270:Theosophy
4073:Symbolism
4063:Hama yumi
4036:Bodh Gaya
3803:Socialism
3778:Evolution
3753:Economics
3591:Venezuela
3506:Australia
3501:Argentina
3425:Sri Lanka
3420:Singapore
3338:Indonesia
3300:Countries
3241:Tripiṭaka
3203:Ajahn Mun
3078:Nagarjuna
3073:Aśvaghoṣa
2956:Anagārika
2951:Śrāmaṇerī
2946:Śrāmaṇera
2941:Bhikkhunī
2901:Sotāpanna
2790:Passaddhi
2731:Offerings
2706:Nekkhamma
2583:Iddhipada
2503:Practices
2473:Theravada
2446:Vajrayana
2439:Yogachara
2409:Pure Land
2322:Six Paths
2309:Cosmology
2089:Anuruddha
2064:Sāriputta
2054:Kaundinya
2046:Disciples
2021:Vajrapāṇi
1873:Footprint
1838:Tathāgata
1485:Princeton
1460:Cambridge
808:Citations
763:Excerpts.
370:Sāriputta
359:scripture
348:Pravarana
343:Jaratkaru
299:Theravāda
295:Sāriputta
239:value of
237:Confucian
4588:Yinglong
4495:Shennong
4346:Category
4275:Violence
4245:Hinduism
4193:Sanskrit
4148:Hinayana
4133:Amitābha
4093:Swastika
3962:Uposatha
3952:Holidays
3937:Calendar
3783:Humanism
3621:Kanishka
3611:Timeline
3435:Thailand
3403:Kalmykia
3398:Buryatia
3383:Pakistan
3368:Mongolia
3363:Maldives
3358:Malaysia
3323:Cambodia
3188:Shamarpa
3183:Nichiren
3133:Xuanzang
3068:Nagasena
2986:Rinpoche
2716:Pāramitā
2558:Devotion
2478:Navayana
2466:Dzogchen
2429:Nichiren
2377:Mahayana
2369:Branches
2247:Saṅkhāra
1996:Mañjuśrī
1953:(cousin)
1945:(cousin)
1913:(mother)
1905:(father)
1893:Miracles
1843:Birthday
1760:Glossary
1733:Buddhism
1331:Archived
1084:: 297–8.
1031:yulanpen
1027:yulanpen
1023:yulanpen
428:Dunhuang
367:disciple
310:and the
256:Dunhuang
45:century)
4822:Bowuzhi
4750:Penglai
4740:Longmen
4688:more...
4642:Wuzhiqi
4618:(Bixie)
4515:Chang'e
4490:Youchao
4429:Dragons
4323:Temples
4303:Buddhas
4265:Science
4255:Judaism
4250:Jainism
4168:Lineage
4128:Abhijñā
4098:Thangka
4041:Sarnath
4026:Lumbini
3947:Funeral
3942:Cuisine
3818:Culture
3793:Reality
3743:Creator
3733:Atomism
3603:History
3576:Ukraine
3536:Germany
3455:Senegal
3445:Vietnam
3373:Myanmar
3173:Shinran
3163:Karmapa
3138:Shandao
3108:Dignāga
3033:Śrāvaka
3013:Donchee
3008:Kappiya
2966:Sayadaw
2936:Bhikkhu
2911:Anāgāmi
2868:Nirvana
2834:Samadhi
2721:Paritta
2662:Tonglen
2657:Mandala
2612:Smarana
2593:Mantras
2541:Upekkha
2511:Bhavana
2461:Shingon
2414:Tiantai
2267:Tathātā
2257:Śūnyatā
2252:Skandha
2242:Saṃsāra
2237:Rebirth
2212:Kleshas
2202:Indriya
2104:Subhūti
1989:Guanyin
1943:Ānanda
1935:Rāhula
1815:Nirvana
1755:Outline
540:Guanyin
528:Huizhou
520:Chinese
424:bianwen
387:abhijñā
361:in the
284:Vietnam
267:bianwen
261:chuanqi
219:Chinese
4910:Chu Ci
4791:Xirang
4725:Fusang
4705:Buzhou
4698:Places
4677:Tianma
4637:Xiezhi
4632:Hundun
4627:Horses
4520:Hou Yi
4510:Chiyou
4454:Ghosts
4318:Sutras
4313:Suttas
4178:Siddhi
4163:Koliya
4138:Brahmā
4053:Poetry
3999:Mantra
3989:Kasaya
3861:Pagoda
3841:Kyaung
3836:Vihāra
3831:Temple
3773:Ethics
3616:Ashoka
3566:Sweden
3561:Poland
3556:Norway
3546:Mexico
3531:France
3516:Canada
3511:Brazil
3450:Africa
3430:Taiwan
3393:Russia
3318:Bhutan
3278:Vinaya
3158:Naropa
3148:Saraha
3083:Asanga
2839:Prajñā
2748:Refuge
2711:Nianfo
2672:Tertön
2667:Tantra
2652:Ganana
2642:Tukdam
2568:Dhyāna
2536:Mudita
2531:Karuṇā
2424:Risshū
2419:Huayan
2352:Naraka
2292:Anattā
2287:Dukkha
2282:Anicca
2187:Dharma
2139:Channa
2074:Ānanda
2059:Assaji
2026:Skanda
1929:(wife)
1898:Family
1878:Relics
1803:Sangha
1798:Dharma
1793:Buddha
1607:
1576:
1553:
1528:
1491:
1466:
1441:
1395:
1198:216–35
1113:: 125.
962:: 298.
790:
756:
725:
699:
672:
643:
614:
522::
498:Operas
460:sutras
286:, and
232:guǐjié
229::
227:pinyin
221::
43:
4774:Items
4765:Youdu
4647:Yeren
4616:Pixiu
4578:Qilin
4525:Kuafu
4449:Pangu
4290:Lists
4158:Kalpa
4153:Iddhi
4016:Music
4011:Mudra
3977:Vassa
3957:Vesak
3927:Budai
3873:Candi
3856:Stupa
3788:Logic
3541:Italy
3440:Tibet
3378:Nepal
3348:Korea
3343:Japan
3333:India
3328:China
3273:Sutra
3228:Texts
3178:Dōgen
3168:Hōnen
3153:Atiśa
3118:Zhiyi
3028:Achar
2996:Tulku
2991:Geshe
2976:Rōshi
2961:Ajahn
2916:Arhat
2876:Bodhi
2846:Vīrya
2763:Sacca
2758:Satya
2753:Sādhu
2741:Music
2684:Merit
2677:Terma
2637:Zazen
2573:Faith
2526:Mettā
2207:Karma
2167:Bardo
2134:Asita
2124:Khema
2114:Upāli
2099:Nanda
1937:(son)
1911:Māyā
1888:Films
1765:Index
1591:, in
1406:(PDF)
1389:(PDF)
1163:94–96
1148:: 43.
1074:(PDF)
1039:Olana
1035:yulan
1004:(PDF)
952:(PDF)
839:(PDF)
786:–73.
629:(PDF)
532:Anhui
455:Avīci
418:sutra
288:Japan
202:preta
41:(19th
4710:Diyu
4622:Nian
4600:Bixi
4444:Tian
4188:Pāḷi
4173:Māra
4083:Flag
3484:Iran
3408:Tuva
3353:Laos
2981:Lama
2829:Śīla
2797:Śīla
2785:Pīti
2775:Sati
2726:Puja
2647:Koan
2553:Dāna
2144:Yasa
2031:Tārā
1605:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1284:94–5
1249:17–8
1217:94–6
1128:91–6
788:ISBN
754:ISBN
723:ISBN
697:ISBN
670:ISBN
641:ISBN
612:ISBN
492:Yama
451:Yama
190:Pali
3910:Art
3846:Wat
2382:Zen
1630:at
1265:232
1233:6–7
1182:455
1082:XVI
1057:276
1012:XVI
960:XVI
912:8–9
887:doi
847:XVI
784:155
524:鄭之珍
407:).
170:or
4996::
4781:Gu
3412:ru
1644:).
1603:,
1549:.
1524:.
1483:,
1458:,
1417:,
1316:89
1272:^
1205:^
1144:.
1111:ix
1109:.
1080:.
1076:.
1010:.
1006:.
958:.
954:.
893:.
883:31
881:.
845:.
841:.
713:,
687:,
668:.
664:;
656:.
639:,
631:,
602:,
588:.
530:,
290:.
282:,
225:;
223:鬼節
192::
85:目连
61:目連
4912:)
4908:(
4663:)
4659:(
4392:e
4385:t
4378:v
3414:)
3410:(
2628:)
2624:(
1719:e
1712:t
1705:v
1634:.
1582:.
1559:.
1534:.
1498:.
1473:.
1448:.
1410:.
1367:.
1318:.
1302:.
1286:.
1267:.
1251:.
1235:.
1219:.
1200:.
1165:.
1146:4
1130:.
1041:.
914:.
889::
796:.
742:"
738:"
678:.
518:(
217:(
188:(
93:》
91:母
88:救
83:《
69:》
67:母
64:救
59:《
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