52:
252:
This changed the meaning of the title; originally being used as a symbol of political dominance over other realms, the title became known as a symbol of power and legitimacy for contenders in a royal family. Mithridates IV was forced to flee from
Parthia to
584:
Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2016). "Dynastic
Connections in the Arsacid Empire and the Origins of the House of Sāsān". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
261:, the Roman proconsul and governor of Syria. Mithridates IV then returned to invade Parthia with Gabinius in support. The Roman proconsul marched with Mithridates IV to the
292:, in Seleucia, and after a prolonged resistance, offered battle to Orodes' forces and was defeated. Mithridates IV was afterwards executed in 54 BC by Orodes.
665:
Overtoom, Nikolaus Leo (2021). "Reassessing the Role of
Parthia and Rome in the Origins of the First Romano-Parthian War (56/5–50 BCE)".
1179:
767:
605:
511:
521:
553:
648:
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115:
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930:
753:
1026:
842:
1169:
954:
882:
802:
638:
543:
794:
241:. However, the two brothers quickly fell out, and Orodes revolted with the support of the
180:, who eventually emerged victorious and had Mithridates IV executed, thus succeeding him.
8:
874:
266:
682:
483:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Periods
237:. In 57 BC, Mithridates murdered his father with the assistance of his younger brother
640:
Arsacids and
Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia
621:
176:). Mithridates IV's reign was marked by a dynastic struggle with his younger brother,
686:
644:
590:
570:
549:
517:
491:
281:. He ousted Orodes and briefly restored his reign as king in 55 BC, minting coins in
151:
674:
196:
51:
938:
780:
609:
564:
527:
481:
477:
162:
63:
273:, to his throne. Despite losing his Roman support, Mithridates IV advanced into
702:
507:
258:
242:
234:
192:
135:
1163:
476:
Bivar, A.D.H. (1983). "The
Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids". In
309:
270:
246:
38:
207:", the name of the ancient Iranian sun god. The name itself is derived from
1130:
1106:
890:
720:
566:
The Poison King: The Life and Legend of
Mithradates, Rome's Deadliest Enemy
223:
166:
125:
81:
678:
1122:
1034:
1002:
922:
834:
274:
254:
208:
1042:
1018:
1010:
994:
946:
858:
818:
810:
317:
34:
1114:
962:
914:
906:
737:
278:
262:
238:
177:
91:
1066:
775:
282:
587:
The
Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
545:
The
Persian Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
313:
110:
42:
233:), under whom he served as the ruler of the central province of
289:
204:
288:
However, king
Mithridates IV was besieged by Orodes' general,
249:
to demonstrate their claims of superiority over each other.
401:
165:
king from to 57 to 54 BC. He was the son and successor of
456:
454:
452:
450:
448:
433:
445:
357:
345:
506:Dąbrowa, Edward (2012). "The Arsacid Empire". In
369:
333:
1161:
643:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–539.
569:. Princeton University Press. pp. 1–448.
24:
761:
626:"Personal Names, Iranian iv. Parthian Period"
265:, but turned back to restore another ruler,
516:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–432.
768:
754:
50:
312:, Mithridates IV also used the titles of
664:
636:
603:
583:
439:
427:
407:
395:
387:
363:
620:
505:
419:
351:
1162:
513:The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History
749:
562:
475:
460:
339:
245:clan. They both assumed the title of
614:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
155:
25:
541:
423:
391:
375:
13:
658:
616:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
14:
1196:
16:Parthian king from to 57 to 54 BC
1180:1st-century BC Parthian monarchs
228:
171:
413:
381:
302:
1:
327:
222:Mithridates IV was a son of
217:
183:
7:
1152:usurpers or rival claimants
728:King of the Parthian Empire
637:Shayegan, M. Rahim (2011).
10:
1201:
698:Mithridates IV of Parthia
667:Journal of Ancient History
488:Cambridge University Press
469:
1150:
790:
734:
725:
717:
696:
131:
121:
109:
101:
97:
87:
77:
69:
61:
49:
32:
21:
604:Olbrycht, Marek (2021).
563:Mayor, Adrienne (2009).
295:
277:and managed to conquer
257:. He took refuge with
56:Coin of Mithridates IV
679:10.1515/jah-2021-0007
630:Encyclopaedia Iranica
542:Kia, Mehrdad (2016).
308:Besides the title of
410:, pp. 238, 246.
231: 69–57 BC
203:, meaning "given by
174: 69–57 BC
267:Ptolemy XII Auletes
195:attestation of the
490:. pp. 21–99.
1185:Parthian Dark Age
1175:Executed monarchs
1157:
1156:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1119:
1111:
1103:
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847:
839:
831:
823:
815:
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785:
784:(247 BC – 224 AD)
744:
743:
735:Succeeded by
523:978-0-19-987575-7
141:
140:
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770:
763:
756:
747:
746:
718:Preceded by
713:
694:
693:
690:
654:
633:
622:Schmitt, Rüdiger
617:
610:Yarshater, Ehsan
600:
580:
559:
538:
536:
535:
526:. Archived from
501:
478:Yarshater, Ehsan
464:
458:
443:
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379:
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28:
27:
19:
18:
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1195:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1146:
867:Mithridates III
822:(170–165/64 BC)
786:
781:Parthian Empire
774:
740:
731:
723:
707:
706:
703:Arsacid dynasty
699:
661:
659:Further reading
651:
597:
589:. Oxbow Books.
577:
556:
533:
531:
524:
508:Daryaee, Touraj
498:
472:
467:
459:
446:
438:
434:
422:, p. 169;
418:
414:
406:
402:
394:, p. 196;
386:
382:
374:
370:
362:
358:
350:
346:
338:
334:
330:
325:
324:
307:
303:
298:
227:
220:
186:
170:
116:Arsacid dynasty
64:Parthian Empire
57:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1083:Parthamaspates
1080:
1072:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1008:
1000:
992:
984:
976:
968:
960:
952:
944:
936:
928:
920:
912:
904:
899:Mithridates IV
896:
888:
880:
872:
864:
856:
851:Mithridates II
848:
840:
832:
830:(165/4–132 BC)
824:
816:
808:
800:
791:
788:
787:
773:
772:
765:
758:
750:
742:
741:
736:
733:
724:
719:
715:
714:
700:
697:
692:
691:
673:(2): 238–268.
660:
657:
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655:
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634:
618:
601:
595:
581:
575:
560:
555:978-1610693912
554:
539:
522:
503:
496:
471:
468:
466:
465:
444:
442:, p. 238.
432:
426:, p. 23;
412:
400:
390:, p. 23;
380:
378:, p. 196.
368:
356:
344:
331:
329:
326:
323:
322:
300:
299:
297:
294:
259:Aulus Gabinius
219:
216:
185:
182:
148:Mithradates IV
146:(also spelled
144:Mithridates IV
139:
138:
136:Zoroastrianism
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
107:
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99:
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84:
79:
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66:
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
30:
29:
22:Mithridates IV
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1197:
1186:
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1181:
1178:
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1173:
1171:
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1167:
1165:
1149:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1099:Mithridates V
1097:
1092:
1091:Sinatruces II
1089:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1075:Vologases III
1073:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1059:Artabanus III
1057:
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1044:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1004:
1001:
996:
993:
990:(36–38/41 AD)
988:
985:
980:
979:Tiridates III
977:
972:
969:
964:
961:
956:
953:
948:
945:
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905:
900:
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889:
884:
881:
876:
873:
868:
865:
862:(91–87/80 BC)
860:
857:
852:
849:
844:
841:
836:
833:
828:
827:Mithridates I
825:
820:
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650:9780521766418
646:
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641:
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631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
596:9781785702082
592:
588:
582:
578:
576:9780691150260
572:
568:
567:
561:
557:
551:
547:
546:
540:
530:on 2019-01-01
529:
525:
519:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
497:0-521-20092-X
493:
489:
486:. Cambridge:
485:
484:
479:
474:
473:
463:, p. 49.
462:
457:
455:
453:
451:
449:
441:
440:Shayegan 2011
436:
430:, p. 239
429:
428:Shayegan 2011
425:
421:
416:
409:
408:Shayegan 2011
404:
398:, p. 238
397:
396:Shayegan 2011
393:
389:
388:Olbrycht 2016
384:
377:
372:
365:
364:Olbrycht 2021
360:
353:
348:
341:
336:
332:
319:
315:
311:
310:King of Kings
305:
301:
293:
291:
286:
285:until 54 BC.
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
250:
248:
247:King of Kings
244:
240:
236:
225:
215:
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168:
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90:
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72:
68:
65:
60:
53:
48:
45:
44:
40:
39:King of Kings
36:
31:
20:
1170:54 BC deaths
1142:(213–224 AD)
1139:Artabanus IV
1134:(208–228 AD)
1131:Vologases VI
1126:(191–208 AD)
1110:(147–191 AD)
1107:Vologases IV
1102:(129–140 AD)
1086:(116–117 AD)
1078:(110–147 AD)
1070:(109–129 AD)
1051:Vologases II
987:Artabanus II
971:Artabanus II
931:Tiridates II
898:
891:Phraates III
846:(127–124 BC)
838:(132–127 BC)
814:(191–170 BC)
806:(217–191 BC)
798:(247–217 BC)
726:
721:Phraates III
709:
701:
670:
666:
639:
629:
613:
586:
565:
548:. ABC-CLIO.
544:
532:. Retrieved
528:the original
512:
482:
435:
420:Dąbrowa 2012
415:
403:
383:
371:
359:
352:Schmitt 2005
347:
342:, p. 1.
335:
304:
287:
251:
224:Phraates III
221:
211:
200:
188:
187:
167:Phraates III
158:
147:
143:
142:
126:Phraates III
82:Phraates III
62:King of the
33:
1123:Vologases V
1046:(78–110 AD)
1035:Vardanes II
1027:Vologases I
1003:Gotarzes II
950:(2 BC–4 AD)
942:(2 BC–4 AD)
923:Phraates IV
854:(124–91 BC)
843:Artabanus I
835:Phraates II
606:"Orodes II"
275:Mesopotamia
255:Roman Syria
212:Miθra-dāta-
209:Old Iranian
189:Mithridates
78:Predecessor
1164:Categories
1062:(79–81 AD)
1054:(78–80 AD)
1043:Pacorus II
1038:(55–58 AD)
1030:(51–78 AD)
1019:Vonones II
1014:(49–51 AD)
1011:Meherdates
1006:(40–51 AD)
998:(40–46 AD)
995:Vardanes I
982:(35–36 AD)
974:(12–35 AD)
955:Orodes III
947:Phraates V
910:(57–38 BC)
902:(57–54 BC)
894:(69–57 BC)
886:(75–69 BC)
883:Sinatruces
878:(80–75 BC)
870:(87–80 BC)
859:Gotarzes I
819:Phraates I
811:Priapatius
803:Arsaces II
534:2019-11-22
461:Bivar 1983
340:Mayor 2009
328:References
318:Great King
156:𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕
73:57 – 54 BC
35:Great King
26:𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕
1115:Osroes II
966:(6–12 AD)
963:Vonones I
926:(37–2 BC)
915:Pacorus I
907:Orodes II
795:Arsaces I
738:Orodes II
732:57–54 BC
687:237154963
279:Babylonia
263:Euphrates
218:Biography
184:Etymology
178:Orodes II
92:Orodes II
88:Successor
1118:(191 AD)
1094:(116 AD)
1067:Osroes I
958:(4–6 AD)
875:Orodes I
624:(2005).
424:Kia 2016
392:Kia 2016
376:Kia 2016
283:Seleucia
163:Parthian
161:) was a
152:Parthian
132:Religion
1022:(51 AD)
934:(32 BC)
918:(39 BC)
779:of the
612:(ed.).
510:(ed.).
480:(ed.).
470:Sources
314:Arsaces
201:Mihrdāt
197:Iranian
191:is the
159:Mihrdāt
111:Dynasty
43:Arsaces
777:Rulers
708:
685:
647:
593:
573:
552:
520:
494:
290:Surena
239:Orodes
205:Mithra
122:Father
712:54 BC
710:Died:
683:S2CID
608:. In
296:Notes
271:Egypt
243:Suren
235:Media
199:name
193:Greek
105:54 BC
70:Reign
939:Musa
645:ISBN
591:ISBN
571:ISBN
550:ISBN
518:ISBN
492:ISBN
316:and
102:Died
675:doi
269:of
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681:.
669:.
628:.
447:^
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632:.
599:.
579:.
558:.
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502:.
500:.
366:.
354:.
320:.
226:(
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