791:
is an outstanding, if outdated, source of information on a great many aspects of high enthalpy compounds. (This work originally published by MIT Press, 1943, as a textbook. Subsidy republication as late as 1995 by
Pyrotek Inc., an amateur rocketry supply house. No catalog data given in this edition.
26:
consisting of chemicals that release energy through exothermic chemical decomposition. The molecular bond energy of the monopropellant is released usually through use of a catalyst. This can be contrasted with bipropellants that release energy through the chemical reaction between an oxidizer and a
239:(HAN), hydrazine and various cold gas monopropellants shows that hydrazine is the highest performing in terms of specific impulse. However, hydrazine is also the most expensive and toxic. In addition HAN and hydrogen peroxide have the highest density impulse (total impulse per given unit volume).
142:
Much work was done in the US in the 1950s and 1960s to attempt to find better and more energetic monopropellants. For the most part, researchers came to the conclusion that any single substance that contained enough energy to compete with bipropellants would be too unstable to handle safely under
185:(-11.5 deg. C) and pronounced thermal expansion, both being problematic in spacecraft. "Dinitrochlorohydrin" and "tetranitrodiglycerin" are also likely candidates, though no current use is known. The polynitrates of long chain and
27:
fuel. While stable under defined storage conditions, monopropellants decompose very rapidly under certain other conditions to produce a large volume of its own energetic (hot) gases for the performance of mechanical
232:. In 2018 a new precious metal catalyst was invented for use with nitrous oxide - rhodium oxide on alumina spheres – which is more stable at higher temperatures than pure rhodium or iridium.
213:
are common rocket monopropellants. As noted the specific impulse of monopropellants is lower than bipropellants and can be found with the Air Force
Chemical Equilibrium Specific Impulse Code tool.
784:
224:. Nitrous oxide offers the advantages of being self-pressurizing and of being relatively non-toxic, with a specific impulse intermediate between hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine.
181:
as a solid propellant. The otherwise desirable characteristics of this compound; it is quite stable, easy to manufacture, and has a very high energy density; are marred by a high
795:
228:
generates oxygen upon decomposition, and it is possible to blend it with fuels to form a monopropellant mixture with a specific impulse up to 325 s, comparable to
134:". A potential future use for monopropellants not directly related to propulsion is in compact, high-intensity powerplants for aquatic or exoatmospheric environments.
402:
143:
practical conditions. With new materials, control systems and requirements for high-performance thrusters, engineers are currently re-examining this assumption.
235:
Direct comparison of physical properties, performance, cost, storability, toxicity, storage requirements and accidental release measures for hydrogen peroxide,
472:
39:, the most commonly used propellant in firearms, could be thought of as monopropellants, the term is usually reserved for liquids in engineering literature.
293:
A rocket propellant consisting of a single substance, especially a liquid, capable of creating rocket thrust without the addition of a second substance.
788:
679:
189:
are invariably room temperature solids, but many are soluble in simple alcohols or ethers in high proportion, and may be useful in this state.
490:
538:
514:
371:
69:
bed (the hydrazine is pre-heated to keep the reactant liquid). This decomposition produces the desired jet of hot gas and thus
755:
702:
316:
286:
406:
352:
780:
c.2000) contains some useful information on the surprising diversity of fuels and propellants employed by wartime
Germany.
118:
engines in environments where free oxygen is unavailable. Weapons intended primarily for combat between nuclear-powered
777:
730:
258:
593:
Zakirov, Vadim; Sweeting, Martin; Lawrence, Timothy; Sellers, Jerry (2001). "Nitrous oxide as a rocket propellant".
146:
Many partially nitrated alcohol esters are suitable for use as monopropellants. "Trimethylene glycol dinitrate" or
476:
166:) of this compound argues against its use, but the minor differences in chemistry may prove useful in the future.
158:, and produced as a fractional byproduct in all but the most exacting laboratory conditions; the marginally lower
575:
796:
1999 Conference Paper on
Historical Rocket Grade Hydrogen Peroxide Uses including monopropellant applications
629:
810:
170:
123:
111:
745:
173:
in modern notation, was widely used in World War 2 Germany, both alone as a liquid monopropellant and
443:
RAND Corporation (1959). "Propulsion systems". In Horgan, M. J.; Palmatier, M. A.; Vogel, J. (eds.).
815:
253:
236:
221:
680:"System Trade Parameter Comparison of Monopropellants: Hydrogen Peroxide vs Hydrazine and Others"
107:
solution is co-injected, which causes hydrogen peroxide to decompose into hot steam and oxygen.
55:
739:
There is an entire chapter on the history of monopropellant development in the autobiography by
122:
generally fall into this category. The most commonly used propellant in this case is stabilized
497:
335:
RAND Corporation (1959). "Propellants". In Horgan, M. J.; Palmatier, M. A.; Vogel, J. (eds.).
306:
545:
248:
229:
186:
48:
602:
444:
336:
77:
has been used as a power source for propellant tank pumps in rockets like the German WWII
8:
606:
74:
614:
773:
761:
751:
726:
698:
521:
369:
312:
282:
200:
97:
86:
82:
741:
690:
610:
159:
449:(Technical report). United States Government Printing Office. pp. 31–41. 86.
375:
356:
341:(Technical report). United States Government Printing Office. pp. 42–46. 86.
147:
32:
196:
178:
163:
36:
28:
804:
654:
225:
217:
210:
182:
131:
104:
51:
765:
23:
694:
119:
78:
192:
174:
59:
772:
The book "Germany's Secret
Weapons In World War Two" by Roger Ford (
579:
93:
90:
66:
687:
42nd AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint
Propulsion Conference & Exhibit
205:
115:
101:
63:
151:
70:
592:
747:
Ignition!: An
Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants
155:
127:
403:"Aerojet Bipropellant Engine Sets New Performance Record"
47:
The most common use of monopropellants is in low-impulse
279:
McGraw-Hill dictionary of scientific and technical terms
438:
436:
405:. Aerojet Rocketdyne. December 8, 2008. Archived from
330:
328:
169:
The related "dinitrodiglycol", more properly termed
630:"SpaceX To Deliver Green-Propulsion Testbed To ISS"
586:
433:
725:(6th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
446:Space handbook: astronautics and its applications
338:Space handbook: astronautics and its applications
325:
802:
442:
334:
62:which is generally decomposed by exposure to an
276:
203:(especially in its German World War II form as
421:
355:. Rocket Motor Components, Inc. Archived from
216:One newer monopropellant under development is
671:
385:
383:
621:
380:
750:. Rutgers University Press. p. 302.
677:
281:(6 ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1370.
114:systems (AIP) to "fuel" reciprocating or
576:"Rocket Engine Specific Impulse Program"
627:
311:. Macmillan Education UK. p. 223.
803:
785:The Chemistry Of Powder And Explosives
720:
561:
459:
427:
389:
110:Monopropellants are also used in some
792:Current publication status unknown.).
740:
573:
473:"Monopropellant Hydrazine Thrusters"
304:
137:
628:Morring, Frank Jr. (May 21, 2012).
13:
634:Aviation Week and Space Technology
578:. Dunn Engineering. Archived from
14:
827:
714:
259:Green Propellant Infusion Mission
647:
567:
555:
531:
507:
483:
465:
453:
220:, both neat and in the form of
96:mesh, or comes in contact with
475:. EADS Astrium. Archived from
395:
363:
345:
298:
270:
100:impregnated ceramic beads, or
1:
615:10.1016/S0094-5765(01)00047-9
264:
58:, the usual propellant being
16:Single-part rocket propellant
7:
721:Sutton, George P. (1992) .
374:September 28, 2009, at the
242:
171:diethylene glycol dinitrate
10:
832:
723:Rocket Propulsion Elements
124:propylene glycol dinitrate
112:air-independent propulsion
56:reaction control thrusters
308:Aviation Fuels Technology
222:nitrous oxide fuel blends
130:), often referred to as "
678:Wernimont, Eric (2006).
277:Sybil P. Parker (2003).
254:Nitrous oxide fuel blend
237:hydroxylammonium nitrate
230:hypergolic bipropellants
574:Dunn, Bruce P. (2001).
42:
249:Monopropellant rocket
187:aromatic hydrocarbons
582:on October 20, 2013.
491:"ethylene_oxide.pdf"
359:on January 14, 2012.
89:is passed through a
695:10.2514/6.2006-5236
607:2001AcAau..48..353Z
811:Rocket propellants
551:on March 21, 2012.
539:"nitromethane.pdf"
527:on March 21, 2012.
503:on March 21, 2012.
479:on March 27, 2010.
430:, pp. 307—309
305:Vere, Ray (1985).
757:978-0-8135-9918-2
742:Clark, John Drury
704:978-1-62410-038-3
659:American Elements
601:(5–12): 353–362.
595:Acta Astronautica
318:978-1-349-06904-0
288:978-0-07-042313-8
201:hydrogen peroxide
138:Research in brief
98:manganese dioxide
87:hydrogen peroxide
81:and the American
75:Hydrogen peroxide
31:. Although solid
823:
769:
736:
709:
708:
684:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
651:
645:
644:
642:
640:
625:
619:
618:
590:
584:
583:
571:
565:
559:
553:
552:
550:
544:. Archived from
543:
535:
529:
528:
526:
520:. Archived from
519:
511:
505:
504:
502:
496:. Archived from
495:
487:
481:
480:
469:
463:
457:
451:
450:
440:
431:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
409:on March 7, 2017
399:
393:
387:
378:
367:
361:
360:
349:
343:
342:
332:
323:
322:
302:
296:
295:
274:
160:specific gravity
831:
830:
826:
825:
824:
822:
821:
820:
816:Monopropellants
801:
800:
789:Tenney L. Davis
758:
744:(23 May 2018).
733:
717:
712:
705:
682:
676:
672:
663:
661:
653:
652:
648:
638:
636:
626:
622:
591:
587:
572:
568:
560:
556:
548:
541:
537:
536:
532:
524:
517:
513:
512:
508:
500:
493:
489:
488:
484:
471:
470:
466:
458:
454:
441:
434:
426:
422:
412:
410:
401:
400:
396:
388:
381:
376:Wayback Machine
368:
364:
351:
350:
346:
333:
326:
319:
303:
299:
289:
275:
271:
267:
245:
148:1,3-propanediol
140:
45:
20:Monopropellants
17:
12:
11:
5:
829:
819:
818:
813:
799:
798:
793:
781:
770:
756:
737:
731:
716:
715:External links
713:
711:
710:
703:
670:
646:
620:
585:
566:
554:
530:
506:
482:
464:
452:
432:
420:
394:
379:
362:
344:
324:
317:
297:
287:
268:
266:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
244:
241:
197:ethylene oxide
179:nitrocellulose
164:energy density
139:
136:
49:monopropellant
44:
41:
37:nitrocellulose
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
828:
817:
814:
812:
809:
808:
806:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
778:0-7603-0847-0
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
753:
749:
748:
743:
738:
734:
732:0-471-52938-9
728:
724:
719:
718:
706:
700:
696:
692:
688:
681:
674:
660:
656:
650:
635:
631:
624:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
589:
581:
577:
570:
563:
558:
547:
540:
534:
523:
516:
510:
499:
492:
486:
478:
474:
468:
461:
456:
448:
447:
439:
437:
429:
424:
408:
404:
398:
392:, p. 230
391:
386:
384:
377:
373:
370:
366:
358:
354:
348:
340:
339:
331:
329:
320:
314:
310:
309:
301:
294:
290:
284:
280:
273:
269:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
240:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:Nitrous oxide
223:
219:
218:nitrous oxide
214:
212:
208:
207:
202:
198:
194:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:dinitrate is
149:
144:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
106:
103:
99:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:rocket motors
50:
40:
38:
34:
30:
25:
21:
746:
722:
686:
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:
649:
637:. Retrieved
633:
623:
598:
594:
588:
580:the original
569:
564:, p. 36
557:
546:the original
533:
522:the original
509:
498:the original
485:
477:the original
467:
455:
445:
423:
411:. Retrieved
407:the original
397:
365:
357:the original
347:
337:
307:
300:
292:
278:
272:
234:
215:
211:nitromethane
204:
191:
183:freeze point
168:
145:
141:
109:
105:permanganate
46:
19:
18:
655:"Catalysts"
562:Sutton 1992
460:Sutton 1992
428:Sutton 1992
390:Sutton 1992
353:"Resources"
33:deflagrants
24:propellants
805:Categories
664:2024-01-05
515:"h2o2.pdf"
265:References
162:(and thus
120:submarines
54:, such as
193:Hydrazine
175:colloidal
132:Otto fuel
60:hydrazine
639:July 13,
462:, ch. 7.
413:July 13,
372:Archived
243:See also
152:isomeric
94:catalyst
91:platinum
83:Redstone
67:catalyst
35:such as
603:Bibcode
209:), and
206:T-Stoff
116:turbine
102:Z-Stoff
64:iridium
776:
766:281664
764:
754:
729:
701:
315:
285:
85:. The
71:thrust
787:" by
683:(PDF)
549:(PDF)
542:(PDF)
525:(PDF)
518:(PDF)
501:(PDF)
494:(PDF)
177:with
154:with
774:ISBN
762:OCLC
752:ISBN
727:ISBN
699:ISBN
641:2014
415:2014
313:ISBN
283:ISBN
156:PGDN
128:PGDN
43:Uses
29:work
22:are
691:doi
611:doi
79:V-2
807::
760:.
697:.
689:.
685:.
657:.
632:.
609:.
599:48
597:.
435:^
382:^
327:^
291:.
199:,
195:,
73:.
783:"
768:.
735:.
707:.
693::
667:.
643:.
617:.
613::
605::
417:.
321:.
126:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.