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1999), 'Abd al-'Aziz bin Baz (d. 1999), Muhammad Salih al-'Uthaymin (d. 2001), and Yahya al-Hajuri, to name but a few, who held senior positions on religious councils responsible for issuing fatwas (legal opinions) and/or were lecturers in
Islamic sciences at traditional Islamic institutions such as the Universities of Medina and Riyadh.
692:, Spain, and the United Kingdom. He moved a number of times between Syria and a couple of cities in Jordan. He also lived in the UAE. After Bin Baz's intervention with Saudi educational management, al-Albani was invited to Saudi Arabia a second time in order to serve as the head of higher education in
847:
It was controversial specifically within the Salafi community. "However, wearing the Niqab is better". Sheikh Al-Albani said: "Whoever adheres to the obligation, it is good enough; and whoever does the recommendation, it is better." (Jilbab Ul-Mar’at Il-Muslimah, p. 28, which is a
Preface to the
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Al-Albani was amongst some leading Salafi scholars who were preaching for decades against what they considered the warped literalism of extremists. They believed that
Muslims should focus on purifying their beliefs and practice and that, in time, "God would bring victory over the forces of falsehood
592:
magazine. That work was the beginning of al-Albani's scholarly career, and for this book he became known in the scholarly circles of
Damascus, and library allocated him a special room to carry out his research, and gave him a duplicate key of the library. After a while, he began teaching two lessons
2017:
In addition, Salafism is a term that has a broader base in
Islamic tradition and is more encompassing than Ahl-Hadith, which has more sectarian implications. Among the most influential exponents of NTS are some contemporary Middle Eastern Muslim scholars such as Muhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani (d.
905:
Indeed, I have concluded that his methods disagree with those of the jurists and hadith scholars, and that his methods are creating great disarray and evident disruption in the proofs of jurisprudence both generally and specifically. He lacks trust in the Imams of law and hadith, as well as in the
780:
Al-Albani wrote a book in which he redefined the proper gestures and formula that constitute the Muslim prayer ritual "According to the
Prophet's sallallahu 'alayhi wa sallams practice." These were contrary to the prescriptions of all established schools of jurisprudence.
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Starting in 1954, al-Albani began delivering informal weekly lessons. By 1960, his popularity began to worry the government, and he was placed under surveillance. He was imprisoned twice in 1969. He was placed under house arrest more than once in the 1970s by the
658:, the grand mufti of Saudi Arabia. Shortly upon his arrival, al-Albani angered the Hanbali Scholars in Saudi Arabia, who did not like his anti-traditionalist stances in Muslim jurisprudence. They were alarmed by al-Albani's intellectual challenges to the ruling
895:
The
Egyptian hadith scholar Mahmud Sa'id Mamduh, who studied with 'Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda and 'Abdallah b. al-Siddiq al-Ghumari. Mamduh has written at least four rebuttals of al-Albani's work on different subjects. In 1987, published a work entitled
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school of
Islamic law; he responded affirmatively. Al-Albani's opponents among the mainstream have affirmed this as a point of criticism. A number of al-Albani's students have denied his association with any formal school of jurisprudence.
1295:
usually refers to an
Albanian, though the usage is sometimes extended to a Bosnian, Serbian, Yugoslavian, and sometimes to Albanian communities that settled in the Levant during the Ottoman era onward, especially for those residing in
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As he argued that several details of the concrete prayer that have been taught from generation to generation were based on dubious hadith, his book caused considerable controversy. Al-Albani's descriptions for the performance of the
2126:
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The most important teacher of al-Albani was his father. Moreover, he studied under
Muhammad Saeed Al Burhani; where he studied a book named 'Maraqi Al Falah' on Hanafi Jurisprudence, and 'Shadoor Al Dhahab', a book on
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literature and felt that numerous previously accepted hadiths were unsound. This led him to produce rulings that were at odds with the Islamic majority. Although Salafism has frequently been associated with
1827:
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gained him criticism amongst a number of Sunni Muslim scholars. Al-Albani's critics amongst the clerical and intellectual classes consisted of various theological and political opponents. These included:
703:
Al-Albani returned to Syria, where he was briefly jailed again in 1979. He moved to Jordan, living there for the remainder of his time. He died in 1999 at the age of 85. Al-Albani's wife was Umm al-Fadl.
1456:
In this way he became a self-taught expert on Islam, learning from the books rather than the ulema. One of his biographers even states that al-Albani was distinguished in religious circles by how few
740:
Al-Albani's own views on jurisprudence and dogma have been a matter of debate and discussion. During a 1989 visit to Saudi Arabia, Al-Albani was asked if he adhered to the lesser-known
569:
Despite his father's discouragement against hadith studies, al-Albani became interested in the Hadith, therefore he learned the Hadith at about twenty years of age, influenced by the
593:
per week about doctrine, Fiqh and Hadith. His lessons were attended by students and university professors. He also began organizing advocacy trips to various cities of Syria and
712:
Al-Albani was a proponent of Salafism, and is considered one of the movement's primary figureheads in the 20th century. Al-Albani criticized the four mainstream schools of
2700:
Pages 6-7: Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith - 2-page article on Al-Albani's hadith methodology in a backdrop to nepotism among Salafi scholars in Saudi Arabia
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1840:
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541:
580:. Though he was taught by Muhammad Bahjat al-Baytar, 'Izz al din al tanoukhi,Shaykh Sa'id al-Burhani,Ibn al Baghi etc. he transcribed and commented on
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Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman, and Mustafa Abdul Rahman. On Taqlid: Ibn Al Qayyim's Critique of Authority in Islamic Law. Oxford University Press, 2013. p.10
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his call for Palestinians to leave the occupied territories since, according to him, they were unable to practice their faith there as they should.
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605:, and then he returned to Damascus to complete his studies, and to his work in the library, where he left his place for one of his brothers.
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school of law but were unable to challenge him openly due to his popularity. Al-Albani wrote a book supporting his view that the
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618:, and some other contemporary books on rhetoric. He also used to attend the lessons of Muhammad Bahjat Al Atar, scholar of
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Imam Al-Albani, Sheikh al-Islam and Imam of Ahlus-Sunnah wal-Jama’ah, in the eyes of notable scholars and virtuous writers
1652:
801:
Al-Albani held a number of controversial views that ran counter to the wider Islamic consensus, and more specifically to
2699:
521:("the Albanian") only after he dropped out of school and began to write. Afterward, he studied the renowned Hanafi book
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Al-Imam al-Albani Shaykh al-Islam wa Imam Ahl al-Sunnah wal Jama'ah Fee 'Ayoon A'alaam al-'Ulamaa' wa Fahool al-Adabaa'
1905:
1765:
1019:
Emad Hamdeh has described al-Albani as a "prolific scholar". He was the author of 217 books on various topics; such as
869:
Al-Albani has been regarded as one of the leading Islamic scholars of the 20th-century. Al-Albani's revaluation of the
655:
1571:
967:
The Jordanian theologian, Hasan b. 'Ali al-Saqqaf, composed a book entitled ("Dictionary of al-Albani's Slanderings").
2324:
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1983:
1449:
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122:
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2217:
920:
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647:
598:
467:, Nuh detached his son from school in Albania. At the age of nine in 1923, al-Albani and his family moved to
1595:
Jordanian Salafism: A Strategy for the "Islamization of Society"and an Ambiguous Relationship with the State
310:
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considered al-Albani to be "wrapped in evil" and "not suitable to be a sheikh" for his alleged claim that
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1507:
881:
700:. This did not last due to controversy among the Saudi establishment regarding al-Albani's views.
1720:
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after the leader was executed. He claimed that Qutb had deviated in creed and held the belief of
588:. He followed this writing a series of lectures and books, as well as publishing articles in the
429:
321:
305:
59:
1757:
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The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon
2182:
The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon
2148:
The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon
1893:
The Canonization of Al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon
1643:[A Sitting with Umm al-Fadl, Wife of Shaikh al-Albaani (May Allaah have mercy on him)]
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2353:
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1753:
1714:
1575:
1003:
1922:"Niqab Sunnah or Wajib – Face Cover Mandatory or Prescribed – Can I Take My Niqab off – PDF"
2789:
2719:
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2275:
1975:
689:
670:
577:
1476:
8:
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957:
553:, also helped by native Syrian scholars. In the meantime, he earned a modest living as a
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Al-Albani did not advocate violence, preferring obedience to established governments. A
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2055:
761:
570:
511:
373:
326:
149:
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2644:
2619:
2594:
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2554:"Qurʾān and Sunna or the Madhhabs?: A Salafi Polemic Against Islamic Legal Tradition"
2544:
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1979:
1946:
1901:
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1797:
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1671:"Qurʾān and Sunna or the Madhhabs?: A Salafi Polemic Against Islamic Legal Tradition"
1606:
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and rejected the traditional Sunni view that Muslims should automatically turn to a
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2510:"Rejectionist Islamism in Saudi Arabia: The Story of Juhayman al-ʿUtaybi Revisited"
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2285:
2186:
2152:
1971:
1897:
1748:
Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy
1682:
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753:
464:
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1936:
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In 1963, al-Albani left Saudi Arabia and returned to his studies and work in the
597:. Then, he obtained a leave from Muhammad Rabegh Al Tabakh, to profess Hadith in
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452:
2032:
1158:
1020:
979:
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2528:
2001:"Constructing the religious Self and the Other: neo-traditional Salafi manhaj"
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Al-Albani visited various countries for preaching and lectures – amongst them
2708:
2577:
2500:
2453:
Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and dissemination in Western Europe
1694:
1539:
Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe
1433:
1429:
1189:
724:(jurisprudence). Instead, he spent much of his life critically re-evaluating
636:
586:
Al-Mughnee 'an-hamlil-Asfar fil-Asfar fee takhrej maa fil-lhyaa min al-Akhbar
231:
194:
132:
2589:
Islam in the Balkans: religion and society between Europe and the Arab world
2405:
A prolific scholar, he authored 217 books on various topics such as ḥadīth,
923:, took issue with al-Albani's well-known call for all Palestinians to leave
223:
Shaykh al-Hajj Nuh Bin Najati Bin al-Ishqudri al-Hanafi al-Albani al-Arnauti
1790:
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602:
241:
764:, of not being a religious scholar and holding "positions contrary to the
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460:
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dubbed al-Albani "the chief innovator of our time" and accused him of
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his view that it was permissible to pray in a mosque with one's shoes.
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in Syria. He left his watch shop in the hands of one of his brothers.
425:
55:
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2082:
1543:
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Anti-Madhabism: the dangers of an innovation that threaten the Sharia
928:
820:
730:
666:, or full face-veil, was not a binding obligation upon Muslim women.
632:
554:
479:
386:
382:
2247:
Religion and State in Syria: The Sunni Ulama from Coup to Revolution
1966:
Haykel, Bernard (2009). "Salafī Groups". In John L. Esposito (ed.).
650:
in 1961, al-Albani received an invitation to teach hadith either by
622:. His other teachers were 'Izz al Din al Tanoukhi and Ibn al Baghi.
1200:
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Alerting the Muslim to al-Albani's Transgression upon Sahih Muslim.
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468:
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401:, where his family had moved and where he was educated as a child.
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236:
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The Albaani Site – Translations from His Works – Updated Regularly
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his view that it was not necessary for women to cover their faces.
408:
by trade, Al-Albani was active as a writer, publishing chiefly on
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802:
717:
659:
651:
489:
442:
295:
266:
102:
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Salafism and Traditionalism: Scholarly Authority in Modern Islam
840:
his view that it is prohibited for women to wear gold bracelets.
2038:
The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century
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1038:
1030:
993:
989:
971:
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884:(d. 1997) published a tract against al-Albani's revaluation of
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725:
685:
640:
619:
594:
503:
437:
188:
154:
142:
81:
2689:
1235:
Later an abridgment of this book was published by al-Albani –
906:
rich hadith and law tradition handed down to us, in which the
639:. The Syrian government prisoned al-Albani of "promoting the
1619:
1215:
1007:
941:
Salafiyya: a blessed historical period, not a school of fiqh.
907:
815:
697:
681:
677:
663:
398:
394:
169:
92:
77:
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This view was also controversial within the Salafi movement.
385:), was an Albanian Islamic scholar known for being a famous
2661:
Salafism in Jordan: Political Islam in a Quietist Community
1315:
1313:
1025:
721:
185:
2450:
Bruinessen, Martin van; Allievi, Stefano (June 17, 2013).
1536:
Bruinessen, Martin van; Allievi, Stefano (June 17, 2013).
988:
criticized al-Albani for his "categorical condemnation of
814:– the niche found in mosques indicating the direction of
793:
prayers deviated considerably from established practice.
416:, Spain and the United Kingdom on the Salafist movement.
2114:
1992:
1716:
The Making of a Salafi Muslim Woman: Paths to Conversion
1382:
1360:
1358:
1330:
1328:
1310:
2508:
Hegghammer, Thomas; Lacroix, Stéphane (February 2007).
2477:"The Formative Years of an Iconoclastic Salafi Scholar"
1394:
500:, a non-profit civil school where he was known as the
1866:"What ISIS Talks About When It Talks About Palestine"
1500:
Lacroix, Stephane; Holoch, George (August 15, 2011).
1355:
1325:
2312:
Encyclopedia of Islam in the United States, Volume 1
1591:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1345:
1343:
1288:
1243:
870:
643:
da'wa, which distorted Islam and confused Muslims."
548:
522:
516:
509:
501:
483:
440:
371:
370:(1914 – 2 October 1999) known by his
2636:
Salafism in Nigeria: Islam, Preaching, and Politics
1370:
949:
Nur al-Din 'Itr rebutted some of al-Albani's views.
488:, and other topics by his father and several local
2586:
2428:Radical Islam and the Revival of Medieval Theology
2333:
2031:
1745:
2507:
2449:
1935:Kahn, Jonathan; Lloyd, Vincent (March 22, 2016).
1625:
1592:Abu Rumman, Mohammad; Abu Hanieh, Hassan (2011).
1535:
1486:
1340:
2706:
2593:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press.
1825:
1010:is defined as forgiveness, education and prayer.
2308:
1425:Global Salafism: Islam's new religious movement
970:Some American critics of al-Albani include the
935:. He wrote two rebuttals of al-Albani entitled
2274:
2239:
2237:
1640:لقاء مع أم الفضل زوجة الشيخ الألباني رحمه الله
1998:
1499:
1483:official website. Accessed November 26, 2014.
771:
2517:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2115:Ayd al-Hilali Abu Usamah, Selim Ibn (2012).
2023:
1968:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
1829:Al-Albani's Revolutionary Approach to Hadith
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
2234:
2174:
2172:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1743:
1587:
1585:
419:
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2007:. Vol. 21, no. 1. pp. 75–93
1802:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1774:
1565:
1563:
1319:
880:In the early 1970s, Syrian hadith scholar
424:Muhammad Nasir al-Din was born in 1914 in
2608:Brachman, Jarret M. (September 3, 2008).
2352:Brachman, Jarret M. (September 3, 2008).
2125:]. Dar Al-Imaam Ahmad. Archived from
2033:"Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century"
1934:
1885:
1883:
1839:'s ISIM Review, p. 6, archived from
1780:
1406:
654:, the university's vice president, or by
2632:
2607:
2351:
2169:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2029:
1810:
1582:
1334:
864:
2730:Albanian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam
2243:
2076:
2070:
1863:
1569:
1560:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1172:Al-Aqidah at-Tahawiyyah Sharh wa Ta'liq
625:
14:
2707:
2584:
2551:
2474:
2382:
1965:
1880:
1668:
1477:Sheikh Mohammad Nasir Ad-Din Al-Albani
1421:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
854:Muslim ruler must be from the tribe of
2770:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
2695:Official Website of Sheikh Al-Albani
2178:
2144:
2133:
1889:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1572:"The Politics of "Quietist" Salafism"
2611:Global Jihadism: Theory and Practice
2355:Global Jihadism: Theory and Practice
2209:
2005:Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations
1976:10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001
1737:
1712:
1524:
1465:
582:Abd al-Rahim ibn al-Husain al-'Iraqi
34:Sheikh Muhammad Nasiruddin Al-Albani
27:Albanian Islamic scholar (1914–1999)
2424:
2339:
1970:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1864:Batrawi, Samar (October 28, 2015).
1349:
397:, he established his reputation in
24:
2765:Albanian Islamic religious leaders
2244:Pierret, Thomas (March 25, 2013).
1868:. Foreign Affairs. Foreign Affairs
1701:
1084:At-Tawassulu: Anwa'uhu wa Ahkamuhu
547:He studied numerous books such as
25:
2836:
2683:
2210:Cook, David (September 1, 2015).
412:. He also lectured widely in the
2825:Biographical evaluation scholars
2745:Albanian Arabic-language writers
2585:Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993).
2179:Brown, Jonathan (June 5, 2007).
2145:Brown, Jonathan (June 5, 2007).
1890:Brown, Jonathan (June 5, 2007).
1826:Stephane Lacroix (Spring 2008),
1713:Inge, Anabel (January 1, 2016).
1570:Olidort, Jacob (February 2015).
1422:Meijer, Roel (October 1, 2009).
1260:
1246:
796:
2376:
2345:
2302:
2268:
2203:
2108:
2099:
1959:
1928:
1914:
1857:
1662:
1631:
1481:King Faisal International Prize
1094:: Its Types & Its Rulings)
1037:Al-Albani's works in Fields of
608:
557:before joining his father as a
478:In Damascus, he was taught the
357:King Faisal International Prize
2218:University of California Press
1999:Adis Duderija (January 2010).
1938:Race and Secularism in America
1744:A. C. Brown, Jonathan (2014).
1281:
921:Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti
805:jurisprudence. These include:
13:
1:
2735:20th-century Albanian writers
2664:. Cambridge, United Kingdom:
2552:Hamdeh, Emad (June 9, 2017).
1669:Hamdeh, Emad (June 9, 2017).
1626:Hegghammer & Lacroix 2007
1303:
1191:(link to English translation)
1096:(link to english translation)
756:. Further, al-Albani accused
648:Islamic University of Madinah
599:Islamic University of Madinah
318:Shaykh Mashhoor Hasan Salmaan
18:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani
2633:Thurston, Alexander (2016).
1460:(certificates) he possessed.
748:Al-Albani openly criticized
535:
246:Badi' ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi
7:
2805:Albanian emigrants to Syria
2740:20th-century Syrian writers
1289:
871:
549:
523:
517:
510:
502:
484:
441:
372:
10:
2841:
2666:Cambridge University Press
2641:Cambridge University Press
2475:Hamdeh, Emad (July 2016).
2433:Cambridge University Press
2418:
2391:Cambridge University Press
2252:Cambridge University Press
336:Salih Ibn S'aad As Suhaymi
272:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
2658:Wagemakers, Joas (2016).
2570:10.1163/15685195-00240A01
2529:10.1017/S0020743807002553
2077:Gauvain, Richard (2015).
2042:Columbia University Press
1943:Columbia University Press
1687:10.1163/15685195-00240A01
1442:Columbia University Press
1073:At-Tasfiyah wa't-Tarbiyah
646:At the foundation of the
508:. He became known by the
352:
311:Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i
283:
211:
206:
191:historiographer/historian
178:
160:
148:
138:
128:
118:
108:
98:
88:
66:
44:
39:
32:
2309:Jocelyne Cesari (2007).
2030:Lauzière, Henri (2015).
1639:
1603:Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung
1508:Harvard University Press
1274:
1116:Talkhis Ahkam al-Jana'iz
1014:
882:Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda
707:
564:
420:Early life and education
389:. A major figure of the
339:Ismail Falah Al Mandakar
2558:Islamic Law and Society
1721:Oxford University Press
1675:Islamic Law and Society
1183:Sifatu Salati An-Nabiyy
447:(school of thought) of
436:, was a scholar of the
410:hadith and its sciences
322:Muhammad bin Jamil Zeno
306:Umar Sulayman al-Ashqar
263:Muhammad Bahjat al-Atar
260:'Izz al-Din al-Tanoukhi
254:Shaykh Saeed al Burhani
1214:Silsalat al-Hadith as-
1199:Silsalat al-Hadith ad-
1061:At-Targhib wa't-Tarhib
912:
910:has taken great pride.
459:. Fearing the rise of
2795:Critics of Shia Islam
2383:Hamdeh, Emad (2021).
1754:Oneworld Publications
1576:Brookings Institution
1004:Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif
903:
865:Assessment and legacy
601:from 1381 until 1383
473:French occupied-Syria
368:Muhammad Nasir al-Din
49:Muhammad Nasir al-Din
2800:Watchmakers (people)
2425:Lav, Daniel (2012).
2129:on October 16, 2021.
2079:Salafi Ritual Purity
1658:on November 8, 2020.
760:, the leader of the
690:United Arab Emirates
671:Az-Zahiriyah library
656:Muhammad ibn Ibrahim
626:Later life and death
578:Muhammad Rashid Rida
540:) with his teacher,
2775:People from Shkodër
2213:Understanding Jihad
1846:on October 10, 2017
1510:. pp. 68–220.
1391:, pp. 209–210.
1045:
996:based revisionism".
992:" and his "radical
958:Gibril Fouad Haddad
550:Mukhtasar al-Quduri
463:during the rule of
342:Ali Hasan Al Halabi
2725:20th-century imams
2493:10.1111/muwo.12157
1781:Al-Albani (1989),
1574:. Analysis Paper.
1444:. pp. 63–68.
1438:C. Hurst & Co.
1036:
852:his view that the
762:Muslim Brotherhood
215:Influenced by
2675:978-1-10716-366-9
2650:978-1-1071-5743-9
2625:978-1-1340-5541-8
2600:978-0-87249-977-5
2467:978-1-1369-3285-4
2442:978-1-1070-0964-6
2400:978-1-108-61836-6
2369:978-1-1340-5541-8
2261:978-1-1070-2641-4
2227:978-0-5209-6249-1
2060:10.7312/lauz17550
1952:978-0-2315-4127-5
1837:Leiden University
1783:Shareet al-Khobar
1612:978-0-6740-4964-2
1553:978-1-1369-3286-1
1517:978-0-6740-6107-1
1403:, pp. 10–11.
1242:
1241:
1144:Sunan at-Tirmidhi
492:. He learned the
465:Ahmed Muhtar Zogu
365:
364:
301:Rabee Al-Madkhali
16:(Redirected from
2832:
2820:Salafi Quietists
2780:Albanian Salafis
2679:
2654:
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2581:
2548:
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2481:The Muslim World
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1649:The Albaani Site
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1367:, pp. 9–10.
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1287:The Arabic word
1285:
1270:
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1263:
1256:
1254:Biography portal
1251:
1250:
1249:
1229:Salat ut-Tarawih
1129:Sunan Abu Dawood
1046:
1035:
886:Sahih al-Bukhari
874:
754:Oneness of Being
552:
542:Sa'id al-Burhani
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199:watchmaker/fixer
161:Main interest(s)
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2317:Greenwood Press
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2288:. p. 325.
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2254:. p. 106.
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1159:Sunan Ibn Majah
1157:Sahih wa Da'if
1142:Sahih wa Da'if
1127:Sahih wa Da'if
1017:
986:Safar Al-Hawali
900:He stated that:
867:
799:
778:
758:Hassan al-Banna
737:and unbelief."
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531:al-Shurunbulali
525:Maraqi al-Falah
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2618:. p. 33.
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2393:. p. 41.
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2362:. p. 33.
2344:
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2301:
2295:978-9004158399
2294:
2276:Jonathan Brown
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1723:. p. 25.
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1336:
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2127:the original
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2062:– via
2037:
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2016:
2009:. Retrieved
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