Ghurid dynasty - Knowledge

3379: 2784: 1728: 3418: 2908: 2708: 3717: 3654: 7468:, p. 68: "In 1173, Shahabuddin, Muhammad (1173–1206 (also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam) ascended the throne at Ghazni, while his elder brother was ruling at Ghur. Proceeding by way of the Gomal pass, Muizzuddin Muhammad conquered Multan and Uchch. In 1178, he attempted to penetrate into Gujarat by marching across the Rajputana desert. But the Gujarat ruler completely routed him in a battle near Mount Abu, and Muizzuddin Muhammad was lucky in escaping alive. He now realised the necessity of creating a suitable base in the Punjab before venturing upon the conquest of India. Accordingly he launched a campaign against the Ghaznavid possessions in the Punjab. By 1190, Muizzuddin Muhammad had conquered Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot, and was poised fora thrust towards Delhi and the Gangetic doab" 2896: 2877: 2756: 2768: 2741: 2935: 42: 3413: 2729: 3464: 1143: 2923: 2572: 748: 1285: 1301: 1267: 2193: 823: 2199: 2693: 2642: 972: 2662: 2674: 3773: 13354: 13364: 981: 7697:, p. 71: "In 1194, Muizzuddin returned to India. He crossed the Jamuna with 50,000 cavalry and moved towards Kanauj. A hotly contested battle between Muizzuddin and Jaichandra was fought at Chandawar near Kanauj. We are told that Jaichandra had almost carried the day when he was killed by an arrow, and his army was totally defeated. Muizzuddin now moved on to Banaras which was ravaged, a large number of temples there being destroyed" 1292: 1091:

Husayn remained a prisoner for two years, until he was released in return for a heavy ransom to the Seljuqs and was allowed to reclaim his principality in Ghor. However, Sanjar was soon captured and imprisoned by the Ghuzz nomads in 1153, which allowed the Ghurids to expand their polity again. Meanwhile, a rival of Ala al-Din named Husayn ibn Nasir al-Din Muhammad al-Madini had seized

7181:ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn's expansionist policies raised the Ghurids into a power of significance well beyond Ḡūr itself. Latterly, he was able to take advantage of a certain power-vacuum in the eastern Islamic world which had arisen through the decay of the Ghaznavids and the collapse of Saljuq power in Khorasan consequent on Sanjar's defeat and capture by the Ḡozz (q.v.) in 548/1153. 6718:"... there is no evidence for assuming that the inhabitants of Ghūr were originally Pashto-speaking (cf. Dames, in E I1). If we are to believe the Paṭa Khazāna (see below, iii), the legendary Amīr Karōṝ, grandson of Shansab, (8th century) was a Pashto poet, but this for various reasons is very improbable ..." 3378: 1896:

by a coalition of Rajput chiefs, which forced him to change his route for further incursions into India. Afterwards, Muhammad pressed upon the Ghanzavids, whose domain was considerably truncated, though they were still controlling parts of Punjab and Pakistan down to the valley of Kabul which were of

1059:(1149–61), one of the youngest of Sayf's brothers and newly crowned Ghurid king, also set out to avenge the death of his two brothers. He managed to defeat Bahram-Shah, and then had Ghazni sacked; the city burned for seven days and seven nights. He also sacked the Ghaznavid fortresses and palaces of 7920:

Tradition gives him credit for the conquest of Bengal but as a matter of fact he could not subjugate the greater part of Bengal ... All that Bakhtyār can justly take credit for is that by his conquest of Western and a part of Northern Bengal he laid the foundation of the Muslim State in Bengal. The

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And then, in 1193, Qutb-ud-din Aibek, the military commander of Muhammad of Ghor's army, marched towards Varanasi, where he is said to have destroyed idols in a thousand temples. Sarnath very likely was among the casualties of this invasion, one all too often seen as a Muslim invasion whose primary

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The actual fighting in Khorasan at this time was largely between the Ghurids and Tekeš's brother Solṭānšāh, who had carved out for himself personally a principality in western Khorasan, until in 586/1190. Ḡīāṯ-al–Dīn and Moʿezz-al-Dīn defeated Solṭānšāh near Marv in 588/1192, captured him, and took

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There was a strong Turkic presence among the Ghurids, since Turk slave-soldiers formed the vanguard of the Ghurid armies. There was intense amalgamation between these various ethnic groups: "a notable admixture of Tajik, Persian, Turkish and indigenous Afghan ethnicities therefore characterized the

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The Ghurids adopted the role of defenders of Sunnism. They had cordial relations with the ʿAbbasids in Baghdad, frequently exchanging embassies (Jūzjānī's father took part in one of the last, Jūzjānī, I, p. 361, tr. p. 383). Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was admitted to al-Nāṣer's fotūwa order, and the caliph more

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The Turkish arms penetrated into Bihar and Bengal, through the enterprising efforts of Ikhtiyaruddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji ... he started plundering raids into Bihar and, within four or five years, occupied a large part of it ... Nadia was sacked by the Turks and a few districts of Bengal

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In the winter of A.D. 1194–1195 Shihabuddin once more marched into Hindustan and invaded the doab. Rai Jaichand moved forward to meet him....then description of Chandwar struggle (...) Shihabuddin captured the treasure fort of Asni and then proceeded to Benaras, 'where he converted about thousand

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after his forces defected to the Seljuqs. During the battle, 6000 nomads from Ala al-Din's forces went over to the Seljuk army. Despite relatively smaller size of both armies, the defection of nomads at critical point of the battle eventually decided the issue in favour of the Seljuks. Ala al-Din

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Muhammad placed his faithful Turkic generals, rather than his own Ghurid brethens, in position of authority over local tributary kings, throughout the conquered Indian lands. After the assassination of Muhammad in March 1206, his territories fragmented into smaller Sultanates led by his former

6968:Ḡazna and Bost suffered frightful sackings by ʿAlāʾ-al-Dīn Ḥosayn, in which colleges and libraries were despoiled, and the buildings of previous sultans destroyed (Jūzjānī, pp. 343–345; Čahār maqāla, ed. Qazvīnī, p. 31), earning him the uneviable epithet of Jahānsūz (world incendiary). 7357:, pp. 421, 433–434: "The campigns saw Muhammad in control of Lahore and led to the visions of further conquests in India. An attack was launched on the Rajput kingdoms controlling the watershed and the western Ganges Plain, now beginning to be viewed as the frontier.." 6443:

In 1205, Bakhtīyar Khilji sacked Nudiya, the pre-eminent city of western Bengal and established an Islamic government at Laukhnauti, the capital of the predecessor Sena dynasty. On this occasion, commemorative coins were struck in gold and silver in the name of Muhammad b.

7256:, p. 73:"Muizzuddin led his last campaign into India in 1206 in order to deal with the Khokhar rebellion. He resorted to large-scale slaughter of the Khokhars and cowed them down. On his way back to Ghazni, he was killed by a Muslim fanatic belonging to a rival sect" 2634:

in India, the Turks in the Ghurid realm maintained their ethnical characteristics, continuing to use Turkish as their main language, rather than Persian, and persisting in their rude and bellicose ways as "men of the sword", in opposition to the Persian "men of the pen".

6684:. The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial Industrial, and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures. 3rd ed. Vol. 2. London: Bernard Quaritch, 1885. Web. 29 April 2010. 8495:

At the time that this ewer and the group of long-necked ewers to which it relates were produced, Herat was under the control of the Ghurids, not the Seljuqs, but evidence strongly suggests that these pieces were exported to centers in Seljuq Iran and

6690:"IZ-ud-DIN Husain, the founder of the Ghori dynasty, was a native of Afghanistan. The origin of the house of Ghor has, however, been much discussed, – the prevailing opinion being that both they and their subjects were an Afghan race. " 2707: 860:, but of eastern Persian or Tājīk origin, speaking a distinct Persian dialect of its own, like the rest of the inhabitants of the remote and isolated mountain region of Ghūr and its capital of Fīrūzkūh (in what is now central Afghanistan). 7840:

After the arrival of Islam, the universities such as Nalanda and Vikramshila were no longer existent. The destruction of Nalanda by Bakhtiyar Khalji was the last nail in this pre-Islamic Indic university, which had survived three major

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In 1201 Ghurid troops entered Khurasan and captured Nishapur, Merv, Sarakhs and Tus, reaching as far as Gurgan and Bistam. Kuhistan, a stronghold of the Ismailis, was plundered and all Khurasan was brought temporarily under Ghurid

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over his territories (Jūzjānī, I, 303–304, tr. I, pp. 246–247). When Tekeš died in 596/1200 (Ebn al-Aṯīr, Beirut, XII, pp. 156–158), Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn was able to take over most of the towns of Khorasan as far west as Besṭām in Qūmes.

1162:(later known as "Shihabuddin Ghuri"), killed a rival Ghurid chief named Abu'l Abbas. Ghiyath then defeated his uncle Fakhr al-Din Masud who claimed the Ghurid throne and had allied with the Seljuq governor of Herat and Balkh. 2945:

The practice of inlaying "required relatively few tools" and the technique spread westward, perhaps by Khurasani artisans moving to other cities. By the turn of the 13th century, the silver-inlaid-brass technique had reached

7559:"The first battle of Tarain was won by the Rajput confederacy led by Prithviraj Chauhan of Ajmer. But when Muhammad of Ghur returned the following year with 10,000 archers on horseback he vanquished Prithviraj and his army 2615:(died 1325), the Indians learned Persian because of the influence of the "Ghurids and Turks." The notion of Persian kingship served as the basis for the imperial formation, political and cultural unity of the Ghurids. 2838:, is marked with a poem in Persian which specifically records its manufacture in Herat in 1181–1182, and permits the attribution and dating of this group of ewers to 1180–1200 in Herat, at the time of Ghurid rule. 3716: 1049:. In revenge, Sayf marched towards Ghazni and defeated Bahram-Shah. However, one year later, Bahram returned and scored a decisive victory against Sayf, who was shortly captured and crucified at Pul-i Yak Taq. 1095:, but was murdered at the right moment when Ala al-Din returned to reclaim his ancestral domain. Ala al-Din spent the rest of his reign expanding the domains of his kingdom; he managed to conquer Garchistan, 2842:

My ewer is the most beautiful ewer of all time. Who in this world has anything like this today? Everyone who has seen it has said it is very beautiful. No one has seen its equal, for it is unparalleled

2856:. Who else could product anything like it (in the world)? Although the seven stars the Planets of the celestial sphere lift their heads high, May they look favorably upon him who produces such a ewer 6752:

The dynamics of north Indian politics changed dramatically, however, when the Ghurids, a dynasty of Tajik (eastern Iranian), origin arrived from central Afghanistan towards the end of twelfth century

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Mercy be on him who makes such a ewer. May he be given silver and gold for making it. May good fortune come to him and caress him in friendship. May affliction be removed and given to his enemies

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Ewer in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, Herat, dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). Brass; raised, repousse, engraved, inlaid with copper and silver.

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Look at the ewer that is praised by everyone. It would be worthy of service to an honored person like you Every eye that sees it opens wide. And says that nothing could be better than this

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states: "Nor do we know anything about the ethnic stock of the Ḡūrīs in general and the Šansabānīs in particular; we can only assume that they were eastern Iranian Tajiks".

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Look at the ewer from which spirit is born. It is the water of life that flows from it. Any stream that comes from it into the hand. Creates a new pleasure every moment

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In the west, Ḡīāṯ-al-Dīn, often in concert with his brother, extended his suzerainty over the maleks of Nīmrūz or Sīstān and even over the Kermān branch of the Saljuqs.

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Obverse: horseman to left holding a mace, margin with date in Nagari Samvat 1262 Bhadrapada . Reverse : legend in Nagari śrīmat mahamada sāmaḥ . Issued in AD 1204

3699: 506: 492: 478: 464: 439: 425: 411: 397: 8422: 8236:, Z. Safa, The Cambridge history of Iran: The Timurid and Safavid periods, Vol. 6, Ed. Peter Jackson and Laurence Lockhart,(Cambridge University Press, 1986), 951; " 7960:(Malda, Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Birbhum) were occupied by them ... Bathtiyar Khalji could not retain his hold over Nadia and made Lakhnauti or Gaur as his capital. 2767: 2755: 2740: 913:

left for Ghoristan and sent his learned companion with two people from Ghor as interpreters between this person and the people of that region." However, like the

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A series of remarkable ewers is attributed to this Herat school of metalwork at the time of Ghurid rule, during the 1180–1200 period. One of them, now in the

4113: 9432: 1158:, who was the son of Baha al-Din Sam I, and proved himself to be a capable king. Right after Ghiyath's ascension, he, with the aid of his loyal brother 13015: 11868: 8421:

Raby, Julian (2012). "The Principle of Parsimony and the Problem of the 'Mosul School of Metalwork'". In Porter, Venetia; Rosser-Owen, Mariam (eds.).

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After the death of his brother Ghiyath on 13 March 1203, Muhammad became the successor of his empire and ruled until his assassination in 1206 near

41: 12535: 12526: 12270: 11782: 9688: 6658: 11767: 9143: 8651: 8624: 1712: 872:) forged a fictive genealogy which connected the Ghurids with the Iranian past. They traced the Ghurid family back to the mythical Arab tyrant 1029:

for about 150 years. Beginning in the mid-12th century, Ghor expressed its independence from the Ghaznavid Empire. The early Ghurids followed

2472:. Notwithstanding, Muhammad within a year or so raised a vast army and build bridge across the Oxus to launch a full-scale invasion of 12058: 8974: 6245: 2996: 2641: 613:. However, during the early twelfth century the long-standing rivalry between the Seljuks and Ghaznavids created a power vacuum in eastern 2153:

Sultanate in 1227. Between 1206 and 1228 the various Turkic rulers and their successors rivaled for preeminence until the Sultan of Delhi

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of Afghanistan, established by the Ghurids and finished in 1174/75 CE. Inscription on the Minaret, showing the name and titles of Sultan

2192: 1284: 12204: 11720: 10781: 2531:. Though the Ghūrids' empire was short-lived, Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's conquests strengthened the foundations of Muslim rule in India. 10999: 9133: 1053:, another brother of Sayf, set out to avenge the death of his two brothers, but died of natural causes before he could reach Ghazni. 6467: 2895: 2054:. The Ghurids toppled local dynasties and destroyed Hindu temples during their advance across northern India, in place constructing 2413: 11755: 9870: 9118: 6643:"In the time of Sultan Mahmud it was held, as has been observed, by a prince whom Ferishta calls Mohammed Soory (or Sur) Afghan." 1995:(Kashi) was taken and razed, and "idols in a thousand temples" were destroyed. It is generally thought that the Buddhist city of 1229:

by the Ghurids, who captured his territories. The Ghurids then took control of all Khorasan following the death of his successor

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which established the Persian language as the official court language of the region – a status it retained until the late

2661: 13393: 12726: 12556: 12501: 12370: 12236: 11134: 9148: 8894: 8873: 8757: 8682: 8557: 8435: 8398: 8366: 8327: 8261: 8238:...Ghurids and Ghurid mamluks, all of whom established centres in India where poets and writers received ample encouragement. 8218: 8147: 8120: 8074: 7944: 7890: 7864: 7833: 7782: 7752: 7721: 7679: 7621: 7594: 7552: 7336: 7309: 7111: 7081: 6912: 6885: 6846: 6819: 6745: 6615: 6588: 6436: 6381: 6355: 6316: 2922: 11888: 11878: 1968:. The newly conquered territories were then put under the governorship of Qutb ud-Din Aibak, who was now Viceroy in Delhi. 1948:. Nevertheless, Muhammad returned a year later with an army of Turkish mounted archers and routed the Rajput forces in the 1261: 665: 161: 156: 13086: 13036: 12762: 12296: 11056: 9681: 9249: 7973: 625:

ended the Ghurid subordination to the Ghaznavids, ruthlessly sacking their capital, although he was soon defeated by the

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than once urged the Ghurids to halt the advance into western Persia of the Ḵᵛārazmšāhs (Jūzjānī, I, 302, tr. I, p. 243).

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and made it their capital, at the same time, the minor branches of the family who were the offshoot of concubinage with

12311: 12300: 12245: 12193: 12048: 11851: 11051: 10052: 9244: 9153: 9123: 8918: 8778: 8706: 8533: 6505:, Vol. 6, (1968), 35;;"Like the Ghaznavids whom they supplanted, the Ghurids had their court poets, and these wrote in 2165:, which in total had five dynasties and would rule most of India for more than three centuries until the advent of the 1177:

from the Seljuks, and the city became one of their main power bases and centers of cultural development, together with

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After the death of Muhammad Ghori in 1206, a confused struggle then ensued among the remaining Ghūrid leaders and the

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The Shansabānī dynasty superseded the Ghaznavids in the second half of the twelfth century. This dynasty was not of

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purpose was iconoclasm. It was of course, like any premodern military invasion, intended to acquire land and wealth

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during the Ghurid period, following the conquest of the Seljuk city by the Ghurids in 1175. In the Islamic world,

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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries

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in 1215, completing the takeover of the western part of the Ghūrid empire. The Ghurid capital was transferred to

2256: 2085:, greatly contributing to the decline of pre-Islamic Indic scholarship. In Bengal, he sacked the ancient city of 67: 2692: 864:

When the Ghurids started to distinguish themselves through their conquests, courtiers and genealogists (such as

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after he stopped paying tribute to them. The Seljuk imperial power, however, was itself swept away in eastern

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in particular had already gained a reputation for its high-quality inlaid metalwork, with works such as the

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into western Persia. Their conquests in India were also presented as a battle between the armies of Islam (

2460:(1204), fought near the river Oxus, the Ghurid troops were completely routed by the combined forces of the 1987:, who was killed in action. After the battle, Muhammad continued his advance to the east, with his general 1897:

strategic importance in the pathway to northern India. Thus by the turn of next decade, Muhammad conquered

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The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries

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The Later Ghaznavids ; Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040–1186

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and instead marched an army from Firozkoh but was defeated and captured at Nab in the Harīrūd Valley by

652:, the Ghurid empire reached its greatest territorial extent, holding encompassed territory from eastern 13190: 12651: 12516: 11984: 11762: 11660: 10311: 9447: 9181: 8668: 8645: 8618: 8581: 8008:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 201. 2887: 2804: 2012: 7220:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 44. 6655: 2607:. However, most of the literature produced during the Ghurid era has been lost. They also transferred 2484:

in large number. On his way back, Muhammad of Ghor was assassinated near the Indus on March 15, 1206.

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was also ravaged at that time. In 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak vanquished Sulakshanapala, the ruler of the

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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent

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Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent

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The Coins of the Indian Sultanates: Covering the Area of Present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh

2819:, consisting of patterned silver inlays in a brass background, was first developed in the region of 2571: 1746:

On the eve of the Ghurid invasion of the subcontinent, northern India was ruled by many independent

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At this juncture Sultan Ghiyasuddin Ghuri died at Herat on 27 Jamadi I.A H 599 (13 March A.D 1203)

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but this is generally rejected by modern scholarship. Most scholars state that the dynasty was of

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historians of the 13th century never attributed the conquest of the whole of Bengal to Bakhtyār.

6666: 6567:, Vol.4, Part 1, ed. M.S. Asimov and C.E. Bosworth, (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1999), 178. 2468:. The defeat at Andkhud was a watershed for the Ghurids who lost their control over most of the 795: 13326: 12965: 12706: 12661: 12385: 12347: 12075: 11831: 11071: 10831: 9856: 9791: 9634: 9627: 9551: 9527: 9480: 9427: 9103: 9098: 9088: 9073: 8995: 8987: 8036: 6927: 6763: 6735: 6711: 6270: 6240: 2631: 2433:

and was succeeded by Muhammad of Ghor as the sole ruler of the vast Ghurid Empire. Soon after,

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There is nothing to confirm the recent conclusion that the inhabitants of Ghor were originally

599: 116: 96: 8839: 8388: 8356: 8208: 8110: 7880: 7299: 7071: 6685: 6634: 6426: 6371: 6306: 12614: 12566: 12541: 12261: 12009: 11787: 11705: 11322: 11279: 10906: 10881: 10791: 10422: 10256: 9598: 9583: 9507: 9502: 9353: 9128: 8547: 8317: 8251: 8064: 8002:(1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 7934: 7854: 7742: 7711: 7101: 6836: 6809: 6605: 6578: 6345: 5805: 3480: 2713: 1628: 1553: 1038: 910: 900: 7823: 7772: 7669: 7611: 7584: 6902: 929:, and promoted these in their courts as their own. Modern-day authors refer to them as the " 13165: 13067: 12960: 12900: 12875: 12854: 12834: 12807: 12609: 12551: 12446: 12209: 12174: 11938: 11120: 10841: 10688: 10223: 10021: 9650: 9578: 9370: 9197: 9083: 6671:"The next conqueror after Mahmud who made a name in India, was Muhammad Ghori, the Afghan." 5733: 4104: 3361: 3098: 2823:

in the 12th century, by silversmiths facing a shortage of silver. By the mid-12th century,

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invasion of the subcontinent (orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205).

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Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation

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In 1173, Muhammad of Ghor after multiple attempts reconquered the city of Ghazni from the

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poisoned a local Ghurid leader, Qutb al-Din Muhammad, who had taken refuge in the city of

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The Ghurids' native language was apparently different from their court language, Persian.

884:("The Book of Kings"), whose family had reportedly settled in Ghur after the Iranian hero 8: 12905: 12594: 12327: 12219: 11818: 11813: 11777: 11710: 11559: 11247: 11081: 11015: 10871: 10296: 10286: 10016: 9941: 9573: 8479: 8458: 6106: 3817: 3805: 3583: 3509: 2604: 2516: 2074: 2062:

temples fuelled the efforts of Muhammad to finance his imperial aspirations in the west.

1976: 1885: 1321: 1083: 728: 700: 677: 416: 270: 145: 8659:

Bosworth, C.E. (2015). "The Ghurids in Khurasan". In Peacock, A.C.S.; Tor, D.G. (eds.).

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In the Mirror of Persian Kings: The Origins of Perso-Islamic Courts and Empires in India

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India on Our Minds: Essays by Tharman Shanmugaratnam and 50 Singaporean Friends of India

575:, and became an Empire from 1175 to 1215. The Ghurids were centered in the hills of the 13269: 13231: 13176: 13171: 13076: 12991: 12631: 12491: 12451: 12291: 12286: 12184: 12169: 11928: 11730: 11551: 11520: 11413: 11170: 11031: 10984: 10851: 10766: 10751: 10708: 10663: 10527: 10316: 10102: 9991: 9951: 9876: 9721: 9655: 9203: 9068: 8570:(1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In 8029: 7538: 7523:. Berkeley · Los Angeles · London: University of California Press. p. Chapter 1–2. 6654:

A short history of India: and of the frontier states of Afghanistan, Nipal, and Burma,

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during the period from 1175 to 1205, just before his death in 1206. His capital was in

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slave girls whom chronicler Juzjani called "Kanizak-i-turki" established themselves in

918: 704: 681: 634: 457: 444: 56: 8174:

Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press 2002

13363: 13279: 13196: 13102: 13092: 13001: 12910: 12895: 12890: 12859: 12849: 12839: 12829: 12816: 12671: 12375: 12189: 12127: 12102: 12082: 12032: 11952: 11800: 11429: 11421: 11346: 11298: 11086: 10195: 10037: 10011: 10006: 9906: 9891: 9781: 9776: 9746: 9726: 9053: 8938: 8914: 8890: 8869: 8845: 8826: 8818: 8795: 8774: 8753: 8741: 8726: 8702: 8678: 8585: 8571: 8553: 8529: 8431: 8394: 8362: 8323: 8257: 8214: 8143: 8116: 8070: 8040: 8009: 7979: 7950: 7940: 7911: 7886: 7860: 7829: 7778: 7748: 7717: 7675: 7617: 7590: 7548: 7448: 7332: 7305: 7273: 7221: 7107: 7077: 6908: 6881: 6842: 6815: 6741: 6611: 6584: 6541: 6432: 6377: 6351: 6312: 5199: 5183: 4597: 4476: 3975: 3323: 3284: 3226: 3185: 3056: 2476: to avenge his defeat. However, he was forced to move towards Punjab to crush a 2457: 2301: 2178: 2130: 2122: 2024: 1988: 1965: 1767: 1377: 1230: 1202: 1056: 1050: 857: 822: 788: 736: 712: 622: 76: 8606: 2563:), and gave them great prestige in the Islamic world as defenders of the orthodoxy. 933:

Ghurids". Wink describes the tongue of the Ghurids as a "distinct Persian dialect".

891:

Additionally, nothing is known of the pre-Islamic religious beliefs of the Ghurids.

13250: 13241: 13151: 13141: 13097: 12937: 12925: 12879: 12824: 12641: 12506: 12337: 12306: 12151: 12132: 11841: 11461: 11076: 11004: 10625: 10512: 10321: 10306: 10155: 10001: 9961: 9916: 9901: 9078: 9018: 8692: 6731: 6052: 5744: 5154: 3789: 3538: 3255: 3076: 2828: 2390: 2198: 2094: 2066: 1810: 1735: 1436: 1412: 1210: 1107:

and other parts of Khurasan. Ala al-Din died in 1161, and was succeeded by his son

1046: 905: 865: 649: 596: 592: 531: 229: 175: 105: 8814: 8139:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

8066:

Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One

7214:(1992). "The Asiatic Environment". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). 13284: 13221: 13156: 13131: 13116: 13055: 12844: 12696: 12586: 12408: 12107: 12043: 11947: 11795: 11697: 11469: 11445: 11381: 11362: 11354: 11330: 11215: 11157: 11066: 11009: 10949: 10939: 10901: 10643: 10336: 10135: 10092: 10074: 9911: 9881: 9786: 9761: 9716: 9023: 8932: 8908: 8884: 8863: 8789: 8768: 8745: 8720: 8716: 8696: 8672: 8185: 8137: 8003: 7882:

Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

7542: 7442: 7326: 7215: 7174: 7154: 7128: 6959: 6869: 6715:(CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0 ed.). Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. 6662: 6474: 6428:

Turkish History and Culture in India: Identity, Art and Transregional Connections

4228: 3127: 2619: 2592: 2379: 2162: 1945: 1755: 1476: 1018: 937: 926: 732: 680:, while in the west under Ghiyath al-Din, engaging in a protracted duel with the 565: 485: 7193: 6607:

Central Asia and the Silk Road: Economic Rise and Decline over Several Millennia

2453: 583:, where they initially started out as local chiefs. They gradually converted to 13126: 12646: 12471: 11959: 11923: 11586: 11437: 11263: 11026: 10989: 10811: 10746: 10620: 10472: 10457: 10427: 10190: 10185: 10180: 10145: 9996: 9986: 9731: 9563: 9492: 9058: 8543: 8112:

The Islamic World in Ascendancy: From the Arab Conquests to the Siege of Vienna

8060: 7640: 7211: 6681: 5373: 3567: 2951: 2600: 2576: 2234: 2106: 1953: 1893: 1799: 1684: 1669: 1520: 1497: 1365: 1127: 1060: 1026: 990: 971: 930: 922: 869: 853: 784: 768: 312: 8387:

Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (2016).

8358:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

8210:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter

7301:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

7103:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter

7073:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval 'Hindu-Muslim' Encounter

6904:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6811:

Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter

6704: 2081:. In Bihar, he is said to have destroyed Buddhist centers of learning such as 13382: 13357: 13261: 13246: 13216: 13161: 13041: 12996: 12945: 12915: 11618: 11512: 11477: 11199: 11021: 10974: 10866: 10698: 10683: 10615: 10374: 10140: 10112: 10097: 10057: 9956: 9811: 9796: 9751: 9296: 9048: 9013: 8859: 8830: 8633: 8602: 7954: 7534: 6948:ūid period, but the significance of this work has not yet been evaluated ..." 3204: 2630:

Shansabanis". At least until the end of the 13th century when they ruled the

2623: 2442: 2352: 2283: 2245: 2166: 2070: 2051: 1718: 1467: 1458: 1249: 1122:

During the reign of Ala ad-Din, the Ghurids firmly established themselves at

994: 941: 827: 610: 8904: 8013: 7225: 6865: 6279:. Oxford University Press, Digital South Asia Library. p. 147, Map "g". 1011:

and ancestor of the medieval Ghurid rulers. His rule was legitimized by the

839: 13289: 13274: 13226: 13135: 12680: 12546: 11969: 11918: 11626: 11610: 11594: 11536: 10944: 10911: 10891: 10796: 10703: 10658: 10635: 10552: 10447: 10364: 10354: 10246: 9981: 9976: 9966: 9926: 9866: 9831: 9756: 9033: 8799: 7999: 7915: 7644: 7452: 2940:

High-spouted brass ewer, from Herat in the Ghurid period (dated 1180–1200).

2612: 2370: 2361: 2341: 2008: 1972: 1795: 1584: 1214: 1087: 1072: 945: 903:, the famous historian of the Ghaznavid era, wrote on page 117 in his book 772: 669: 621:

which the Ghurids took advantage of and began their territorial expansion.

568: 9666: 6487:

The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-volume set

1201:

Afterwards, Muhammad assisted his brother Ghiyath in his contest with the

13367: 13331: 13082: 12767: 12690: 12521: 11036: 10969: 10921: 10886: 10861: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10806: 10801: 10756: 10736: 10728: 10557: 10542: 10492: 10482: 10437: 10394: 10170: 10165: 10130: 9931: 9886: 9826: 9593: 9163: 9028: 8983: 6940:

to-speaking the Paṭa Khazāna "Treasury of secrets", claims to include Pa

6796:

The Last Hindu Emperor: Prithviraj Chauhan and the Indian Past, 1200–2000

2699: 2528: 2512: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2332: 2265: 2090: 1984: 1877: 1850: 1838: 1830: 1783: 1771: 1335: 1218: 1206: 1186: 1182: 1166: 1147: 1112: 1096: 1076: 831: 708: 693: 614: 584: 580: 260: 191: 136: 2787:

Ewer inscribed in the name of Mahmud b. Muhammad al-Harawi Khurasan, at

12721: 12112: 11634: 11602: 11528: 11496: 11306: 10916: 10741: 10673: 10668: 10595: 10577: 10537: 10522: 10502: 10467: 10452: 10414: 10404: 10389: 10379: 10346: 10233: 10160: 9936: 9836: 9766: 9321: 9316: 8952: 8928: 6580:

The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume One: The Imperial Experience

2089:

in central Bengal, and established an Islamic government in the former

1861: 1834: 1399: 1170: 1100: 1022: 606: 561: 499: 402: 10120: 8577:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol Periods

2441:, although Muhammad drove him back and further besieged their capital 11847:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

11567: 11544: 11338: 11271: 11239: 10836: 10786: 10718: 10653: 10600: 10590: 10562: 10497: 10442: 10432: 10369: 10359: 10205: 10082: 10042: 9971: 9821: 9331: 8752:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 242–250. 8005:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

7325:

Goron, Stan; Goenka, J. P.; Robinson (numismatist.), Michael (2001).

7217:

A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)

6633:. The History of India. Vol. 1. J. Murray, 1841. Web. 29 April 2010. 3858: 3026: 2648: 2154: 2036: 2032: 1889: 1447: 1221:

in 1153, which left the region at the hands of the Turkmen. In 1181,

879: 588: 2437:

besieged and captured some of the strongholds of the Ghurids around

1956:, son of Prithviraj Chauhan, submitted to the Ghurids the region of 1738:(1204–1206 CE). Struck in the name of Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad, dated 980: 723:. The dynasty became extinguished all together within a decade when 12757: 12097: 11979: 11231: 10896: 10876: 10477: 10301: 10215: 10150: 9921: 9608: 9341: 9326: 9301: 7975:

India and the Afghans: A study of a neglected region, 1370–1576 A.D

7939:. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Sterling Publishers. pp. 81–82. 7791: 2820: 2544: 2469: 2028: 1925: 1902: 1826: 1790:, further in the east of Ganges Plain there were other independent 1234: 1178: 1123: 1092: 1030: 914: 885: 780: 775:

origin. Many Ghurid princes married into local ethnicities such as

767:, favoured the idea that the Ghurid dynasty was related to today's 720: 249: 208: 179: 16:

Late 8th-century–1215 Iranian dynasty from Ghor, modern Afghanistan

7324: 6325: 2791:, and dated A.H. Sha'ban 577 (December 10, 1181–January 7, 1182). 2058:

on the same sites. The revenue and booty gained after sacking the

703:

and soon after the Ghurids suffered a crushing defeat against the

13300: 11223: 10776: 10771: 10713: 10648: 10532: 10517: 10384: 10261: 10251: 10200: 9806: 9392: 9311: 2683: 2580: 2548: 2540: 2477: 2292: 2225: 2205: 2082: 2016: 2004: 1996: 1992: 1906: 1873: 1822: 1775: 1131: 1104: 1021:. Before the mid-12th century, the Ghurids had been bound to the 1012: 661: 641: 626: 274: 87: 47: 13106: 12426: 11255: 10678: 10610: 10241: 10175: 10087: 9801: 9346: 9336: 9306: 7533: 6978: 6976: 2652: 2504: 2401: 2142: 2126: 2118: 2110: 2102: 2086: 2078: 2055: 1937: 1914: 1910: 1881: 1865: 1846: 1842: 1814: 1803: 1787: 1747: 1739: 1731: 1656: 1245: 1238: 1190: 1042: 1015: 873: 776: 756: 731:

nevertheless survived for several centuries under the evolving

685: 673: 618: 216: 195: 187: 11112: 8270: 6705:

M. Longworth Dames; G. Morgenstierne; R. Ghirshman (1999). "AF

1825:, governed the western part of the empire from his capital at 803:

further points out that the actual name of the Ghurid family,

699:

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad died in 1203 of illness caused due to

11964: 10507: 10399: 10326: 10276: 10125: 9771: 9402: 7744:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

7713:

Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began

7095: 7093: 6932:"... There is nothing to confirm the recent surmise that the 6499:

The Development of Persian Culture under the Early Ghaznavids

2947: 2853: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2788: 2584: 2508: 2496: 2274: 2150: 2134: 2059: 2043: 2020: 1961: 1957: 1929: 1898: 1791: 1763: 1759: 1213:. Seljuk power in Khorasan had collapsed since the defeat of 1205:, who were at times supported by their "pagan" suzerains the 1174: 1116: 719:

soon after in March 1206 which ended the Ghurid influence in

657: 212: 127: 8750:

Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of

7650:

Politics And Society During The Early Medieval Period Vol. 2

6973: 6577:

Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (2020).

595:

in 1011. The Ghurids eventually overran the Ghaznavids when

11744: 11207: 11143: 10931: 10693: 9741: 9363: 8725:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 157–165. 8719:(1975). "The Ghaznavids and Ghūrids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). 2955: 2718: 2524: 2500: 2438: 2430: 2042:

In 1202–1203 CE, Qutbu l-Din Aibak, now Ghurid governor of

1643: 1308: 1226: 1008: 689: 653: 630: 576: 572: 183: 8722:

The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Iranian world

8386: 7803: 7272:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 37, 147. 7090: 1880:, where his armies got exhausted in their long march from 1007:

A certain Ghurid prince named Amir Banji was the ruler of

676:

and eventually succeeded in conquering wide swaths of the

571:

origin, which ruled from the 8th-century in the region of

12722:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

7564: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 6519: 6517: 6515: 1869: 1854: 1189:, and extended their suzerainty as far as the Seljuks of 1173:

from there earlier. In 1175, the Ghurids took control of

1082:

In 1152, Ala al-Din Husayn refused to pay tribute to the

791:, thus characterizing them as some of these ethnicities. 7424: 7422: 602:

and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold.

8156: 8083: 7471: 7372: 7235: 7051: 7039: 6409: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 1860:

In 1178, he turned south and again marched through the

8336: 7384: 7029: 7027: 6512: 3816:

Green shaded row signifies Ghurid vassalage under the

8638:

Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6

8611:

Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition, Vol. X, Fasc. 6

7495: 7419: 7360: 6880:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 96. 6288: 6286: 2145:, but was soon assassinated and succeeded by several 1717:

Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the

727:

uprooted the Ghurids in 1215. Their conquests in the

545: 174:

Map of Ghurid territory, before the assassination of

8393:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 155, item 85. 7520:

The Rise of Islam and the Bengal Frontier, 1204–1760

7440: 7012: 7000: 6868:(2010). "The early expansion of Islam in India". In 6540:. Leningrad: University Press, Oxford. p. 110. 6394: 2722:) with remains of Ghurid inscriptions. 1200–1201 CE. 2511:, recognizing Khwarazmian rule on north and central 1971:

In 1194, Muhammad returned to India and crossed the

763:

In the 19th century some European scholars, such as

8910:

The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: c.700–1800 CE

8424:

Metalwork and Material Culture in the Islamic World

7483: 7407: 7024: 6988: 6700: 6698: 2868:, Janashia Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi (19-2008;32). 2448:Alauddin then appealed to his nominal suzerain the 1750:kings, often fighting with each other, such as the 1255: 1181:and Ghazni. They also took control of the areas of 1111:, who died two years later in a battle against the 8808: 8294: 8282: 8028: 7616:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 1–3. 6930:, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: 6776: 6766:, "Ghurids", C.E. Bosworth, Online Edition, 2006: 6283: 2539:The Ghurids positioned themselves as defenders of 2515:. The Ghurids continued their rule on much of the 2073:general of Muhammad of Ghor, swept down the lower 1964:was conquered by Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad's general 917:and Ghaznavids, the Ghurids were great patrons of 8740:Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Asher, Catherine B. (1994). 7910:. Calcutta: G. Bharadwaj & Co. pp. 1–2. 6576: 2778: 1154:Sayf al-Din Muhammad was succeeded by his cousin 811:), is the Arabic pronunciation of the originally 13380: 8837: 8361:. Princeton University Press. pp. 105–106. 7797: 7304:. Princeton University Press. pp. 115–117. 6860: 6858: 6768:"... The Shansabānīs were, like the rest of the 6695: 6449: 11783:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 8250:Patel, Alka (University of California) (2017). 7936:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India 7674:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 2. 2667:The eastern mausoleum of Chisht (built in 1194) 1952:, and executed Prithviraja shortly afterwards. 1909:and annexed the last Ghaznavid principality in 11869:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 11768:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 8474: 8472: 8390:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs 8135: 8026: 7639: 7210: 2799:Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs 2551:, who urged them to repel the advances of the 1196: 1137: 948:, from the Ghurid period are unsubstantiated. 605:The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the 11651:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 11128: 9682: 8968: 8766: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8027:Nafziger, George F.; Walton, Mark W. (2003). 6855: 6730: 2811:An important metalwork school was located in 877: 551: 12727:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 8767:Morgan, David; Stewart, Sarah, eds. (2017). 8104: 8102: 8100: 8098: 7998: 7447:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 131–132. 7265: 6461: 6269: 6246:List of battles involving the Ghurid dynasty 2773:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, naskhi inscription 2761:Ghiyath al-Din mausoleum, kufic inscriptions 2734:Friday Mosque keyhole arch (Ghaznavid style) 2417:The Ghurids and contemporary Asian polities 1809:Northern India and Bengal were conquered by 178:. In the west, Ghurid territory extended to 11837:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 9696: 8739: 8469: 8276: 8213:. Princeton University Press. p. 106. 7076:. Princeton University Press. p. 105. 6583:. Oxford University Press. pp. 92–94. 6538:Ḥudūd al-'Ālam, "The Regions of the World," 6480: 6468:Firuzkuh: the summer capital of the Ghurids 2452:, who dispatched a large contingent led by 370:2,000,000 km (770,000 sq mi) 12343:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 12205:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 11721:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 11135: 11121: 9689: 9675: 8975: 8961: 8806: 8650:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8623:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8407: 8069:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 43–44. 7705: 7703: 7656:idol-temples into house for the Musalmans. 7653:. People's Publishing House. p. 116. 7106:. Princeton University Press. p. 90. 6894: 6814:. Princeton University Press. p. 92. 6570: 6523: 6489:, by Jonathan Bloom, Sheila Blair, p. 108. 6347:An Atlas and Survey of South Asian History 3794: 3783: 3748: 3737: 3727: 3704: 3693: 3675: 3664: 3641: 3630: 3572: 3561: 3543: 3532: 3514: 3503: 3485: 3474: 3439: 3428: 3400: 3389: 3366: 3355: 3328: 3317: 3307: 3289: 3278: 3260: 3249: 3231: 3220: 3190: 3179: 3161: 3150: 3132: 3121: 3103: 3092: 3061: 3050: 3031: 3020: 3001: 2990: 1921:through stratagem after three incursions. 888:had ended Zahhak's thousand-year tyranny. 194:. Eastward, the Ghurids invaded as far as 11852:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 11000:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 8631: 8601: 8451: 8430:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 11–85. 8256:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 19–25. 8095: 7770: 7667: 7609: 7603: 7582: 7501: 6982: 6907:. Princeton University Press. p. 3. 6798:, (Cambridge University Press, 2016), 36. 6772:ūrīs, of eastern Iranian Tājik stock ..." 6554: 6413: 2149:, until Bengal was incorporated into the 1975:with an army of 50,000 horses and at the 1841:, in order to outflank the Ghaznavids in 876:, mentioned in the medieval Persian epic 13399:Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent 11671:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 8982: 8865:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 8658: 8566: 8542: 8234:Persian Literature in the Safavid Period 8162: 8089: 7905: 7852: 7766: 7764: 7635: 7633: 7477: 7241: 7057: 6740:. Oxford University Press. p. 100. 6603: 6565:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6535: 6373:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6308:History of Civilizations of Central Asia 6304: 3804: 3582: 2782: 2570: 1960:, which became a vassal state. In 1193, 1726: 1265: 1252:whom he persecuted during his lifetime. 1141: 1063:. These actions earned him the title of 1045:after having a quarrel with his brother 821: 746: 707:aided by timely reinforcements from the 664:, Muhammad of Ghor and his lieutenants 186:, while Ghurid troops reached as far as 12457:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 10847:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9737:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9174: 9109:Reforms of Amānullāh Khān and civil war 8667: 8311: 8309: 8059: 7825:Political Thought in Indic Civilization 7734: 7700: 7694: 7465: 7253: 6343: 633:with the contemporaneous advent of the 13381: 11995:History of democracy in classical Iran 11102:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 8882: 8858: 8787: 8698:India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 8382: 8380: 8378: 8142:. Har-Anand Publications. p. 29. 8115:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 103. 8108: 7971: 7809: 7570: 7512: 7510: 7428: 7366: 7354: 7293: 7291: 7289: 7018: 7006: 6331: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2339: 2310: 2281: 1603: 1566: 1551: 1540: 1483: 1474: 1465: 1456: 1434: 1421: 1300: 1291: 1071:. The Ghaznavids retook the city with 154: 114: 103: 94: 12793: 12717:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 12502:Iran and the World Trade Organization 12406: 12149: 12030: 11155: 11116: 9670: 8956: 8886:The Ebb and Flow of the Ghūrid Empire 8791:The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty 8691: 8354: 8342: 8315: 8249: 8206: 7932: 7761: 7740: 7709: 7630: 7516: 7401: 7297: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7099: 7069: 6900: 6834: 6807: 6292: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6134: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5959: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5804: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5750: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5650: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5560: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5443: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5198: 5196: 5191: 5189: 5182: 5180: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5103: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5051: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5019: 5017: 5011: 5009: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4985: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4957: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4927: 4925: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4869: 4783: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4005: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3825: 2559:) and the armies of the unbelievers ( 2399: 2330: 2319: 2272: 2263: 2254: 2243: 2203: 2157:prevailed, marking the advent of the 1614: 1594: 1527: 1518: 1507: 1445: 1410: 1375: 143: 134: 125: 45: 11889:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 11879:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 8927: 8903: 8715: 8523: 8420: 8306: 8300: 8288: 8183: 7873: 7853:Koh, Tommy; Singh, Hernaikh (2020). 7828:. Sage Publishing India. p. 6. 7777:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. 7589:. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. 7489: 7413: 7378: 7126: 7120: 7045: 7033: 6994: 6864: 6782: 6455: 2377: 2299: 2290: 2232: 2223: 2212: 2161:. This was the first dynasty of the 1397: 1386: 1306: 1262:Indian campaigns of Muhammad of Ghor 85: 74: 54: 13122:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 12763:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 12737:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 12536:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 12271:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 11057:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 8375: 7821: 7507: 7286: 6350:. Routledge. p. 37, Map 16.2. 3424:Sultan Shahāb-ud-din Muhammad Ghori 2543:. They had good relations with the 2388: 2172: 1696: 1033:before being converted to Islam by 552: 535: 65: 13: 11661:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 11052:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 10053:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8868:. University of California Press. 8674:History of Medieval India:800–1700 7747:. Getty Publications. p. 74. 7716:. Getty Publications. p. 11. 7142: 6952: 6737:Essays on Islam and Indian History 6419: 2591:The Ghurids were great patrons of 2011:. Also in 1196, Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1319: 940:, and claims of the existence of " 845:The New Cambridge History of Islam 587:after the conquest of Ghor by the 579:region in the present-day central 14: 13425: 12732:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 12353:Supreme National Security Council 12179:Persian Constitutional Revolution 11809:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 11716:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 11706:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 10463:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 8508:Metropolitan Museum of Art notice 8186:"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)" 7978:. Janaki Prakashan. p. 148. 7547:. Psychology Press. p. 167. 7129:"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)" 6960:"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)" 6337: 6305:Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). 6263: 3592: 2961: 2618:Out of the Ghurid state grew the 1150:as printed on an Afghan banknote. 684:, the Ghurids, reached as far as 13362: 13353: 13352: 12328:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 8817:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 8501: 7859:. World Scientific. p. 91. 7269:A Historical atlas of South Asia 7266:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). 6364: 6276:A Historical Atlas of South Asia 3771: 3715: 3652: 3462: 3416: 3411: 3377: 2933: 2921: 2906: 2894: 2875: 2766: 2754: 2739: 2727: 2706: 2691: 2672: 2660: 2640: 2197: 2191: 1829:. In 1175, Muhammad crossed the 1299: 1290: 1283: 1256:Conquest of India (1175 to 1205) 1241:in the ancient region of Qūmes. 1237:in 1200, and reaching as far as 979: 970: 956: 504: 490: 476: 462: 437: 423: 409: 395: 40: 12527:Military equipment manufactured 12093:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 11857:United States withdrawal (2018) 11778:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 11142: 11062:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 10332:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 9513:Opium production in Afghanistan 8516: 8348: 8243: 8227: 8200: 8177: 8168: 8129: 8053: 8020: 7992: 7972:Thakur, Amrendra Kumar (1992). 7965: 7926: 7899: 7846: 7815: 7688: 7661: 7576: 7527: 7459: 7434: 7348: 7318: 7259: 7247: 7204: 7186: 7167: 7063: 6921: 6828: 6801: 6788: 6757: 6724: 6675: 6648: 6624: 6597: 6529: 6492: 3671:Shams al-Din Muhammad ibn Masud 3037:9th-century – 10th-century 2655:(the western was built in 1167) 644:of Ala al-Din Husayn nephews - 13087:modern / contemporary 12333:Expediency Discernment Council 11656:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 11645:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 11169: 11097:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 11042:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 8913:. Cambridge University Press. 8825:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 8552:. Edinburgh University Press. 8528:. Cambridge University Press. 8484:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8463:The Metropolitan Museum of Art 8035:. Praeger Publishers. p. 7194:"Encyclopedia Iranica, Sanjar" 7176:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids 7156:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Ghurids 6298: 2779:Metalwork of the Ghurid period 1872:to enter into the present-day 1821:with whom Muhammad ruled in a 1037:. In 1149 the Ghaznavid ruler 564:dynasty of presumably eastern 1: 12301:state-sponsorship allegations 12031: 10048:Silk Road transmission of art 8841:The Early Rulers of Khajurāho 8640:. New York. pp. 586–590. 8632:Bosworth, C. Edmund (2001b). 8613:. New York. pp. 578–583. 8355:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 8207:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 7441:Asoke Kumar Majumdar (1956). 7100:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 7070:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2022). 6901:Flood, Finbarr Barry (2009). 6256: 5193:Nasir al-Din Muhammad Kharnak 2852:This water vessel is made in 2831:(dated inscription of 1163). 2749:mausoleum, interior of portal 2429:died on 13 March 1203 due to 2418: 1991:in the vanguard. The city of 1892:at Kasahrada in the southern 1833:, approaching it through the 13394:Empires and kingdoms of Iran 12758:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 12150: 12059:twin towns and sister cities 11365:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 11242:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 11218:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 11047:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 9433:Current provincial governors 9287:Ethnic groups in Afghanistan 7933:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1986) . 7885:. Brill. 2020. p. 237. 7741:Asher, Frederick M. (2020). 7710:Asher, Frederick M. (2020). 6431:. Brill. 2020. p. 237. 6311:. UNESCO. pp. 432–433. 3429:سلطان شهاب‌ الدین محمد غوری 1924:In 1191, the Ghurids seized 1146:Fortress and Ghurid arch of 826:The Ghurids originated from 755:. Dated AH 601 (1204/5 CE), 7: 13037:Water supply and sanitation 12794: 12768:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 12407: 11827:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 11202:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 11156: 8889:. Sydney University Press. 7908:History of Mediaeval Bengal 6234: 3833:Ghurid dynasty family tree 2915:Museum of Islamic Art, Doha 2534: 1979:defeated the forces of the 1932:, but were defeated in the 1197:Conquest of Khorasan (1192) 1138:The Ghurids at their zenith 1075:help, but later lost it to 894: 696:, albeit for a short time. 546: 10: 13430: 12517:Economy of the Middle East 11894:2021–2022 Iranian protests 11884:2019–2020 Iranian protests 11864:2017–2018 Iranian protests 11325:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 9594:Pashtunwali (Pashtun life) 9533:Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline 8582:Cambridge University Press 7517:Eaton, Richard M. (1993). 7298:Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). 6808:Flood, Finbarr B. (2018). 6604:Barisitz, Stephan (2017). 6536:Minorsky, Vladmir (1970). 3862:(9th-century-10th-century) 2888:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2805:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2566: 2182: 2176: 1817:, while his elder brother 1734:coinage of Turkic general 1259: 951: 742: 692:) on the shoreline of the 13348: 13314: 13260: 13063: 13054: 12984: 12936: 12868: 12815: 12806: 12802: 12789: 12750: 12742:National Development Fund 12705: 12662:Telecommunications and IT 12656:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 12585: 12482:Foreign direct investment 12427:Bonyad (charitable trust) 12419: 12415: 12402: 12361: 12320: 12162: 12158: 12145: 12039: 12026: 11906: 11773:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 11763:Interim Government (1979) 11742: 11690: 11683: 11579: 11489: 11406: 11397: 11374: 11291: 11184: 11177: 11168: 11164: 11151: 10962: 10930: 10727: 10634: 10576: 10548:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 10413: 10345: 10232: 10214: 10111: 10073: 10066: 10030: 9704: 9621: 9559: 9550: 9488: 9479: 9388: 9379: 9277: 9225: 9216: 9009:Indus Valley civilisation 8994: 8838:Sisirkumar Mitra (1977). 8773:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 8770:The Coming of the Mongols 8322:. Routledge. p. 41. 8253:The Coming of the Mongols 6841:. Routledge. p. 41. 6477:, by David Thomas, p. 18. 6344:Schmidt, Karl J. (2015). 6011: 6009: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5957: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5897: 5895: 5857: 5855: 5716: 5714: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5648: 5644: 5642: 5636: 5634: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5588: 5586: 5519: 5517: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5441: 5439: 5419: 5417: 5407: 5403: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5354: 5352: 5332: 5330: 5314: 5312: 5292: 5290: 5141: 5139: 5119: 5117: 5109: 5107: 5099: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5075: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5047: 5045: 5025: 5023: 5015: 5013: 5005: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4953: 4951: 4931: 4929: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4909: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4885: 4875: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4803: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4665: 4663: 4536: 4534: 4405: 4403: 4288: 4286: 4171: 4169: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4043: 4039: 4033: 3918: 3916: 3758: 3613: 3449: 3338: 3200: 3072: 2491:. The Khwarezmians under 1864:, marching by the way of 1271:The last stand of Rajputs 431:Chahamanas of Shakambhari 374: 366: 361: 357: 347: 337: 333: 325: 321: 306: 293: 289: 281: 266: 238: 225: 204: 35: 30: 23: 13414:History of Ghor Province 13404:Dynasties of Afghanistan 12492:International oil bourse 12257:Ministry of Intelligence 11842:Syrian civil war (2011–) 11666:1921 Persian coup d'état 10995:Mogao Christian painting 10568:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 10282:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 10272:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 9230:Administrative divisions 8807:O'Neal, Michael (2015). 7906:Majumdar, R. C. (1973). 7331:. Munshiram Manoharlal. 6631:Elphinstone, Mountstuart 6610:. Springer. p. 94. 6251: 3676:شمس‌ الدین محمد بن مسعود 3067:10th-century – 1011 2884:Georgian National Museum 2866:Georgian National Museum 2836:Georgian National Museum 2793:Georgian National Museum 2599:and lay the basis for a 2575:Ornamental bands on the 1913:, with their capital in 1298: 1289: 472:Khalji dynasty of Bengal 13016:scientists and scholars 12522:Milad Tower and complex 12312:Women's rights movement 12307:White Revolution (1963) 11975:Peoples of the Caucasus 11317:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 11210:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 11092:Saksanokhur gold buckle 10980:Hephthalite silver bowl 10857:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 9897:Second Turkic Khaganate 9698:History of Central Asia 9094:Second Anglo-Afghan War 9064:Third Battle of Panipat 8844:. Motilal Banarsidass. 8597:(subscription required) 8277:Hambly & Asher 1994 8136:Satish Chandra (2004). 8109:Sicker, Martin (2000). 8031:Islam at War: A History 6271:Schwartzberg, Joseph E. 5493:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 3396:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 2928:Enthroned figure detail 2611:to India. According to 2185:Battle of Jhelum (1206) 2001:Kachchhapaghata dynasty 1950:Second Battle of Tarain 1884:and were routed in the 1819:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 1275:Second Battle of Tarain 1156:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 999:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 765:Mountstuart Elphinstone 646:Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad 13327:Anti-Iranian sentiment 13322:Science and technology 13147:Intellectual movements 13027:International rankings 13011:Intellectual movements 12497:International rankings 11990:Heads of state of Iran 11796:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 11357:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 11194:culture (3400–2000 BC) 11072:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 10832:Alexandria Prophthasia 9857:First Turkic Khaganate 9792:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 9164:Second Islamic Emirate 9104:Kingdom of Afghanistan 9099:Third Anglo-Afghan War 9089:First Anglo-Afghan War 9074:Emirate of Afghanistan 9024:Yabghus of Tokharistan 8883:Thomas, David (2018). 8823:Encyclopaedia of Islam 8316:Avari, Burjor (2013). 7822:Roy, Himanshu (2021). 7771:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 7668:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 7610:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 7583:Jayapalan, N. (2001). 6928:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6835:Avari, Burjor (2013). 6764:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6712:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6656:Wheeler, James Talboys 6241:History of Afghanistan 5506:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad 3435:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad 2882:A ewer similar to the 2871: 2808: 2588: 2482:defeated and massacred 2435:Alauddin Khwarazm Shah 1934:First Battle of Tarain 1743: 1278: 1209:, for the lordship of 1169:, who had deposed the 1151: 878: 862: 835: 760: 753:Mu'izz al-Din Muhammad 349:• Disestablished 12615:Shetab Banking System 12605:Banking and insurance 12567:Tehran Stock Exchange 12487:Intellectual property 11832:PJAK conflict (2004–) 11605:Turcomans (1378–1508) 11597:Turcomans (1374–1468) 11546:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 11349:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 10882:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 10257:Karsakpay inscription 9712:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 9144:First Islamic Emirate 8788:Niyogi, Roma (1959). 7798:Sisirkumar Mitra 1977 7444:Chaulukyas of Gujarat 5806:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 5539:Shams al-Din Muhammad 5166:Shuja al-Din Muhammad 3616:As independent rulers 3481:Ghiyath al-Din Mahmud 3341:As independent rulers 2840: 2786: 2714:Great Mosque of Herat 2626:in the 19th century. 2574: 2503:in 1206, and finally 2035:, thereafter sacking 1730: 1269: 1145: 1039:Bahram-Shah of Ghazna 850: 825: 750: 226:Common languages 190:on the shores of the 12576:Technology start-ups 12477:Environmental issues 12467:Economic Reform Plan 12381:Provincial governors 12071:Environmental issues 11819:Iran Air Flight 655 11560:Jalayirid Sultanate 11432:Caliphate (750–1258) 11274:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 10689:Kutlug Timur Minaret 10224:Noin-Ula burial site 10022:Chinese Central Asia 9250:Environmental issues 9198:Graveyard of empires 9187:Arabs in Afghanistan 8524:Auer, Blain (2021). 7812:, pp. 434, 436. 6473:6 April 2012 at the 6334:, p. 26, Figure I:2. 5734:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 5175:Qutb al-Din Muhammad 4105:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 3362:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 3099:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 2913:An example from the 2609:Persian architecture 2414:class=notpageimage| 2115:Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha 2109:became the ruler of 1928:and marched towards 1845:. Muhammad captured 1713:class=notpageimage| 1109:Sayf al-Din Muhammad 1035:Abu Ali ibn Muhammad 796:Encyclopædia Iranica 656:through easternmost 550:; self-designation: 12976:Freedom of religion 12562:Supreme Audit Court 12441:Automotive industry 12088:Iranian Balochistan 11814:1987 Mecca incident 11711:Iran crisis of 1946 11700:dynasty (1925–1979) 11629:Dynasty (1751–1794) 11570:dynasty (1338–1357) 11562:dynasty (1335–1432) 11554:dynasty (1314–1393) 11539:dynasty (1244–1381) 11523:dynasty (1077–1231) 11507:dynasty (1011–1215) 11424:Caliphate (661–750) 11416:Caliphate (632–661) 11384:Empire (AD 224–651) 11301:Empire (550–330 BC) 11282:Empire (626–539 BC) 11266:Empire (678–549 BC) 11250:Empire (911–609 BC) 11082:Siberian Ice Maiden 10872:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 10287:Petrovka settlement 10017:Soviet Central Asia 9942:Great Seljuq Empire 9204:Wars in Afghanistan 9124:Democratic Republic 8603:Bosworth, C. Edmund 8568:Bosworth, C. Edmund 8279:, pp. 242–250. 7800:, pp. 123–126. 7573:, pp. 434–435. 7048:, pp. 136–137. 6985:, pp. 578–583. 6944:to poetry from the 6661:9 June 2007 at the 6107:Baha al-Din Sam III 6066:Ala al-Din Muhammad 3979:(10th-century-1011) 3818:Khwarazmian dynasty 3510:Baha al-Din Sam III 2817:inlaid metalworking 2716:: Ghurid entrance ( 2605:Indian subcontinent 2517:Indian subcontinent 2493:Ala al-Din Muhammad 2015:a coalition of the 1977:Battle of Chandawar 1886:Battle of Kasahrada 1794:powers such as the 1233:in 1200, capturing 1088:Sultan Ahmed Sanjar 729:Indian Subcontinent 701:rheumatic disorders 417:Great Seljuq Empire 339:• Established 295:• 8th-century 271:Hereditary monarchy 233:(court, literature) 13107:Persian New Year ( 12512:Main economic laws 12083:Iranian Azerbaijan 11985:Monarchs of Persia 11929:Persianate society 11637:Empire (1789–1925) 11621:Empire (1736–1796) 11613:Empire (1501–1736) 11589:Empire (1370–1507) 11515:Empire (1037–1194) 11480:dynasty (934–1062) 11472:dynasty (931–1090) 11464:dynasty (861–1003) 11333:Empire (312–63 BC) 11234:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 11032:Buddhas of Bamiyan 10985:Chilek silver bowl 10852:Buddhas of Bamiyan 10528:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 10317:Talapty Settlement 10103:Filippovka kurgans 9992:Khanate of Bukhara 9952:Khwarazmian Empire 9877:Ikhshids of Sogdia 9722:Afanasievo culture 9523:Telecommunications 9493:Afghani (currency) 9408:Leadership Council 9192:European influence 9069:Dost Mohammad Khan 9004:Pre-Islamic period 8813:. In Fleet, Kate; 8677:. Orient Longman. 8584:. pp. 1–202. 8572:Boyle, John Andrew 8184:Bosworth, Edmond. 7544:A History of India 7539:Dietmar Rothermund 7381:, p. 139–140. 7127:Bosworth, Edmond. 5767:Baha al-Din Sam II 5754:Abbas ibn Muhammad 5221:Fakhr al-Din Masud 4346:Muhammad ibn Abbas 4114:Shith ibn Muhammad 3826:Ghurid family tree 3763:Khwarazmian Empire 3744:Baha al-Din Sam II 3700:Abbas ibn Muhammad 3637:Fakhr al-Din Masud 3454:Khwarazmian Empire 3452:As vassals of the 3203:As vassals of the 3157:Muhammad ibn Abbas 3075:As vassals of the 2809: 2589: 2480:rebellion whom he 2083:Nalanda University 1938:Rajput confederacy 1744: 1279: 1203:Khwarezmian Empire 1152: 919:Persian literature 911:Mas'ud I of Ghazni 901:Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi 836: 761: 715:in 1204. Muhammad 635:Khwarazmian Empire 458:Khwarazmian Empire 445:Gahadavala dynasty 13376: 13375: 13344: 13343: 13340: 13339: 13310: 13309: 13217:Opium consumption 13050: 13049: 12886:Ethnic minorities 12860:Iranian languages 12785: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12277:Political parties 12215:Children's rights 12200:Foreign relations 12194:2009 presidential 12141: 12140: 12103:Iranian Kurdistan 12022: 12021: 12018: 12017: 11902: 11901: 11874:COVID-19 pandemic 11733:Revolution (1979) 11679: 11678: 11499:Empire (977–1186) 11456:dynasty (864–928) 11448:dynasty (821–873) 11440:dynasty (819–999) 11393: 11392: 11309:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 11110: 11109: 11087:Ai-Khanoum plaque 10958: 10957: 10762:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 10038:Central Asian art 10012:Russian Turkestan 10007:Chinese Turkestan 9907:Abbasid Caliphate 9871:Anxi Protectorate 9817:Kushano-Sasanians 9782:Macedonian Empire 9777:Achaemenid Empire 9747:Andronovo culture 9727:Sintashta culture 9664: 9663: 9617: 9616: 9546: 9545: 9475: 9474: 9438:Foreign relations 9273: 9272: 9212: 9211: 9114:Saqqawist Emirate 9054:Siege of Kandahar 8896:978-1-74332-542-1 8875:978-0-520-24225-8 8759:978-1-56859-021-9 8742:"Delhi Sultanate" 8693:Eaton, Richard M. 8684:978-81-250-3226-7 8646:cite encyclopedia 8619:cite encyclopedia 8559:978-0-85224-315-2 8437:978-0-85773-343-6 8400:978-1-58839-589-4 8368:978-1-4008-3324-5 8345:, pp. 48–49. 8329:978-0-415-58061-8 8263:978-1-78673-383-2 8220:978-1-4008-3324-5 8190:iranicaonline.org 8149:978-81-241-1064-5 8122:978-0-313-00111-6 8076:978-81-241-1064-5 7946:978-81-207-0617-0 7892:978-90-04-43736-4 7866:978-981-12-2453-9 7835:978-93-5479-159-8 7784:978-81-7156-928-1 7754:978-1-60606-616-4 7723:978-1-60606-616-4 7681:978-81-7156-928-1 7623:978-81-7156-928-1 7596:978-81-7156-928-1 7554:978-0-415-32919-4 7404:, pp. 39–45. 7338:978-81-215-1010-3 7311:978-0-691-18074-8 7198:iranicaonline.org 7133:iranicaonline.org 7113:978-1-4008-3324-5 7083:978-1-4008-3324-5 6964:iranicaonline.org 6914:978-0-691-12594-7 6887:978-0-521-85031-5 6848:978-0-415-58061-8 6821:978-0-691-18074-8 6747:978-0-19-565114-0 6617:978-3-319-51213-6 6590:978-0-19-977311-4 6501:, C.E. Bosworth, 6438:978-90-04-43736-4 6383:978-92-3-103467-1 6357:978-1-317-47681-8 6318:978-92-3-103467-1 6232: 6231: 6228: 6227: 5200:Ala al-Din Husayn 5184:Baha al-Din Sam I 4598:Izz al-Din Husayn 4477:Qutb al-din Hasan 3976:Muhammad ibn Suri 3812: 3811: 3797: 3786: 3761:As vassal of the 3751: 3740: 3730: 3707: 3696: 3678: 3667: 3644: 3633: 3590: 3589: 3575: 3564: 3546: 3535: 3517: 3506: 3488: 3486:غیاث‌ الدین محمود 3477: 3442: 3431: 3403: 3392: 3385:Sultan Abul-Fateh 3369: 3358: 3331: 3324:Ala al-Din Husayn 3320: 3313:Sultan al-Muazzam 3310: 3292: 3285:Baha al-Din Sam I 3281: 3263: 3252: 3234: 3227:Izz al-Din Husayn 3223: 3196:1080 – 1100 3193: 3186:Qutb al-din Hasan 3182: 3167:1060 – 1080 3164: 3153: 3138:1035 – 1060 3135: 3124: 3106: 3095: 3064: 3057:Muhammad ibn Suri 3053: 3034: 3023: 3007:8th-century 3004: 2993: 2950:under the Turkic 2458:Battle of Andkhud 2456:. In the ensuing 2179:Battle of Andkhud 2141:became Sultan of 2133:became Sultan of 2131:Qutb al-Din Aibak 2125:became Sultan of 2123:Bahauddin Tughril 2117:became Sultan of 1989:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 1966:Qutbu l-Din Aibak 1575: 1560: 1069:the world burner" 1057:Ala al-Din Husayn 1051:Baha al-Din Sam I 737:Qutb ud-Din Aibak 713:Battle of Andkhud 682:Shahs of Khwarazm 623:Ala al-Din Husayn 609:and later of the 544: 520: 519: 516: 515: 512: 511: 450: 449: 317: 308:• 1214–1215 302: 234: 221: 13421: 13366: 13356: 13355: 13207:National symbols 13061: 13060: 12876:Iranian citizens 12813: 12812: 12804: 12803: 12791: 12790: 12773:Research centers 12462:Economic history 12417: 12416: 12404: 12403: 12338:Guardian Council 12160: 12159: 12147: 12146: 12028: 12027: 12005:Electric history 12000:Military history 11914:Ancient Persians 11822: 11821:shootdown (1988) 11804: 11791: 11788:Iranian Embassy 11758: 11747: 11745:Islamic Republic 11734: 11726:1953 coup d'état 11701: 11688: 11687: 11646: 11643:Khanates of the 11638: 11630: 11622: 11614: 11606: 11598: 11590: 11571: 11563: 11555: 11547: 11540: 11532: 11524: 11516: 11508: 11500: 11481: 11473: 11465: 11457: 11449: 11441: 11433: 11425: 11417: 11404: 11403: 11385: 11366: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11334: 11326: 11318: 11310: 11302: 11283: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11243: 11235: 11227: 11219: 11211: 11203: 11195: 11182: 11181: 11166: 11165: 11153: 11152: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11114: 11113: 11077:Seal of Khingila 11005:Penjikent murals 10626:Kalai Kafirnigan 10513:Koi Krylgan Kala 10322:Turkistan (city) 10307:Steppe Geoglyphs 10071: 10070: 10002:Khanate of Khiva 9962:Chagatai Khanate 9917:Saffarid dynasty 9902:Uyghur Khaganate 9691: 9684: 9677: 9668: 9667: 9644: 9637: 9630: 9557: 9556: 9486: 9485: 9386: 9385: 9223: 9222: 9172: 9171: 9159:Islamic Republic 9119:Daoud's Republic 9084:Afghan–Sikh Wars 9079:Battle of Jamrud 9039:Islamic conquest 9019:Greater Khorasan 8977: 8970: 8963: 8954: 8953: 8948: 8924: 8900: 8879: 8855: 8834: 8812: 8803: 8784: 8763: 8746:Yarshater, Ehsan 8736: 8712: 8688: 8664: 8655: 8649: 8641: 8628: 8622: 8614: 8598: 8595: 8563: 8539: 8510: 8505: 8499: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8476: 8467: 8466: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8429: 8418: 8405: 8404: 8384: 8373: 8372: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8313: 8304: 8298: 8292: 8286: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8267: 8247: 8241: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8181: 8175: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8133: 8127: 8126: 8106: 8093: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8034: 8024: 8018: 8017: 7996: 7990: 7989: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7930: 7924: 7923: 7903: 7897: 7896: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7774:History of India 7768: 7759: 7758: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7707: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7671:History of India 7665: 7659: 7658: 7637: 7628: 7627: 7613:History of India 7607: 7601: 7600: 7586:History of India 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7531: 7525: 7524: 7514: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7456: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7322: 7316: 7315: 7295: 7284: 7283: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7245: 7239: 7233: 7232: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7190: 7184: 7183: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7151: 7140: 7139: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7097: 7088: 7087: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7037: 7031: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6971: 6970: 6956: 6950: 6925: 6919: 6918: 6898: 6892: 6891: 6870:Morgan, David O. 6862: 6853: 6852: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6805: 6799: 6794:Cynthia Talbot, 6792: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6761: 6755: 6754: 6728: 6722: 6721: 6702: 6693: 6679: 6673: 6652: 6646: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6574: 6568: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6510: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6478: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6423: 6417: 6411: 6392: 6391: 6376:. UNESCO. 1998. 6368: 6362: 6361: 6341: 6335: 6329: 6323: 6322: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6281: 6280: 6267: 6053:Jalal al-Din Ali 5745:Ala al-Din Atsiz 5155:Sayf al-Din Suri 3839: 3838: 3830: 3829: 3796: 3793: 3790:Jalal al-Din Ali 3785: 3782: 3775: 3750: 3747: 3739: 3736: 3729: 3726: 3719: 3706: 3703: 3695: 3692: 3677: 3674: 3666: 3663: 3656: 3643: 3640: 3632: 3629: 3603:Titular Name(s) 3597: 3596: 3574: 3571: 3563: 3560: 3545: 3544:علاء الدین دراست 3542: 3539:Ala al-Din Atsiz 3534: 3531: 3516: 3513: 3505: 3502: 3487: 3484: 3476: 3473: 3466: 3441: 3438: 3430: 3427: 3420: 3415: 3402: 3401:غیاث‌ الدین محمد 3399: 3391: 3388: 3381: 3368: 3365: 3357: 3354: 3330: 3327: 3319: 3316: 3309: 3306: 3291: 3288: 3280: 3277: 3262: 3259: 3256:Sayf al-Din Suri 3251: 3248: 3233: 3230: 3222: 3219: 3192: 3189: 3181: 3178: 3163: 3160: 3152: 3149: 3134: 3131: 3123: 3120: 3105: 3102: 3094: 3091: 3077:Ghaznavid Empire 3063: 3060: 3052: 3049: 3033: 3030: 3022: 3019: 3003: 3000: 2992: 2989: 2972:Titular Name(s) 2966: 2965: 2954:(area of modern 2937: 2925: 2910: 2898: 2879: 2869: 2829:Bobrinski Bucket 2770: 2758: 2743: 2731: 2710: 2695: 2676: 2664: 2644: 2632:Mamluk Sultanate 2561:lashkar-i kuffar 2420: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2395: 2386: 2384: 2375: 2373: 2366: 2364: 2357: 2355: 2348: 2346: 2337: 2335: 2328: 2326: 2317: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2297: 2295: 2288: 2286: 2279: 2277: 2270: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2252: 2250: 2241: 2239: 2230: 2228: 2221: 2219: 2210: 2208: 2201: 2195: 2173:Decline and fall 2139:Bakhtiyar Khilji 2067:Bakhtiyar Khalji 2048:Chandela kingdom 1853:, and also took 1811:Muhammad of Ghor 1736:Bakhtiyar Khalji 1707: 1705: 1691: 1676: 1661: 1648: 1635: 1623: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1601: 1599: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1549: 1547: 1538: 1536: 1525: 1523: 1516: 1514: 1502: 1492: 1490: 1481: 1479: 1472: 1470: 1463: 1461: 1454: 1452: 1443: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1419: 1417: 1408: 1406: 1395: 1393: 1384: 1382: 1370: 1357: 1341: 1330: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1303: 1302: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1273:, depicting the 1160:Muhammad of Ghor 1047:Sayf al-Din Suri 983: 974: 906:Tarikh-i Bayhaqi 883: 866:Fakhr-i Mudabbir 725:Shah Muhammad II 717:was assassinated 666:were active east 650:Muhammad of Ghor 597:Muhammad of Ghor 593:Mahmud of Ghazni 555: 554: 549: 547:Dudmân-e Ğurīyân 539: 537: 508: 507: 494: 493: 480: 479: 466: 465: 454: 453: 441: 440: 427: 426: 413: 412: 399: 398: 392: 391: 376: 375: 315: 300: 258: 247: 232: 219: 176:Muhammad of Ghor 166: 164: 159: 152: 150: 141: 139: 132: 130: 123: 120: 112: 109: 101: 99: 92: 90: 83: 81: 72: 70: 63: 61: 52: 50: 44: 21: 20: 13429: 13428: 13424: 13423: 13422: 13420: 13419: 13418: 13409:Sunni dynasties 13379: 13378: 13377: 13372: 13336: 13306: 13285:Rap and hip-hop 13256: 13237:Public holidays 13222:Persian gardens 13211:Imperial Anthem 13202:National Jewels 13157:Iranian studies 13046: 12980: 12932: 12864: 12825:Persian (Farsi) 12798: 12777: 12746: 12708: 12701: 12636:Pharmaceuticals 12581: 12572:Venture capital 12547:Rial (currency) 12532:Nuclear program 12411: 12390: 12357: 12316: 12267:Nuclear program 12232:Judicial system 12154: 12137: 12108:Iranian plateau 12035: 12014: 11898: 11820: 11802: 11789: 11757:History (1979–) 11756: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11732: 11699: 11675: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11620: 11612: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11575: 11569: 11561: 11553: 11545: 11538: 11530: 11522: 11514: 11506: 11498: 11485: 11479: 11471: 11463: 11455: 11447: 11439: 11431: 11423: 11415: 11399: 11389: 11383: 11370: 11364: 11356: 11348: 11340: 11332: 11324: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11287: 11281: 11280:Neo-Babylonian 11273: 11265: 11258:(860 BC–590 BC) 11257: 11249: 11241: 11233: 11226:(c.2300–675 BC) 11225: 11217: 11209: 11201: 11193: 11173: 11160: 11147: 11141: 11111: 11106: 11067:Afrasiab murals 11010:Sampul tapestry 10954: 10950:Shahr-e Sukhteh 10940:Bandian complex 10926: 10902:Musalla Complex 10782:Tapa-i Kafariha 10723: 10644:Cave of Dzhebel 10630: 10572: 10409: 10341: 10337:Araltobe kurgan 10228: 10210: 10136:Kizilgaha caves 10107: 10093:Pazyryk burials 10075:Southern Russia 10062: 10026: 9912:Tahirid dynasty 9882:Tokhara Yabghus 9787:Seleucid Empire 9762:Pazyryk culture 9717:Yamnaya culture 9700: 9695: 9665: 9660: 9647: 9640: 9633: 9626: 9613: 9542: 9471: 9375: 9269: 9208: 9170: 9154:War (2001–2021) 9044:Mongol invasion 8990: 8981: 8951: 8945: 8921: 8897: 8876: 8852: 8819:Rowson, Everett 8781: 8760: 8733: 8709: 8685: 8669:Chandra, Satish 8643: 8642: 8616: 8615: 8596: 8592: 8560: 8544:Bosworth, C. E. 8536: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8506: 8502: 8488: 8486: 8478: 8477: 8470: 8457: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8427: 8419: 8408: 8401: 8385: 8376: 8369: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8330: 8314: 8307: 8299: 8295: 8287: 8283: 8275: 8271: 8264: 8248: 8244: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8205: 8201: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8150: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8107: 8096: 8088: 8084: 8077: 8061:Chandra, Satish 8058: 8054: 8047: 8025: 8021: 7997: 7993: 7986: 7970: 7966: 7947: 7931: 7927: 7904: 7900: 7893: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7851: 7847: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7769: 7762: 7755: 7739: 7735: 7724: 7708: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7682: 7666: 7662: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7555: 7532: 7528: 7515: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7439: 7435: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7408: 7400: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7296: 7287: 7280: 7264: 7260: 7252: 7248: 7240: 7236: 7209: 7205: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7153: 7152: 7143: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7098: 7091: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6974: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6926: 6922: 6915: 6899: 6895: 6888: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6806: 6802: 6793: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6762: 6758: 6748: 6729: 6725: 6703: 6696: 6682:Balfour, Edward 6680: 6676: 6663:Wayback Machine 6653: 6649: 6629: 6625: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6575: 6571: 6563:, K.A. Nizami, 6559: 6555: 6548: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6513: 6497: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6475:Wayback Machine 6466: 6462: 6454: 6450: 6439: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6412: 6395: 6384: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6358: 6342: 6338: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6284: 6268: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6237: 6109: 6055: 5808: 5769: 5756: 5747: 5736: 5541: 5508: 5495: 5376: 5223: 5202: 5186: 5157: 4600: 4479: 4348: 4231: 4229:Abbas ibn Shith 4107: 3978: 3861: 3828: 3795:جلال‌ الدین علی 3792: 3781: 3746: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3702: 3691: 3673: 3662: 3639: 3628: 3595: 3570: 3559: 3541: 3530: 3512: 3501: 3483: 3472: 3437: 3426: 3398: 3387: 3367:سیف‌ الدین محمد 3364: 3353: 3329:علاء الدین حسین 3326: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3287: 3276: 3261:سیف‌ الدین سوری 3258: 3247: 3229: 3218: 3188: 3177: 3159: 3148: 3130: 3128:Abbas ibn Shith 3119: 3101: 3090: 3068: 3059: 3048: 3038: 3029: 3018: 3008: 2999: 2988: 2964: 2941: 2938: 2929: 2926: 2917: 2911: 2902: 2899: 2890: 2880: 2870: 2863: 2781: 2774: 2771: 2762: 2759: 2750: 2744: 2735: 2732: 2723: 2711: 2702: 2698:Ghurid arch in 2696: 2687: 2686:(built in 1176) 2677: 2668: 2665: 2656: 2645: 2620:Delhi Sultanate 2593:Persian culture 2569: 2557:lashkar-i Islam 2537: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2382: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2271: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2187: 2181: 2175: 2163:Delhi Sultanate 1946:Prithviraja III 1942:Ajmer-Chahamana 1756:Prithviraja III 1742:1262 (1204 CE). 1725: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1694: 1693: 1688: 1685: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1657: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1585: 1580: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1541: 1539: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1493: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1477: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1433: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1264: 1258: 1199: 1140: 1134:and elsewhere. 1019:Harun al-Rashid 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001:(1163–1202 CE). 986: 985: 984: 976: 975: 966: 965: 959: 954: 938:Pashto-speaking 897: 745: 735:established by 733:Delhi Sultanate 505: 491: 486:Delhi Sultanate 477: 463: 438: 424: 410: 396: 350: 340: 309: 296: 273: 259: 253: 252: 248: 242: 215: 211: 200: 199: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 157: 155: 153: 148: 146: 144: 142: 137: 135: 133: 128: 126: 124: 118: 115: 113: 107: 104: 102: 97: 95: 93: 88: 86: 84: 79: 77: 75: 73: 68: 66: 64: 59: 57: 55: 53: 48: 46: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13427: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13389:Ghurid dynasty 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13360: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13337: 13335: 13334: 13329: 13324: 13318: 13316: 13312: 13311: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13266: 13264: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13254: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13174: 13169: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13080: 13074: 13064: 13058: 13052: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13018: 13013: 13008: 12999: 12994: 12988: 12986: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12963: 12958: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12934: 12933: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12883: 12872: 12870: 12866: 12865: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12821: 12819: 12810: 12800: 12799: 12787: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12754: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12713: 12711: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12694: 12688: 12683: 12678: 12669: 12659: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12612: 12602: 12591: 12589: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12434: 12429: 12423: 12421: 12413: 12412: 12400: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12386:Supreme Leader 12383: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12365: 12359: 12358: 12356: 12355: 12350: 12348:Local councils 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12248: 12243: 12234: 12229: 12228: 12227: 12225:Women's rights 12222: 12217: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12187: 12182: 12172: 12166: 12164: 12156: 12155: 12143: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12078: 12076:Climate change 12068: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12056: 12046: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12024: 12023: 12020: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11987: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11962: 11960:Jiroft culture 11957: 11956: 11955: 11948:Iranic peoples 11945: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11941: 11936: 11924:Persianization 11921: 11916: 11910: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11798: 11793: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11752: 11750: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11694: 11692: 11685: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11640: 11632: 11624: 11616: 11608: 11600: 11592: 11583: 11581: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11565: 11557: 11549: 11542: 11534: 11531:(1135/36-1225) 11526: 11518: 11510: 11502: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11475: 11467: 11459: 11451: 11443: 11435: 11427: 11419: 11410: 11408: 11401: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11387: 11378: 11376: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11360: 11352: 11344: 11341:(c.295–220 BC) 11336: 11328: 11320: 11312: 11304: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11277: 11269: 11261: 11253: 11245: 11237: 11229: 11221: 11213: 11205: 11200:Proto-Elamite 11197: 11188: 11186: 11179: 11175: 11174: 11162: 11161: 11149: 11148: 11140: 11139: 11132: 11125: 11117: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11104: 11099: 11094: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11034: 11029: 11027:Bimaran Casket 11024: 11019: 11016:Sogdian Daēnās 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10990:Gardez Ganesha 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10814: 10812:Takht-e Rostam 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10747:Dilberjin Tepe 10744: 10739: 10733: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10640: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10628: 10623: 10621:Takht-i Sangin 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10582: 10580: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10473:Guldursun-Kala 10470: 10465: 10460: 10458:Dalverzin Tepe 10455: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10428:Akchakhan-Kala 10425: 10419: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10408: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10351: 10349: 10343: 10342: 10340: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10238: 10236: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10220: 10218: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10186:Dunhuang Caves 10183: 10181:Bezeklik Caves 10178: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10146:Subashi Temple 10143: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10117: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10079: 10077: 10068: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10032: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9997:Durrani Empire 9994: 9989: 9987:Timurid Empire 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9732:Vakhsh culture 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9708: 9706: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9693: 9686: 9679: 9671: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9653: 9646: 9645: 9638: 9631: 9623: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9498:Communications 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9457: 9456: 9455: 9450: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9418:Prime Minister 9415: 9413:Supreme Leader 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9389: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9367: 9366: 9364:Persian (Dari) 9356: 9351: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9283: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9255:Extreme points 9252: 9247: 9242: 9240:Climate change 9237: 9232: 9226: 9220: 9214: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9201: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9059:Durrani Empire 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9000: 8998: 8992: 8991: 8980: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8957: 8950: 8949: 8943: 8925: 8920:978-1108417747 8919: 8901: 8895: 8880: 8874: 8860:Thapar, Romila 8856: 8850: 8835: 8815:Krämer, Gudrun 8804: 8785: 8780:978-1788312851 8779: 8764: 8758: 8737: 8731: 8713: 8708:978-0713995824 8707: 8701:. Allen Lane. 8689: 8683: 8665: 8663:. I.B. Tauris. 8656: 8629: 8599: 8590: 8564: 8558: 8540: 8535:978-1108832311 8534: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8500: 8468: 8450: 8436: 8406: 8399: 8374: 8367: 8347: 8335: 8328: 8305: 8293: 8281: 8269: 8262: 8242: 8226: 8219: 8199: 8176: 8167: 8165:, p. 165. 8155: 8148: 8128: 8121: 8094: 8092:, p. 164. 8082: 8075: 8052: 8045: 8019: 7991: 7984: 7964: 7945: 7925: 7898: 7891: 7872: 7865: 7845: 7834: 7814: 7802: 7790: 7783: 7760: 7753: 7733: 7722: 7699: 7687: 7680: 7660: 7641:Mohammad Habib 7629: 7622: 7602: 7595: 7575: 7563: 7553: 7526: 7506: 7502:Bosworth 2001a 7494: 7492:, p. 144. 7482: 7480:, p. 129. 7470: 7458: 7433: 7431:, p. 434. 7418: 7416:, p. 143. 7406: 7383: 7371: 7369:, p. 433. 7359: 7347: 7337: 7317: 7310: 7285: 7278: 7258: 7246: 7244:, p. 168. 7234: 7212:Mohammad Habib 7203: 7185: 7166: 7141: 7119: 7112: 7089: 7082: 7062: 7060:, p. 163. 7050: 7038: 7036:, p. 138. 7023: 7011: 6999: 6997:, p. 136. 6987: 6983:Bosworth 2001a 6972: 6951: 6920: 6913: 6893: 6886: 6854: 6847: 6827: 6820: 6800: 6787: 6775: 6756: 6746: 6723: 6694: 6674: 6647: 6623: 6616: 6596: 6589: 6569: 6553: 6546: 6528: 6511: 6491: 6479: 6460: 6448: 6437: 6418: 6414:Bosworth 2001b 6393: 6382: 6363: 6356: 6336: 6324: 6317: 6297: 6282: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5758: 5751: 5749: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5380: 5378: 5374:Ala al-Din Ali 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5341: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5197: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5181: 5179: 5177: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5004: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4226: 4224: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4102: 4100: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3835: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3787: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3749:بهاء الدین سام 3741: 3720: 3712: 3711: 3708: 3697: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3668: 3657: 3649: 3648: 3645: 3642:فخرالدین مسعود 3634: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3606:Personal Name 3604: 3601: 3594: 3593:Bamiyan Branch 3591: 3588: 3587: 3580: 3579: 3576: 3573:علاء الدین علی 3568:Ala al-Din Ali 3565: 3554: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3536: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3518: 3515:بهاء الدین سام 3507: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3478: 3467: 3459: 3458: 3447: 3446: 3443: 3440:معز الدین محمد 3432: 3421: 3408: 3407: 3404: 3393: 3390:سلطان ابوالفتح 3382: 3374: 3373: 3370: 3359: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3335: 3332: 3321: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3290:بهاء الدین سام 3282: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3253: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3224: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3198: 3197: 3194: 3191:قطب‌ الدین حسن 3183: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3165: 3154: 3143: 3140: 3139: 3136: 3125: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3104:ابوعلی بن محمد 3096: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3070: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3024: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 2994: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2975:Personal Name 2973: 2970: 2963: 2962:List of rulers 2960: 2952:Zengid dynasty 2943: 2942: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2920: 2918: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2881: 2874: 2861: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2747:Ghiyath al-Din 2745: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2712: 2705: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2681:Shah-i Mashhad 2678: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2646: 2639: 2579:, bearing the 2577:Minaret of Jam 2568: 2565: 2536: 2533: 2412: 2411: 2227:CUMAN KHANATES 2196: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2159:Mamluk dynasty 2107:Tajuddin Elduz 2075:Gangetic Plain 2046:, invaded the 1954:Govindaraja IV 1894:Aravalli Hills 1716: 1711: 1710: 1683: 1682: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1642: 1641: 1640: 1627: 1626: 1625: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1364: 1363: 1362: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1297: 1288: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1260:Main article: 1257: 1254: 1198: 1195: 1139: 1136: 991:Minaret of Jam 988: 987: 978: 977: 969: 968: 967: 963: 962: 961: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 896: 893: 813:Middle Persian 807:(Persianized: 769:Pashtun people 744: 741: 678:Gangetic Plain 526:(also spelled 524:Ghurid dynasty 518: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 502: 496: 495: 488: 482: 481: 474: 468: 467: 460: 451: 448: 447: 442: 434: 433: 428: 420: 419: 414: 406: 405: 400: 388: 387: 382: 372: 371: 368: 364: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 348: 345: 344: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 327: 323: 322: 319: 318: 313:Zia al-Din Ali 310: 307: 304: 303: 297: 294: 291: 290: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 268: 264: 263: 240: 236: 235: 227: 223: 222: 206: 202: 201: 173: 172: 39: 38: 37: 36: 33: 32: 28: 27: 25:Ghurid dynasty 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13426: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13359: 13351: 13350: 13347: 13333: 13330: 13328: 13325: 13323: 13320: 13319: 13317: 13313: 13303: 13302: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13267: 13265: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13192: 13189: 13186: 13182: 13181:news agencies 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13167: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13137: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13088: 13084: 13081: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13065: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13053: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12977: 12974: 12971: 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12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12542:Privatization 12540: 12537: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12442: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12405: 12401: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12360: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12325: 12323: 12319: 12313: 12310: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12272: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12252: 12249: 12247: 12244: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12212: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12153: 12148: 12144: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12025: 12011: 12010:Years in Iran 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11954: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11934:Turco-Persian 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11803:War (1980–88) 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11735: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11696: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11682: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11641: 11639: 11633: 11631: 11625: 11623: 11617: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11599: 11595:Qara Qoyunlu 11593: 11591: 11585: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11550: 11548: 11543: 11541: 11535: 11533: 11527: 11525: 11519: 11517: 11511: 11509: 11503: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11476: 11474: 11468: 11466: 11460: 11458: 11452: 11450: 11444: 11442: 11436: 11434: 11428: 11426: 11420: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11396: 11386: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11359: 11353: 11351: 11345: 11343: 11337: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11321: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11305: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292:550 BC–AD 224 11290: 11284: 11278: 11276: 11270: 11268: 11262: 11260: 11254: 11252: 11248:Neo-Assyrian 11246: 11244: 11238: 11236: 11230: 11228: 11222: 11220: 11214: 11212: 11206: 11204: 11198: 11196: 11190: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11138: 11133: 11131: 11126: 11124: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11103: 11100: 11098: 11095: 11093: 11090: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11022:Oxus Treasure 11020: 11018: 11017: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10975:Orlat plaques 10973: 10971: 10968: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10888: 10885: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10867:Dasht-e Nawar 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10699:Monjukli Depe 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10684:Konye-Urgench 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10616:Takht-i Kuwad 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10509: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10420: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10375:Koshoy Korgon 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10352: 10350: 10348: 10344: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10248: 10245: 10243: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10231: 10225: 10222: 10221: 10219: 10217: 10213: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10141:Kumtura Caves 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10114: 10113:Western China 10110: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10098:Salbyk kurgan 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10088:Arzhan kurgan 10086: 10084: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10076: 10072: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10058:Serindian art 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10029: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9957:Mongol Empire 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9947:Ghurid Empire 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9862:Western Turks 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9818: 9815: 9813: 9812:Kushan Empire 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9797:Guiyi Circuit 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9772:Median Empire 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9752:Tagar culture 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9709: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9685: 9680: 9678: 9673: 9672: 9669: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9648: 9643: 9639: 9636: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9466: 9465:Chief Justice 9463: 9462: 9461: 9460:Supreme Court 9458: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9423:Deputy Leader 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9362: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9149:2001 invasion 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9139:Islamic State 9137: 9136: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9049:Hotak dynasty 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014:Maurya Empire 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8978: 8973: 8971: 8966: 8964: 8959: 8958: 8955: 8946: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8912: 8911: 8906: 8902: 8898: 8892: 8888: 8887: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8857: 8853: 8851:9788120819979 8847: 8843: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8772: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8732:0-521-20093-8 8728: 8724: 8723: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8704: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8657: 8653: 8647: 8639: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8620: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8591:0-521-06936-X 8587: 8583: 8580:. Cambridge: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8555: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8485: 8481: 8475: 8473: 8464: 8460: 8454: 8439: 8433: 8426: 8425: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8411: 8402: 8396: 8392: 8391: 8383: 8381: 8379: 8370: 8364: 8360: 8359: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8331: 8325: 8321: 8320: 8312: 8310: 8303:, p. 12. 8302: 8297: 8291:, p. 30. 8290: 8285: 8278: 8273: 8265: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8246: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8211: 8203: 8196: 8191: 8187: 8180: 8171: 8164: 8163:Bosworth 1968 8159: 8151: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8132: 8124: 8118: 8114: 8113: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8091: 8090:Bosworth 1968 8086: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8048: 8046:9780275981013 8042: 8038: 8033: 8032: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7995: 7987: 7985:9788185078687 7981: 7977: 7976: 7968: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7902: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7849: 7842: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7826: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7799: 7794: 7786: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7767: 7765: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7745: 7737: 7730: 7725: 7719: 7715: 7714: 7706: 7704: 7696: 7691: 7683: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7664: 7657: 7652: 7651: 7646: 7642: 7636: 7634: 7625: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7606: 7598: 7592: 7588: 7587: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7540: 7536: 7535:Hermann Kulke 7530: 7522: 7521: 7513: 7511: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7478:Bosworth 1977 7474: 7467: 7462: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7437: 7430: 7425: 7423: 7415: 7410: 7403: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7380: 7375: 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7281: 7275: 7271: 7270: 7262: 7255: 7250: 7243: 7242:Bosworth 1968 7238: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7207: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7182: 7178: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7096: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7058:Bosworth 1968 7054: 7047: 7042: 7035: 7030: 7028: 7021:, p. 56. 7020: 7015: 7009:, p. 55. 7008: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6929: 6924: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6905: 6897: 6889: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6874:Reid, Anthony 6871: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6850: 6844: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6823: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6804: 6797: 6791: 6785:, p. 78. 6784: 6779: 6773: 6771: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6738: 6733: 6732:Richard Eaton 6727: 6720: 6719: 6714: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6627: 6619: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6592: 6586: 6582: 6581: 6573: 6566: 6562: 6557: 6549: 6547:9780906094037 6543: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6495: 6488: 6483: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6445: 6440: 6434: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6353: 6349: 6348: 6340: 6333: 6328: 6320: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6301: 6295:, p. 38. 6294: 6289: 6287: 6278: 6277: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6225: 6157: 6155: 6108: 6078: 6076: 6067: 6054: 5980: 5977: 5965: 5963: 5962: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5939: 5866: 5864: 5807: 5777: 5775: 5768: 5755: 5746: 5735: 5685: 5682: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5632: 5630: 5620: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5606: 5557: 5555: 5540: 5507: 5494: 5464: 5461: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5375: 5359: 5357: 5275: 5273: 5222: 5201: 5194: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5156: 5150: 5148: 5056: 5054: 4962: 4960: 4868: 4865: 4845: 4843: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4801: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4779: 4731: 4729: 4711: 4709: 4704: 4702: 4640: 4638: 4599: 4575: 4573: 4511: 4509: 4478: 4454: 4452: 4380: 4378: 4347: 4323: 4321: 4263: 4261: 4230: 4206: 4204: 4146: 4144: 4115: 4106: 4090: 4087: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4041: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4029: 4014: 4012: 3977: 3957: 3955: 3897: 3895: 3860: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3791: 3788: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3757: 3753: 3745: 3742: 3734: 3733:Abul-Mu'ayyid 3724: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3701: 3698: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3669: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3635: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3569: 3566: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3537: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3511: 3508: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3479: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3456: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3433: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3394: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3363: 3360: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3322: 3314: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3283: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3254: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3232:عز الدین حسین 3228: 3225: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3206: 3205:Seljuk Empire 3199: 3195: 3187: 3184: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3158: 3155: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3129: 3126: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3100: 3097: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3066: 3058: 3055: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3041: 3036: 3028: 3025: 3017: 3014: 3012: 3011: 3006: 2998: 2995: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2936: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2909: 2904: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2837: 2832: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2800: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2769: 2764: 2757: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2709: 2704: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2679:Ruins of the 2675: 2670: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2603:state in the 2602: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2527:and south of 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2415: 2407: 2396: 2385: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2347: 2336: 2327: 2316: 2307: 2296: 2287: 2278: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2249:CONFEDERATION 2240: 2229: 2220: 2209: 2200: 2194: 2186: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2167:Mughal Empire 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Khalji rulers 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2065:Around 1203, 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2052:Ganges Valley 2049: 2045: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1720: 1719:Ghurid Empire 1714: 1706: 1704: 1692: 1690: 1677: 1675: 1662: 1660: 1649: 1647: 1636: 1634: 1622: 1620: 1611: 1609: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1578: 1577: 1563: 1561: 1548: 1546: 1537: 1535: 1524: 1515: 1513: 1503: 1501: 1491: 1489: 1480: 1471: 1462: 1453: 1442: 1440: 1431: 1429: 1418: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1394: 1392: 1383: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1358: 1356: 1343: 1340: 1329: 1327: 1316: 1314: 1286: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1144: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1000: 996: 995:Ghor Province 992: 982: 973: 957:Early history 949: 947: 943: 942:Pashto poetry 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 907: 902: 892: 889: 887: 882: 881: 875: 871: 867: 861: 859: 855: 849: 847: 846: 841: 833: 829: 828:Ghor Province 824: 820: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 758: 754: 749: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 697: 695: 691: 688:(present-day 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 600:seized Lahore 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 567: 563: 559: 548: 542: 536:دودمان غوریان 533: 529: 525: 503: 501: 498: 497: 489: 487: 484: 483: 475: 473: 470: 469: 461: 459: 456: 455: 452: 446: 443: 436: 435: 432: 429: 422: 421: 418: 415: 408: 407: 404: 401: 394: 393: 390: 389: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 373: 369: 365: 360: 356: 352: 346: 342: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 314: 311: 305: 298: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 269: 265: 262: 257: 251: 246: 241: 237: 231: 228: 224: 218: 214: 210: 207: 203: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 165: 160: 151: 140: 131: 122: 121: 111: 110: 100: 91: 82: 71: 62: 51: 43: 34: 29: 22: 19: 13315:Other topics 13299: 13227:Persian name 13166:Islamization 13108: 13068:Architecture 13021:universities 12966:Zoroastrians 12961:Christianity 12951:Baháʼí Faith 12901:Azerbaijanis 12808:Demographics 12622:Construction 12610:Central Bank 12552:Space Agency 12447:Child labour 12282:Principlists 12262:Cyberwarfare 12210:Human rights 12175:Constitution 11970:Azerbaijanis 11939:Indo-Persian 11919:Greater Iran 11790:siege (1980) 11749:1979–present 11504: 11400:early modern 11398:Medieval and 11192:Kura-Araxes 11014: 10945:Mount Khajeh 10912:Qala-i-Jangi 10892:Khair Khaneh 10797:Khair Khaneh 10704:Namazga-Tepe 10659:Anau culture 10636:Turkmenistan 10553:Tavka Kurgan 10448:Balalyk Tepe 10365:Burana Tower 10355:Aigyr-Zhal 2 10247:Issyk kurgan 9982:Kart dynasty 9977:Sufi dynasty 9967:Golden Horde 9946: 9892:Oghuz Yabgus 9867:Tang dynasty 9832:Hephthalites 9757:Uyuk culture 9642:Bibliography 9443:Human rights 9398:Constitution 9279:Demographics 9034:Hindu Shahis 8933: 8909: 8885: 8864: 8840: 8822: 8794:. Oriental. 8790: 8769: 8749: 8721: 8697: 8673: 8660: 8637: 8610: 8607:"Ghaznavids" 8576: 8548: 8525: 8517:Bibliography 8503: 8494: 8487:. Retrieved 8483: 8462: 8453: 8441:. Retrieved 8423: 8389: 8357: 8350: 8338: 8318: 8296: 8284: 8272: 8252: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8209: 8202: 8193: 8189: 8179: 8170: 8158: 8138: 8131: 8111: 8085: 8065: 8055: 8030: 8022: 8004: 8000:K. A. Nizami 7994: 7974: 7967: 7958: 7935: 7928: 7919: 7907: 7901: 7881: 7875: 7855: 7848: 7841:destructions 7839: 7824: 7817: 7805: 7793: 7773: 7743: 7736: 7727: 7712: 7695:Chandra 2007 7690: 7670: 7663: 7654: 7649: 7645:K. A. Nizami 7612: 7605: 7585: 7578: 7566: 7558: 7543: 7529: 7519: 7497: 7485: 7473: 7466:Chandra 2007 7461: 7443: 7436: 7409: 7374: 7362: 7350: 7342: 7327: 7320: 7300: 7268: 7261: 7254:Chandra 2007 7249: 7237: 7229: 7216: 7206: 7197: 7188: 7180: 7175: 7169: 7160: 7155: 7136: 7132: 7122: 7102: 7072: 7065: 7053: 7041: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6967: 6963: 6954: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6936:ūids were Pa 6933: 6931: 6923: 6903: 6896: 6877: 6837: 6830: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6790: 6778: 6769: 6767: 6759: 6751: 6736: 6726: 6717: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6689: 6677: 6670: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6626: 6606: 6599: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6537: 6531: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6486: 6482: 6463: 6458:, p. 6. 6451: 6442: 6427: 6421: 6387: 6372: 6366: 6346: 6339: 6327: 6307: 6300: 6275: 6265: 3815: 3778: 3760: 3759: 3732: 3722: 3705:عباس بن محمد 3688: 3659: 3625: 3615: 3614: 3556: 3527: 3498: 3469: 3451: 3450: 3423: 3384: 3350: 3340: 3339: 3318:سلطان المعظم 3312: 3302: 3273: 3244: 3215: 3202: 3201: 3174: 3162:محمد بن عباس 3145: 3116: 3087: 3074: 3073: 3062:محمد بن سوری 3045: 3015: 2985: 2944: 2858: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2841: 2833: 2810: 2798: 2717: 2680: 2628: 2617: 2613:Amir Khusrau 2590: 2560: 2556: 2538: 2489:Khwarezmians 2486: 2466:Khwarizmians 2454:Yelü Zhilugu 2447: 2425: 2099: 2064: 2041: 2009:Gwalior fort 2007:, capturing 1973:Yamuna River 1970: 1923: 1888:fought near 1859: 1808: 1745: 1700: 1686: 1671: 1658: 1645: 1630: 1618: 1607: 1586: 1569: 1555: 1544: 1531: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1438: 1425: 1414: 1401: 1390: 1379: 1367: 1352: 1350: 1338: 1323: 1310: 1270: 1243: 1217:against the 1215:Ahmad Sanjar 1200: 1164: 1153: 1121: 1081: 1068: 1064: 1055: 1006: 946:Pata Khazana 935: 904: 898: 890: 863: 851: 843: 842:explains in 837: 816: 808: 804: 794: 793: 762: 709:Qara Khitais 698: 670:Indus Valley 639: 604: 557: 527: 523: 521: 385:Succeeded by 384: 379: 282:Malik/Sultan 255: 244: 220:(1170s–1215) 117: 106: 18: 13332:Tehrangeles 13295:Traditional 13032:Nationality 12970:persecution 12955:persecution 12906:Circassians 12855:Neo-Aramaic 12835:Azerbaijani 12707:State-owned 12632:Health care 12595:Agriculture 12432:Brain drain 12371:Ambassadors 12066:Earthquakes 11603:Aq Qoyunlu 11552:Muzaffarid 11529:Eldiguzids 11521:Anushtegin 11347:Kingdom of 11323:Kingdom of 11315:Kingdom of 11307:Atropatene 11299:Achaemenid 11240:Kingdom of 11185:3400–539 BC 11037:Kabul hoard 10970:Sokh snakes 10922:Surkh Kotal 10887:Haji Piyada 10862:Darra-e Kur 10827:Yemshi Tepe 10822:Tillya Tepe 10817:Tepe Fullol 10807:Tepe Narenj 10802:Tapa Sardar 10792:Fondukistan 10757:Tapa Shotor 10737:Tepe Fullol 10729:Afghanistan 10558:Toprak-Kala 10543:Shahrukhiya 10493:Kampir Tepe 10483:Itchan Kala 10438:Ancient Pap 10395:Shakh Fazil 10267:Krasnyi Yar 10171:Mogao Caves 10131:Kizil Caves 10067:Archaeology 9932:Farighunids 9887:Turk Shahis 9827:Alchon Huns 9245:Earthquakes 9029:Turk Shahis 8984:Afghanistan 8929:Wink, Andre 8905:Wink, André 8443:18 November 7810:Thapar 2004 7571:Thapar 2004 7429:Thapar 2004 7367:Thapar 2004 7355:Thapar 2004 7019:Thomas 2018 7007:Thomas 2018 6866:Wink, André 6645:pp. 598–599 6561:The Ghurids 6524:O'Neal 2015 6332:Thomas 2018 6110:(1212–1213) 6056:(1206–1215) 5809:(1206–1212) 5770:(1192–1206) 5748:(1213–1214) 5737:(1149–1157) 5542:(1163–1192) 5509:(1202–1206) 5496:(1163–1202) 5377:(1214–1215) 5224:(1152–1163) 5203:(1149–1161) 5158:(1146–1149) 4601:(1100–1146) 4480:(1080–1100) 4349:(1060–1080) 4232:(1035–1060) 4108:(1011–1035) 3806:Khwarazmian 3584:Khwarazmian 3133:عباس بن شیث 2700:Qala-e-Bost 2601:Persianized 2553:Kwarizmians 2529:Afghanistan 2513:Afghanistan 2474:Transoxiana 2462:Qara-Khitai 2450:Qara-Khitai 2267:QARA KHITAI 2216:KHWARAZMIAN 2093:capital of 2027:under king 1985:Jayachandra 1940:led by the 1878:Thar desert 1851:Carmathians 1839:Khyber Pass 1837:instead of 1831:Indus River 1784:Jayachandra 1772:Mularaja II 1574:(RATNAPURA) 1512:GAHADAVALAS 1339:QARA KHITAI 1223:Sultan Shah 1219:Ghuzz Turks 1207:Qara Khitai 1167:Ghuzz Turks 1148:Qala-e-Bost 1113:Oghuz Turks 1097:Tukharistan 1077:Oghuz Turks 1067:, meaning " 964:Jam Minaret 944:", such as 931:Persianized 856:, nor even 832:Afghanistan 830:in central 805:Āl-e Šansab 751:Coinage of 705:Khwrezmians 694:Caspian Sea 640:During the 615:Afghanistan 585:Sunni Islam 581:Afghanistan 380:Preceded by 299:Amir Banji 277:(1173–1206) 261:Sunni Islam 243:Before 1011 192:Caspian Sea 138:QARA KHITAI 119:BUNDELKHAND 58:KHWARAZMIAN 13383:Categories 13232:Philosophy 13191:newspapers 13172:Literature 13077:architects 13072:Achaemenid 12992:Corruption 12452:Corruption 12292:Reformists 12287:Propaganda 12185:Corruption 12170:Censorship 12113:Lake Urmia 11801:Iran–Iraq 11497:Ghaznavid 11375:AD 224–651 11339:Frataraka 11171:Prehistory 10917:Rag-i-Bibi 10742:Ai-Khanoum 10674:Gonur Depe 10669:Dev-Kesken 10606:Kafir-kala 10596:Ajina tepe 10578:Tajikistan 10538:Sarmishsay 10523:Kyzyl-Kala 10503:Khalchayan 10488:Kafir-kala 10468:Fayaz Tepe 10453:Burchmulla 10415:Uzbekistan 10405:Tash Rabat 10380:Manas Ordo 10347:Kyrgyzstan 10234:Kazakhstan 9937:Ghaznavids 9842:Ustrushana 9837:Tocharians 9767:Massagetae 9403:Loya jirga 9322:Nuristanis 9134:since 1992 9129:Soviet war 8944:9004102361 8717:Frye, R.N. 8496:elsewhere. 8343:Eaton 2019 7402:Eaton 2019 7279:0226742210 6709:ĀNISTĀN". 6293:Eaton 2019 6257:References 3800:1206–1215 3754:1192–1206 3681:1163–1192 3647:1152–1163 3578:1214–1215 3549:1213–1214 3520:1212–1213 3491:1206–1212 3445:1203–1206 3406:1163–1203 3372:1161–1163 3334:1149–1161 3266:1146–1149 3237:1100–1146 3216:Abul-Muluk 3109:1011–1035 2997:Amir Banji 2795:. Exhibit 2649:mausoleums 2624:Mughal era 2597:literature 2523:region of 2183:See also: 2105:generals. 2069:, another 2025:Chaulukyas 2013:vanquished 1981:Gahadavala 1862:Gomal Pass 1835:Gomal Pass 1780:Gahadavala 1571:KALACHURIS 1556:KALACHURIS 1532:KACHCHAPA- 1404:GHAZNAVIDS 1391:CHAHAMANAS 1380:CHAULUKYAS 1324:KARAKHANID 1311:South Asia 1171:Ghaznavids 1101:Zamindawar 1023:Ghaznavids 909:: "Sultan 870:al-Juzjani 840:André Wink 838:Historian 672:as far as 607:Ghaznavids 562:Persianate 500:Qarlughids 403:Ghaznavids 267:Government 13197:Mythology 13103:Calendars 13093:Astronomy 13002:Education 12911:Georgians 12896:Assyrians 12891:Armenians 12817:Languages 12709:companies 12672:Transport 12652:Petroleum 12437:Companies 12376:President 12363:Officials 12297:Terrorism 12246:Air Force 12190:Elections 12128:Provinces 12123:Mountains 12033:Geography 11953:languages 11691:1925–1979 11619:Afsharid 11580:1370–1925 11568:Chobanid 11462:Saffarid 11414:Rashidun 11382:Sasanian 11363:Kings of 11355:Parthian 11331:Seleucid 11272:Scythian 11232:Kassites 11216:Akkadian 10963:Artifacts 10837:Aq Kupruk 10787:Mes Aynak 10719:Ulug Depe 10654:Altyndepe 10601:Cyropolis 10591:Penjikent 10563:Varakhsha 10498:Kara Tepe 10443:Ayaz-Kala 10433:Akhsikath 10423:Afrasiyab 10370:Issyk-Kul 10360:Balasagun 10206:Beshbalik 10083:Sintashta 10043:Silk Road 9972:Ilkhanate 9927:Ma'munids 9822:Kidarites 9569:Education 9538:Transport 9359:Languages 9332:Qizilbash 9260:Volcanoes 9218:Geography 8937:. BRILL. 8831:1873-9830 8810:"Ghūrids" 8634:"Ghurids" 8605:(2001a). 8489:4 January 8301:Auer 2021 8289:Auer 2021 7955:883279992 7490:Wink 1991 7414:Wink 1991 7379:Wink 1991 7046:Wink 1991 7034:Wink 1991 6995:Wink 1991 6783:Wink 2020 6456:Auer 2021 3859:Amir Suri 3808:conquest 3738:ابوالمؤید 3586:conquest 3032:امیر سوری 3027:Amir Suri 3002:امیر سوری 2581:19th Sura 2495:captured 2392:SULTANATE 2383:SULTANATE 2305:CALIPHATE 2258:KIPCHACKS 2169:in 1526. 2155:Iltutmish 2097:in 1205. 2095:Lakhnauti 2077:and into 2037:Anhilwara 2033:Mount Abu 1890:Mount Abu 1857:by 1176. 1849:from the 1800:Lakshmana 1798:'s under 1768:Chaulukya 1752:Chahamana 1703:SULTANATE 1619:KAMARUPAS 1608:NAGVANSIS 1559:(TRIPURI) 1545:CHANDELAS 1439:KAKATIYAS 1428:CHALUKYAS 1415:PARAMARAS 1250:Ismāʿīlīs 880:Shahnameh 809:Šansabānī 589:Ghaznavid 558:Šansabānī 541:romanized 367:1200 est. 254:From 1011 239:Religion 80:CALIPHATE 13358:Category 13251:football 13242:Scouting 13152:Iranians 13142:Folklore 12938:Religion 12850:Georgian 12830:Armenian 12691:shipping 12686:railways 12676:airlines 12642:Industry 12507:Taxation 12321:Councils 12237:Military 12152:Politics 12133:Wildlife 12098:Caucasus 11980:Persians 11907:See also 11731:Iranian 11698:Pahlavi 11611:Safavid 11587:Timurid 11490:977–1432 11470:Ziyarid 11446:Tahirid 11438:Samanid 11430:Abbasid 11422:Umayyad 11407:632–1090 11224:Lullubi 11208:Elamite 10897:Mundigak 10877:Firozkoh 10767:Shotorak 10586:Bunjikat 10478:Hazorasp 10302:Shilikty 10292:Boralday 10216:Mongolia 10151:Dunhuang 9922:Samanids 9852:Farghana 9705:Polities 9651:Category 9609:War rugs 9604:Religion 9589:Olympics 9518:Taxation 9381:Politics 9342:Turkmens 9327:Pashtuns 9302:Farsiwan 9265:Wildlife 9182:Timeline 9175:By topic 8988:articles 8931:(1991). 8907:(2020). 8862:(2004). 8821:(eds.). 8695:(2019). 8671:(2007). 8546:(1977). 8063:(2004). 8014:31870180 7643:(1981). 7541:(2004). 7226:31870180 6876:(eds.). 6734:(2000). 6659:Archived 6471:Archived 6273:(1978). 6235:See also 3600:Coinage 2969:Coinage 2901:Top view 2862:— 2821:Khurasan 2803:(2016), 2647:The two 2545:Abbasids 2535:Religion 2470:Khurasan 2464:and the 2029:Bhima II 2023:and the 1926:Bathinda 1903:Peshawar 1827:Fīrōzkōh 1598:KARNATAS 1500:HOYSALAS 1488:KADAMBAS 1235:Nishapur 1211:Khorasan 1179:Firozkoh 1124:Firuzkuh 1103:, Bust, 1093:Firozkoh 1065:Jahānsūz 1031:Paganism 915:Samanids 895:Language 886:Fereydun 801:Bosworth 781:Persians 721:Khurasan 560:) was a 250:Paganism 209:Firozkoh 180:Nishapur 69:KIPCHAKS 31:786–1215 13301:Ey Iran 13249: ( 13209: ( 13185:student 13183: ( 13179: ( 13164: ( 13132:Cuisine 13117:Fashion 13105: ( 13085: ( 13070: ( 13056:Culture 13004: ( 12968: ( 12953: ( 12926:Turkmen 12878: ( 12869:Peoples 12840:Kurdish 12796:Society 12697:Tourism 12674: ( 12664: ( 12654: ( 12634: ( 12627:Defense 12597: ( 12587:Sectors 12574: ( 12534: ( 12439: ( 12420:General 12409:Economy 12299: ( 12269: ( 12239: ( 12192: ( 12177: ( 12163:General 12118:Islands 12054:largest 12044:Borders 11513:Seljuk 11505:Ghurid 11454:Alavid 11264:Median 11256:Urartu 11178:Ancient 11158:History 10842:Asqalan 10777:Bimaran 10772:Paitava 10714:Togolok 10649:Abiward 10533:Poykent 10518:Koktepe 10385:Navekat 10262:Kerderi 10252:Jankent 10201:Kashgar 10176:Tumshuq 10121:Bulayïq 10031:Culture 9847:Khuttal 9807:Xiongnu 9628:Outline 9564:Cuisine 9552:Culture 9528:Tourism 9481:Economy 9428:Cabinet 9393:Taliban 9312:Hazaras 9235:Borders 8996:History 8800:5386449 8748:(ed.). 8574:(ed.). 7916:1031074 7647:(ed.). 7453:4413150 6507:Persian 6389:control 3221:ابولملک 2684:madrasa 2583:of the 2567:Culture 2549:Baghdad 2541:Sunnism 2521:Sisitan 2478:Khokhar 2443:Gurgānj 2427:Ghiyath 2381:AYYUBID 2345:DYNASTY 2325:DYNASTY 2314:YADAVAS 2303:ABBASID 2294:ZENGIDS 2285:GHURIDS 2056:mosques 2050:in the 2017:Rajputs 2005:Gwalior 1997:Sarnath 1993:Benares 1936:by the 1907:Sialkot 1874:Gujarat 1823:diarchy 1776:Gujarat 1689:EMIRATE 1631:EASTERN 1522:GUHILAS 1478:PANDYAS 1426:WESTERN 1326:KHANATE 1313:1175 CE 1277:in 1192 1132:Bamiyan 1128:Turkish 1105:Bamiyan 1084:Seljuks 1027:Seljuks 1013:Abbasid 952:History 927:culture 854:Turkish 817:Wišnasp 789:Afghans 743:Origins 711:in the 668:of the 662:dyarchy 642:dyarchy 627:Seljuks 611:Seljuks 566:Iranian 553:شنسبانی 543:: 532:Persian 528:Ghorids 326:History 301:(first) 275:Diarchy 230:Persian 205:Capital 149:KHANIDS 98:YADAVAS 89:ZENGIDS 78:ABBASID 13368:Portal 13127:Cinema 13109:Nowruz 13006:higher 12880:abroad 12845:Hebrew 12751:Places 12647:Mining 12472:Energy 12049:Cities 11965:Aryans 11684:Modern 11635:Qajar 11478:Buyid 11146:topics 10907:Nagara 10679:Jeitun 10611:Sarazm 10297:Sawran 10242:Begash 10196:Khotan 10191:Loulan 9802:Yuezhi 9656:Portal 9599:Poetry 9584:Cinema 9508:Mining 9503:Energy 9354:Health 9347:Uzbeks 9337:Tajiks 9307:Gurjar 9297:Baloch 8986: 8941: 8917: 8893: 8872: 8848: 8829: 8798: 8777: 8756: 8729: 8705: 8681: 8588: 8556: 8532: 8480:"Ewer" 8459:"Ewer" 8434: 8397: 8365: 8326: 8260: 8217: 8146: 8119: 8073: 8043: 8012: 7982: 7953: 7943: 7914: 7889: 7863: 7832: 7781: 7751: 7720: 7678: 7620: 7593: 7551: 7451: 7335: 7308: 7276: 7224: 7110: 7080: 6911: 6884: 6845: 6818: 6744: 6692:p. 392 6641:& 6614: 6587: 6544: 6435: 6380: 6354: 6315: 5757:(1192) 5187:(1149) 3609:Reign 3557:Sultan 3528:Sultan 3499:Sultan 3470:Sultan 2978:Reign 2886:ewer. 2653:Chisht 2505:Ghazni 2394:OF RUM 2334:XI XIA 2247:MONGOL 2236:KIEVAN 2218:EMPIRE 2143:Bengal 2127:Bayana 2119:Multan 2111:Ghazni 2103:Mamluk 2087:Nudiya 2079:Bengal 2071:Turkic 1915:Lahore 1911:Punjab 1882:Ghazna 1866:Multan 1847:Multan 1843:Panjab 1815:Ghazni 1804:Bengal 1788:Kanauj 1782:ruler 1778:, the 1770:ruler 1766:, the 1754:ruler 1748:Rajput 1740:Samvat 1732:Bengal 1701:MAKRAN 1687:SOOMRA 1659:MARYUL 1633:GANGAS 1534:GHATAS 1469:CHERAS 1460:CHOLAS 1449:SHILA- 1368:KUMAON 1355:EMPIRE 1353:GHURID 1246:Jhelum 1239:Besṭām 1231:Tekish 1191:Kerman 1187:Sīstān 1183:Nīmrūz 1073:Seljuq 1043:Ghazni 1016:caliph 925:, and 923:poetry 874:Zahhak 858:Afghan 787:, and 777:Tajiks 757:Ghazni 686:Gorgan 674:Bengal 619:Panjab 591:ruler 329: 316:(last) 285: 217:Ghazni 196:Bengal 188:Gorgan 60:EMPIRE 13262:Music 13247:Sport 13177:Media 13162:Islam 13098:Blogs 13042:Women 12997:Crime 12985:Other 12946:Islam 12916:Kurds 12681:metro 12599:fruit 12557:Setad 11627:Zand 11537:Kart 10752:Hadda 10508:Khiva 10400:Suyab 10390:Özgön 10327:Urpek 10312:Sumbe 10277:Otrar 10166:Rawak 10156:Miran 10126:Kucha 9635:Index 9579:Music 9453:women 9371:Women 9292:Arabs 8744:. In 8428:(PDF) 6252:Notes 3779:Malik 3723:Malik 3710:1192 3689:Malik 3660:Malik 3626:Malik 3562:سلطان 3533:سلطان 3504:سلطان 3475:سلطان 3351:Malik 3303:Malik 3295:1149 3274:Malik 3245:Malik 3175:Malik 3146:Malik 3117:Malik 3088:Malik 3046:Malik 3016:Malik 2948:Mosul 2854:Herat 2825:Herat 2813:Herat 2789:Herat 2585:Koran 2509:Delhi 2497:Herat 2372:KHMER 2354:PAGAN 2276:QOCHO 2151:Delhi 2135:Delhi 2060:Hindu 2044:Delhi 2021:Ajmer 1983:king 1962:Delhi 1958:Ajmer 1944:king 1930:Delhi 1917:, in 1899:Sindh 1806:etc. 1792:Hindu 1764:Ajmer 1760:Delhi 1672:LOHA- 1587:SENAS 1451:HARAS 1175:Herat 1117:Balkh 815:name 785:Turks 773:Tajik 759:mint. 658:India 569:Tajik 213:Herat 147:KARA- 129:QOCHO 108:MALWA 13290:Rock 13275:Jazz 13270:Folk 13136:wine 12921:Jews 12251:Navy 12241:Army 12220:LGBT 11144:Iran 10932:Iran 10709:Nisa 10694:Merv 10664:Anau 10161:Niya 9742:Saka 9574:Flag 9448:LGBT 8939:ISBN 8915:ISBN 8891:ISBN 8870:ISBN 8846:ISBN 8827:ISSN 8796:OCLC 8775:ISBN 8754:ISBN 8727:ISBN 8703:ISBN 8679:ISBN 8652:link 8625:link 8586:ISBN 8554:ISBN 8530:ISBN 8491:2024 8445:2022 8432:ISBN 8395:ISBN 8363:ISBN 8324:ISBN 8258:ISBN 8215:ISBN 8144:ISBN 8117:ISBN 8071:ISBN 8041:ISBN 8010:OCLC 7980:ISBN 7951:OCLC 7941:ISBN 7912:OCLC 7887:ISBN 7861:ISBN 7830:ISBN 7779:ISBN 7749:ISBN 7718:ISBN 7676:ISBN 7618:ISBN 7591:ISBN 7549:ISBN 7449:OCLC 7333:ISBN 7306:ISBN 7274:ISBN 7222:OCLC 7108:ISBN 7078:ISBN 6909:ISBN 6882:ISBN 6843:ISBN 6816:ISBN 6742:ISBN 6686:Link 6667:LINK 6635:Link 6612:ISBN 6585:ISBN 6542:ISBN 6503:Iran 6433:ISBN 6378:ISBN 6352:ISBN 6313:ISBN 3784:ملک 3728:ملک 3694:ملک 3665:ملک 3631:ملک 3356:ملک 3308:ملک 3279:ملک 3250:ملک 3180:ملک 3151:ملک 3122:ملک 3093:ملک 3051:ملک 2991:امیر 2986:Amir 2956:Iraq 2719:iwan 2595:and 2525:Iran 2501:Ghor 2499:and 2439:Merv 2431:gout 2421:1215 2405:RYEO 2363:DALI 2343:SONG 2238:RUS' 2207:1215 2129:and 2091:Sena 1919:1186 1876:via 1868:and 1796:Sena 1762:and 1646:GUGE 1402:LATE 1227:Merv 1185:and 1061:Bost 1025:and 1009:Ghor 989:The 868:and 690:Iran 654:Iran 648:and 631:Iran 617:and 577:Ghor 573:Ghor 522:The 362:Area 353:1215 184:Merv 182:and 49:1203 13280:Pop 13083:Art 12666:TCI 9317:Kho 6669:): 6665:, ( 6444:Sām 3021:ملک 2958:). 2651:of 2547:in 2403:GO- 2323:JIN 2031:at 2019:of 2003:of 1870:Uch 1855:Uch 1802:in 1786:in 1774:in 1758:in 1674:RAS 1248:by 1115:of 993:in 343:786 13385:: 8648:}} 8644:{{ 8636:. 8621:}} 8617:{{ 8609:. 8493:. 8482:. 8471:^ 8461:. 8409:^ 8377:^ 8308:^ 8240:". 8192:. 8188:. 8097:^ 8039:. 8037:56 7957:. 7949:. 7918:. 7838:. 7763:^ 7726:. 7702:^ 7632:^ 7557:. 7537:; 7509:^ 7421:^ 7386:^ 7341:. 7288:^ 7228:. 7196:. 7179:. 7159:. 7144:^ 7135:. 7131:. 7092:^ 7026:^ 6975:^ 6966:. 6962:. 6946:Gh 6942:sh 6938:sh 6934:Gh 6872:; 6857:^ 6770:Gh 6750:. 6707:GH 6697:^ 6688:: 6637:: 6514:^ 6441:. 6396:^ 6386:. 6285:^ 2519:, 2445:. 2419:c. 2137:. 2121:, 2113:, 2039:. 1905:, 1901:, 1193:. 1119:. 1099:, 1079:. 921:, 819:. 783:, 779:, 739:. 637:. 556:, 538:, 534:: 530:; 163:▷ 158:◁ 13253:) 13213:) 13193:) 13187:) 13168:) 13138:) 13134:( 13113:) 13111:) 13089:) 13079:) 13023:) 12972:) 12957:) 12882:) 12693:) 12668:) 12658:) 12638:) 12601:) 12578:) 12538:) 12443:) 12303:) 12273:) 12253:) 12196:) 12181:) 11136:e 11129:t 11122:v 9873:) 9869:( 9690:e 9683:t 9676:v 9200:" 9196:" 8976:e 8969:t 8962:v 8947:. 8923:. 8899:. 8878:. 8854:. 8833:. 8802:. 8783:. 8762:. 8735:. 8711:. 8687:. 8654:) 8627:) 8594:. 8562:. 8538:. 8465:. 8447:. 8403:. 8371:. 8332:. 8266:. 8223:. 8152:. 8125:. 8079:. 8049:. 8016:. 7988:. 7895:. 7869:. 7787:. 7757:. 7684:. 7626:. 7599:. 7504:. 7455:. 7314:. 7282:. 7200:. 7116:. 7086:. 6917:. 6890:. 6851:. 6824:. 6620:. 6593:. 6550:. 6526:. 6509:" 6416:. 6360:. 6321:. 3820:. 2807:. 2801:" 2797:" 2587:. 848:: 834:. 256:: 245:: 198:.

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