900:
869:
795:
64:
741:
857:
776:
79:
928:
829:
50:
881:
757:
912:
845:
354:
944:
817:
329:
975:
956:
899:
1276:
It took the
Russians until 1925 to arrest and kill Gotsinskii. The uprising was inter alia successful because the Caucasians obeyed the requests of the Sufi clerics who organized the revolt. In April 1921 a Mountain ASSR, of which Chechen territory was part, was established within the RSFSR. On 20
1205:
In 1919 Sheikh Uzun Haji, Pshemakho Kotsev and Sheikh
Akushinskii called for a fight against the White or Volunteer Army of Denikin and in September 1919 the Emirate of the North Caucasus was proclaimed, comprising the North of Daghestan, Chechnya and part of Ingushetia. To secularist nationalists
1147:«После Февральской революции 1917 г. процесс политического самоопределения привел к образованию Карачаево-Балкарского штата в составе горской республики.» (ИЭА Российской академии наук. Серия энциклопедий «Народы и культуры», «Карачаевцы. Балкарцы.» — М.: Наука, ИЭА РАН, 2014. — С. 7. — 815 с.
665:
supervision. However, the
Ottomans later declined this association due to an unfavorable response from the Bolsheviks. On 30 May 1918, the Bolshevik government issued a diplomatic note declaring their non-recognition of the MRNC. In March 1919, a delegation led by Tapa Tchermoeff and
728:
The "Congress of the
Peoples of the North Caucasus", a political organization operating in the 21st century, has invoked the Mountainous Republic to advocate for the cooperation of different Northern Caucasus separatist groups in their struggle against Russia.
1245:
In August 1920 however, the
Bolshevik army attacked Chechnya from the north, and the leaders of the emirate called for a jihad, asking the grandson of Imam Shamil, Sait Shamil, to lead the fight. He was one of the two survivors of this fight and later fled to
856:
1534:Первые государственные образования на Северном Кавказе, (май 1917 – март 1920 гг.), Какагасанов Г. И., Матиев Т. Х., Болдырев Ю.Ф., Назарова О. В., Вестник Ингушского научно-исследовательского института гуманитарных наук им. Ч.Э. Ахриева, 2019
1046:
On 11 May 1918 the independence of the
Republic of the North Caucasus was declared. The government sought international recognition and when on 8 June 1918 a Treaty of Friendship was signed with Turkey this implied recognition of the new
927:
775:
868:
756:
794:
63:
1080:
The government of Kotsev was not able to defend its territory, and in May 1919 the White Army of
Denikin conquered the territory of the Mountain Republic in Chechnya and Daghestan, and the Mountain Republic ceased to
740:
1317:
911:
483:. Spanning approximately 430,874 square kilometers (166,361 sq mi), the MRNC had a population of approximately 11.2 million. Throughout its existence, the capital of the MRNC relocated from
1668:
943:
1166:
955:
708:
was confirmed as leader of the coalition cabinet in the
Mountain Congress held in Temir-Khan-Shura. Hostilities ended in January 1920 with Denikin's army defeat by the
880:
598:
55:
844:
828:
1653:
1648:
300:
1611:
Levan Z. Urushadze, "About the history of the question of unity of the
Caucasian Peoples". J. "Amirani", XIII, Montreal‐Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 72–87.
1002:
1673:
631:
603:
The Union of the
Peoples of the Northern Caucasus was established in March 1917 and an Executive Committee was elected to oversee its operations.
646:. The Republic received support from Said Shamil, the grandson of Imam Shamil, and gained international recognition from various countries. The
704:
Following the conclusion of World War I and the withdrawal of Turkish troops, the Mountain government underwent reorganization. In late 1918,
996:
523:
717:
607:
was appointed as Chairman of the Executive Committee. In August 1917, the Executive Committee decided to readopt the 1847 constitution of
647:
1170:
816:
542:
The Union consisted seven "states" distributed on a national basis and united under a confederative principle within the territories:
1708:
1362:"Büyük Güçler Yarişi Bağlaminda Başariya Ulaşmamiş Bi̇r Bağimsizlik Hareketi̇: Kuzey Kafkasya Bağimsizlik Mücadelesi̇ (1917–1920)"
1698:
1658:
1703:
1663:
689:
descent arrived with their forces to provide assistance. An army was formed and participated in confrontations against General
1152:
862:
Zibair Temirkhanov, Chairman of the Madjlis (Parliament), Kumyk. Twice repressed by the Bolsheviks, died in Dagestan in 1952.
1693:
589:
The Cabinet of Ministers of the Mountain Republic comprised representatives from nearly all regions of the North Caucasus.
1598:
From Conflict to Autonomy in the Caucasus: The Soviet Union and the making of Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Nagorno Karabakh
1688:
1614:«Союз горцев Северного Кавказа и Горская республика. История несостоявшегося государства. 1917–1920», М.М. Вачагаев, 2018
1619:
1678:
1683:
1327:
1300:
1269:
1238:
1198:
1073:
1039:
678:
17:
49:
990:
1290:
201:
412:
and existed from 1918 to 1919. It formed as a consolidation of various Caucasian ethnic groups, including the
1277:
January 1921 the Daghestan ASSR was declared. On 30 November 1922 a Chechen Autonomous Oblast was created.
518:
was proclaimed as the successor of the Mountain Republic. However, in August 1920, it was captured by the
619:
949:
Muhiddin Penzulayev, Minister of Communications, Kumyk. Died in 1942. Brother of Tadjuddin Penzulayev.
917:
Alikhan Kantemir, the official representative in neighboring countries (Azerbaijan, Georgia), Muslim
762:
747:
623:
604:
1525:Михаил Булгаков. Фотолетопись жизни и творчества / Юрий Кривоносов. — М. : Вече, 2017. — 480 с.
713:
555:
464:
1361:
933:
Tadjuddin Penzulayev, Minister of Justice, Kumyk. Killed by the Bolsheviks in 1937. Co-author of
658:
515:
347:
224:
106:
874:
Daniyal Apashev, Member of Parliament and chairman in 1919, Kumyk. Killed by Bolsheviks in 1920.
78:
961:
Tugan Alkhasov, member of the government, Kumyk. The circumstances of his death remain unknown.
135:
1111:
1501:
1631:
886:
781:
671:
627:
8:
503:
455:
within the Russian Empire. These territories now constitute the present-day republics of
614:
The independent republic was declared on 11 May 1918 at the time of the collapse of the
1391:
765:, oil industrialist, first chairman of the Central Committee and first prime minister,
661:
negotiations, an effort was made to dispatch delegates to represent the Republic under
480:
468:
1395:
1383:
1323:
1296:
1265:
1234:
1194:
1148:
1069:
1035:
984:
709:
698:
507:
409:
1470:
514:
captured the state in 1919, and it ceased to exist. However, in September 1919, the
1569:
1549:
1373:
934:
800:
712:. In January 1921, the Red Army occupied the Mountain Republic and established the
705:
667:
334:
171:
1446:
1259:
1228:
1188:
1063:
1029:
615:
452:
159:
1378:
1556:
J. "Obedinennyi Kavkaz" ("Vereinigtes Kaukasien"), 1–3 (30–32), München, 1954.
979:
694:
662:
511:
499:
476:
405:
905:
Adil-Gerey Daidbekov, Minister of Transportation, Kumyk. Died in Baku in 1946.
1642:
1413:
Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti 1917–1922, Kafkasya Dağlıları Birliği’nin Kuruluşu
1387:
835:
690:
651:
519:
437:
131:
128:
850:
Nukh-bek Tarkovskiy, Military Minister, Kumyk. Died in Switzerland in 1951.
448:
69:
The banner adopted by the first Confederation of Mountain Peoples, May 1917
1608:, Northern Caucasian Aerogeodesic Company of Roskartografia, Russia, 1995.
1484:
1008:
807:
686:
635:
608:
484:
417:
101:
1167:"Владикавказский съезд горских народов Северного Кавказа в мае 1917 г."
804:
547:
527:
460:
1547:"Caucasian Republic Mission to the Peace Conference Appeal for Help",
784:, second Chairman of the Central Committee, Minister of the Interior,
1345:М. Вачагаев: Союз горцев Северного Кавказа и Горская республика, 2018
918:
674:
and sought international recognition of the Republic's independence.
571:
559:
429:
425:
766:
681:, pledged their allegiance to the Mountainous Republic and Ottoman
643:
639:
583:
567:
551:
543:
492:
472:
456:
441:
421:
90:
622:. The new republic established a government led by Prime Minister
890:
575:
433:
413:
401:
115:
1164:
1669:
Countries and territories where Chechen is an official language
1206:
the Emirate was seen as the successor of the Mountain Republic.
822:
Haidar Bammate, Foreign Minister, Kumyk. Died in Paris in 1965.
785:
579:
563:
488:
372:
682:
531:
200:• Union of the Peoples of the Northern Caucasus within
732:
654:
and made efforts to reinstate Tsarist rule in the region.
599:
Flag of the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
1620:"Resurgent Dreams of Independence in the North Caucasus"
1288:
701:, the Caucasus region was liberated from Soviet Russia.
1261:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
1230:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
1190:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
1065:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
1031:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
1415:(I. Cilt). İstanbul : Birleşik Kafkasya Derneği.
1169:Современная научная мысль. p. 74. Archived from
1436:Журнал «Ахульго, Журнал №6, Он служил своему народу.
1319:Кавказский узел в геополитических приоритетах России
718:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR)
697:. With backing from the North Caucasus Army, led by
1418:
1098:, vol. 148. The Flag Research Center. 1992. p. 184.
1057:
1055:
788:. Assassinated by the Bolshevik government in 1937.
1366:Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi
1292:Обречённые догмы: большевизм и национальный вопрос
1315:
1003:Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
677:The Dagestan cavalry regiments, units within the
27:1918–1919 independent state in the North Caucasus
1640:
1052:
522:, which led to an uprising. In April 1921, the
447:The MRNC encompassed the former territories of
1654:States and territories disestablished in 1922
1496:
1494:
997:Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
834:Vassan-Girey Jabagiyev, Minister of Finance,
524:Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
382:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
34:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus
1182:
1180:
1143:
1141:
1581:Essays on the History of the North Caucasus
1165:Лобавнов, Артемьев; Артемьев А. С. (2019).
1133:Essays on the History of the North Caucasus
566:, although the union had control only over
1649:States and territories established in 1917
1491:
77:
1377:
1257:
1226:
1186:
1177:
1138:
1061:
1027:
746:Leaders of the MRNC, with Prime Minister
277:430,874 km (166,361 sq mi)
1586:
1502:"Подвигами предков соткана наша история"
1359:
1295:. М.: Восточная литература. p. 44.
650:formed an alliance with Russian general
1674:Former countries of the interwar period
1617:
1595:
1424:
733:Prominent government figures, 1917–1919
14:
1641:
1576:, J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1954.
1407:
1405:
750:seated in the center of the front row.
534:, but the uprising lasted until 1925.
390:United Republics of the North Caucasus
1355:
1353:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1127:
1125:
1106:
1104:
582:steppes, and also asserted claims in
404:and encompassing the entirety of the
1579:Kathleen R. Jackson, Marat Fidarov,
1564:The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus
1217:L'Europe orientale (Paris. 1919), N2
1131:Kathleen R. Jackson, Marat Fidarov:
1091:
1089:
670:went to Paris to participate in the
1606:Ingushetia and Chechen Republic Map
1402:
889:, Minister of Posts and Telegraph,
167:• December 1918 – 12 May 1919
155:• 11 May 1918 – December 1918
24:
1566:, Longmans, Green, and Co., London
1447:"Гайдаров Ибрагим-бек Исаббекович"
1348:
1336:
1122:
1101:
537:
506:, just before the outbreak of the
25:
1720:
1289:Петр Михайлович Шаститко (2002).
1086:
679:Caucasian Native Cavalry Division
104:(majority and state-backed faith)
1709:1922 disestablishments in Europe
1618:Doukaev, Aslan (December 2023).
973:
954:
942:
926:
910:
898:
879:
867:
855:
843:
827:
815:
793:
774:
755:
739:
352:
327:
62:
48:
1541:
1528:
1519:
1477:
1463:
1439:
1430:
1309:
1282:
1251:
1220:
1112:"Северный Кавказ, 1917-1945 гг"
991:North Caucasian Soviet Republic
1699:1922 disestablishments in Asia
1589:The Caucasus Under Soviet Rule
1553:, London, Friday 4 April 1919.
1471:"Газават.ру :: Личности2"
1411:Berzeg, Sefer E. (Mart 2003).
1211:
1158:
1021:
769:. Died in Switzerland in 1937.
13:
1:
1704:1917 establishments in Europe
1664:History of the North Caucasus
1360:Gülseven, Aslı (2021-03-30).
1014:
937:'s piece "Children of Mulla".
498:The MRNC broke away from the
213:• Independence declared
1583:, HHN Media, New York, 2009.
1135:, HHN Media, New York, 2009.
642:after being occupied by the
634:. The capital was initially
398:Republic of the Mountaineers
7:
1694:1917 establishments in Asia
1508:(in Russian). November 2019
1379:10.30783/nevsosbilen.873522
966:
838:. Died in Istanbul in 1961.
810:. Died in Istanbul in 1962.
638:but was later relocated to
388:), also referred to as the
10:
1725:
1689:Former countries in Europe
1659:Post–Russian Empire states
1600:, New York City: Routledge
1591:, New York City: Routledge
1316:Камалудин Гаджиев (2013).
763:Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoeff
620:Russian Revolution of 1917
596:
592:
491:and ultimately settled in
1679:Lists of former countries
1258:Charlotte, Hille (2010).
1227:Charlotte, Hille (2010).
1187:Charlotte, Hille (2010).
1062:Charlotte, Hille (2010).
1028:Charlotte, Hille (2010).
921:. Died in Munich in 1963.
893:. Died in Ankara in 1949.
803:, second prime minister,
723:
605:Abdulmajid Tapa Tchermoev
368:
306:
296:
286:
281:
271:
266:
262:
252:
242:
238:
234:
221:
211:
198:
194:
186:
181:
177:
165:
153:
149:
141:
124:
114:
97:
85:
76:
44:
39:
32:
1684:Former countries in Asia
1596:Saparov, Arsène (2015),
714:Soviet Mountain Republic
408:that emerged during the
1587:Marshall, Alex (2010),
1562:Baddeley, J. F., 1908,
526:was established by the
516:North Caucasian Emirate
348:North Caucasian Emirate
288:• 1919 census
225:North Caucasian Emirate
107:Russian Orthodox Church
616:Russian Tsarist empire
254:• Disestablished
136:provisional government
1624:Eurasia Daily Monitor
1264:. Brill. p. 57.
1233:. Brill. p. 56.
1193:. Brill. p. 56.
1068:. Brill. p. 56.
1034:. Brill. p. 55.
1632:Jamestown Foundation
887:Ibrahim Bey Gaydarov
782:Rashid Khan Kaplanov
672:Treaty of Versailles
668:Ibrahim Bey Gaydarov
628:Rashid Khan Kaplanov
556:North Ossetia–Alania
465:North Ossetia–Alania
1604:Storozhenko (ed.),
504:February Revolution
475:, and a portion of
244:• Established
223:• Replaced by
1574:Madeleine Grown Up
980:History portal
481:Russian Federation
469:Kabardino-Balkaria
1485:"Ценный документ"
1153:978-5-02-038043-1
1116:vexillographia.ru
1096:The Flag Bulletin
985:Caucasian Imamate
699:Yusuf Izzet Pasha
508:Russian Civil War
410:Russian Civil War
400:, was a state in
394:Mountain Republic
378:
377:
364:
363:
360:
359:
340:
339:
134:republic under a
18:Mountain Republic
16:(Redirected from
1716:
1635:
1601:
1592:
1570:Madeleine Henrey
1559:
1550:The Morning Post
1535:
1532:
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1381:
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1333:
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1120:
1119:
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1099:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1050:
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1025:
978:
977:
976:
958:
946:
935:Mikhail Bulgakov
930:
914:
902:
883:
871:
859:
847:
831:
819:
801:Pshemakho Kotsev
797:
778:
759:
743:
640:Temir-Khan-Shura
493:Temir-Khan-Shura
356:
355:
344:
343:
335:Russian Republic
331:
330:
324:
323:
308:
307:
172:Pshemakho Kotsev
93:
91:Temir-Khan-Shura
81:
66:
52:
30:
29:
21:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1714:
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1310:
1303:
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1252:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1201:
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1159:
1146:
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1123:
1110:
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1102:
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1053:
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1026:
1022:
1017:
974:
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947:
938:
931:
922:
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903:
894:
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875:
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860:
851:
848:
839:
832:
823:
820:
811:
798:
789:
779:
770:
760:
751:
748:Tapa Tchermoeff
744:
735:
726:
706:Pshemaho Kotsev
601:
595:
540:
538:State formation
453:Dagestan Oblast
353:
328:
289:
274:
255:
245:
227:
214:
204:
168:
160:Tapa Tchermoeff
156:
120:North Caucasian
110:
105:
89:
72:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
53:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1537:
1536:
1527:
1518:
1490:
1476:
1462:
1438:
1429:
1417:
1401:
1372:(1): 245–259.
1347:
1335:
1328:
1308:
1301:
1281:
1270:
1250:
1239:
1219:
1210:
1199:
1176:
1173:on 2023-06-24.
1157:
1137:
1121:
1100:
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1040:
1019:
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1016:
1013:
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824:
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799:
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790:
780:
773:
771:
761:
754:
752:
745:
738:
734:
731:
725:
722:
695:Volunteer Army
648:United Kingdom
632:Haidar Bammate
594:
591:
568:East Circassia
564:West Circassia
539:
536:
512:Volunteer Army
510:. The Russian
500:Russian Empire
477:Stavropol Krai
406:North Caucasus
376:
375:
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366:
365:
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236:
235:
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230:September 1919
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691:Anton Denikin
688:
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182:Establishment
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132:parliamentary
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1558:(in Russian)
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1542:Bibliography
1530:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1505:
1479:
1465:
1454:. Retrieved
1451:www.hrono.ru
1450:
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1425:Doukaev 2023
1420:
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449:Terek Oblast
446:
397:
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389:
385:
381:
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317:Succeeded by
316:
311:
273:• Total
207:6 March 1917
129:Confederated
1009:Prometheism
1005:(1989–2000)
999:(1921–1924)
987:(1828–1859)
716:within the
657:During the
636:Vladikavkaz
618:during the
609:Imam Shamil
562:(including
530:within the
485:Vladikavkaz
418:Circassians
312:Preceded by
217:11 May 1918
102:Sunni Islam
1643:Categories
1512:2021-03-19
1456:2021-02-03
1322:. Litres.
1015:References
808:Circassian
687:Circassian
597:See also:
548:Ingushetia
528:Bolsheviks
502:after the
461:Ingushetia
442:Dagestanis
292:11,221,860
282:Population
125:Government
116:Demonym(s)
109:(minority)
1396:233912811
1388:2149-3871
1047:Republic.
805:Kabardian
624:Tchermoev
560:Circassia
430:Ossetians
426:Karachays
396:, or the
98:Religion
40:1918–1919
967:See also
919:Ossetian
644:Red Army
584:Abkhazia
576:Balkaria
572:Karachay
552:Chechnya
544:Dagestan
473:Dagestan
457:Chechnya
422:Chechens
297:Currency
1630:(188).
1246:Turkey.
891:Lezgian
767:Chechen
663:Ottoman
593:History
479:in the
434:Balkars
414:Abazins
402:Eurasia
187:History
86:Capital
1394:
1386:
1326:
1299:
1268:
1237:
1197:
1151:
1081:exist.
1072:
1038:
993:(1918)
836:Ingush
724:Legacy
683:pashas
630:, and
578:, the
489:Nazran
440:, and
438:Ingush
373:Russia
202:Russia
190:
145:
1506:Ёлдаш
1392:S2CID
786:Kumyk
580:Nogai
532:RSFSR
301:Tumen
1384:ISSN
1324:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1070:ISBN
1036:ISBN
451:and
386:MRNC
380:The
267:Area
258:1919
248:1918
56:Flag
1374:doi
693:'s
685:of
570:),
487:to
1645::
1628:20
1626:.
1622:.
1572:,
1504:.
1493:^
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1390:.
1382:.
1370:11
1368:.
1364:.
1350:^
1338:^
1274:.
1243:.
1203:.
1179:^
1155:.)
1140:^
1124:^
1114:.
1103:^
1088:^
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1054:^
1044:.
720:.
626:,
611:.
586:.
558:,
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546:,
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471:,
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574:-
384:(
20:)
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