2306:
3002:
333:
1477:
213:
20:
1484:
3871:
3028:
1946:
3016:
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691:
356:
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175:) and that 44% of the world's tidal flats occur within Asia (56,051 km or 21,641 sq mi). A 2022 analysis of tidal wetland losses and gains estimates that global tidal flats experienced losses of 7,000 km (2,700 sq mi) between 1999 and 2019, which were largely offset by global gains of 6,700 km (2,600 sq mi) over the same time period.
940:
Aldea, K. (2022). The
Unvegetated Tidal Flats in Catanduanes Island, Philippines: Current and Future Trends. In T. Shinbo, S. Akama & S. Kubota (Eds.), " Interdisciplinary Studies for Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Region along the Kuroshio: Problem-Based Approach by Kuroshio Science"
310:
Barren zones extend from the lowest portion of the intertidal zone to the marsh areas. Beginning in close proximity to the tidal bars, sand dominated layers are prominent and become increasingly muddy throughout the tidal channels. Common bedding types include laminated sand, ripple bedding, and bay
306:
which is composed of a barren zone and marshes. Within these areas are various ratios of sand and mud that make up the sedimentary layers. The associated growth of coastal sediment deposits can be attributed to rates of subsidence along with rates of deposition (example: silt transported via river)
351:
can be distinguished in that they contain thinly laminated layers of clayey silt. The main source of the silt comes from rivers. Dried up mud along with wind erosion forms silt dunes. When flooding, rain or tides come in, the dried sediment is then re-distributed.
828:
Murray, Nicholas J.; Worthington, Thomas A.; Bunting, Pete; Duce, Stephanie; Hagger, Valerie; Lovelock, Catherine E.; Lucas, Richard; Saunders, Megan I.; Sheaves, Marcus; Spalding, Mark; Waltham, Nathan J.; Lyons, Mitchell B. (13 May 2022).
178:
In the past tidal flats were considered unhealthy, economically unimportant areas and were often dredged and developed into agricultural land. Some mudflats can be extremely treacherous to walk on. For example, the mudflats surrounding
298:
region of East Asia, more than 65% of mudflats present in the early 1950s had been destroyed by the late 2000s. It is estimated that up to 16% of the world tidal flats have disappeared since the mid-1980s.
942:
187:
when disturbed by stepping on it. Four people are known to have become stuck up to their waists and drowned when the tide came in, and many others are rescued from the
Anchorage mudflats each year.
78:
that form in intertidal areas where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers. A global analysis published in 2019 suggested that tidal flat ecosystems are as extensive globally as
955:
Mangrove-Friendly
Aquaculture: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mangrove-Friendly Aquaculture organized by the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department, January 11–15, 1999, Iloilo City, Philippines
953:
Triño, A. T., & Rodriguez, E. M. (2000). Mud crab (Scylla serrata) culture in tidal flats with existing mangroves. In J. H. Primavera, M. T. Castaños, & M. B. Surtida (Eds.),
768:
Murray, N.J.; Phinn, S.R.; DeWitt, M.; Ferrari, R.; Johnston, R.; Lyons, M.B.; Clinton, N.; Thau, D.; Fuller, R.A. (2019), "The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats",
2465:
2957:
198:
in places, mudflats are exposed not by tidal action, but by wind-action driving water away from the shallows into the sea. This kind of wind-affected mudflat is called
943:
https://kochi.repo.nii.ac.jp/?action=pages_view_main&active_action=repository_view_main_item_detail&item_id=8635&item_no=1&page_id=13&block_id=21
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to migrate from breeding sites in the northern hemisphere to non-breeding areas in the southern hemisphere. They are often of vital importance to
2490:
3644:
1095:
183:, are made from fine glacial-silt which does not easily separate out its water, and, although seemingly solid, can quickly gel and become like
990:
IUCN situation analysis on East and
Southeast Asian intertidal habitats, with particular reference to the Yellow Sea (including the Bohai Sea)
3729:
3654:
329:
are a common as well as wavy bedding planes. Marshes are also the origins of coal/peat layers because of the abundant decaying plant life.
1982:
2330:
1132:
2075:
2305:
274:
The maintenance of mudflats is important in preventing coastal erosion. However, mudflats worldwide are under threat from predicted
724:
2480:
2265:
3749:
3681:
887:
82:, covering at least 127,921 km (49,391 sq mi) of the Earth's surface. They are found in sheltered areas such as
911:
2495:
993:, Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 47, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN, p. 70,
3744:
2593:
2455:
3064:
1828:
243:. They usually support a large population of wildlife, and are a key habitat that allows tens of millions of migratory
818:
Swamps and marshes (with thick and deep mud beneath surfaces in hot season) are either freshwater, salty, or brackish.
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1076:
998:
2120:
1975:
3240:
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1125:
988:
2947:
1926:
1818:
1476:
3754:
3469:
3193:
1688:
1615:
1520:
1483:
143:
analysis estimated that approximately 50% of the global extent of tidal flats occurs within eight countries (
3764:
2967:
2952:
35:
zones. The most apparent character of the area is the development of tidal channels, affecting mainly the
3649:
2962:
1968:
1545:
3734:
2270:
1949:
1118:
970:
830:
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1100:
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2115:
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268:
3424:
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1314:
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286:. In some parts of the world, such as East and South-East Asia, mudflats have been reclaimed for
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957:(pp. 171–176). Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center.
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109:(or inland seas) alike, wherein many rivers and creeks end. Mudflats may be viewed
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Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014),
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44:
23:
General sketch-map of a tidal plain, showing the typical tripartition in
136:, and thus the flat is submerged and exposed approximately twice daily.
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1389:
1247:
831:"High-resolution mapping of losses and gains of Earth's tidal wetlands"
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625:
612:
599:
595:
534:
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482:
417:
384:
295:
244:
232:
191:
99:
28:
16:
Coastal wetlands where sediments have been deposited by tides or rivers
3188:
3015:
51:) the tidal flats may directly pass into a shallow marine environment.
3616:
3590:
3325:
3139:
3114:
3094:
2924:
2829:
2613:
2377:
2370:
2345:
2255:
1960:
1800:
1760:
1588:
1525:
1444:
1374:
529:
240:
184:
152:
144:
118:
106:
1110:
367:, extending hundreds of yards offshore at the low tide. The line of
3804:
3799:
3789:
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3563:
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3399:
3379:
3344:
3223:
3218:
2874:
2684:
2230:
2225:
2150:
1728:
1723:
1550:
1465:
1324:
1149:
1044:
923:
447:
355:
326:
236:
200:
129:
79:
32:
3260:
379:
3839:
3819:
3384:
3171:
3073:
2844:
2814:
2792:
2412:
2200:
2100:
1864:
1738:
1583:
1459:
1454:
1359:
1349:
1269:
653:
649:
632:
629:
551:
538:
499:
341:
318:
256:
195:
172:
114:
110:
95:
2633:
2003:
3573:
3364:
3354:
3250:
2869:
2195:
1889:
1884:
1419:
1399:
1354:
1339:
1197:
547:
516:
486:
408:
337:
325:
while the sediment layers consist of thin sand and mud layers.
279:
168:
160:
91:
3414:
3369:
3359:
3339:
3290:
3255:
3230:
3203:
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1394:
1344:
1329:
1319:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1222:
1217:
1167:
1071:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 418–428.
1026:"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea"
668:
435:
426:
164:
148:
87:
40:
1023:
827:
3568:
3389:
3265:
3042:
2365:
1904:
1894:
1869:
1379:
1309:
1257:
1252:
372:
260:
252:
125:
121:
102:
3208:
3119:
2427:
2417:
1384:
1187:
1105:
83:
39:. In this case, the tidal flat is protected seaward by a
767:
986:
294:, and industrial development. For example, around the
132:. Most of the sediment within a mudflat is within the
888:"Dredging Indian River Lagoon Wetlands 1920 - 1950s"
686:
987:MacKinnon, J.; Verkuil, Y.I.; Murray, N.J. (2012),
959:https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/handle/10862/454
821:
3887:
302:Mudflat sediment deposits are focused into the
3645:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
912:Associated Press - Man dies on Alaskan Mudflat
371:and seashells in the foreground indicates the
3730:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
3655:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
3058:
2266:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
1976:
1126:
1066:
924:"Indian River Lagoon Species Inventory Home"
315:also has a strong presence in barren zones.
2331:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
3065:
3051:
1983:
1969:
1133:
1119:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
398:
1033:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
763:
761:
759:
757:
378:
354:
331:
211:
18:
1051:
3888:
3750:Meadowview Biological Research Station
3682:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
1990:
3046:
2519:
2518:
2002:
1964:
1140:
1114:
1069:Depositional Sedimentary Environments
1067:Reineck, H. E.; Singh, I. B. (1980).
971:"Manko - Tidal Flat, Mangrove Forest"
754:
3745:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
2594:Oceanic physical-biological process
2456:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
267:mudflats have been classified as a
231:Tidal flats, along with intertidal
13:
1829:Integrated coastal zone management
14:
3907:
1089:
741:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3027:
3026:
3014:
3000:
2632:
2304:
2121:Colored dissolved organic matter
1945:
1944:
1482:
1475:
689:
251:, as well as certain species of
43:, but in many cases (low-energy
3241:Flooded grasslands and savannas
2466:Latin America and the Caribbean
1017:
980:
963:
947:
278:, land claims for development,
117:, resulting from deposition of
2948:Ecological values of mangroves
2491:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
1927:Region of freshwater influence
934:
916:
905:
880:
812:
735:
717:
282:due to shipping purposes, and
1:
3765:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
3755:Society of Wetland Scientists
1689:Large-scale coastal behaviour
1521:Beaches in estuaries and bays
710:
383:Gulls feeding on mudflats in
3380:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
3072:
2968:Marine conservation activism
2953:Fisheries and climate change
7:
3650:National Wetlands Inventory
2963:Human impact on marine life
2840:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2076:Aquatic population dynamics
682:
10:
3912:
3735:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
1106:Intertidal Change Explorer
307:and changes in sea level.
207:
3853:
3777:
3722:
3672:
3663:
3635:
3604:
3551:
3523:
3483:
3087:
3080:
2994:
2933:
2805:
2741:
2703:
2650:
2641:
2630:
2579:Marine primary production
2531:
2527:
2514:
2473:List of marine ecoregions
2448:
2313:
2302:
2016:
2012:
1998:
1940:
1842:
1809:
1614:
1574:
1491:
1473:
1148:
790:10.1038/s41586-018-0805-8
3714:Wetland indicator status
2825:Coastal biogeomorphology
2820:Marine coastal ecosystem
1634:Coastal biogeomorphology
321:contain an abundance of
269:Biodiversity Action Plan
98:; they are also seen in
3425:Freshwater swamp forest
2733:Paradox of the plankton
2544:Diel vertical migration
2438:Freshwater swamp forest
2156:GIS and aquatic science
2004:General components and
1101:Tidal Flats Field Sites
858:10.1126/science.abm9583
744:"Celebrating the Slobs"
361:Brewster, Massachusetts
239:forests, are important
3760:Wetlands International
3531:List of wetland plants
2559:Large marine ecosystem
2251:Shoaling and schooling
1531:Coastal morphodynamics
729:www.askaboutireland.ie
705:Herringbone cross beds
660:Andros Island, Bahamas
399:Selected example areas
395:
376:
345:
336:Satellite view of the
228:
52:
3405:Salt pannes and pools
2978:Marine protected area
2905:Salt pannes and pools
2680:Marine larval ecology
2655:Census of Marine Life
2539:Deep scattering layer
2496:San Francisco Estuary
2461:Africa and Madagascar
2286:Underwater camouflage
2066:Aquatic biomonitoring
2006:freshwater ecosystems
1922:Physical oceanography
382:
358:
335:
215:
113:as exposed layers of
22:
2713:Marine bacteriophage
2675:Marine invertebrates
1751:Submergent coastline
1704:Marine transgression
1659:Discordant coastline
1644:Concordant coastline
3865:Wetlands portal
3496:Constructed wetland
3081:Types and landforms
2589:Ocean fertilization
2398:Trophic state index
2356:Lake stratification
2086:Aquatic respiration
1855:Coastal engineering
850:2022Sci...376..744M
782:2019Natur.565..222M
432:Great Rann of Kutch
128:and aquatic animal
3709:Salt marsh die-off
3627:Salt marsh dieback
3536:List of fen plants
3375:Palustrine wetland
3276:Intertidal wetland
3271:Interdunal wetland
2855:Intertidal wetland
2850:Intertidal ecology
2718:Marine prokaryotes
2660:Deep-sea community
2554:Iron fertilization
2477:Specific examples
2403:Upland and lowland
2321:Freshwater biology
2186:Microbial food web
2096:Aquatic toxicology
2039:Aquatic adaptation
1992:Aquatic ecosystems
1824:Coastal management
1664:Emergent coastline
1335:Intertidal wetland
1238:Continental margin
548:Kneiss Archipelago
496:Lindisfarne Island
396:
377:
346:
284:chemical pollution
271:priority habitat.
229:
53:
49:longshore currents
3883:
3882:
3785:Aquatic ecosystem
3773:
3772:
3692:Ramsar Convention
3519:
3518:
3501:Converted wetland
3443:Peat swamp forest
3306:Inland salt marsh
3040:
3039:
3021:Oceans portal
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2865:Hydrothermal vent
2801:
2800:
2690:Seashore wildlife
2521:Marine ecosystems
2510:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2276:Thermal pollution
2241:Ramsar Convention
2181:Microbial ecology
2141:Fisheries science
2081:Aquatic predation
1958:
1957:
1786:Wave-cut platform
1699:Marine regression
1243:Continental shelf
1233:Coastal waterfall
1142:Coastal geography
844:(6594): 744–749.
776:(7738): 222–225,
323:herbaceous plants
181:Anchorage, Alaska
3903:
3873:
3872:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3845:Will-o'-the-wisp
3778:Related articles
3670:
3669:
3470:Whitewater river
3420:Coniferous swamp
3301:Freshwater marsh
3194:Clearwater river
3110:Blackwater river
3085:
3084:
3067:
3060:
3053:
3044:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3009:
3007:Lakes portal
3005:
3004:
3003:
2973:Marine pollution
2665:Deep-water coral
2648:
2647:
2636:
2569:Marine chemistry
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2433:Freshwater marsh
2326:Freshwater biome
2308:
2024:Acoustic ecology
2014:
2013:
2000:
1999:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1709:Raised shoreline
1684:Ingression coast
1679:Graded shoreline
1654:Cuspate foreland
1486:
1479:
1430:Submarine canyon
1290:Freshwater marsh
1135:
1128:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1083:
1082:
1064:
1049:
1047:
1030:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1003:, archived from
984:
978:
977:
975:
967:
961:
951:
945:
938:
932:
931:
920:
914:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
890:. Archived from
884:
878:
877:
835:
825:
819:
816:
810:
808:
765:
752:
751:
742:Roche, Richard.
739:
733:
732:
721:
699:
694:
693:
692:
139:A recent global
76:coastal wetlands
66:or, in Ireland,
62:, also known as
3911:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3886:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3859:
3857:
3849:
3769:
3740:Ducks Unlimited
3718:
3677:Clean Water Act
3659:
3637:Classifications
3631:
3600:
3547:
3515:
3479:
3430:Mangrove forest
3076:
3071:
3041:
3036:
3013:
3012:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2943:Coral bleaching
2929:
2910:Seagrass meadow
2807:Marine habitats
2797:
2771:Coral reef fish
2737:
2723:Marine protists
2699:
2637:
2628:
2599:Ocean turbidity
2574:Marine food web
2523:
2502:
2444:
2383:River ecosystem
2336:Freshwater fish
2309:
2300:
2106:Bioluminescence
2091:Aquatic science
2008:
1994:
1989:
1959:
1954:
1936:
1912:Intertidal zone
1838:
1805:
1694:Longshore drift
1639:Coastal erosion
1610:
1570:
1506:Beach evolution
1487:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1158:Anchialine pool
1144:
1139:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1065:
1052:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1008:
1001:
985:
981:
973:
969:
968:
964:
952:
948:
939:
935:
922:
921:
917:
910:
906:
897:
895:
886:
885:
881:
833:
826:
822:
817:
813:
766:
755:
748:The Irish Times
740:
736:
723:
722:
718:
713:
697:Wetlands portal
695:
690:
688:
685:
423:Chamiza Wetland
401:
373:high-water mark
304:intertidal zone
276:sea level rises
249:migratory birds
210:
134:intertidal zone
37:intertidal zone
17:
12:
11:
5:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3867:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Drainage basin
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:Paludification
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3574:Sapric or muck
3571:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3552:Soil mechanics
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3296:Brackish marsh
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3047:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3024:
3010:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2761:Saltwater fish
2758:
2756:Marine reptile
2753:
2747:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2728:Marine viruses
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2705:Microorganisms
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2695:Wild fisheries
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2609:Thorson's rule
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2564:Marine biology
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2524:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2423:Brackish marsh
2420:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2351:Lake ecosystem
2348:
2343:
2341:Hyporheic zone
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2191:Microbial loop
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2136:Eutrophication
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2116:Cascade effect
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2044:Aquatic animal
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:Brackish marsh
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1183:Barrier island
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1090:External links
1088:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1050:
1045:10.1890/130260
1039:(5): 267–272,
1016:
999:
979:
962:
946:
933:
928:irlspecies.org
915:
904:
879:
820:
811:
753:
734:
715:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
701:
700:
684:
681:
680:
679:
662:
658:West coast of
656:
639:
637:United Kingdom
623:
610:
593:
583:Port of Tacoma
580:
567:
554:
545:
532:
519:
506:
504:United Kingdom
493:
480:
467:
465:United Kingdom
457:Bridgwater Bay
454:
452:United Kingdom
438:
429:
420:
411:
400:
397:
338:Kneiss Islands
265:United Kingdom
222:Stewart Island
216:Mudflats near
209:
206:
141:remote sensing
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3908:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3852:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Riparian zone
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:Organizations
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:Tropical peat
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3460:Várzea forest
3458:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Polygonal bog
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3056:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3033:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3011:
3008:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:Sponge ground
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2880:Marine biomes
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Demersal fish
2779:
2777:
2776:Deep-sea fish
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:Marine mammal
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Trophic level
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Sediment trap
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:Phytoplankton
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2071:Aquatic plant
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Anoxic waters
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Littoral zone
1915:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Bulkhead line
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1791:Wave shoaling
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Surge channel
1764:
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1630:
1629:Cliffed coast
1627:
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1556:Shingle beach
1554:
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1229:
1228:Coastal plain
1226:
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1199:
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1080:
1078:0-387-10189-6
1074:
1070:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1020:
1007:on 2014-06-24
1006:
1002:
1000:9782831712550
996:
992:
991:
983:
972:
966:
960:
956:
950:
944:
937:
929:
925:
919:
913:
908:
894:on 2013-03-20
893:
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867:
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859:
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839:
832:
824:
815:
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764:
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663:
661:
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647:
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640:
638:
634:
631:
627:
624:
622:
621:United States
618:
614:
611:
609:
608:United States
605:
601:
597:
594:
592:
591:United States
588:
584:
581:
579:
578:United States
575:
574:Massachusetts
571:
568:
566:
565:United States
562:
558:
555:
553:
549:
546:
544:
540:
536:
533:
531:
527:
523:
520:
518:
514:
510:
507:
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501:
497:
494:
492:
491:United States
488:
484:
481:
479:
478:United States
475:
474:Massachusetts
471:
468:
466:
462:
461:Morecambe Bay
458:
455:
453:
449:
446:
442:
439:
437:
433:
430:
428:
424:
421:
419:
415:
414:Banc d'Arguin
412:
410:
406:
403:
402:
394:
393:United States
390:
386:
381:
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370:
366:
365:United States
362:
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197:
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158:
157:United States
154:
150:
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137:
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112:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
50:
46:
42:
41:beach barrier
38:
34:
30:
26:
21:
3810:List of bogs
3665:Conservation
3596:Ombrotrophic
3540:
3511:Water-meadow
3435:
3349:
3246:Grass valley
3236:Flood-meadow
3199:Cypress dome
3130:Cataract bog
3105:Beach meadow
2935:Conservation
2884:
2786:Pelagic fish
2766:Coastal fish
2670:Marine fungi
2408:Water garden
2291:Water column
2236:Productivity
2211:Pelagic zone
2171:Macrobenthos
2161:Hydrobiology
2131:Ecohydrology
1781:Volcanic arc
1669:Feeder bluff
1576:River mouths
1541:Raised beach
1536:Pocket beach
1464:
1435:Tidal island
1425:Strand plain
1370:Natural arch
1364:
1068:
1036:
1032:
1019:
1009:, retrieved
1005:the original
989:
982:
965:
954:
949:
936:
927:
918:
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:the original
882:
841:
837:
823:
814:
773:
769:
747:
737:
728:
719:
570:Plymouth Bay
470:Cape Cod Bay
445:East Lothian
405:Arcachon Bay
359:Mudflats in
347:
317:
313:Bioturbation
309:
301:
273:
233:salt marshes
230:
199:
189:
177:
138:
111:geologically
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
3835:Telmatology
3830:River delta
3697:Ramsar site
3687:Marsh organ
3586:Hydric soil
3465:Vernal pool
3448:Shrub swamp
3316:Tidal marsh
3145:Plateau bog
3135:Coastal bog
3125:Blanket bog
2920:Sponge reef
2895:Rocky shore
2890:Oyster reef
2860:Kelp forest
2743:Vertebrates
2643:Marine life
2619:Viral shunt
2584:Marine snow
2486:Maharashtra
2393:Stream pool
2296:Zooplankton
2216:Photic zone
2176:Meiobenthos
2029:Algal bloom
1932:River plume
1746:Steep coast
1719:Rocky shore
1714:Rip current
1594:River delta
1566:Wash margin
1561:Storm beach
1551:Shell beach
1516:Beach wrack
1511:Beach ridge
1501:Beach cusps
1450:Tied island
1440:Tidal marsh
1163:Archipelago
1096:Tidal Flats
941:(pp.76-82).
725:"Sloblands"
677:South Korea
673:North Korea
646:Netherlands
557:Padilla Bay
522:Moreton Bay
513:Nova Scotia
509:Minas Basin
292:agriculture
288:aquaculture
226:New Zealand
204:in German.
107:salty lakes
64:tidal flats
3795:Bog butter
3491:Bog garden
3484:Artificial
3455:Wet meadow
3321:High marsh
3311:Salt marsh
3214:Fen-meadow
3182:Alder carr
3165:Upland bog
3160:String bog
3155:Raised bog
2900:Salt marsh
2835:Coral reef
2624:Whale fall
2604:Photophore
2481:Everglades
2449:Ecoregions
2388:Stream bed
2361:Macrophyte
2314:Freshwater
2146:Food chain
2059:Water bird
1860:Grain size
1834:Submersion
1811:Management
1796:Wind fetch
1756:Surf break
1674:Flat coast
1604:regressive
1390:Salt marsh
1248:Coral reef
1011:2014-08-01
898:2011-10-28
711:References
665:Yellow Sea
642:Wadden Sea
626:Snettisham
617:Washington
613:Skagit Bay
604:Washington
600:Warm Beach
596:Port Susan
587:Washington
561:Washington
535:North Slob
526:Queensland
483:Cook Inlet
418:Mauritania
389:Washington
385:Skagit Bay
296:Yellow Sea
245:shorebirds
241:ecosystems
192:Baltic Sea
100:freshwater
29:intertidal
25:supratidal
3617:Hydrosere
3605:Processes
3591:Marsh gas
3436:Myristica
3326:Low marsh
3140:Kermi bog
3115:Bofedales
3095:Backswamp
2925:Tide pool
2830:Cold seep
2614:Upwelling
2378:Rheotaxis
2371:Fish pond
2346:Limnology
2271:Substrate
2256:Siltation
2126:Dead zone
1819:Accretion
1801:Wind wave
1761:Surf zone
1616:Processes
1589:Mouth bar
1546:Recession
1526:Beachrock
1445:Tide pool
1375:Peninsula
1263:cliff-top
1150:Landforms
874:248749118
530:Australia
349:Salt pans
327:Mudcracks
263:. In the
194:coast of
185:quicksand
153:Australia
145:Indonesia
119:estuarine
96:estuaries
80:mangroves
60:mud flats
3896:Mudflats
3890:Category
3875:Category
3805:Bog-wood
3800:Bog iron
3790:Bog body
3612:Halosere
3564:Histosol
3559:Acrotelm
3542:Sphagnum
3400:Reed bed
3345:Moorland
3224:Rich fen
3219:Poor fen
3074:Wetlands
3032:Category
2958:HERMIONE
2875:Mangrove
2685:Seagrass
2231:Pleuston
2226:Plankton
2206:Particle
2151:Food web
1950:Category
1776:Undertow
1729:Sea foam
1724:Sea cave
1624:Blowhole
1466:Windwatt
1325:Headland
1173:Avulsion
866:35549414
806:56481043
798:30568300
683:See also
448:Scotland
441:Belhaven
280:dredging
257:mollusks
237:mangrove
201:Windwatt
130:detritus
56:Mudflats
33:subtidal
3840:Turbary
3820:Estuary
3395:Pothole
3385:Pocosin
3350:Mudflat
3189:Ciénega
3172:Callows
3088:Natural
2885:Mudflat
2845:Estuary
2815:Bay mud
2793:Seabird
2549:f-ratio
2532:General
2413:Wetland
2201:Neuston
2166:Hypoxia
2111:Biomass
2101:Benthos
2017:General
1900:shingle
1880:granule
1865:boulder
1843:Related
1739:peresyp
1649:Current
1584:Debouch
1493:Beaches
1460:Waituna
1455:Tombolo
1365:Mudflat
1360:Machair
1350:Isthmus
1270:Estuary
1213:Channel
846:Bibcode
838:Science
778:Bibcode
654:Denmark
650:Germany
633:England
630:Norfolk
552:Tunisia
543:Ireland
539:Wexford
500:England
342:Tunisia
319:Marshes
208:Ecology
196:Germany
190:On the
173:Myanmar
115:bay mud
92:lagoons
3410:Slough
3365:Pakihi
3355:Muskeg
3281:Kettle
3251:Guelta
2870:Lagoon
2196:Nekton
2054:Mammal
2049:Insect
1890:pebble
1885:gravel
1875:cobble
1420:Strait
1400:Skerry
1355:Lagoon
1340:Island
1295:Fundus
1198:Bodden
1075:
997:
872:
864:
804:
796:
770:Nature
517:Canada
487:Alaska
409:France
171:, and
169:Brazil
161:Canada
94:, and
88:bayous
74:, are
3506:Swale
3475:Yaéré
3438:swamp
3415:Swamp
3370:Palsa
3360:Oasis
3340:Misse
3291:Marsh
3261:Igapó
3256:Hamun
3231:Flark
3204:Dambo
3100:Bayou
2261:Spawn
1771:Swash
1734:Shoal
1415:Stack
1405:Sound
1395:Shoal
1345:Islet
1330:Inlet
1320:Hapua
1285:Fjord
1280:Fjard
1275:Firth
1223:Coast
1218:Cliff
1193:Bight
1168:Atoll
1029:(PDF)
974:(PDF)
870:S2CID
834:(PDF)
802:S2CID
669:China
436:India
427:Chile
369:wrack
311:mud.
253:crabs
165:India
149:China
126:clays
122:silts
103:lakes
72:slobs
45:waves
3702:List
3569:Peat
3524:Life
3390:Pond
3335:Mere
3286:Lagg
3266:Ings
3177:Carr
2366:Pond
1905:silt
1895:sand
1870:clay
1599:mega
1410:Spit
1380:Reef
1310:Gulf
1258:Dune
1253:Cove
1208:Cape
1178:Ayre
1073:ISBN
995:ISBN
862:PMID
794:PMID
459:and
261:fish
259:and
235:and
218:Oban
105:and
84:bays
68:slob
47:and
31:and
3209:Fen
3120:Bog
2428:Fen
2418:Bog
1385:Ria
1315:Gut
1305:Geo
1300:Gat
1188:Bay
1041:doi
854:doi
842:376
786:doi
774:565
220:on
70:or
58:or
3892::
1053:^
1037:12
1035:,
1031:,
926:.
868:.
860:.
852:.
840:.
836:.
800:,
792:,
784:,
772:,
756:^
746:.
727:.
675:,
671:,
667::
652:,
648:,
644::
635:,
628:,
619:,
615:,
606:,
602:,
598:,
589:,
585:,
576:,
572:,
563:,
559:,
550:,
541:,
537:,
528:,
524:,
515:,
511:,
502:,
498:,
489:,
485:,
476:,
472:,
463:,
450:,
443:,
434:,
425:,
416:,
407:,
391:,
387:,
363:,
340:,
290:,
255:,
224:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
147:,
124:,
90:,
86:,
27:,
3066:e
3059:t
3052:v
1984:e
1977:t
1970:v
1134:e
1127:t
1120:v
1081:.
1048:/
1043::
976:.
930:.
901:.
876:.
856::
848::
809:/
788::
780::
750:.
731:.
375:.
344:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
