49:
623:. These synagogues share common architectural features that set them apart from others found in the Land of Israel. The Eshtemoa synagogue was excavated in the mid-1930s and was initially considered architecturally unique, being classified as 'transitional' between early and late synagogues. Later excavation of the Susiya synagogue revealed significant similarities between the two, leading scholars to categorize the synagogues of the area as a distinct architectural group. Between 1987 and 1990, excavations at the Maon and 'Anim synagogues revealed both similarities and differences compared to those in Eshtemoa and Susiya.
658:
1473:
a fierce and protracted struggle. The result was a complete shifting of the position of these two peoples; the
Nabataeans ultimately occupying old Edom, while the Edomites moved into the region (new Edom, or Idumaea) lying between the southern part of the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean, territory formerly occupied for the most part by the tribe of Judah.
1472:
Jews. As the
Nabataeans, pushed from behind, gradually moved northward, the Edomites were the chief sufferers from their advance; and these in turn, being at length driven out from their old territory, were forced into southern Palestine, of which they finally gained possession; certainly not without
694:
rule. Findings indicate that during the 17th and 18th centuries, Mount Hebron witnessed widespread violence, resulting in significant migrations and hegemony changes. Travelers' accounts from the late 17th to the early 19th century documented violence in the Hebron area, especially in its northern
733:
and
Bedouins relied on their livestock as a form of "insurance" during droughts, prompting them to migrate following the rains and adopt a nomadic lifestyle not only in the Hebron Hills but also in other parts of Palestine. This phenomenon is particularly prevalent in Yatta and as-Samu, where
706:
took control of the Levant (1831-1840) and the following two decades, the area faced ongoing insecurity. The struggle for control over Mount Hebron between rival groups in Dura led to a violent conflict, drawing in nearby
1239:
Baruch, Yuval (2009), Horbat Susya and Rujum el-Hamiri as a Case-Study for the
Development of the Village and the Rural Settlement in the Southern Hebron Hills from the Early Roman to the Early Muslim Periods
1852:
Khaybar's Jews appear in Arab folklore as well. The Muḥamara family of the Arab village of Yutta, near Hebron, trace their descent to the Jews of
Khaybar. Families in other nearby villages tell of similar
1048:
is strategically located at the juncture of three different ecological zones: the Hebron Hills to the northeast, the foothills of the
Shephelah to the west and the Northern Negev Desert to the south
490:
were depopulated during the revolt and subsequently resettled by foreigners loyal to the Romans, the southern Hebron Hills stood out with its continuing, albeit diminished, Jewish presence. In his
1958:
734:
droughts are frequent. Sometimes, this prolonged nomadism led to permanent migration to more hospitable areas. Consequently, rural communities from the Hebron Hills emerged in regions such as
410:
were driven out of old Edom to the south of the Dead Sea and into the southern Hebron Hills between the southern part of the Dead Sea and the
Mediterranean, establishing new Edom or Idumaea.
297:
periods, the Hebron Hills were divided demographically into a
Christian northern part and a mixed Jewish-Christian southern area. During this time, the southern Hebron Hills became known as
699:
districts led to the destruction of many villages. Limited information on southern Mount Hebron suggests a common practice of spending part of the year in caves and underground caverns.
760:
In recent times, several areas where traditional
Palestinian herding communities live have been declared restricted military zones, forcing the displacement of many families. Several
823:
or cross-cousin marriage. Qleibo found it curious that the genetic characteristics of Beit Ummar's population, who consider themselves descendants of a
Crusader prince converted to
286:. The Edomites later converted to Judaism and assimilated into the Jewish population. Despite many settlements being destroyed or abandoned due to the brutal suppression of the
765:
330:, who migrated due to factors like severe drought. Between the 17th and 19th centuries, Mount Hebron experienced extensive violence involving rival families and
517:
villages. Meanwhile, the southern Hebron Hills were inhabited by both Jewish and Christian communities. There is evidence that the region was also inhabited by
1812:
561:, Eusebius mentions seven Jewish settlements that existed in his time in the southern Hebron Hills: Juttah, Carmel, Eshtemoa, Rimmon, Tele, Lower Anim, and
592:
The Jewish population in the southern Hebron Hills appears to have consisted of the descendants of the Jewish residents who remained in the area after the
1159:
Zissu, Boaz; Klein, Eitan (2013). "Some Remarks on the Jewish Settlement in Judea during the Mishnaic and Talmudic Periods in Light of Funerary Finds".
1968:
509:
During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, the Hebron Hills were demographically divided into two distinct sub-regions. In the northern part,
1786:
Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine: Distribution and Population Density during the Late Ottoman and Early Mandate Periods
1716:
1658:
1829:
840:
1234:חורבת סוסיה ורוג'ם אל-חמירי כמקרי מבחן להתפתחותו של הכפר והיישוב הכפרי בדרום הר-חברון מן התקופה הרומית הקדומה ועד לתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה
792:, the Sawarah clan and the Shatrit family are reputed to have Jewish origins. Traditions of Jewish ancestry have also been noted in
722:
moving to Hebron, driven by long droughts in their home areas. This migration provided labor for growing grains commercially in the
501:
describes Idumea as a desolate area, in contrast to the relative density in the rest of the country north of Idumea to the Galilee.
1793:
1771:
1637:
1597:
1540:
1192:
1041:
1014:
979:
947:
482:(132-135 CE). The revolt left many settlements in the area destroyed or abandoned, and some of its residents migrated to the
91:
2001:
1033:
Lahav V: The Iron, Persian, and Hellenistic Occupation within the Walls at Tell Halif: Excavations in Field II: 1977-1980
882:
675:
263:
589:, Eaton, Gomer, Kishor, Tela, Rimon, and Aristobolia. Jewish settlements were typically built surrounding a synagogue.
1276:
851:
776:
Several Palestinian Muslim clans residing in the Hebron Hills are purported to have or claim Jewish ancestry. The
632:
312:
33:
1891:
Grossman, D. (1986). "Oscillations in the Rural Settlement of Samaria and Judaea in the Ottoman Period". in
372:
84:
17:
1577:
1422:
1410:
854:
discovered 54 rare plant species in the region, more than half of them in cultivated fields. They include
48:
911:
1619:
1321:
1905:
768:
regards the area as a high priority for enforcing demolition orders regarding Palestinian dwellings.
1308:
607:
In the southern Hebron Hills, four synagogues dating from the Talmudic period have been unearthed:
1306:
Grossman, D. "The expansion of the settlement frontier of Hebron's western and southern fringes".
2006:
1895:. Dar, S., Safrai, S., (eds). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 314-317, 345-385
1753:
1004:
552:
432:, the area became a separate administrative unit known as Idumea, named after its inhabitants.
368:
237:
217:
74:
1381:
1996:
1865:
1757:
1676:
703:
322:
period, Mount Hebron served as a stop for farmers and herders, primarily from the deserts of
271:
1031:
803:
Palestinian anthropologist Ali Qleibo noted that residents of as-Samu and Yatta identify as
719:
671:
639:. During the early Islamic period, the synagogues of Susya and Eshtemoa were repurposed as
327:
8:
1906:"המוה־קנ' האחרון בלתי מסי | שערים | 11 ינואר 1952 | אוסף העיתונות | הספרייה הלאומית"
886:
761:
543:
492:
436:
became its administrative center, with Ziph and Adoraim being of secondary importance.
1841:
1710:
1463:
1362:
1092:
916:
906:
844:
644:
608:
425:
275:
282:
population migrating to the area became dominant, leading to its being referred to as
1789:
1788:(in Hebrew). Jerusalem: The Hebrew University Magness Press, Jerusalem. p. 167.
1767:
1633:
1593:
1546:
1536:
1511:
1455:
1354:
1282:
1272:
1242:
1198:
1188:
1136:
1096:
1084:
1037:
1010:
953:
943:
828:
593:
475:
463:
429:
323:
287:
252:
635:, the Jewish population in the southern Hebron Hills had been gradually replaced by
565:. Archaeological finds confirm the existence of Jewish and Christian settlements in
1939:
1837:
1625:
1585:
1501:
1447:
1346:
1126:
1076:
1065:"Culinary Traditions in the Borderlands of Judah and Edom during the Late Iron Age"
679:
522:
498:
347:
294:
267:
251:, geographic region, and geologic formation, constituting the southern part of the
191:
1578:"Architectural Plans of Synagogues in the Southern Judean Hills and the 'Halakah'"
1080:
983:
428:, the Edomites became the dominant population of the southern Hebron Hills. Under
1530:
937:
777:
651:
228:
208:
157:
142:
1064:
819:
for blonde hair, fair skin, and blue eyes, which he says could be attributed to
1264:
871:
815:. However, in the southern Hebron Hills, the prevalent genetic makeup features
812:
747:
691:
620:
616:
440:
384:
364:
319:
248:
184:
1629:
1589:
1990:
1550:
1515:
1459:
1358:
1286:
1269:
Palestine in the Fourth Century A.D.: The Onomasticon by Eusebius of Caesarea
1246:
1202:
1140:
1088:
957:
781:
601:
566:
459:
400:
106:
93:
657:
894:
793:
712:
479:
448:
396:
1532:
Ancient synagogues of Southern Palestine, 300-800 C.E.: living on the edge
939:
Ancient synagogues of Southern Palestine, 300-800 C.E.: living on the edge
462:, who converted the Edomites to Judaism and incorporated Idumaea into the
1184:
The Byzantine-Islamic transition in Palestine: an archaeological approach
723:
578:
315:, the Jewish population in the area declined as Muslims became dominant.
1506:
1489:
1271:. Translated by G.S.P. Freeman-Grenville. Jerusalem: Carta. p. 72.
1131:
1114:
1808:
1467:
1435:
1366:
797:
739:
510:
788:. They have preserved various customs resembling Jewish practices. In
784:, has a tradition of tracing their ancestry back to a Jewish tribe of
513:
settlements were established atop the remains of previously destroyed
1763:
1334:
1232:
1182:
856:
696:
586:
582:
570:
444:
392:
388:
342:
The highest peak of the mountain ridge is in the Palestinian city of
308:
256:
177:
1730:
1451:
1350:
600:
who joined them. This influx might have occurred during the time of
1943:
1932:"Canaanites, Christians, and the Palestinian Agricultural Calendar"
1813:'The Village Where Palestinians Are Rendered Completely Powerless,'
878:
862:
820:
743:
562:
547:
518:
528:
During the same period, the southern Hebron Hills became known as
311:
from this period have been unearthed in the region. Following the
1963:
1931:
1815:
785:
708:
650:
Some Palestinians residing in the Hebron Hills, most notably the
643:. It remains unclear whether local Jews had fled the area or had
636:
597:
574:
539:
483:
452:
433:
331:
304:
604:, who maintained positive relations with the Roman authorities.
1703:שאר ישוב: מאמרים ופרקים בדברי ימי הישוב העברי בא"י ובחקר המולדת
890:
816:
789:
735:
730:
640:
534:
514:
419:
380:
376:
343:
299:
64:
1959:"Treasure trove of rare plants found in Israel's Hebron Hills"
1490:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
1115:"The Religion of Idumea and Its Relationship to Early Judaism"
980:"Security forces demolish seven houses in Mt. Hebron villages"
334:, leading to migrations and the destruction of many villages.
270:, which underwent a forced exile after being conquered by the
824:
808:
612:
487:
1382:"Notes on the Language of the Native Peasantry in Palestine"
1938:. Center for Islamic Area Studies at Kyoto University: 16.
804:
718:
In the 19th century, there were instances of peasants from
407:
279:
1731:"4 Palestinians Claim Descent From Jews Forced to Convert"
1335:"Edward Robinson and the Identification of Biblical Sites"
1009:. Taylor & Francis Group. 29 July 2004. p. 3308.
839:
The Hebron Hills form the southern and eastern border of
350:
exists with an altitude of 1,026 metres (3,366 ft).
827:
over seven centuries ago, predominantly exhibit typical
1618:
Ehrlich, Michael (2022-05-31), "Judea and Jerusalem",
674:, all the Hebron Hills fell under the dominion of the
654:
of Yatta, view themselves as having Jewish ancestry.
885:. Palestinians and Israelis (from both parts of the
711:
tribes and prompting local residents to relocate to
383:
among others as part of the tribal territory of the
242:
222:
1241:] (in Hebrew). Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
1187:. Oxford University Press. pp. 197, 254–255.
504:
1262:
831:traits, including white skin and jet-black hair.
1988:
889:) continue to farm grapes in this region. Local
811:, with genealogical records tracing back to the
458:In 113-112 BCE, the region was captured by the
255:. The Hebron Hills are located in the southern
977:
690:In the 16th century, Mount Hebron came under
447:culture into Idumea, while the prevalence of
1956:
764:have been established over the terrain. The
149:
134:
1621:The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800
695:fringe, where conflicts between Hebron and
290:, a Jewish presence persisted in the area.
1715:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1624:, ARC Humanities Press, pp. 117–118,
1158:
1029:
866:, a plant from the bellflower family; and
1834:Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World
1505:
1130:
1062:
742:in the northern West Bank, as well as in
406:As the Nabataeans pushed northwards, the
403:respectively preserve the ancient names.
1783:
1705:(in Hebrew). תל אביב תרפ"ז. p. 407.
1421:Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III, p.
1373:
670:During the Crusades, at the time of the
656:
1821:
1700:
1617:
626:
14:
1989:
1929:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1528:
1433:
1379:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
971:
935:
596:, in addition to Jewish migrants from
1936:Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studie
1887:
1885:
1827:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1258:
1256:
1112:
413:
1858:
1575:
1409:Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p.
1332:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1108:
1106:
1058:
1056:
266:, the Hebron Hills were part of the
53:Harvesting in the South Hebron Hills
1777:
1669:
1651:
1611:
1564:
1522:
1293:
1063:Danielson, Andrew J. (2021-01-02).
726:area, not far from western Hebron.
542:for "South"). This term appears in
232:
212:
150:
135:
24:
1882:
1842:10.1163/1878-9781_ejiw_com_0012910
1478:
1253:
877:The region has been known for its
834:
665:
661:Mosaic floor of the Maon synagogue
25:
2018:
1209:
1167:
1147:
1103:
1053:
929:
852:Israel Nature and Parks Authority
755:
685:
1436:"The Edomites in Southern Judah"
303:, meaning "South" in Hebrew and
47:
1950:
1923:
1898:
1802:
1759:The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem,
1747:
1723:
1694:
1427:
1415:
1403:
1389:Palestine Exploration Quarterly
1326:
1315:
1036:. Penn State Press. p. 1.
766:Israeli military administration
505:Late Roman and Byzantine period
486:. However, while many areas in
469:
1957:Zafrir Rinat (15 March 2012).
1681:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
1665:. 21 December 1938. p. 8.
1440:Journal of Biblical Literature
1339:Journal of Biblical Literature
1023:
997:
451:shows a growing affinity with
13:
1:
1081:10.1080/03344355.2021.1904683
978:Mijal Grinberg (2007-02-14).
922:
771:
633:Muslim conquest of the Levant
387:. The modern Arabic names of
313:Muslim conquest of the Levant
34:Mount Hebron (disambiguation)
1582:Ancient Synagogues, Volume 1
474:The region took part in the
337:
79:1,026 m (3,366 ft)
69:1,026 m (3,366 ft)
7:
1836:, Brill, pp. 148–150,
1828:Lowin, Shari (2010-10-01),
1659:"Yatta, Ancient and Modern"
1488:Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24).
1113:Levin, Yigal (2020-09-24).
912:Har Hevron Regional Council
900:
358:
243:
223:
10:
2023:
2002:Mountains of the West Bank
1576:Amit, David (1998-01-01),
1529:Werlin, Steven H. (2015).
936:Werlin, Steven H. (2015).
417:
353:
31:
1701:Ben-Zvi, Yitzhak (1967).
1630:10.1515/9781802700312-007
1590:10.1163/9789004532359_013
1163:(in Hebrew) (3): 183–184.
982:. Haaretz. Archived from
439:Hellenistic rule brought
183:
173:
168:
127:
122:
83:
73:
63:
58:
46:
41:
1784:Grossman, David (2004).
1309:Geography Research Forum
1263:Chapman III, Rupert L.;
1006:Europa World Year Book 2
841:Mediterranean vegetation
1161:In the Highland's Depth
497:written around 150 CE,
274:. Subsequently, in the
1866:"The killers of Yatta"
1754:Claude Reignier Conder
1677:"The killers of Yatta"
1663:The Palestine Post
1584:, Brill, p. 129,
1434:Torrey, C. C. (1898).
1391:(Taylor & Francis)
662:
293:In the Late Roman and
27:Hills in the West Bank
1333:Abel, F. -M. (1939).
1181:Avni, Gideon (2014).
850:A 2012 survey by the
704:Muhammad Ali of Egypt
660:
418:Further information:
1930:Qleibo, Ali (2009).
702:In the years before
672:Kingdom of Jerusalem
627:Early Islamic period
525:during that period.
32:For other uses, see
1507:10.3390/rel11100487
1380:Conder, CR (1876).
1231:ברוך, יובל (2009).
1132:10.3390/rel11100487
1030:Dan P.Cole (2015).
986:on 16 February 2007
860:, a type of grass;
857:Boissiera squarrosa
762:Israeli settlements
544:rabbinic literature
103: /
1870:The Jerusalem Post
917:Wildlife of Israel
907:Hebron Governorate
807:, pure Arabs from
663:
645:converted to Islam
426:Hellenistic period
414:Hellenistic period
276:Hellenistic period
59:Highest point
1795:978-965-493-184-7
1772:978-0-710-31080-4
1639:978-1-80270-031-2
1599:978-90-04-53235-9
1542:978-90-04-29840-8
1535:. Leiden: BRILL.
1312:, 5, 1982, p. 62.
1194:978-0-19-150734-2
1043:978-1-57506-366-9
1016:978-1-85743-255-8
949:978-90-04-29840-8
942:. Leiden: BRILL.
843:in the region of
594:Bar Kokhba revolt
523:Jewish Christians
476:Bar Kokhva revolt
464:Hasmonean kingdom
449:male circumcision
288:Bar Kokhva revolt
241:
221:
197:
196:
107:31.433°N 35.000°E
16:(Redirected from
2014:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1967:. Archived from
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966:
964:
933:
868:Reseda globulosa
863:Legousia hybrida
499:Claudius Ptolemy
268:Kingdom of Judah
253:Judean Mountains
246:
236:
234:
226:
216:
214:
203:, also known as
192:Judean Mountains
187:
161:
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146:
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1267:, eds. (2003).
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835:Flora and fauna
778:Makhamra family
774:
758:
688:
668:
666:Crusader period
629:
507:
472:
422:
416:
361:
356:
340:
224:Jabal al-Khalīl
185:
164:
155:
140:
111:
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90:
89:
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37:
28:
23:
22:
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12:
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2010:
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2007:Ridges of Asia
2004:
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1983:
1982:
1949:
1944:10.14989/87468
1922:
1910:www.nli.org.il
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1818:5 January 2021
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1638:
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1521:
1477:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1372:
1345:(4): 365–372.
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1322:Joshua 15:1–22
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836:
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813:Arabian Desert
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754:
748:Manasseh Hills
713:cave dwellings
687:
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684:
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664:
631:Following the
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430:Ptolemaic rule
415:
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385:Tribe of Judah
365:Book of Joshua
360:
357:
355:
352:
339:
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249:mountain ridge
195:
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602:Judah ha-Nasi
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595:
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1997:Hebron Hills
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1969:the original
1962:
1952:
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1925:
1914:. Retrieved
1909:
1900:
1892:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
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1734:
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1680:
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1581:
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1531:
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1443:
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1393:. Retrieved
1388:
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480:Roman Empire
478:against the
473:
470:Roman period
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298:
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283:
261:
205:Mount Hebron
204:
201:Hebron Hills
200:
198:
186:Parent range
42:Hebron Hills
29:
18:Mount Hebron
1912:(in Hebrew)
1556:27 February
1500:(10): 487.
1125:(10): 487.
963:27 February
780:, based in
724:Bayt Jibrin
720:Transjordan
680:St. Abraham
559:Onomasticon
553:Onomasticon
424:During the
328:Transjordan
272:Babylonians
262:During the
128:Native name
110: /
85:Coordinates
1991:Categories
1975:26 January
1916:2024-03-05
1875:2022-02-16
1847:2023-06-22
1809:Amira Hass
1740:2022-05-07
1687:2022-02-16
1645:2024-09-19
1605:2024-05-26
990:2014-01-26
923:References
887:Green Line
872:mignonette
798:Beit Ummar
772:Population
676:seigneurie
445:Phoenician
346:, where a
309:synagogues
307:. Several
244:Har Hevron
213:جبل الخليل
136:جبل الخليل
75:Prominence
1853:lineages.
1830:"Khaybar"
1764:Routledge
1711:cite book
1551:918997476
1516:2077-1444
1494:Religions
1460:0021-9231
1359:0021-9231
1287:937002750
1247:646899358
1203:871044531
1141:2077-1444
1119:Religions
1097:235189577
1089:0334-4355
958:918997476
879:vineyards
870:, a rare
845:Palestine
821:Crusaders
744:Wadi 'Ara
697:Bethlehem
652:Makhamras
587:Kfar Aziz
571:al-Karmil
511:Christian
493:Geography
393:al-Karmil
367:mentions
348:tableland
338:Geography
295:Byzantine
257:West Bank
247:), are a
238:romanized
218:romanized
178:West Bank
169:Geography
65:Elevation
1069:Tel Aviv
901:See also
893:include
891:wineries
746:and the
731:fellahin
609:Eshtemoa
563:Ein Gedi
548:Eusebius
408:Edomites
359:Iron Age
332:Bedouins
264:Iron Age
233:הר חברון
174:Location
151:הר חברון
1964:Haaretz
1816:Haaretz
1762:(1897)
1735:Haaretz
1468:3268802
1395:Mar 25,
1367:3259708
829:Arabian
817:alleles
786:Khaybar
709:Bedouin
692:Ottoman
641:mosques
637:Muslims
598:Galilee
575:as-Samu
557:In his
546:and in
540:Aramaic
484:Galilee
453:Judaism
354:History
320:Ottoman
318:In the
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280:Edomite
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535:Daroma
519:pagans
515:Jewish
434:Marisa
420:Idumea
399:, and
381:Juttah
379:, and
373:Carmel
344:Halhul
324:Arabia
300:Daroma
229:Hebrew
209:Arabic
158:Hebrew
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139:
123:Naming
98:35°0′E
1774:p.78.
1464:JSTOR
1385:(PDF)
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