964:
980:
1519:... the Persian affiliation of the Mysteries is acknowledged in the earliest literary reference to them. This is by the Latin poet Statius who, writing about 80 CE., described Mithras as one who "twists the unruly horns beneath the rocks of a Persian cave". Only a little later (c. 100 CE.) Plutarch attributed an Anatolian origin to the Mysteries, for according to him the Cilician pirates whom Pompey defeated in 67 BCE. "celebrated certain secret rites, amongst which those of Mithras continue to the present time, having been first instituted by them".
50:
831:
2035:
2023:
531:
882:), "Whose Word is True, who is of the Assembly, Who has a Thousand Ears, the Well-Shaped One, Who has Ten Thousand Eyes, the Exalted One, Who has Wide Knowledge, the Helpful One, Who Sleeps Not, the Ever Wakeful. We sacrifice to Mithra, The Lord of all countries, Whom Ahura Mazda created the most glorious, Of the Supernatural Yazads. So may there come to us for Aid, Both Mithra and Ahura, the Two Exalted Ones,"(
948:
1617:
119:
1176:). Citing Boyce, Sundermann remarks, "It was among the Parthian Manicheans that Mithra as a Sun God surpassed the importance of Narisaf as the common Iranian image of the Third Messenger; among the Parthians the dominance of Mithra was such that his identification with the Third Messenger led to cultic emphasis on the Mithraic traits in the Manichaean God."
827:-worshipers that Zoroaster condemned. However, "no satisfactory evidence has yet been adduced to show that, before Zoroaster, the concept of a supreme god existed among the Iranians, or that among them Mithra – or any other divinity – ever enjoyed a separate cult of his or her own outside either their ancient or their Zoroastrian pantheons."
928:(r. 522 – 486 B.C.) invokes Ahuramazda and "the Other Gods who are", this inscription of Artaxerxes II is remarkable as no Achaemenid king before him had invoked any but Ahura Mazda alone by name. Boyce suggests that the reason for this was that Artaxerxes had chosen Anahita and Mithra as his patron/protector Divinities.
1024:
of 1925 adopted
Zoroastrian month-names, and as such also has the seventh month of the year named "Mihr". The position of the sixteenth day and seventh month reflects Mithra's rank in the hierarchy of the Divinities; the sixteenth day and seventh month are respectively the first day of the second
813:
The lack of Mithra's presence in the texts was once a cause of some consternation amongst
Iranians. An often repeated speculation of the first half of the 20th century was that the lack of any mention (i.e., Zoroaster's silence) of Mithra in these texts implied that Zoroaster had rejected Mithra.
1056:
for the Sun). However, in
Zoroastrian tradition, Mithra evolved from being an all-seeing figure (hence vaguely associated with the Sun) into a divinity co-identified with the Sun itself, effectively taking over Hvare-khshaeta's role. It is uncertain how and when and why this occurred, but it is
1025:
half of the month and the first month of the second half of the year. The day on which the day-name and month-name dedications intersect is (like all other such intersections) dedicated to the divinity of that day/month, and is celebrated with a
820:
speculation is no longer followed. Building on that speculation was another series of speculations, which postulated that the reason why
Zoroaster did not mention Mithra was that the latter was the supreme God of a bloodthirsty group of
603:) is an ancient Iranian deity of covenants, light, oaths, justice, the Sun, contracts, and friendship. In addition to being the divinity of contracts, Mithra is also a judicial figure, an all-seeing protector of
890:). Some recent theories have claimed Mithra represents the Sun itself, but the Khorda Avesta refers to the Sun as a separate entity – as it does with the Moon, with which the Sun has "the Best of Friendships," (
805:
As the god of contract, Mithra is undeceivable, infallible, eternally watchful, and never-resting. Mithra is additionally the protector of cattle, and his stock epithet is "of Wide
Pastures." He is guardian of
1065:, with whom Mithra shares multiple characteristics such as a judicial function and association with the Sun. This characteristic is part of Mithra's Indo-Iranian inheritance in that the Indic
633:
sources relating to Mithra. Since the early 1970s, the dominant scholarship has noted dissimilarities between the
Persian and Roman traditions, making it, at most, the result of Roman
913:'s (r. 404 – 358 B.C.) trilingual (Old Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian) inscription at Susa (ASa) and Hamadan (AHc), which have the same text, the emperor appeals to "Ahuramazda,
870:
scriptures as "Mithra of Wide
Pastures, of the Thousand Ears, and of the Myriad Eyes," (Yasna 1:3), "the Lofty, and the Everlasting... the Province Ruler,"(Yasna 1:11), "the
883:
891:
887:
879:
802:, a guide of souls to the place of the dead. Should the Good Thoughts, Words, and Deeds outweigh the Bad, Sraosha alone conveys the Soul across the Bridge.
1958:
1816:
559:
1154:
The second figure mentioned above, the Third
Messenger, was the helper and redeemer of mankind, and identified with another Zoroastrian divinity,
1821:
1088:
Royal names incorporating Mithra's (e.g., "Mithradates") appear in the dynasties of
Parthia, Armenia, and in Anatolia, in Pontus and Cappadocia.
1978:
1649:
1463:
274:
1150:), likewise a savior figure, but one concerned with setting up the structures to liberate the Light lost when the First Man had been defeated.
1973:
1496:
1963:
939:. In that inscription, that emperor appeals to "Ahuramazda and the God Mithra preserve me, my country, and what has been built by me."
1776:
1993:
1882:
1786:
1746:
1711:
1020:, the sixteenth day of the month and the seventh month of the year are dedicated to and are under the protection of Mithra. The
1417:
552:
1392:
Franz Grenet, "MITHRA ii. ICONOGRAPHY IN IRAN AND CENTRAL ASIA", Encyclopædia
Iranica, online edition, 2016, available at
481:
1642:
1393:
1554:
1506:
878:(Book of Common Prayer) also refer to Mithra in the Litany to the Sun, "Homage to Mithra of Wide Cattle Pastures," (
1578:
1435:
Mysteria Mithrae: Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Religio-Historical Character of Roman Mithraism
545:
1194:. Although sharing linguistic roots with the name Mithra, Werner Sundermann established that those names denote
963:
2091:
1945:
1635:
1448:
Boyce, Mary (1962), "On Mithra in the Manichaean Pantheon", in Henning, Walter B.; Yarshater, Ehsan (eds.),
664:
511:
491:
979:
1159:
646:
1135:), a savior-figure who rescues the "First Man" from the demonic Darkness into which he had plunged.
2039:
1621:
952:
798:, the "Bridge of Separation" that all souls must cross. Unlike Sraosha, however, Mithra is not a
688:
means "that which causes binding", preserved in the Avestan word for "Covenant, Contract, Oath".
466:
102:
20:
1433:
Sundermann, Werner (1979), "The Five Sons of the Manichaean God Mithra", in Ugo Bianchi (ed.),
229:
1407:
1069:
has solar divinities that are not distinct from Mithra, who is associated with sunrise in the
2066:
1480:
1252:
816:
516:
419:
1210:
According to Boyce, the earliest literary references to the mysteries are by the Latin poet
955:(c. 128–124 BC). The Hellenistic depiction on the reverse shows the king kneeling before an
917:, and Mithra protect me against all evil," and beseeches them to protect what he has built.
1658:
1017:
921:
591:
471:
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8:
2071:
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441:
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762:
623:
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284:
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1502:
1457:
1413:
724:
700:
80:
2086:
1930:
1662:
1394:
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/mithra-2-iconography-in-iran-and-central-asia
1184:
1021:
576:
446:
269:
264:
1311:
2027:
1862:
1691:
1564:
1096:
886:), "I shall sacrifice to his mace, well-aimed against the Skulls of the Daevas" (
779:
535:
1598:
Mitra-Varuna: Essai sur deux représentations indo-européennes de la souveraineté
770:
liturgy that is linguistically as old as the Gathas. As a member of the Iranian
2081:
2006:
1892:
1857:
1726:
1696:
1627:
1091:
The youthful Apollonian-type Mithra is found in images from other countries of
1078:
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1045:
932:
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627:
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314:
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110:
874:(Divinity) of the Spoken Name" (Yasna 3:5), and "the Holy," (Yasna 3:13). The
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1044:
In Zoroastrian scripture, Mithra is distinct from the divinity of the Sun,
995:
619:
374:
359:
319:
249:
244:
209:
1602:
Mitra-Varuna: An Essay on Two Indo-European Representations of Sovereignty
1953:
1925:
1771:
1741:
1676:
1343:
1247:
1116:
1070:
991:
983:
864:
775:
712:
404:
259:
134:
1368:
1033:, "Worship") in honor of that Divinity. In the case of Mithra, this was
830:
2001:
1681:
1300:(2nd ed.). Wigston, Leicestershire: Lorenz Books. pp. 12, 52.
968:
936:
906:
period, the deity is invoked in several royal Achaemenid inscriptions:
903:
839:
799:
783:
349:
239:
149:
1273:"Mithraism | Definition, History, Mythology, & Facts | Britannica"
49:
1781:
1227:
1100:
972:
757:
756:, the oldest texts of Zoroastrianism and traditionally attributed to
399:
394:
159:
139:
118:
598:
2022:
1988:
1983:
1910:
1902:
1852:
1837:
1766:
1736:
1706:
1242:
1215:
1199:
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987:
925:
752:
Like most other divinities, Mithra is not mentioned by name in the
530:
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204:
55:
19:
This article is about the Zoroastrian yazata. For other uses, see
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424:
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164:
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1887:
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1314:". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 2012-09-07.
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commonly attributed to conflation with the Babylonian sun god
1935:
1806:
1791:
1600:, 2nd edn. Paris: Gallimard, 1948 (1st edn. 1940); trans. as
1536:
Boyce, Mary (2001), "Mithra the King and Varuna the Master",
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1123:, q.e. Mithra-yazata) for two different Manichaean angels.
999:
931:
Mithra is invoked again in the single known inscription of
807:
612:
604:
154:
144:
40:
1586:
Iconography of Deities and Demons in the Ancient Near East
1565:"Mithra i: Mithra in Old Indian and Mithra in Old Iranian"
857:
10) is the longest, and one of the best-preserved, of the
1811:
1731:
902:
Although there is no known Mithraic iconography in the
1588:, (Electronic Pre-Publication), Leiden: U Zürich/Brill
1498:
Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman rule, Part 1
1298:
Myths & Legends of India, Egypt, China & Japan
810:
and ensures that those pastures receive enough of it.
794:"Obedience", Mithra is one of the three judges at the
1450:
A Locust's Leg: Studies in Honour of S. H. Taqizadeh
1478:Sundermann, Werner (2002), "Mithra in Manicheism",
1131:by the Persians, was the "Living Spirit" (Aramaic
1146:among the Parthians, is the "Messenger" (Aramaic
1081:, wherein Mitra is a name of the god of the Sun,
16:Zoroastrian divinity of covenant, light, and oath
2053:
1657:
1317:
611:), and the guardian of cattle, the harvest, and
1119:used the name of Mithra current in their time (
1549:, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press,
1426:
1369:"AVESTA: KHORDA AVESTA: Niyayeshes (Litanies)"
786:), Mithra is an exalted figure. Together with
736:
727:
1643:
1604:by Derek Coleman, New York: Zone Books, 1988.
1077:is a Hindu mantra chanted in the practice of
715:
585:
553:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1172:, meaning 'Potent Utterance', the name of a
1547:An Introduction to Ancient Iranian Religion
1494:
1296:Storm, Rachel (2011). Sudell, Helen (ed.).
1650:
1636:
1477:
1462:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1432:
560:
546:
117:
48:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1354:
1329:
1048:(literally "Radiant Sun", from which the
959:-like god, which is thought to be Mithra.
1571:, vol. OT 10, New York: iranica.com
1544:
978:
962:
946:
829:
1562:
1344:"AVESTA: YASNA (English): Chapters 0-8"
2054:
1576:
1538:Festschrift für Helmut Humbach zum 80.
1379:
1631:
1535:
1447:
1323:
1295:
1103:in the Roman-Parthian border and the
1495:Boyce, Mary; Grenet, Frantz (1975).
1412:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 138.
1405:
716:
680:"causing to". Thus, etymologically
580:
482:Zoroastrianism in the United States
13:
897:
676:"to bind", with the "tool suffix"
14:
2103:
1609:
1110:
2034:
2033:
2021:
1615:
1205:
529:
1528:
1488:
1471:
1441:
942:
766:, a seven-verse section of the
747:
1540:, Trier: WWT, pp. 239–257
1409:Suryanamaskar: Sun Salutations
1406:Stec, Krzysztof (2007-01-01).
1399:
1304:
1289:
1265:
1115:Persian and Parthian-speaking
1012:, sanctifying the investiture.
994:(3rd century CE bas-relief at
863:s. Mithra is described in the
842:with Miiro (Μιιρο), "Mithra".
1:
1258:
843:
1563:Schmidt, Hans-Peter (2006),
1501:. Brill. pp. 468, 469.
1107:on the Indo-Iranian border.
853:The Avestan Hymn to Mithra (
640:
599:
7:
1310:Beck, Roger (2002-07-20). "
1221:
760:himself, or by name in the
586:
512:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
492:Persecution of Zoroastrians
10:
2108:
1545:Malandra, William (1983),
1396:(accessed on 19 May 2016).
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18:
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1002:. On the left stands the
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47:
33:
28:
265:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
1484:, Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub
1061:and/or the Greek deity
967:A marble relief of the
953:Artabanus II of Parthia
672:(Mitra), from the root
21:Mithra (disambiguation)
1577:Jacobs, Bruno (2006),
1022:Iranian civil calendar
1013:
976:
975:, 2nd – 3rd century CE
960:
884:Khwarshed Niyayesh 6-7
850:
637:of Zoroastrian ideas.
230:Zoroastrian literature
1954:Fravardigan (Mukhtad)
1569:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1481:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1253:List of solar deities
1138:The second, known as
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950:
892:Khwarshed Niyayesh 15
888:Khwarshed Niyayesh 15
833:
517:Zoroastrian cosmology
467:Zoroastrians in India
223:Scripture and worship
2092:Ancient Iranian gods
1624:at Wikimedia Commons
1326:, p. 243, n.18.
1018:Zoroastrian calendar
922:Behistun inscription
880:Khwarshed Niyayesh 5
472:Zoroastrians in Iran
338:Accounts and legends
2028:Religion portal
1214:, about 80 CE, and
1183:s are Parthian and
1179:Unrelated to these
1006:Mithra with raised
744:ultimately derive.
536:Religion portal
388:History and culture
1277:www.britannica.com
1127:The first, called
1014:
977:
961:
851:
763:Yasna Haptanghaiti
665:Proto-Indo-Iranian
645:Together with the
624:Mithraic mysteries
355:Book of Arda Viraf
285:Cypress of Kashmar
2049:
2048:
1620:Media related to
1419:978-81-208-4092-8
1198:’s equivalent of
1075:Om Mitraya Namaha
1035:Jashan-e Mehregan
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87:Roman equivalent
77:Hindu equivalent
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1029:(from Avestan
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375:Frashokereti
320:The Rivayats
275:Adur Farnbag
260:Fire Temples
250:Yenghe hatam
245:Ahuna Vairya
210:Angra Mainyu
1974:Amordadegan
1926:Khordad Sal
1893:Aspandarmad
1797:Ashishvangh
1712:Dae-Pa-Adar
1697:Aspandarmad
1659:Zoroastrian
1248:Verethragna
1117:Manichaeans
1071:Atharvaveda
1041:for short.
992:Ardashir II
984:Investiture
865:Zoroastrian
834:Coinage of
817:ex silentio
776:Ahura Mazda
713:New Persian
695:languages (
635:perceptions
628:Zoroastrian
592:Old Persian
405:Khurramites
155:Persia/Iran
140:Zarathustra
135:Ahura Mazda
72:Equivalents
67:Mehr, Mitra
64:Other names
2072:Solar gods
2062:Light gods
2056:Categories
2002:Bahmanagan
1964:Khordadgan
1843:Ardibehest
1817:Mahraspand
1787:Dae-Pa-Din
1687:Ardibehest
1514:2011-03-16
1373:avesta.org
1348:avesta.org
1324:Boyce 2001
1282:2022-07-02
1259:References
1133:rūḥā ḥayyā
1037:, or just
969:tauroctony
937:Persepolis
904:Achaemenid
847: 120
840:Kanishka I
808:the waters
800:psychopomp
784:Apam Napat
613:the Waters
582:𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀
425:Initiation
240:Ashem Vohu
150:Vohu Manah
2077:Mithraism
1984:Meheragan
1903:Festivals
1863:Shehrevar
1838:Fravardin
1767:Fravardin
1692:Shehrevar
1312:Mithraism
1228:Mithraism
1144:Mihr Yazd
1101:Commagene
971:in later
758:Zoroaster
641:Etymology
460:Adherents
420:Festivals
400:Mazdakism
395:Zurvanism
350:Bundahišn
160:Faravahar
2040:Category
1989:Abanegan
1911:Gambhars
1727:Khorshed
1596:(1948),
1579:"Mithra"
1458:citation
1452:, London
1243:Maitreya
1222:See also
1216:Plutarch
1200:Maitreya
1129:Mihryazd
1121:Mihryazd
1097:Parthian
1054:Khorshed
1039:Mehregan
990:emperor
988:Sassanid
951:Coin of
926:Darius I
725:Armenian
701:Parthian
442:Marriage
415:Calendar
305:Visperad
300:Vendidad
205:Fravashi
103:a series
101:Part of
56:Sasanian
2087:Yazatas
1994:Azargan
1969:Tiragan
1858:Amardad
1848:Khordad
1707:Amardad
1702:Khordad
1677:Hormazd
1212:Statius
1185:Sogdian
1167:Avestan
1160:Pahlavi
1156:Narisaf
1148:īzgaddā
1095:in the
1067:Rigveda
1059:Shamash
1016:In the
915:Anahita
849:–150 CE
792:Sraosha
707:became
703:etc.),
669:*mitrám
657:Avestan
631:Persian
577:Avestan
345:Dēnkard
325:Ab-Zohr
190:Yazatas
165:Avestan
91:Mithras
35:God of
1998:Daegan
1921:Pateti
1916:Nowruz
1888:Bahman
1831:Months
1822:Aneran
1812:Zamyad
1802:Ashtad
1772:Behram
1762:Rashne
1682:Bahman
1622:Mithra
1553:
1505:
1416:
1174:Yazata
1163:Narsēh
1063:Apollo
1027:Jashan
1009:barsom
1004:yazata
957:Apollo
868:Avesta
838:ruler
836:Kushan
788:Rashnu
754:Gathas
655:, the
620:Romans
596:𐎷𐎰𐎼
573:Mithra
487:Iranis
477:Parsis
447:Burial
435:Sedreh
430:Kushti
310:Yashts
290:Gathas
235:Avesta
200:Daevas
195:Ahuras
29:Mithra
2082:Mitra
1936:Sadeh
1868:Meher
1807:Asman
1782:Govad
1757:Srosh
1752:Meher
1732:Mohor
1582:(PDF)
1233:Mitra
1192:Mytrg
1165:from
1083:Surya
1052:word
1031:Yasna
872:Yazad
860:Yasht
855:Yasht
824:daeva
814:This
768:Yasna
705:miθra
686:miθra
682:mitra
678:-tra-
661:miθra
652:mitra
647:Vedic
605:Truth
600:Miθra
587:Miθra
295:Yasna
81:Mitra
37:light
1878:Adar
1873:Avan
1742:Gosh
1722:Avan
1717:Adar
1670:Days
1551:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1464:link
1414:ISBN
1188:Mytr
1181:Mihr
1140:Mihr
1000:Iran
778:and
742:Mher
738:Մհեր
735:and
733:Mihr
729:Միհր
723:and
721:mehr
709:mihr
674:*mi-
618:The
609:Asha
145:Asha
41:oath
39:and
1883:Dae
1853:Tir
1792:Din
1777:Ram
1737:Tir
1190:or
1142:or
986:of
924:of
909:In
894:).
717:مهر
691:In
626:to
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