Muhammad of Ghor - Knowledge

1797: 4046:, p. 276:"Nizami's Taj-ul-Maasir informs us that in the year 592 of the Hijri calendar (i.e. AD 1196), Muhammad bin-Sam Ghori, and his lieutenant Qutb-ud-din Aibak marched towards Thangar . Thereafter, noted Nizami, that centre of idolatry became the abode of glory, following the taking of the hitherto impregnable fortress and the defeat of the local ruler, Kunwarpal (Kumarapal), whose life was spared. The administration of the fort and area around it was then conferred on Baha-ud-din Tughril by the Sultan. In a like manner, the Tabaqat-i-Nasiri records that Sultan Ghazi Muizzuddin conquered the fortress of Thankar in the country of Bayana, and after dealing with the Rai , gave the governance of it into the hands of Baha-ud-din Tughril. The latter improved the condition of the land so much that merchants and men of credit came to it from many parts of Hindustan and Khorasan. To encourage them to settle, they were given houses and goods in the area. Baha-ud-din Tughril later established Sultankot (near Bayana), and made that his military-base and reside" 2905: 2889: 2677: 57: 784: 791: 1596: 5064:, p. 182:"Muizzuddin's contribution to the cultural development of Ghur was not negligible. In fact it was he and his brother, Ghiyasuddin, who brought about a transformation in the culture-pattern of Ghur. He provided facilities to scholars, like Maulana Fakhruddin Razi, to spread religious education in those backward areas and helped in the emergence of Ghur as a centre of culture and learning. He made some note-worthy contribution ín the sphere of architectural traditions also. U. Scretto ascribes a unique type of glazed tile found at Ghazni to the period of Mu'izzuddin" 2355: 2830: 1658:

Chahamana army off guard as they had spent the night in a state of unawareness. Although they were able to quickly form formations, they suffered losses due to surprise attacks before sunrise. Juzjani attributed the success of the Ghurid army to the 10,000 elite mounted archers whom Muhammad stationed at a small distance from the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces and which ultimately scattered the "infidel host". Prithviraj was captured during the battle on the bank of river Saraswati (present-day

4058:, p. 171: "In 592/1195-96 Muizzuddin again carme to India. He attacked Bayana, which was under Kumarapala, a Jadon Bhatti Rajput. The ruler avoided a confrontation at Bayana, his capital, but went to Thankar and entrenched himself there. He vas, howvever, compelled to surrender. Thankar and Vijayamandirgarh were occupied and put under Bahauddin Tughril. Mu'izzuddin - next marched towards Gwalior. Sallakhanapala of the Parihara dynasty, however, acknowledged the suzerainty of Muizzuddin" 2216:) assassinated the Ghurid governor Amir Dad Hasan in a personal meeting and issued a fake decree of him being appointed by Muhammad as the new governor of Multan. Muhammad defeated Aibak Beg decisively and captured him in the battle. Afterwards, he marched towards Ghazni, where Yildiz mutinied earlier and seized the city. On the advance of a vast army of Muhammad of Ghor, foreseeing an inevitable defeat, Yildiz and his aristocrats surrendered to Muhammad, who pardoned them. 5001:, p. 73:"Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam has often been compared to Mahmud of Ghazni. As a warrior, Mahmud Ghazni was mnore successful than Muizzuddin, having never suffered a defeat in India or in Central Asia. He also ruled over a larger empire outside India. But it has to be kept in mind that Muizzuddin had to contend with larger and better organised states in India than Mahmud. Though less successful in Central Asia, his political achievements in India were greater" 1574:

be dead, later a remnant of his soldiers arrived in the night and searched for his body at the battlesite. Muhammad in extremely critical situation recognised his soldiers, who rejoiced after finding him alive and took him from the battlefield in a litter to Ghazni. However, the version from Za'inul Masir is not corroborated by any other contemporary and later writers, which made its authenticity dubious and the version of Juzjani more credible.

2100:. The Ghurids, thus, for a short span established their sway over most of the Khurasan for first time in their history. However, their success turned to be a short-term affair as Alauddin succeeded the throne in August 1200 and soon after recaptured his lost territories by 1201. Despite the success against the Ghurids, Alauddin sent an envoy for diplomacy to Muhammad, probably in order to focus solely on overcoming from the suzerainty of 2925: 800: 1654:. Upon Ghori's arrival on the battlefield, Prithviraj, the Rajput leader, purportedly sent a formal message suggesting a peaceful resolution, stating, "It would be wise for you to return to your homeland, and we have no intention of pursuing you." In response, Ghori replied, indicating that he had come to face challenges on the directive of his ruling sibling and proposing the dispatch of an envoy to negotiate peace. 5972: 1570:. The battle was marked by the initial attack of mounted Mamluk archers to which Prithviraj responded by counter-attacking from three sides and thus dominating the battle. Muhammad mortally wounded Govind Rai in personal combat and in the process was himself wounded, whereupon his army retreated and Prithvīrāj's army was deemed victorious. 4034:, p. 44:"Shihabuddin again came to India in 1195-1196. This time he attacked Biyana, Kumarpal king of Bayana was a Rajput of the Yaddo Bhatti sect. Once the attack of Shihabuddin started, the king went to Thankar and camped there. After some time, he was forced to submit. Bahauddin Turghil was given the charge of Thankar" 1634:, was called from Ghazni with a large contingent along with other seasoned warlords like Mukalba, Kharbak and Illah. Muhammad made necessary arrangements to counter the elephant phalanx of the Rajput forces by having them attack mock elephants made of mud and wood. The near contemporary chroniclers Juzjani and 675:

as a base and raided the principality of Oghuzs multiple times, before defeating them decisively along with Ghiyath al-Din and followed up their victory by conquering Ghazni in 1169 along with some other territories in what is present-day eastern Afghanistan. Soon, Muhammad's coronation took place in

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It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhmmad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of first

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ruler Dharavarsha. The Ghurid army suffered heavy casualties during the battle, and also in the retreat back across the desert to Ghazni. The defeat forced Muhammad to opt for the northern routes who thenceforth, concentrated on creating a suitable base in Punjab and northwest for further incursions

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And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary

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The Ghor region, however, during his reign did prospered and became a leading centre of learning and culture. He also gave grants to various theologians like Maulana Fakharudin Razi who preached the Islamic teachings in the backward regions of the Ghurid empire. Muhammad also briefly contributed in

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troops and the later succeeded the throne of Khwarezm in December 1172. Sultan Shah fled to the Ghurid brothers and asked for their assistance in order to expel his brother Tekish. While they received him well, they refused to give him military aid against Tekish, with whom the Ghurids were on good

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According to Juzjani, Muhammad was carried away from the battleground in wounded state by a Khalji horsemen. A largely different account from Za'inul Masir claimed that Muhammad after being wounded in combat with Govindraja fell unconscious and his forces withdrew in disarray after assuming him to

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According to accounts from Hasan Nizami, Muhammad Ufi, and Firishta, it becomes evident that Ghori employed deception, and Prithviraj, considering it a genuine truce, accepted the proposal. Before the next day, the Ghurids attacked the Rajput army. The assault occurred before sunrise, catching the

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for the expanses of his army, which was committed for the protection of a Imam's shrine. These events eventually turned the people belligerent towards the Ghurids who retaliated when Muhammad besieged Gurganz and militarily supported the besieged Khwarezmian Shah who as a result collected a hughe

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where he spend a whole season. However, later Ghiyath-al din sent an envoy to brought him back who subsequently placed him in charge of the southern part of the Ghurid domains which possibly included Istiyan and Kajuran. ‌ During the early campaigns of Muhammad as a prince, he was instructed to

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Finbarr Barry Flood commented on the notion of continuity of the pre-conquest arrangements in the numismatics as a pragmatic measure of Ghurids to met the economic realities in northern India. Sunil Kumar further elaborated on the basis of hoard evidences that the coins issued by Muhammad were

2958:. The paradigm of coins issued by Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din shifted drastically from 1199 onwards to a further more orthodox ideologue with the Quranic verses on both sides. The radical shift to orthodoxy in the coinage is probably to propound their recent change of school from 610:

after his campaign in Ghazni, initially installed them as governors of Sanjah. However, their efficient administration of the province, made him doubtful of their uprise and seeing a possible challenge to his own authority, he ordered his nephews to be imprisoned in the castle of

3683:, p. 40–42: "Cavalry was not suited for laying siege to forts and Rajputs lacked both the siege machines and infantry to storm and destroy fortress walls. Tulaki was able to keep Prithviraj at bay for thirteen months. Within this time, Muhammad had raised 120,000 cavalry" 1645:

had called his banners but hoped to buy time as his banners (other Rajputs under him or his allies) had not arrived. Instead of engaging in direct confrontation as they did in the initial Battle of Tarain, the Ghurids adopted a strategy of deceit and diplomacy to overcome the

1873:. The Ghurid army was victorious, Jayachandra was killed in the battle, and much of his army was slaughtered. Following the battle, the Ghurids took the fort at Asni, where they plundered the royal treasure of the Gahadavalas, and went on to take the pilgrimage city of 4845:

At its peak, the Ghurid empire, or perhaps more accurately the region across which its armies campaigned, briefly stretched for over 3000 km from east to west – from Nishapur in eastern Iran to Benares and Bengal and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to

2661:"Other monarchs may have one son or two sons; I have thousands of sons, my Turkish slaves who will be the heirs of my dominions, and who, after me, will take care to preserve my name in the Khuṭbah (Friday sermon) throughout these territories" 2475:

Muhammad's only offspring was his daughter who died during his own lifetime. His sudden assassination in Damyak led to a period of struggle among his slaves and other senior Ghurid elites for the succession. The Ghurid aristocrats of Ghazni and

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managed to keep him around the borders of Lahore for few more years by sending tributes along with one of the Ghaznavid prince (Malik Shah) under his custody in Ghazni as a hostage. In 1182, Muhammad followed a southerly arc to the port city of

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stated that Muhammad brought 120,000-130,000 fully armoured men to the battle in 1192. Ferishta placed the strength of Rajput army in the decisive battle at 3,000 elephants, 300,000 cavalry and infantry (most likely a gross exaggeration).

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also emphasized upon the importance of each of the Turkish slaves ("bandagan") to Muhammad. He further panegyrise Aibak for enduring the trust of his master. Muhammad's slaves played a key role in the expansion and consolidation of the

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laid his own claim for the succession after Sayf al-Din death as the elder member of the Ghurid family. Muhammad helped his brother in suppressing the revolt of Fakhruddin who garnered a sizeable army in alliance with the chiefs of

2259:. Muhammad also directed his Indian soldiers to join him in the expedition against the Qara Khitais. However, soon another political unrest broke out which turned Muhammad towards Punjab again where he was eventually assassinated. 3814:, p. 108: "From Ajmer in Rajasthan, the former capital of the defeated Cahamana Rajputs – also, significantly, the wellspring of Chishti piety the post-1192 pattern of temple desecration moved swiftly down the Gangetic Plain" 5244:, p. 30: "As the hoard evidences from north India confirms, Mu'izzi wede valued as much as the earlier Rajput currencies and were fully assimilated within an economic word unimpressed with transition in the political realm" 2523:" on Aibak and Yildiz. Thus, freed from the slavery and with investment of a "chatr" from Mahmud, Yildiz established himself as the king of Ghazni in 1206 and Aibak in Lahore (who declared independence in 1208) established the 5262: 4450:

Hutchinson's story of the nations, containing the Egyptians, the Chinese, India, the Babylonian nation, the Hittites, the Assyrians, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians, the Phrygians, the Lydians, and other nations of Asia

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as governor of the fortress with 1200 horsemen, Muhammad received the news that Prithviraj's army, led by his vassal prince Govind Rai were on their way to besiege the fortress. The two armies eventually met near the town of

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who ruled his ancestral realm briefly before he died in 1149, when Muhammad of Ghor was a child. His name is variously transliterated as Muizuddin Sam, Shihabuddin Ghuri, Muhammad Ghori and Muhammad of Ghor. According to the

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Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad around this time died at Herat on 13 March 1203, after months of illness which briefly diverted Muhammad's attention from the existing state of affairs. Thus, taking advantage of his absence from

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world. The Ghurids reached the greatest extent of their territorial expansion, where they briefly ruled over a territory which spanned over 3000 km from east to west. During these years, their empire stretched from

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The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his

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governor there. Muhammad defeated the Qarmatian ruler Khafif in 1175 and annexed Multan. The defeat turned to be a death blow for the Qarmatian power in Multan, who never regained their influence in the region again.

1622:"emirs" who fled during the battle. The wallets filled with grains were tied around their necks and under this condition they were paraded through Ghazni, those who refused were beheaded. The late medieval historian 2888: 2083:

and his nephew Hindu Khan. The Ghurid siblings seized the opportunity and amidst the turmoil in the Khwarezmian house for succession, Muhammad and Ghiyath al-Din invaded and captured the oasis cities of

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and executed Prithviraj shortly afterwards. He limited his presence in India afterwards, deputing the political and military operations in the region to a handful of elite slave commanders who swiftly

1242:, while Muhammad expanded the Ghurid domains eastwards into the Indian plains from his capital at Ghazni. The expeditions into the Indian plains and the plunder extracted from the sacking of lucrative 2981:, the language of northern Indian literate elites and not in the Arabic. Coins minted by Muhammad and his lieutenants in north India continued featuring the iconographic programme of 2152:, who sent a sizeable army to aid the Khwarezmians. Muhammad, because of the pressure from the Qara Khitai forces was forced to relieve the siege and retreat. However, he was chased on his way to 1626:

further states on the testimony of folklore in Ghazni, that Muhammad vowed not to visit his royal harem and heal his wounds sustained in the battle till he avenged the humiliation of his defeat.

662:", his brother succeeded Sayf al-Din to the throne in 1163 and initially placed Muhammad as a minor officer in his court, which result in him retiring (unhappy with his position) to the court of 742:

After the death of Ghiyath Al-Din Muhammad – the senior partner in the dyarchy – Muhammad assumed the title of "Al-Sultan Al-Azam" which meant the "Greatest Sultan". On one of colonnade in the

2527:. Historian Iqtidar Alam Khan though, doubted that Aibak styled himself as the "Sultan" as it is not attested by the numismatic evidences. Soon, Mahmud was enforced to accept suzerainty of 2970:

schools of Islam by Ghiyath al-Din and Muhammad respectively in order to embed themselves within cosmopolitan networks of the wider Islamic world and shed off their backward origin.

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The Ghurid garrison of Tabarhind under Ziauddin, held out for thirteen months before being capitulated. The Rajputs could not make quick progressions during the siege due to absence of

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After the disaster of Andkhud and the subsequent rumours of Muhammad's death in the battle led to widespread insurrections throughout the Ghurid Sultanate, most notably by Aibak Beg,

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History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV THe age off achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting

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Despite the debacle of Andhkhud and the successive plummet of their western frontier, Muhammad's empire at the time of his assassination still spread out as far as Herat in the west,

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Illtutmish, despite the fact that his master Aibak who purchased him originally was still a slave along with other senior slaves of Muhammad who were not manumitted until that point.

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History of civilizations of central Asia: Volume IV The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century : (part one) The historical, social and economic setting

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theorizes that this speculation that the Ismaili assassins were sent by the Khwarezmian Shah is unlikely to be correct. Muhammad's assassins were probably sent by the Imam of

6002: 5845: 2448:" ("fida-i-mulahida"). The story of his assassination by the Khokhars is probably an invention of later times based on indirect evidences. Muhammad's coffin was carried from 658:

who both were executed in the battle, although Fakhruddin was reinstated in Bamiyan in 1163. Afterwards, with the support of the remaining local Ghurid officers and "

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who barely consulted Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud in their affairs. Notwithstanding, they still paid him a minimal tribute. During his reign, Mahmud also officially grant "

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who do not want the "Sultan of Islam" to be captured by the infidels. Following the defeat, the Ghurids lost the control over most of the Khurasan except Herat and

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established their puppet government in the Ghurid lands, although Yildiz drove them back in 1213 before Alauddin eradicated the Ghurids and annexed Fīrūzkūh from

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chief Sallakhanapala surrendered after a long siege and accepted the Ghurid suzerainty. After the assassination of Muhammad, Tourghil styled himself as the

583:, his birth name was "Muhammad" which is vernacularly spelt as "Hamad" by the Ghurids. During his childhood, his mother used to call him "Zangi" due to his 2212:

and by the governor of Ghazni, Yildiz, as well. Muhammad first marched to Multan instead of Ghazni, where his slave general Aibak Beg (who rescued him in

722:

acknowledged the Ghurid suzerainty and later sent his armies several times assisting the Ghurids in their warfares. Afterwards, Ghiyath al-Din captured

358: 6134: 598:- Muhammad was younger to Ghiyath al-Din by three years and few months, who was born in 1140. Therefore, Muhammad's birth year can be dated to 1144. 2488:

who was his nephew and son of his brother Ghiyath al-Din. Nonetheless, Baha al-Din died on his march to Ghazni on 24 February 1206 due to illness.

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along with his title on the obverse side of coin, whereas the reverse side of coin featured Muhammad's name and his title along with the title of

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styling him as the "Sultan-i-Ghazi" (sultan of the holy warriors) portraying his Indian expeditions as the engagement between the army of Islam (

5563:

Kumar, Sunil (2006). "Service, Status, and Military Slavery in the Delhi Sultanate:Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries". In Indrani Chatterjee;

1713:. Subsequently, Hairaja immolated himself on a funeral pyre and the Ghurids reoccupied Ajmer and placed it under a Muslim governor. Soon after, 1507:

in his father court, as the head of judicature department in the newly conquered Ghaznavid territories along with the charge of Multan. His son

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Thus, Muhammad successfully restored his empire to stability, after suppressing the mutineers and turned his attention towards the affairs of

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The coins issued by Muhammad in northern India followed the Indian standards of weight and metallic purity. The Ghurid coins in India except

2650:. Further, two daughters of Aibak were married to Qabacha. This policy was continued by Aibak as well, who married his daughter to his slave 2620: 1907:. Muhammad along with Aibak advanced and besieged Thankar whose ruler Kumarpal was defeated. Muhammad placed the fort under his senior slave 2606:

by the Ghurid Sultan. He raised his slaves with affection and treated them as his sons and successors, after his despondency with his own

783: 495:. Muhammad quelled the widespread insurrection throughout his empire after the debacle and ordered the construction of a bridge over the 4677:

Alka Patel (2017). "Periphery as Centre: The Ghurids between the Persianate and Indic Worlds". In Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah (eds.).

1911:, who later established Sultankot and used it as his stronghold. After the conquest of Thankar, Bahaurddin Turghil reduced the fort of 2977:, continued on the same paradigm of pre-conquest with the existing Hindu iconography juxtaposed with the name of Muhammad written in 2566:

and laid his own claim for succession of the Ghurid conquests of Muhammad of Ghor. However, he was defeated and executed in 1216 by

1492:

where he and all his kinfolks were executed before 1192. Thus, ended the lineage of Ghaznavids and their historic struggle with the

5852: 5128: 1317:, a later chronicler mentioned the year of Uch conquest as 1176. It was placed under Malik Nasiurdin Aitam until his death in the 6169: 5255:"Sources suggest that the movie is in the pre-production stage and the makers are making sure to match the deadline of November" 746:

along with some of his golden mints circulated in India – Muhammad is eulogized as the "Sikander Al-Thani". (Second Alexander)

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the archietectural aspect of his region, chiefly constructing distinctive kind of Islamic glazed tiles in his capital Ghazni.

634:" stated that the hardship continued due to their financial conditions. Muhammad thus, took shelter in the court of his uncle 314:

until the latter's death in 1203. Ghiyath al-Din, the senior partner, governed the western Ghurid regions from his capital at

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Some later accounts possibly with the genesis in the writing of Ferishta claimed that his assassins were Hindu Khokhars. In "

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by sougthing peace with the Ghurids. However, the attempt turned to be futile and Muhammad marched again with his forces on

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during his lifetime who later according to Juzjani became renowned for their calibre in "east". Muhammad purchased a young

2428:", he stated that "Twenty Khokhar infidels" who were cowed down by him earlier attacked his carvan and stabbed him with a " 2401:

According to some sketchy accounts regarding the identity of Muhammad's assassins, claimed that the assassins were sent by

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Muhammad, later also organized matrimonial alliances among the families of his slaves in accordance with the practise of

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was also captured by Muhammad and Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1193, although in continuation with the policy adopted earlier in

6159: 4688: 2845:, Pakistan, where Muhammad was assassinated. Muhammad was actually buried in Ghazni, according to contemporary sources. 1994:

along with his governor Bahauddin Turghil. Thus, Ghiyath al-Din asked for aid from Muhammad, who was occupied with his

1662:) and summarily executed. After the victory, Muhammad took over much of the Chahamana kingdom and sacked their capital 6174: 5770: 5324: 3009:

accepted on the same scale by the local Indian financiers and bankers as the previous coins which were issued by the

684:. Subsequently, Muhammad utilized the city of Ghazni as a launch pad to led a series of lucrative forays down to the 2938:

The circulation of coins from Muhammad's court in Ghazni around 1199, confirming to the numismatic standards of the

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tribes whose power and influence began to wane, although they were still controlling extensive territories. He used

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purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth

393:, which forced him to change his route for future inroads into the Indian Plains. Hence, Muhammad pressed upon the 4226:, p. 44:"At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A. H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)" 1220:

invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests under Muhammad of Ghor from 1175 to 1205).

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The synchronous accounts did not write much about Muhammad's exact birth date, although based on the writings of

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Bakhtyār fairly completed his conquest of the Varendra tract with the ... city of Gaur before the year 599 A.H.

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as attested by the numismatic evidences in which he minted his name along with placing Alauddin's name in the "

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Historian Kishori Saran Lal states Govind Rai was struck in the mouth, but does not mention any mortal wounds.

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army of 70,000 which eventually forced Muhammad to relieve the siege and retreat before being cornered by the

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The largest extent of the Ghurid empire in 1200 during the reign of Muhammad Ghori and Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad

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after Ghiyath al-Din's death. Alauddin retreated on the Ghurid advance and desperately requested aid from the

1740:

as his brother Ghiyath al-Din began to have health problems. Notwithstanding, Muhammad as per the writings of

1464:. In the subsequent years, he expanded and consolidated his conquests around present-day Pakistan and annexed 1698: 606:

The early years of both Muhammad and his brother Ghiyath al-Din were spent in constant hardship. Their uncle

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in 1994-1995 and was later handed over to the Punjab archaeology department. Following his assassination in

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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest: 11th–13th Centuries

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In popular traditions, when a courtier lamented that the Sultan (Muhammad) had no male heirs, he retorted:

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on their part, which strengthened the position of Muhammad during these months to raise a formidable army.

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In 1175, Muhammad marched from Ghazni and helped his brother in the annexation of the cosmopolitan city of

5313:(1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). 1899:

Muhammad returned to the Indian frontier again around 1196 to consolidate his hold around the present-day

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and western Punjab, the Ghurid generals began to raid the eastern Punjab region and captured a castle -

424:, the Ghurid forces suffered a decisive reverse and Muhammad himself got wounded in engagement with the 5399: 5375: 4478: 2676: 2243:

garrison stationed there and placed it under his son. Afterwards, Muhammad ordered his viceory in the

1939: 1721:, a puppet Rajput scion was installed in Delhi on tribute. (possibly the son of Govindraja who died in 587:. After the coronation in Ghazni, he styled himself as "Malik Shihabuddin" and after his occupation of 2562:

was extirpated by 1215. Yildiz was toppled from Ghazni around the same time as well who later fled to

5539: 2989: (based on the existing pattern of Chahamanas) on one side and Muhammad's name in the 2911: 2516: 2304:

Hence, Muhammad marched from Ghazni in December 1205 for his last campaign in order to subjugate the

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Moidul Mulk along with other elites, where he was buried (Ghazni) in the mausoleum of his daughter.

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After crushing the Khokhars, on his way back to his capital in Ghazni, Muhammad's caravan rested at

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emissaries while offering evening prayers. Muhammad's assassination led to the rapid decline of the

443:, and returned a year later with a vast army of mounted archers to secure a decisive victory in the 56: 6154: 1413: 5510:

Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib

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and beheaded the Ghurid governor Karang there. Muhammad of Ghor, possibly to take over the entire

2033:. Sultan Shah died after a year in 1191 possibly due to the drug overdose. According to historian 6149: 5936: 5838: 5468: 2951: 2770: 2728: 2689: 2528: 2402: 2268: 2080: 2034: 2014: 1974: 1894: 1826: 1753: 1722: 1603: 1590: 1485: 1067: 1028: 922: 711: 538: 515: 444: 342: 319: 307: 306:

of what is today central Afghanistan who ruled from 1173 to 1206. Muhammad and his elder brother

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after the Andkhud debacle and were not facing any potential danger from them. Hence, historian

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at the time, marched with his army from Ghazni. The Ghurid feudatories: Shamsuddin Muhammad of

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after the death of his father in 1161. Sayf al-Din, later died in a battle against the nomadic

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Saran, Paramatma (2001) . "The Turkish Conquest of Northern India". In S. Ramakrishnan (ed.).

4969: 2858:, the corpse of Muhammad Ghori was actually placed in the mausoleum of his daughter in Ghazni. 2444:

all contemporary or near contemporary accounts confirmed that Muhammad was assassinated by a "

630:" states that the Ghurid siblings were reinstated in Sanjah, although the earlier account of " 6189: 6007: 5946: 4789: 4006: 3975: 3001:, the Ghurid circulation continued on the pre-conquest paradigm which had the iconography of 2492: 2485: 1393: 1332:. Therefore, to outflank the Ghaznavids in Punjab and to open up an alternative route to the 1127: 1052: 102: 5314: 1503:

including most of the Punjab. He, appointed Mulla Sirajuddin who was earlier a high-ranking

1480:

and forced him to surrender after a short siege. He imprisoned Khusrau Malik in the fort of

1250:, gave Muhammad access to a vast amount of treasure in Ghazni which according to chronicler 467:

After the death of Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad in 1203, Muhammad of Ghor ascended the throne of

6129: 6124: 5931: 5891: 5681:(1970). "Foundation of the Delhi Sultanat". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 2808:. According to Juzjani, Muhammad imposed heavy taxes, plundered and seized the property in 2724: 2647: 2591: 2512: 1768:

before his assassination, swiftly raided the local kingdoms and expanded his empire in the

1302: 616: 138: 5687:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 5491:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. 2354: 1484:, breaching his own agreement of safe conduct for his presence. Khusrau Malik was sent to 1301:. His campaign in Uch is not mentioned in detail in the near contemporary accounts except 8: 6012: 5951: 2748: 2165: 1954: 1870: 1769: 1439:

which was possibly ruled by the Ghaznavids. Thereafter, he advanced further and besieged

1405: 1381: 820: 546: 382: 43: 5136: 2079:

Tekish died in 1200, which led to a brief period of struggle for the succession between

6059: 6054: 6044: 5901: 4927: 2990: 2915: 2740: 2539: 2481: 2332:. His armies also burnt down the forests where many of them took refuge while fleeing. 2248: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2169: 2145: 2133: 2125: 2007: 1966: 1877:, which was looted and a large number of its temples destroyed. The Gahadavala capital 1862: 1737: 1642: 1627: 1550: 1231: 1095: 1008: 984: 646: 635: 484: 433: 326:, which lasted after him for nearly half a millennium under evolving Muslim dynasties. 144: 5357:

The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World

3005:

and a "Chahaman horsemen" juxtaposed with Muhammad's name written as "Shri Hammirah".

1230:

with the senior partner Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad engaged in a protracted duel with the

5992: 5926: 5921: 5911: 5906: 5886: 5811: 5787: 5766: 5756: 5731: 5710: 5688: 5664: 5640: 5616: 5595: 5574: 5549: 5525: 5492: 5454: 5433: 5409: 5385: 5361: 5320: 5296: 5292:

A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century

4975: 4937: 4866: 4834: 4795: 4684: 4645: 4638:(1998). "The Seljuk and the Khwarazm Shah". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). 4012: 3981: 3378: 3061: 3027: 2851: 2834: 2829: 2786: 2753: 2716: 2643: 2639: 2615: 2599: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2374:

province of modern-day Pakistan) where he was assassinated on March 15, 1206, by the

2371: 2282: 2213: 2157: 2074: 2046: 1978: 1931: 1908: 1765: 1757: 1710: 1635: 1619: 1499:

After uprooting the Ghaznavids, Muhammad now established his sway over the strategic

1318: 876: 692: 607: 575: 480: 409:. After expelling the Ghaznavids from their last bastion, Muhammad, thus secured the 386: 242: 126: 114: 108: 5746: 2320:

rivers and fought valiantly until the afternoon but Muhammad carried the day after

1669:

Muhammad captured and placed strong garrisons at the strategic military stations of

6094: 6064: 6017: 5956: 5916: 5564: 5485:(1992) . "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 5423: 3002: 2865: 2611: 2583: 2555: 2338:

was rewarded for his gallantry against the Khokhars with a presentation of special

2324:

arrived with a reserve contingent, whom Muhammad earlier stationed on the banks of

1804: 1777: 1761: 1741: 1512: 1278: 935: 911: 631: 580: 264: 132: 120: 5381:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

5896: 5805: 5781: 5760: 5725: 5704: 5682: 5658: 5634: 5610: 5589: 5568: 5519: 5508: 5486: 5448: 5427: 5403: 5379: 5355: 5290: 4931: 4858: 4828: 4678: 4639: 3784: 2804:

The Ghurids similar to the Ghaznavids were unpopular among their subjects of the

2794: 2782: 2778: 2524: 2108:

which forced Alauddin to shut himself inside the city walls. Muhammad recaptured

1520: 1251: 975: 554: 550: 5335: 2631:

while still regarding Muhammad as their supreme master until his assassination.

2358:

Artistic description of Muhammad's assassination while offering evening prayers.

6080: 6022: 5961: 5861: 5504: 5482: 5310: 4635: 3014: 2603: 2543: 2410: 2339: 2244: 2058: 1916: 1904: 1686: 1678: 1554: 1516: 1515:

in 1260 which is regarded as a monumental work from the medieval period on the

1461: 1418: 1385: 1365: 1333: 1247: 1183: 1168: 1019: 996: 864: 849: 595: 530: 421: 414: 299: 232: 150: 78: 5450:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

2172:. He was allowed to return to his capital, after paying a heavy ransom to the 6118: 5700: 4923: 2842: 2758: 2418: 2375: 2018: 1851: 1817: 1578: 1546: 1444: 1217: 966: 957: 707: 476: 330: 303: 5748:

History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 05, The Struggle For Empire

5692: 5496: 3013:, despite a period of transition (regime change) in the political milieu of 2638:. The notable among these alliances, were the marriages of the daughters of 1965:

Muhammad continued to aid his brother for the expansion in west against the

1666:

during which several Hindu temples were desecrated by the Ghurids in Ajmer.

5678: 5654: 4965: 2931: 2895: 2464: 2437: 2220: 1690: 1651: 1255: 1083: 488: 453: 66: 4870: 2610:

household in his later days. According to another contemporary account of

1969:

in the interlude of his eastwards expansion. Meanwhile, in the affairs of

1693:

on condition of heavy tribute. However, later after a revolt by his uncle

1328:

and instead focused on lands bordering the middle and lower course of the

1254:

based on the authority of Muhammad's comptroller included 60,000 kg (1500

318:

whereas Muhammad extended Ghurid rule eastwards, laying the foundation of

4961: 2947: 2814: 2762: 2744: 2628: 2520: 2432:". However, this account is not corroborated by the earlier authorities. 2406: 2256: 2240: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2101: 2061:

stated that Ghurids annexed some part of Khurasan after their victory in

2054: 1986:

terms till then. Sultan Shah, carved out his independent principality in

1982: 1903:. The territory of Bayana at the time was under the control of a sect of 1866: 1749: 1733: 1729: 1610:

After the defeat in Tarain, Muhammad meted out severe punishments to the

1500: 1481: 1472:

and the countryside. After Khusrau Malik made an unsuccessful attempt to

1397: 1389: 1369: 1357: 1239: 834: 685: 681: 668: 620: 574: region of present-day west-central Afghanistan to the Ghurid ruler 542: 500: 410: 402: 390: 378: 366: 346: 334: 252: 70: 5706:

The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture

2850:

A shrine for Muhammad Ghori was built in Dhamiak by Pakistani scientist

749:

Muhammad's courtier rhetorically aggrandize him as the champion of

5801: 2967: 2959: 2873: 2790: 2706: 2651: 2460: 2441: 2343: 2236: 1266: 898: 743: 612: 511: 496: 394: 354: 345:

as an independent sovereign. Expanding the Ghurid dominion east of the

323: 5316:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods

2894:

Traditional gold coins of Muhammad from Ghazni for the circulation in

1858:

with an army of 50,000 horsemen where he confronted the forces of the

503:

in order to avenge his defeat at Andkhud, although a rebellion by the

369:

within a year. Afterwards, Muhammad took his army by the way of lower

5881: 5684:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

5630: 5488:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)

3032: 2955: 2869: 2809: 2702: 2594:

who was sold into slavery and was later bestowed with the domains of

2567: 2335: 2321: 2189: 2177: 2109: 2093: 1950: 1900: 1781: 1409: 1377: 1345: 1341: 946: 710:. The Ghurid siblings advanced into the present-day Iran and brought 584: 5101: 5075: 2930:

Bull-and-horseman coins of Muhammad derived from the coinage of the

2797:

turned to be the only major Islamic state that survived amongst the

2554:

in exile. Alauddin also defeated and executed the last Ghurid ruler

2223:

again to avenge the rout at Andhkhud and to reclaim his holdings in

6084: 2994: 2978: 2805: 2635: 2624: 2477: 2425: 2329: 2309: 2305: 2294: 2224: 2153: 2105: 2085: 2038: 1987: 1970: 1942: 1874: 1694: 1623: 1563: 1542: 1489: 1436: 1314: 1235: 731: 677: 627: 588: 507: 492: 468: 440: 315: 4827:

David Thomas (2016). "Ghurid Sultanate". In John Mackenzie (ed.).

2405:. However, the Khwarezmians already curbed the Ghurid ambition in 2386:

On the third of the month Sha`ban in the year six hundred and two,

2384:

From the beginning of the world the like of whom no monarch arose,

2328:. Muhammad followed his victory by a large scale slaughter of the 2285:

and rebelled by disrupting the Ghurid communication chain between

521:

On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated on the bank of

6098: 6033: 5830: 3010: 2986: 2939: 2855: 2838: 2720: 2693: 2685: 2587: 2449: 2363: 2298: 2281:

until Siwalik hills, arose in the wake of Muhammad's rout in the

2274: 2232: 2137: 1999: 1935: 1912: 1882: 1807:(1204-1206). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated 1748:, appointed Aibak as his administraitor of the Ghurid domains in 1732:, although later he got preoccupied with the Ghurid expansion in 1699:

Ranthambore, where he established a new dynasty of the Chahamanas

1567: 1493: 1465: 1453: 1337: 1270: 1227: 703: 672: 639: 526: 374: 311: 227: 206: 5657:(1998). "The Ghurids". In M. S. Asimov; C. E. Bossworth (eds.). 2692:, the Ghurids emerged as one of the major powers in the eastern 2184:, the negotiations between Muhammad and Taniku were arranged by 1953:. Thus, Aibak avenged the rout of Muhammad at the same place in 1881:

was annexed in 1198. During this campaign, the Buddhist city of

1850:, Muhammad himself returned to India to further expand down the 5981: 4922: 2974: 2963: 2943: 2774: 2732: 2698: 2607: 2595: 2571: 2559: 2496: 2453: 2445: 2429: 2414: 2388:

Happened on the road to Ghazni at the halting-place of Damyak.

2367: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2312:

led by Bakan and Sarkha offered a battle somewhere between the

2290: 2286: 2196:. Thus, Muhammad of necessity agreed for a cold peace with the 2097: 2050: 1946: 1924: 1920: 1878: 1859: 1855: 1822: 1808: 1800: 1785: 1773: 1702: 1682: 1647: 1631: 1615: 1611: 1559: 1477: 1476:

Ghurid garrison in Sialkot, Muhammad made the final assault on

1469: 1440: 1373: 1353: 1325: 1298: 1294: 1274: 1155: 715: 663: 534: 491:, which resulted in the Ghurid power ebbing out in most of the 472: 457: 425: 406: 338: 218: 62: 5971: 2484:

from the Bamiyan branch, although his Turkic slaves supported

2239:

and captured the city following a short siege, destroying the

479:. Within a year or so, Muhammad suffered a devastating defeat 4483:. Oxford ; New York : Clarendon Press. p. 113. 4008:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

3977:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

2998: 2982: 2766: 2710: 2586:(c.1260), Muhammad enthusiastically used to purchase several 2563: 2551: 2382:

The martyrdom of the sovereign of sea and land, Muizz-ud-din,

2278: 2228: 2193: 2141: 2121: 2113: 2042: 2030: 2022: 2003: 1847: 1718: 1714: 1706: 1674: 1670: 1663: 1659: 1538: 1457: 1449: 1401: 1361: 1349: 1329: 1321:

in 1204. Afterwards, it was placed under Nasiruddin Qabacha.

1282: 1243: 750: 727: 723: 699: 689: 659: 655: 651: 615:. Although, they were released from the captivity by his son 522: 504: 461: 370: 350: 329:

During his early career as governor of the southern tract of

5727:

India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil

688:

and beyond. In 1174, Muhammad led an expedition against the

5870: 4526: 4156: 4154: 4129: 4127: 3766: 3764: 3304: 3277: 2547: 2252: 2129: 2089: 2062: 2026: 2021:

after months of campaigning and executed their governor of

1991: 1846:

After Aibak consolidated the Ghurid rule in and around the

1504: 1324:

During the course of his early invasions, Muhammad avoided

1142: 807: 571: 189: 4721: 4429: 3377:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. 3226: 3224: 3222: 2006:

joined them with their respective contingents against the

1725:) However, he was soon deposed on the account of treason. 1305:, although the detail in the text about his expedition in 413:, the traditional route of entry for invading armies into 5319:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. 5187: 4577: 4417: 3511: 3340: 2251:

to construct a boat bridge and a castle across the river

1306: 1293:

which was situated south of the confluence of the rivers

1290: 545:

by 1215. However, his conquests east of the Indus in the

420:

Extending the Ghurid dominion further eastwards into the

5043: 4892: 4567: 4565: 4516: 4514: 4326: 4324: 4309: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4193: 4171: 4169: 4151: 4124: 4097: 3870: 3868: 3841: 3793: 3761: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3352: 3316: 3265: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3236: 3102: 2833:

Modern shrine to Muhammad, built by Pakistani scientist

1949:

after a sudden attack and afterwards sacked his capital

591:, he took the title of "Muizzuddin" or "Mu'izz al-Din". 5211: 5175: 4960: 4808: 4757: 4733: 4606: 4604: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4114: 4112: 3722: 3602: 3578: 3219: 3207: 2627:

and amidst this also raised their own authority in the

5031: 5019: 4971:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

4865:. Vol. II. Patna: Academica Asiatica. p. 8. 4589: 4550: 4458: 4393: 4369: 4234: 4232: 4205: 4085: 3916: 3739: 3737: 3698: 3403: 3294: 3292: 3185: 3183: 3131: 3129: 2789:

which was further consolidated by his slave commander

2751:

had far flug consequences. The 13th century chronicle

2739:. While, Muhammad was not much successful against his 5223: 5163: 5151: 5009: 5007: 4904: 4880: 4791:

The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History

4658: 4562: 4538: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4405: 4321: 4280: 4166: 3940: 3928: 3865: 3829: 3749: 3710: 3542: 3523: 3487: 3451: 3248: 3170: 3168: 1392:

who was also aided by other Rajput chiefs mainly the

1216:

Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the

452:

and extended the Ghurid influence as far east as the

278: 5199: 4769: 4745: 4697: 4601: 4381: 4336: 4244: 4139: 4109: 4073: 3952: 3904: 3880: 3817: 3662: 3566: 3475: 3439: 3195: 3153: 3078: 2723:

within a decade of his assassination along with the

2227:. Accordingly, by July 1205, Muhammad's governor of 2029:. The Ghurids followed their victory by recapturing 349:

from his base in Ghazni, Muhammad crossed the river

4709: 4616: 4357: 4297: 4256: 4229: 4181: 3892: 3734: 3614: 3590: 3463: 3427: 3415: 3391: 3328: 3289: 3180: 3141: 3126: 2731:made his short-lived successes in the Khurasan and 2342:from Muhammad. According to Juzjani, Muhammad also 2297:

were hostile to Muslims and use to "torment every "

1685:. Muhammad later installed Prithviraja's minor son 1376:, the Ghurid army got exhausted, when they reached 5126: 5004: 4061: 3853: 3686: 3626: 3554: 3499: 3165: 3114: 2558:from the Bamiyan line in the same year. Thus, the 2546:in 1215 who either died as his captive (burned in 1553:'s kingdom. After appointing a Qazi Zia-ud-Din of 541:to annex remaining Ghurid territories west of the 3650: 3638: 2799:carnage in the Central Asia caused by the Mongols 2737:more substantial Islamic monarchs of Central Asia 6116: 3090: 2761:, mentioned that the Sultan (Muhammad of Ghor) " 2709:and from the foothills of the Himalaya south to 2176:general Taniku (Tayangu) which included several 1728:While, Muhammad continued to carry raids in the 1289:After the conquest of Multan, Muhammad captured 290: – 15 March 1206), also known as 2495:in 1206, although most of his conquests in the 2037:, the Ghurids could not annex any territory in 695:in present-day Turkmenistan and subdued them. 5288: 4634: 3789:. Varanasi: N. Kishore. pp. 199–202, 461. 2277:tribe whose influence extended from the lower 175:11 February 1203–15 March 1206 (as sole ruler) 5846: 16:Sultan of the Ghurid Sultanate (c. 1173–1206) 4826: 3370: 2262: 2025:Bahauddin Turghil while Sultan Shah fled to 1336:, Muhammad turned south towards present-day 381:, only to end up getting wounded and routed 373:, endeavoring to penetrate into present-day 1960: 1356:) and captured it after a short siege from 676:Ghazni in 1173 and his brother returned to 385:by a coalition of Rajput chiefs led by the 5853: 5839: 5467: 4794:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 4676: 4423: 4199: 4160: 4133: 3969: 3967: 3322: 3283: 3271: 2765:was read in all the mosques from Herat to 2421:he sacked during the Khurasan expedition. 1584: 642:as vassal of their uncle Alauddin Husayn. 626:‌After their release from the captivity, " 601: 445:return engagement on the same battleground 55: 5102:"The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi" 5093: 5076:"The tomb of the man who conquered Delhi" 2735:as less consequential in contrast to the 2621:Ghurid conquests in the Ganga-Jamuna doab 2370:(which is near the city of Jhelum in the 2255:to facilitate the march of his armies in 2124:where he appointed his nephew Alp Ghazi, 1526: 1382:in the mountainous pass of Gadararaghatta 720:Taj al-Din III Harb ibn Muhammad ibn Nasr 6135:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent 5333: 5309: 5049: 4830:The Encyclopedia of Empire, 4 Volume Set 4005:Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). 3974:Asher, Frederick M. (25 February 2020). 3584: 3310: 3230: 2828: 2675: 2577: 2353: 1795: 1697:, Govindraja was forced to move towards 1594: 1311:legend associated with the Bhati Rajputs 799: 790: 706:after defeating a former general of the 487:aided by timely reinforcements from the 163:1173–11 February 1203 (with his brother 5612:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India 5538: 5398: 5374: 5127:Sudha Ramachandran (3 September 2005). 5037: 5025: 4998: 4814: 4787: 4532: 4464: 4375: 3998: 3964: 3946: 3934: 3874: 3847: 3755: 3548: 3493: 3409: 2499:were in the grasp of his lieutenants – 1854:. Accordingly, in 1194, he crossed the 1756:. His lieutenants - Qutb ud-Din Aibak, 6117: 5779: 5755: 5677: 5653: 5474:The Foundation of Muslim rule in India 5061: 4857: 4727: 4664: 4595: 4571: 4556: 4435: 4399: 4330: 4291: 4175: 4055: 3886: 3835: 3823: 3716: 3536: 3517: 3457: 3259: 3213: 3159: 3147: 3108: 2861:Pakistani military named three of its 2747:, notwithstanding, his success in the 2623:when he was engaged in the affairs of 2013:The Ghurid forces decisively defeated 1263:expeditions in the Indian subcontinent 1102: 1065: 1050: 1039: 982: 973: 964: 955: 933: 920: 570:Muhammad of Ghor was born in the 5834: 5783:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire 5744: 5587: 5562: 5517: 5503: 5481: 5446: 5422: 5353: 5340:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition 5265:from the original on 27 February 2021 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5157: 5129:"Asia's missiles strike at the heart" 5099: 5073: 4910: 4886: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4703: 4683:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 22. 4583: 4544: 4520: 4505: 4493: 4480:The Oxford student's history of India 4476: 4411: 4387: 4363: 4351: 4315: 4303: 4274: 4262: 4238: 4223: 4211: 4187: 4145: 4118: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4043: 4004: 3973: 3958: 3910: 3898: 3859: 3811: 3799: 3782: 3668: 3572: 3481: 3445: 3397: 3358: 3346: 3334: 3242: 3201: 3189: 3135: 3120: 2049:and who by 1193 captured much of the 1888: 1650:, as documented in Taj-ul Ma'asir by 1630:, a prominent Iranian general of the 1424: 1113: 1093: 1026: 1017: 1006: 944: 909: 874: 337:after a series of forays and annexed 5800: 5608: 4898: 4715: 4622: 4610: 4067: 3922: 3770: 3743: 3728: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3560: 3469: 3433: 3421: 3298: 3174: 3084: 2993: on other side written in 2729:largest contiguous empire in history 1990:and began plundering the regions of 1791: 896: 885: 805: 771:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor 764: 353:in 1175, approaching it through the 5723: 5699: 5629: 5013: 4250: 4031: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3505: 3096: 2535:" until his assassination in 1212. 2156:and was decisively defeated in the 1784:) in north and till the borders of 1195: 499:to launch a full-scale invasion of 268: 13: 5860: 5765:. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. 5636:The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India 5429:Essays on Islam and Indian History 5405:History of Medieval India:800-1700 4454:. London, Hutchinson. p. 166. 4011:. Getty Publications. p. 74. 3980:. Getty Publications. p. 11. 3020: 2688:of Muhammad and his elder brother 2666:Muhammad of Ghor on his succession 2160:in 1204 by the combined forces of 1701:. Hariraja, briefly dislodged the 818: 775: 14: 6201: 5826: 4936:. Psychology Press. p. 167. 3064:who was in charge of Kirman then. 2781:laid to the establishment of the 2614:who wrote under the patronage of 2289:and Ghazni along with plundering 2045:which remained under the sway of 1400:(who was earlier deposed by from 1368:. After marching through the dry 5970: 5247: 5235: 5120: 5067: 5055: 4992: 4974:. Psychology Press. p. 21. 4954: 4916: 4851: 4820: 4781: 4670: 4628: 4470: 4441: 3374:A Historical atlas of South Asia 3371:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 2923: 2903: 2887: 2769:". His decisive victory in the 2491:Thus, Muhammad was succeeded by 2349: 1836:srima ha/ mira mahama /da saamah 1549:on the northwestern frontier of 1226:The Ghurid brothers ruling in a 798: 789: 782: 6050:Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud 5570:Slavery and South Asian History 5281: 5100:Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017). 5074:Yasin, Aamir (8 October 2017). 4217: 4049: 4037: 4025: 3805: 3776: 3674: 3364: 3054: 3045: 2801:during the thirteenth century. 2701:in eastern present-day Iran to 1537:In 1190, after consildating in 1511:(born 1193) later composed the 1348:, he laid siege to the fort of 680:for the westwards expansion in 510:forced him to move towards the 6170:13th-century murdered monarchs 5545:The Fall of the Ghurid Dynasty 5453:. Princeton University Press. 5360:. Cambridge University Press. 5289:Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). 4477:Smith, Vincent Arthur (1921). 2863:medium-range ballistic missile 2136:, laid siege to their capital 549:, evolved into the formidable 471:as well, becoming the supreme 439:in 1191. Muhammad returned to 280:Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām 261:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad ibn Sam 1: 5447:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). 3071: 2910:Muhammad's mint based on the 2793:. In the ensuring times, the 2480:supported the succession of 2470: 2203: 2180:and gold coins. According to 2116:and sacked the country-side. 1774:north-western parts of Bengal 1273:) who regained a foothold in 718:under their sway whose ruler 638:who held the principality of 560: 483:against their Turkish rivals 284: 5591:The Present in Delhi's Pasts 5573:. Indiana University Press. 5513:. People's Publishing House. 5334:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001). 3035:portrayed Muhammad of Ghor. 2824: 2293:. According to Juzjani, the 1977:was defeated by his brother 1709:, but was later defeated by 1435:In 1179, Muhammad conquered 757:) and the army of infidels ( 460:and regions to the north in 450:raided local Indian kingdoms 7: 6165:Assassinated Iranian people 6145:13th-century Iranian people 6140:12th-century Iranian people 5786:. Sydney University Press. 5609:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2008). 5432:. Oxford University Press. 5295:. Pearson Education India. 1271:sevener branch of Isma'ilis 518:during his last campaign. 383:near Mount Abu at Kasahrada 279: 79:Sultan of the Ghurid Empire 61:Gold coin of Muhammad from 10: 6206: 5384:. Har-Anand Publications. 2876:, in the memory of Mu'izz. 2717:The Catastrophe of Andkhud 2529:Alauddin Shah of Khawarazm 2266: 2144:which was besieged by the 2072: 1892: 1588: 1530: 1428: 1277:, soon after the death of 768: 726:and territories adjoining 553:under his slave commander 516:crushed the Khokhar revolt 341:where he was installed by 333:, Muhammad subjugated the 42:Sikander al-Thani (Second 6160:Murdered Persian monarchs 6073: 6031: 5985:(1151-1152 and 1173–1215) 5979: 5968: 5868: 5751:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. 4680:The Coming of the Mongols 3786:History of the Chāhamānas 2671: 2517:Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khilji 2263:Campaign against Khokhars 2081:Alauddin Shah of Khwarezm 1600:The last stand of Rajputs 1309:is possibly blurred by a 1238:situated in west-central 529:on 15 March 1206, by the 248: 238: 226: 221:(present-day Afghanistan) 213: 196: 192:(present-day Afghanistan) 183: 179: 171: 159: 94: 84: 77: 54: 28: 23: 6175:History of Ghor Province 3038: 2950:and name of his sibling 2880: 2719:and the collapse of the 2442:Shams ad-Dīn adh-Dhahabi 2068: 1961:Struggle in Central Asia 797: 788: 737: 565: 69:and what is present-day 5937:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 5762:Early Chauhān Dynasties 5354:Biran, Michael (2005). 4788:Jackson, Peter (2003). 4644:. UNESCO. p. 171. 2952:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 2771:Second Battle of Tarain 2690:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 2582:According to Juzjani's 2434:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani 2403:Muhammad II of Khwarezm 2269:Battle of Jhelum (1206) 1895:Siege of Gwalior (1196) 1754:Second Battle of Tarain 1604:Second Battle of Tarain 1591:Second Battle of Tarain 1585:Second Battle of Tarain 1509:Minhaj al-Siraj Juzjani 1486:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1380:where they were routed 1360:along with sacking the 602:Accession to the throne 405:along with most of the 401:, conquering the upper 343:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 308:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 298:, was a ruler from the 165:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 151:Bhungar II bin Chanesar 89:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 5780:Thomas, David (2018). 5594:. Three Essays Press. 5524:. Rupa & Company. 5521:A History of Rajasthan 2846: 2681: 2669: 2399: 2359: 2096:and reached as far as 1843: 1746:Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani 1607: 1533:First Battle of Tarain 1527:First Battle of Tarain 1431:Siege of Lahore (1186) 209:(present-day Pakistan) 6008:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 5947:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 5724:Roy, Kaushik (2004). 5588:Kumar, Sunil (2002). 4863:The History of Bengal 3783:Singh, R. B. (1964). 2946:calligraphy with the 2832: 2679: 2659: 2578:Relations with slaves 2493:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 2486:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 2463:in the south and the 2380: 2357: 1981:in alliance with the 1830:"August, year 1262". 1799: 1598: 1344:. Before entering in 514:, where he brutually 399:uprooted them by 1186 269:معز الدین محمد بن سام 103:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 65:, for circulation in 5932:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 5892:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 5730:. Orient Blackswan. 5639:. Aditya Prakashan. 5518:Hooja, Rima (2006). 5469:Habibullah, A. B. M. 3349:, pp. 106, 289. 2942:world, carried only 2725:rise of Genghis Khan 2648:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha 2513:Nasir ad-Din Qabacha 1265:started against the 1212:class=notpageimage| 617:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 139:Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha 6180:History of Khorasan 6013:Baha al-Din Sam III 6003:Ala al-Din Muhammad 5952:Baha al-Din Sam III 5631:Lal, Kishori Sharan 5615:. Scarecrow Press. 3773:, p. 109, 141. 3060:This Yildiz is not 2749:Indian Subcontinent 2741:Turkish adversaries 2727:who carved out the 2467:in the north-east. 2235:in the present-day 2166:Kara-Khanid Khanate 1871:Battle of Chandawar 1776:in east, Ajmer and 1770:Indian Subcontinent 1468:along with sacking 547:Indian Subcontinent 101:Ghor and Firuzkuh: 6060:Baha al-Din Sam II 6055:Abbas ibn Muhammad 6045:Fakhr al-Din Masud 5902:Muhammad ibn Abbas 5757:Sharma, Dasharatha 5408:. Orient Longman. 5196:, p. 115-116. 5139:on 30 October 2006 4933:A History of India 4928:Dietmar Rothermund 4901:, p. 116-117. 4730:, p. 198-199. 4586:, p. 145-146. 4535:, p. 209-210. 4438:, p. 212-213. 4318:, p. 133,153. 4277:, p. 132-133. 4106:, p. 117-118. 3802:, p. 199-202. 3731:, p. 145-146. 3707:, p. 110-111. 3611:, p. 141-142. 3520:, p. 157-158. 3361:, p. 106-107. 3313:, p. 168-169. 3245:, p. 135-136. 3111:, p. 155-156. 2962:to the mainstream 2847: 2795:Sultanate of Delhi 2682: 2482:Baha al-Din Sam II 2360: 2249:Baha al-Din Sam II 2186:Uthman ibn Ibrahim 2170:Uthman ibn Ibrahim 2134:Khwarezmian Empire 2126:Khwarezmian forces 2055:Trans-Caspian belt 1996:Indian expeditions 1889:Conquest of Bayana 1844: 1738:Khwarezmian Empire 1730:north Indian plain 1643:Prithviraj Chauhan 1608: 1551:Prithviraj Chauhan 1460:, subjugating the 1443:in 1181, although 1425:Conquest of Punjab 1404:by Muhammad), the 647:Fakhr al-Din Masud 434:Prithviraj Chauhan 426:Rajput Confederacy 145:Husain ibn Kharmil 107:Lahore and Delhi: 6112: 6111: 6104: 6090: 6038: 5993:Ala al-Din Husayn 5986: 5927:Ala al-Din Husayn 5922:Baha al-Din Sam I 5912:Izz al-Din Husayn 5907:Qutb al-din Hasan 5887:Muhammad ibn Suri 5875: 5874:(before 879–1215) 5793:978-1-74332-542-1 5737:978-81-7824-109-8 5716:978-1-000-00729-9 5670:978-92-3-103467-1 5646:978-81-85689-03-6 5622:978-0-8108-5503-8 5601:978-81-88394-00-5 5580:978-0-253-11671-0 5555:978-90-04-49199-1 5531:978-81-291-1501-0 5460:978-0-691-12594-7 5439:978-0-19-565114-0 5415:978-81-250-3226-7 5391:978-81-241-1064-5 5367:978-0-521-84226-6 5302:978-81-317-3202-1 4981:978-0-415-30786-4 4943:978-0-415-32919-4 4840:978-1-118-44064-3 4801:978-0-521-54329-3 4651:978-92-3-103467-1 4018:978-1-60606-616-4 3987:978-1-60606-616-4 3925:, p. 17,105. 3062:Taj al-Din Yildiz 3028:Samrat Prithviraj 3025:In the 2022 film 2985: deity 2852:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2837:in 1994-1995, in 2835:Abdul Qadeer Khan 2787:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2754:Jawami ul-Hikayat 2721:Šansabānī dynasty 2644:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2640:Taj al-Din Yildiz 2616:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2509:Bahauddin Tughril 2505:Taj al-Din Yildiz 2501:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 2461:Zamindawar Valley 2452:to Ghazni by his 2426:Tarikh-i-Firishta 2283:Battle of Andkhud 2214:Battle of Andkhud 2168:under Taniku and 2158:Battle of Andkhud 2075:Battle of Andkhud 2035:A.B.M. Habibullah 1979:Ala al-Din Tekish 1932:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1909:Bahauddin Tughril 1885:was also sacked. 1834:: Nagari legend: 1792:Further campaigns 1758:Bahauddin Tughril 1711:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1394:Naddula Chahamana 1319:Battle of Andkhud 1234:from his capital 1074: 1059: 765:Invasion of India 628:Tarik-i-Firishtah 608:Ala al-Din Husayn 576:Baha al-Din Sam I 277: 258: 257: 243:Baha al-Din Sam I 204:(aged 61–62) 127:Bahauddin Tughril 115:Taj ad-Din Yildiz 109:Qutbu l-Din Aibak 39:al-Sultan al-Azam 33:Champion of Islam 6197: 6102: 6095:Taj al-Din Zangi 6088: 6065:Jalal al-Din Ali 6036: 6018:Ala al-Din Atsiz 5998:Muhammad of Ghor 5984: 5974: 5957:Ala al-Din Atsiz 5942:Muhammad of Ghor 5917:Sayf al-Din Suri 5873: 5855: 5848: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5797: 5776: 5752: 5741: 5720: 5696: 5674: 5650: 5626: 5605: 5584: 5559: 5535: 5514: 5500: 5478: 5464: 5443: 5419: 5395: 5371: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5330: 5306: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5220:, p. 29-30. 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5184:, p. 49-50. 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5144: 5135:. Archived from 5124: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5113: 5097: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5080:Dawn (newspaper) 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4859:Sarkar, Jadunath 4855: 4849: 4848: 4824: 4818: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4766:, p. 90-91. 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4742:, p. 83-84. 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4509: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4445: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4355: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4319: 4313: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4254: 4253:, p. 53-54. 4248: 4242: 4236: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4214:, p. 43-44. 4209: 4203: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4164: 4158: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4131: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4094:, p. 41-42. 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4053: 4047: 4041: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3863: 3857: 3851: 3850:, p. 26-27. 3845: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3684: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3368: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3320: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3296: 3287: 3286:, p. 21-22. 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3217: 3216:, p. 47-48. 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3087:, p. 38-39. 3082: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3049: 2927: 2907: 2891: 2667: 2612:Fakhr-i Mudabbir 2584:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 2556:Jalal al-Din Ali 2550:) or retired to 2538:Afterwards, the 2397: 2394:Tabakāt-i-Nāsirī 2301:they captured". 2017:on the banks of 2002:and Tajuddin of 1816:: Horseman with 1805:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1762:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1742:Fakhr-i Mudabbir 1602:, depicting the 1562:, 14 miles from 1513:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 1303:Kāmil fit-Tārīkh 1281:who installed a 1279:Mahmud of Ghazni 1206: 1204: 1190: 1175: 1160: 1147: 1134: 1122: 1120: 1111: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1088: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1037: 1035: 1024: 1022: 1015: 1013: 1001: 991: 989: 980: 978: 971: 969: 962: 960: 953: 951: 942: 940: 931: 929: 918: 916: 907: 905: 894: 892: 883: 881: 869: 856: 840: 829: 827: 816: 814: 802: 801: 793: 792: 786: 759:Lashkar-i Kuffar 636:Fakhruddin Masud 632:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 581:Tabaqat-i-Nasiri 539:Shah Muhammad II 292:Muhammad of Ghor 289: 286: 282: 272: 270: 203: 133:Bakhtiyar Khalji 121:Jalal al-Din Ali 59: 24:Muhammad of Ghor 21: 20: 6205: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6194: 6155:Muslim monarchs 6115: 6114: 6113: 6108: 6069: 6027: 5975: 5966: 5897:Abbas ibn Shith 5864: 5859: 5829: 5824: 5818: 5794: 5773: 5738: 5717: 5671: 5647: 5623: 5602: 5581: 5556: 5532: 5505:Habib, Mohammad 5483:Habib, Mohammad 5461: 5440: 5416: 5400:Chandra, Satish 5392: 5376:Chandra, Satish 5368: 5344: 5342: 5327: 5311:Bosworth, C. E. 5303: 5284: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5142: 5140: 5125: 5121: 5111: 5109: 5098: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4987:Muslim sultante 4982: 4959: 4955: 4944: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4861:, ed. (1973) . 4856: 4852: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4617: 4609: 4602: 4594: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4492: 4488: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4430: 4424:Habibullah 1957 4422: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4350: 4337: 4329: 4322: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4261: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4237: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4200:Habibullah 1957 4198: 4194: 4186: 4182: 4174: 4167: 4161:Habibullah 1957 4159: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4134:Habibullah 1957 4132: 4125: 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4090: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4054: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4003: 3999: 3988: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3842: 3834: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3798: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3769: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3385: 3369: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3329: 3323:Habibullah 1957 3321: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3297: 3290: 3284:Habibullah 1957 3282: 3278: 3272:Habibullah 1957 3270: 3266: 3258: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3166: 3158: 3154: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3023: 3021:Popular culture 2997:. Similarly in 2934: 2928: 2919: 2908: 2899: 2898:and Afghanistan 2892: 2883: 2827: 2783:Delhi Sultanate 2779:Prithviraja III 2705:in present-day 2674: 2668: 2665: 2580: 2560:Šansabānī house 2525:Delhi Sultanate 2473: 2398: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2352: 2271: 2265: 2206: 2077: 2071: 2053:along with the 1963: 1897: 1891: 1820:legend around: 1812: 1794: 1593: 1587: 1566:in present-day 1545:in present-day 1535: 1529: 1521:Delhi Sultanate 1433: 1427: 1414:Arbuda Paramara 1406:Jalor Chahamana 1313:. Nonetheless, 1246:temples in the 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1208: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1172: 1169: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1105: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1084: 1079: 1071: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1004: 1003: 997: 992: 985: 983: 981: 976: 974: 972: 967: 965: 963: 958: 956: 954: 949: 947: 945: 943: 936: 934: 932: 926: 923: 921: 919: 912: 910: 908: 902: 899: 897: 895: 888: 886: 884: 877: 875: 873: 872: 871: 865: 860: 859: 858: 853: 850: 845: 844: 843: 841: 836: 830: 824: 821: 819: 817: 811: 808: 806: 804: 803: 795: 794: 778: 776:Early invasions 773: 767: 755:Lashkar-i Islam 740: 621:Oghuzs of Balkh 604: 568: 563: 555:Qutbuddin Aibak 551:Delhi Sultanate 287: 222: 205: 201: 188: 155: 73: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6203: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6150:Ghurid dynasty 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6092: 6081:Ala al-Din Ali 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6041: 6039: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6023:Ala al-Din Ali 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5989: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5962:Ala al-Din Ali 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5866: 5865: 5862:Ghurid dynasty 5858: 5857: 5850: 5843: 5835: 5828: 5827:External links 5825: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5798: 5792: 5777: 5771: 5753: 5742: 5736: 5721: 5715: 5701:Ray, Aniruddha 5697: 5675: 5669: 5651: 5645: 5627: 5621: 5606: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5560: 5554: 5540:Jackson, Peter 5536: 5530: 5515: 5501: 5479: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5424:Eaton, Richard 5420: 5414: 5396: 5390: 5372: 5366: 5351: 5331: 5325: 5307: 5301: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5246: 5234: 5232:, p. 116. 5222: 5210: 5198: 5186: 5174: 5172:, p. 104. 5162: 5160:, p. 103. 5150: 5119: 5092: 5066: 5054: 5052:, p. 164. 5042: 5030: 5018: 5003: 4991: 4980: 4953: 4942: 4915: 4913:, p. 132. 4903: 4891: 4889:, p. 144. 4879: 4850: 4839: 4819: 4817:, p. 207. 4807: 4800: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4690:978-1788312851 4689: 4669: 4657: 4650: 4636:C. E. Bosworth 4627: 4615: 4613:, p. 188. 4600: 4598:, p. 201. 4588: 4576: 4561: 4559:, p. 200. 4549: 4547:, p. 145. 4537: 4525: 4523:, p. 125. 4510: 4508:, p. 153. 4498: 4496:, p. 142. 4486: 4469: 4457: 4440: 4428: 4416: 4414:, p. 124. 4404: 4402:, p. 179. 4392: 4380: 4368: 4356: 4354:, p. 134. 4335: 4333:, p. 178. 4320: 4308: 4296: 4294:, p. 184. 4279: 4267: 4255: 4243: 4228: 4216: 4204: 4192: 4180: 4178:, p. 185. 4165: 4150: 4148:, p. 119. 4138: 4123: 4121:, p. 118. 4108: 4096: 4084: 4082:, p. 121. 4072: 4060: 4048: 4036: 4024: 4017: 3997: 3986: 3963: 3961:, p. 119. 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3913:, p. 117. 3903: 3891: 3879: 3864: 3852: 3840: 3838:, p. 100. 3828: 3816: 3804: 3792: 3775: 3760: 3748: 3746:, p. 145. 3733: 3721: 3719:, p. 162. 3709: 3697: 3695:, p. 110. 3685: 3673: 3671:, p. 113. 3661: 3649: 3637: 3635:, p. 111. 3625: 3623:, p. 102. 3613: 3601: 3599:, p. 144. 3589: 3587:, p. 165. 3577: 3575:, p. 112. 3565: 3553: 3541: 3539:, p. 158. 3522: 3510: 3508:, p. 109. 3498: 3486: 3484:, p. 262. 3474: 3472:, p. 142. 3462: 3460:, p. 156. 3450: 3448:, p. 261. 3438: 3436:, p. 245. 3426: 3424:, p. 116. 3414: 3412:, p. 210. 3402: 3390: 3383: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3315: 3303: 3301:, p. 143. 3288: 3276: 3264: 3262:, p. 182. 3247: 3235: 3233:, p. 163. 3218: 3206: 3204:, p. 135. 3194: 3192:, p. 109. 3179: 3177:, p. 138. 3164: 3162:, p. 181. 3152: 3140: 3138:, p. 108. 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3053: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3022: 3019: 3015:northern India 2936: 2935: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2893: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2877: 2859: 2826: 2823: 2673: 2670: 2663: 2579: 2576: 2544:Zia al-Din Ali 2472: 2469: 2446:Heretic devote 2411:Mohammad Habib 2390: 2351: 2348: 2340:robe of honour 2267:Main article: 2264: 2261: 2245:Bamiyan Valley 2210:Husain Kharmil 2205: 2202: 2073:Main article: 2070: 2067: 2059:C. E. Bosworth 2057:. Conversely, 1962: 1959: 1905:Jadaun Rajputs 1893:Main article: 1890: 1887: 1793: 1790: 1705:garrison from 1687:Govindaraja IV 1628:Husain Kharmil 1589:Main article: 1586: 1583: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1517:Ghurid dynasty 1429:Main article: 1426: 1423: 1419:northern India 1334:Northern India 1248:Gangetic Plain 1215: 1210: 1209: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1126: 1125: 1124: 1082: 1081: 1080: 995: 994: 993: 863: 862: 861: 848: 847: 846: 835: 833: 832: 831: 796: 787: 781: 780: 779: 777: 774: 769:Main article: 766: 763: 739: 736: 712:Nasrid dynasty 603: 600: 585:dark skin tone 567: 564: 562: 559: 422:Gangetic Plain 415:northern India 300:Ghurid dynasty 296:Muhammad Ghori 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 233:Ghurid dynasty 230: 224: 223: 217: 215: 211: 210: 198: 194: 193: 185: 181: 180: 177: 176: 173: 169: 168: 161: 157: 156: 154: 153: 147: 141: 135: 129: 123: 117: 111: 105: 98: 96: 92: 91: 86: 82: 81: 75: 74: 60: 52: 51: 48: 47: 40: 37: 36:Sultan-i-Ghazi 34: 30: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6202: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6185:Slave traders 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6074:Minor domains 6072: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5851: 5849: 5844: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5833: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5772:9780842606189 5768: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5709:. Routledge. 5708: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5679:Nizami, K. A. 5676: 5672: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5655:Nizami, K. A. 5652: 5648: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5607: 5603: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5566: 5565:Richard Eaton 5561: 5557: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5352: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5326:0-521-06936-X 5322: 5318: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5208:, p. 30. 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5159: 5154: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5123: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5050:Bosworth 1968 5046: 5040:, p. 22. 5039: 5034: 5028:, p. 84. 5027: 5022: 5016:, p. 48. 5015: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4924:Hermann Kulke 4919: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4847: 4842: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4803: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4778:, p. 92. 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4754:, p. 86. 4753: 4748: 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4718:, p. 77. 4717: 4712: 4706:, p. 47. 4705: 4700: 4692: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4667:, p. 65. 4666: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4631: 4625:, p. 17. 4624: 4619: 4612: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4574:, p. 64. 4573: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4490: 4482: 4481: 4473: 4467:, p. 73. 4466: 4461: 4453: 4452: 4444: 4437: 4432: 4426:, p. 63. 4425: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4390:, p. 70. 4389: 4384: 4378:, p. 29. 4377: 4372: 4366:, p. 69. 4365: 4360: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4317: 4312: 4306:, p. 46. 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4276: 4271: 4265:, p. 68. 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4241:, p. 45. 4240: 4235: 4233: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4202:, p. 25. 4201: 4196: 4190:, p. 43. 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4170: 4163:, p. 24. 4162: 4157: 4155: 4147: 4142: 4136:, p. 23. 4135: 4130: 4128: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4076: 4070:, p. 33. 4069: 4064: 4057: 4052: 4045: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4010: 4009: 4001: 3994: 3989: 3983: 3979: 3978: 3970: 3968: 3960: 3955: 3949:, p. 71. 3948: 3943: 3937:, p. 36. 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3901:, p. 20. 3900: 3895: 3889:, p. 63. 3888: 3883: 3877:, p. 27. 3876: 3871: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3849: 3844: 3837: 3832: 3826:, p. 87. 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3758:, p. 25. 3757: 3752: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3694: 3689: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3665: 3659:, p. 42. 3658: 3653: 3647:, p. 41. 3646: 3641: 3634: 3629: 3622: 3617: 3610: 3605: 3598: 3593: 3586: 3585:Bosworth 1968 3581: 3574: 3569: 3563:, p. 90. 3562: 3557: 3551:, p. 24. 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3496:, p. 68. 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3400:, p. 89. 3399: 3394: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3343: 3337:, p. 94. 3336: 3331: 3325:, p. 22. 3324: 3319: 3312: 3311:Bosworth 1968 3307: 3300: 3295: 3293: 3285: 3280: 3274:, p. 21. 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3231:Bosworth 1968 3227: 3225: 3223: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3161: 3156: 3150:, p. 59. 3149: 3144: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3123:, p. 95. 3122: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3099:, p. 27. 3098: 3093: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3063: 3057: 3048: 3044: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3029: 3018: 3016: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2991:Nāgarī script 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2885: 2884: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2844: 2843:Sohawa Tehsil 2840: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:Rajput forces 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2759:Muhammad Aufi 2756: 2755: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2678: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2356: 2350:Assassination 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2140:, instead of 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2076: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2019:river Murgabh 2016: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1852:Ganges Valley 1849: 1841: 1840:Mohammed Sam 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1789: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1579:siege engines 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456:Sea coast of 1455: 1451: 1446: 1445:Khusrau Malik 1442: 1438: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1258:) of jewels. 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1218:Ghurid Empire 1213: 1205: 1203: 1191: 1189: 1176: 1174: 1161: 1159: 1148: 1146: 1135: 1133: 1121: 1119: 1110: 1108: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1077: 1076: 1062: 1060: 1047: 1045: 1036: 1034: 1023: 1014: 1012: 1002: 1000: 990: 988: 979: 970: 961: 952: 941: 939: 930: 928: 917: 915: 906: 904: 893: 891: 882: 880: 870: 868: 857: 855: 842: 839: 828: 826: 815: 813: 785: 772: 762: 760: 756: 752: 747: 745: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 696: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 674: 670: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 643: 641: 637: 633: 629: 624: 622: 618: 614: 609: 599: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 577: 573: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 477:Ghurid Empire 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 418: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 357:and captured 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 331:Ghurid Empire 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 302:based in the 301: 297: 293: 281: 275: 266: 262: 254: 251: 247: 244: 241: 237: 234: 231: 229: 225: 220: 216: 212: 208: 200:15 March 1206 199: 195: 191: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 152: 148: 146: 142: 140: 136: 134: 130: 128: 124: 122: 118: 116: 112: 110: 106: 104: 100: 99: 97: 93: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 58: 53: 50: 45: 41: 38: 35: 32: 31: 27: 22: 19: 6190:Slave owners 5997: 5941: 5806: 5782: 5761: 5747: 5726: 5705: 5683: 5659: 5635: 5611: 5590: 5569: 5544: 5520: 5509: 5487: 5473: 5449: 5428: 5404: 5380: 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UNESCO. 5269:3 December 5242:Kumar 2002 5230:Flood 2009 5218:Kumar 2002 5206:Kumar 2002 5194:Flood 2009 5182:Eaton 2000 5170:Flood 2009 5158:Flood 2009 5133:Asia Times 5108:. Pakistan 4911:Habib 1981 4887:Habib 1981 4776:Kumar 2006 4764:Kumar 2006 4752:Kumar 2006 4740:Kumar 2006 4704:Habib 1992 4584:Habib 1981 4545:Habib 1981 4521:Saran 2001 4506:Habib 1981 4494:Habib 1981 4412:Saran 2001 4388:Biran 2005 4364:Biran 2005 4352:Habib 1981 4316:Habib 1981 4304:Habib 1992 4275:Habib 1981 4263:Biran 2005 4239:Habib 1992 4224:Habib 1992 4212:Habib 1992 4188:Habib 1992 4146:Habib 1981 4119:Habib 1981 4104:Habib 1981 4092:Habib 1992 4080:Saran 2001 4044:Hooja 2006 3959:Saran 2001 3911:Habib 1981 3899:Kumar 2002 3860:Kumar 2002 3812:Eaton 2000 3800:Singh 1964 3669:Habib 1981 3573:Habib 1981 3482:Hooja 2006 3446:Hooja 2006 3398:Flood 2009 3384:0226742210 3359:Flood 2009 3347:Flood 2009 3335:Flood 2009 3243:Habib 1981 3202:Habib 1981 3190:Habib 1981 3136:Habib 1981 3121:Flood 2009 3072:References 3003:Nandi Bull 2960:Karramiyya 2916:Gahadavala 2874:Ghauri-III 2791:Illtutmish 2707:Bangladesh 2652:Illtutmish 2471:Succession 2396:, 1260 CE. 2344:manumitted 2237:Uzbekistan 2204:Final days 1863:Gahadavala 1848:Delhi doab 1827:bhadrapada 1788:in south. 1752:after the 1412:, and the 1364:temple in 1267:Qarmatians 1070:KALACHURIS 1055:KALACHURIS 1031:KACHCHAPA- 903:GHAZNAVIDS 890:CHAHAMANAS 879:CHAULUKYAS 823:KARAKHANID 810:South Asia 744:Qutb Minar 613:Gharjistan 561:Early life 512:Salt Range 497:Oxus River 481:at Andkhud 395:Ghaznavids 355:Gomal Pass 324:South Asia 6103:1200-1204 6089:1200-1204 5882:Amir Suri 5810:. BRILL. 5548:. Brill. 5345:5 January 5336:"GHURIDS" 4899:Khan 2008 4833:. Wiley. 4716:Khan 2008 4623:Khan 2008 4611:Wink 1991 4068:Khan 2008 3923:Khan 2008 3771:Wink 1991 3744:Wink 1991 3729:Wink 1991 3621:Khan 2008 3609:Khan 2008 3597:Wink 1991 3561:Khan 2008 3470:Wink 1991 3434:Wink 1991 3422:Khan 2008 3299:Wink 1991 3175:Wink 1991 3085:Khan 2008 3033:Manav Vij 2956:Caliphate 2912:Chahamana 2870:Ghauri-II 2825:Memorials 2703:Lakhnauti 2568:Iltutmish 2336:Iltutmish 2322:Iltutmish 2231:besieged 2190:Samarkand 2178:elephants 2128:captured 1951:Anhilwara 1930:In 1197, 1901:Rajasthan 1782:Rajasthan 1410:Kirtipala 1384:, by the 1378:Mount Abu 1372:south of 1346:Anhilwara 1342:Anhilwara 1202:SULTANATE 1118:KAMARUPAS 1107:NAGVANSIS 1058:(TRIPURI) 1044:CHANDELAS 938:KAKATIYAS 927:CHALUKYAS 914:PARAMARAS 437:at Tarain 430:Chahamana 387:Chaulukya 365:from the 274:romanized 119:Bamiyan: 95:Successor 44:Alexander 6085:Nishapur 5804:(1991). 5759:(1959). 5703:(2019). 5693:31870180 5633:(1992). 5567:(eds.). 5542:(2000). 5507:(1981). 5497:31870180 5471:(1957). 5426:(2000). 5402:(2007). 5378:(2006). 5263:Archived 5014:Ray 2019 4968:(2004). 4930:(2004). 4251:Ray 2019 4032:Ray 2019 3705:Lal 1992 3693:Lal 1992 3681:Roy 2004 3657:Ray 2019 3645:Roy 2004 3633:Lal 1992 3506:Lal 1992 3097:Lal 1992 2995:Sanskrit 2979:Sanskrit 2866:Ghauri-I 2817:forces. 2806:Khurasan 2664:— 2636:endogamy 2625:Khurasan 2602:for his 2478:Fīrūzkūh 2391:— 2376:Ismāʿīlī 2330:Khokhars 2310:Khokhars 2306:Khokhars 2299:Musalman 2295:Khokhars 2225:Khurasan 2154:Firuzkuh 2106:Nishapur 2086:Nishapur 2041:outside 2039:Khurasan 1988:Khurasan 1971:Khurasan 1943:Bhima II 1940:defeated 1934:invaded 1875:Varanasi 1695:Hariraja 1624:Ferishta 1564:Thanesar 1543:Bathinda 1519:and the 1490:Firuzkuh 1437:Peshawar 1352:(around 1315:Firishta 1236:Firuzkuh 1097:KARNATAS 999:HOYSALAS 987:KADAMBAS 732:Khurasan 678:Firuzkuh 589:Khurasan 508:Khokhars 493:Khurasan 469:Firozkoh 441:Khurasan 391:Mularaja 316:Firozkoh 249:Religion 137:Multan: 131:Bengal: 125:Bayana: 113:Ghazni: 6099:Sarakhs 6034:Bamiyan 5143:28 July 5112:28 July 5085:28 July 3011:Rajputs 2987:Lakshmi 2968:Shafi'i 2940:Islamic 2856:Dhamiak 2839:Dhamiak 2763:khuṭbah 2743:in the 2694:Islamic 2686:dyarchy 2592:Qabacha 2533:khuṭbah 2450:Dhamiak 2364:Dhamiak 2275:Khokhar 2233:Tirmidh 2182:Juzjani 2138:Gurganj 2000:Bamiyan 1936:Gujarat 1917:Parihar 1913:Gwalior 1883:Sarnath 1869:in the 1832:Reverse 1814:Obverse 1689:as his 1648:Rajputs 1632:Ghurids 1606:in 1192 1568:Haryana 1494:Ghurids 1466:Sialkot 1462:Soomras 1454:Arabian 1452:on the 1386:Solanki 1338:Gujarat 1252:Juzjani 1228:dyarchy 1188:EMIRATE 1130:EASTERN 1021:GUHILAS 977:PANDYAS 925:WESTERN 825:KHANATE 812:1175 CE 708:Seljuks 704:Pushang 673:Qandhar 645:Later, 640:Bamiyan 596:Juzjani 535:Ghurids 531:Ismāīlī 475:of the 375:Gujarat 312:dyarchy 276:: 265:Persian 149:Sindh: 143:Herat: 5982:Ghazni 5814: 5790: 5769: 5734: 5713: 5691: 5667: 5643: 5619: 5598: 5577: 5552: 5528: 5495: 5457: 5436: 5412: 5388: 5364: 5323: 5299: 4978: 4940: 4871:924890 4869: 4837: 4798: 4687: 4648: 4015: 3984: 3381: 2975:Bengal 2964:Hanafi 2944:Arabic 2733:Persia 2699:Gorgan 2672:Legacy 2608:Ghurid 2600:Sanjar 2596:Kerman 2588:slaves 2572:Tarain 2454:Vizier 2430:dagger 2419:castle 2417:whose 2415:Alamut 2372:Punjab 2368:Sohawa 2326:Jhelum 2318:Jhelum 2314:Chenab 2308:. The 2291:Lahore 2287:Lahore 2098:Gorgan 2051:Persia 2047:Tekesh 1947:Sirohi 1925:Bayana 1921:Sultan 1915:whose 1879:Kanauj 1860:Rajput 1823:samvat 1818:Nagari 1809:Samvat 1801:Bengal 1786:Ujjain 1772:up to 1766:Yildiz 1723:Tarain 1703:Ghurid 1683:Kohram 1679:Samana 1620:Afghan 1616:Khalji 1612:Ghurid 1560:Tarain 1478:Lahore 1470:Lahore 1441:Lahore 1408:ruler 1396:ruler 1388:ruler 1374:Marwar 1366:Kiradu 1354:Marwar 1326:Punjab 1299:Jhelum 1295:Chenab 1275:Multan 1200:MAKRAN 1186:SOOMRA 1158:MARYUL 1132:GANGAS 1033:GHATAS 968:CHERAS 959:CHOLAS 948:SHILA- 867:KUMAON 854:EMPIRE 852:GHURID 716:Sistan 690:Ghuzzs 664:Sistan 660:maliks 527:Damyak 473:Sultan 458:Bengal 432:ruler 407:Punjab 359:Multan 339:Ghazni 239:Father 219:Ghazni 214:Burial 207:Damyak 63:Ghazni 4451:Minor 3039:Notes 2999:Delhi 2983:Hindu 2948:qalma 2918:model 2881:Coins 2767:Assam 2757:, by 2711:Sindh 2604:Iqṭāʿ 2564:Delhi 2552:Delhi 2366:near 2279:Indus 2229:Balkh 2194:Balkh 2142:Herat 2122:Herat 2114:Herat 2069:Later 2043:Herat 2031:Herat 2023:Herat 2004:Herat 1865:king 1825:1262 1719:Ajmer 1715:Delhi 1707:Ajmer 1675:Hansi 1671:Sirsa 1664:Ajmer 1660:Sirsa 1636:Isami 1555:Tulak 1539:Sindh 1458:Sindh 1450:Debal 1417:into 1402:Nadol 1362:Shiva 1350:Nadol 1330:Indus 1283:Sunni 1244:Hindu 1171:LOHA- 1086:SENAS 950:HARAS 751:Islam 738:Title 728:Herat 724:Balkh 700:Herat 669:Oghuz 656:Herat 652:Balkh 566:Birth 523:Indus 505:Hindu 462:Bihar 389:king 371:Sindh 351:Indus 228:House 172:Reign 160:Reign 5871:Ghur 5812:ISBN 5788:ISBN 5767:ISBN 5732:ISBN 5711:ISBN 5689:OCLC 5665:ISBN 5641:ISBN 5617:ISBN 5596:ISBN 5575:ISBN 5550:ISBN 5526:ISBN 5493:OCLC 5455:ISBN 5434:ISBN 5410:ISBN 5386:ISBN 5362:ISBN 5347:2014 5321:ISBN 5297:ISBN 5271:2020 5145:2021 5114:2021 5106:Dawn 5087:2021 4976:ISBN 4949:army 4938:ISBN 4867:OCLC 4846:Sind 4835:ISBN 4796:ISBN 4685:ISBN 4646:ISBN 4013:ISBN 3982:ISBN 3379:ISBN 2966:and 2872:and 2646:and 2598:and 2548:Iran 2515:and 2440:and 2316:and 2273:The 2253:Oxus 2164:and 2130:Merv 2092:and 2090:Merv 2063:Merv 2027:Merv 1992:Ghor 1955:1178 1938:and 1764:and 1744:and 1681:and 1618:and 1505:Qāḍi 1297:and 1256:mann 1145:GUGE 901:LATE 702:and 654:and 572:Ghur 397:and 361:and 197:Died 190:Ghor 187:1144 184:Born 6032:In 5980:In 5869:In 2810:Tus 2785:by 2777:of 2642:to 2570:in 2188:of 2110:Tus 2094:Tus 1945:in 1923:in 1488:in 1340:in 1307:Uch 1291:Uch 1173:RAS 761:). 730:in 714:of 525:at 456:in 363:Uch 322:in 294:or 6121:: 6101:, 6087:, 5338:. 5261:. 5257:. 5131:. 5104:. 5078:. 5006:^ 4984:. 4964:; 4946:. 4926:; 4873:. 4843:. 4603:^ 4564:^ 4513:^ 4338:^ 4323:^ 4282:^ 4231:^ 4168:^ 4153:^ 4126:^ 4111:^ 3990:. 3966:^ 3867:^ 3763:^ 3736:^ 3525:^ 3291:^ 3250:^ 3221:^ 3182:^ 3167:^ 3128:^ 3031:, 3017:. 2868:, 2841:, 2654:. 2574:. 2511:, 2507:, 2503:, 2436:, 2247:, 2200:. 2088:, 2065:. 2010:. 1973:, 1957:. 1927:. 1842:". 1760:, 1677:, 1673:, 1614:, 1523:. 1496:. 1421:. 734:. 623:. 557:. 464:. 417:. 285:c. 283:; 271:, 267:: 6105:) 6097:( 6091:) 6083:( 5854:e 5847:t 5840:v 5820:. 5796:. 5775:. 5740:. 5719:. 5695:. 5673:. 5649:. 5625:. 5604:. 5583:. 5558:. 5534:. 5499:. 5477:. 5463:. 5442:. 5418:. 5394:. 5370:. 5349:. 5329:. 5305:. 5273:. 5147:. 5116:. 5089:. 4804:. 4693:. 4654:. 4021:. 3387:. 2914:/ 1780:( 1269:( 263:( 167:) 46:)

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