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in 1922 followed by a second article entitled An
Economic Contrast: Merovingians and Carolingians" ("Un contraste Ă©conomique. MĂ©rovingiens et Carolingiens") in the same periodical in 1923. The two articles began a lengthy scholarly debate among historians, and Pirenne sought to explore further
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ruptured economic ties to
Western Europe and cut the region off from trade and turning it into a stagnant backwater, with wealth flowing out in the form of raw resources and nothing coming back. That began a steady decline and impoverishment and so by the time of
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Pirenne used statistical data regarding money in support of his thesis. Much of his argument builds upon the disappearance from
Western Europe of items that had to come from outside. For example, the minting of gold coins north of the
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would work. It continues to inform historical discussion in the 21st century, with more recent debate focusing on whether later archaeological discoveries refute the thesis or demonstrate its fundamental viability.
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Pirenne's thesis did not convince most of the historians at the time of its publication, but historians have since generally agreed that the book has both stimulated debate on the
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would probably never have existed, and
Charlemagne, without Muhammad, would be inconceivable". That is, he rejected the notion that the
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169:(1862–1935) which was first published posthumously in 1937. It set out an alternative argument about the
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stopped after the 7th century, which indicated a loss of access to wealthier parts of the world.
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According to
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Mohammed, Charlemagne & the
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in Europe. It was first expressed in an article of the same name published in the
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French
Historians 1900–2000: New Historical Writing in Twentieth-Century France
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represented the culmination of
Pirenne's longstanding interest in the end of
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aspects of the subject in the body of studies later compiled into the book.
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it sparked is widely taught in university medieval history courses.
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Mohammed & Charlemagne
Revisited: The History of a Controversy
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of the 4th and the 5th centuries. Instead, the Muslim conquest of
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a barrier; cut
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after the 7th century, and writing reverted to using
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290:In a summary, Pirenne stated, "Without Islam, the
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509:(1974).
455:(2011).
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