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after two weeks but have the ship-counter mechanism set to ignore the first two trigger events, and still others in the same minefield (with the magnetic and pressure sensors enabled) may not become armed until three weeks have passed. Groups of mines within this mine-field may have different target signatures which may or may not overlap. The fuzes on influence mines allow many different permutations, which complicates the clearance process.
150:, that are streamed from the sweeping vessel thus keeping the sweep at a determined depth and position. Some large warships were routinely equipped with paravane sweeps near the bows in case they inadvertently sailed into minefields—the mine would be deflected towards the paravane by the wire instead of towards the ship by its wake. More recently, heavy-lift helicopters have dragged minesweeping sleds, as in the 1991 Persian Gulf War.
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typical pressure displacement of such a vessel. As a result, a mine-sweeper must accurately guess and mimic the required target signature to trigger detonation. The task is complicated by the fact that an influence mine may have one or more of a hundred different potential target signatures programmed into it.
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When influence mines are laid in an ocean minefield, they may have various combinations of fuze settings configured. For example, some mines (with the acoustic sensor enabled) may become active within three hours of being laid, others (with the acoustic and magnetic sensors enabled) may become active
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Modern influence mines are designed to discriminate against false inputs and are much more difficult to sweep. They often contain inherent anti-sweeping mechanisms. For example, they may be programmed to respond to the unique noise of a particular ship-type, its associated magnetic signature and the
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If a contact sweep hits a mine, the wire of the sweep rubs against the mooring wire until it is cut. Sometimes "cutters", explosive devices to cut the mine's wire, are used to lessen the strain on the sweeping wire. Mines cut free are recorded and collected for research or shot with a deck gun.
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Mines with ship-counters, arming delays, and highly specific target signatures in mine fuses can falsely convince a belligerent that a particular area is clear of mines or has been swept effectively because a succession of vessels have already passed through safely.
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A sweep is either a contact sweep, a wire dragged through the water by one or two ships to cut the mooring wire of floating mines, or a distance sweep that mimics a ship to detonate the mines. The sweeps are dragged by
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using various measures to either capture or detonate the mines, but sometimes also with an aircraft made for that purpose. Minesweeping has been practiced since the advent of naval mining in 1855 during the
111:. Each run covers between 100 and 200 meters (330 and 660 ft), and the ships must move slowly in a straight line, making them vulnerable to enemy fire. This was exploited by the Turkish army in the
230:. The "Directional Wireless Installation" (DWI), a cover story for the true purpose of the magnetic loop, was used successfully on 10 May 1940, to sweep a path for the escape of the
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has been triggered a pre-set number of times. To further complicate matters, influence mines may be programmed to arm themselves (or disarm automatically—known as
246:. Their use revealed the limitations of the technique, in that it only works effectively in very shallow water (such as canals and harbours). From about 1943,
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to tow several types of mine hunting or mine sweeping gear through the water. It replaced the earlier, RH-53A and RH-53D variants of the
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The distance sweep mimics the sound and magnetism of a ship and is pulled behind the sweeper. It has floating coils and large underwater
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Another anti-sweeping mechanism is a ship-counter in the mine fuze. When enabled, this allows detonation only after the mine
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invented "mine protectors" to break a sweeping wire before it could cut the mine's mooring wire.
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instead of a second minesweeper. These are torpedo-shaped towed bodies, similar in shape to a
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Aircraft can also be used for minesweeping. During the Second World War, fifteen
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tows a minesweeping sled while conducting simulated mine clearing operations.
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385:"Paravane - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
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70:, 7 June 1944. Note her broken back, with smoke pouring from amidships.
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Slide 34 of 81. Hosted by
Federation of American Scientists.
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of the United States Navy towing an MK105 mine sweeping sled
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tri-motor flying boats were also used for this purpose.
157:. It is the only sweep effective against bottom mines.
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to the UK. The DWI was used most successfully in the
449:. Surface Warfare Officers School Command, U.S. Navy
107:, either purpose-built military ships or converted
485:. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). pp. 949–995.
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81:, usually by a specially designed ship called a
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411:World War II Vehicles, Tanks, and Airplanes
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138:Minesweepers protect themselves with an
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443:"Mine Counter-Counter Measures (MCCM)"
77:is the practice of removing explosive
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447:Mine Warfare Introduction: The Threat
267:helicopter is used primarily by the
476:"Minesweeping and Minelaying"
30:For the removal of land mines, see
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413:. Wwiivehicles.com. Archived from
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283:and the MCH-101 variant of the
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256:were similarly converted.
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238:, particularly over the
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473:Dewar, Alfred (1922).
277:Sikorsky SH-3 Sea King
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387:. Merriam-webster.com
236:Mediterranean Theatre
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129:Imperial Russian Navy
115:in 1915, when mobile
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285:AgustaWestland AW101
228:electrical generator
417:on 18 November 2011
364:encyclopedia.mil.ru
317:Mine Warfare at Sea
166:RAF Coastal Command
113:Battle of Gallipoli
94:to snag the mines.
269:United States Navy
244:Alexandria Harbour
232:Dutch royal family
224:magnetic induction
217:Vickers Wellington
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185:self-sterilization
170:Vickers Wellington
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360:"Минный защитник"
315:Howard S. Levie,
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199:By aircraft
160:During the
123:Before the
88:Crimean War
83:minesweeper
79:naval mines
494:Categories
303:References
297:Minehunter
254:transports
240:Suez Canal
68:Utah Beach
281:Mil Mi-14
61:USS
369:12 March
291:See also
144:paravane
131:officer
117:howitzer
109:trawlers
92:grapnels
32:demining
220:bombers
140:oropesa
98:By ship
248:German
209:MH-53E
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