17:
128:
437:
The Lower
Follifoot Grit, Silver Hills Sandstone, Nottage Crag Grit, Marchup Grit, Red Scar Grit, Ward’s Stone Sandstone, Cocklett Scar Sandstones and Dure Clough Sandstones are all assigned to the following Arnsbergian sub-stage. The Kinderscoutian includes the Kinder Grit, Longnor Sandstones, Shale
476:
across the areas where it outcrops is considerable. In neighbouring limestone areas, gritstone has often been preferred in the past for use as gateposts and lintels. The very name of the rock derives from its widespread use within cornmills where it proved suitable for grinding stones. It also found
402:
Rivers running north off the Wales-Brabant High deposited material in the southern parts of the
Pennine basin from northeast Wales to the Peak District. Southerly flowing rivers from this same landmass were responsible for the Millstone Grit/Marros Group succession in South Wales.
477:
agricultural use as drinking troughs for animals. The majority of the quarrying for such use took place along the eastern edges of the Peak
District. Millstone Edge was a significant source whilst abandoned millstones can be seen below the edges at Stanage, Froggatt and Baslow.
243:
A millstone shaped from
Millstone Grit quarried in the area has been adopted as the emblem of the Peak District National Park. As an image, the millstone is widely visible on literature but use is made of the objects themselves at many of the entrances to the National Park.
410:. Britain lay in the equatorial region. At times of high sea-level, silt and mud accumulated within the Pennine basin whilst at times of low sea-level, major deltas prograded across the region, their legacy being the thick sandstone beds of the Millstone Grit Group.
507:
developed at much the same time as access for walkers to the moors of the
Pennines was established during the first half of the twentieth century. Their proximity to large centres of population resulted in their rapid development as climbing venues.
418:
The
Millstone Grit Group comprises over thirty individually named sandstones, some of regional extent, others more local in their occurrence. The intervening mudstones and siltstones are not generally named though important
94:
Rocks assigned to the
Millstone Grit Group occur over a wide area of Northern England, where they are a hugely important landscape-forming element of the rock succession. They also occur in parts of northeast
395:, though was formerly referred to as St George's Land. Other uplands the erosion of which would provide the source material for the Millstone Grit lay to the north and northeast of the region. The
406:
During much of the
Carboniferous Period, world sea-levels were fluctuating in response to the growth and decline of a series of major ice-caps over the continents then clustered around the
220:
Towards the western margins of the Peak
District are a rather more broken series of edges, facing in a variety of directions, from those surrounding the high plateaux of
456:
The closing sub-stage of the
Namurian, the Yeadonian includes the Lower Haslingden Flags and the last sandstone in the entire Millstone Grit succession known as the
206:
472:
Various of the sandstone beds of the Millstone Grit have been quarried for building stone, paving flags and roofing material. Its use in the construction of
503:
The gritstone edges of West Yorkshire and the Peak District provide one of the classic areas in Britain for rock climbing. Public access to these edges for
623:
72:
430:
of central Lancashire. It is succeeded by the sandstone known variously as the Brennand Grit, Warley Wise Grit and Grassington Grit. These are all of
442:
214:
210:
194:
341:
was formerly considered to be the uppermost unit of the Millstone Grit series of South Wales though it is now included within the overlying
741:
680:
731:
746:
453:, Gorpley Grit, Pule Hill Grit, Fletcher Bank Grit, Brooksbottom Grit, Five Clouds Sandstones and Sheen Sandstones are assigned.
598:
337:. The thickest bed of sandstone within it was known as the Basal Grit and this has now been renamed as the Twrch Sandstone. The
736:
357:
in northwest Ireland, describing the series of shales, grits, and coal seams, occurring from the base of the Namurian upwards.
649:
708:
504:
533:
173:
The ‘eastern edges of the Peak District’ comprise a broadly north-south arranged series of west-facing cliffs from
71:
was formerly used to refer to the rocks now included within the Millstone Grit Group together with the underlying
217:
in the south. To the east of these edges is a broad band of relatively flat moorland known as the Eastern Moors.
82:
describes any sandstone composed of coarse angular grains, and specifically refers to such sandstones within the
438:
Grit, Todmorden Grit, Parsonage Sandstone, Heysham Harbour Sandstone, Eldroth Grit and Ellel Crag Sandstone.
167:
399:
received input of sand and mud largely from southerly directed rivers from these northern landmasses.
330:
107:, the specifics of the sequence varying from one area to another. They give rise both to a number of
329:
are found though the Millstone Grit Series of this region has recently been formally renamed by the
492:
699:
702:(Report) (Digitized 2010, Original from Cornell University ed.). H.M. Stationery Office.
420:
392:
68:
481:
is a notable type of Millstone Grit sourced from around the village of Bramley, near Leeds.
441:
The next sub-stage of the Namurian succession is the Marsdenian and it is to this that the
369:
260:
64:
8:
342:
716:. Vol. Palaeontology, Volume 5, part 3. London : Palaeontological Association.
488:
into which numerous wells and boreholes have been sunk to provide local water supplies.
478:
264:
674:
602:
529:
268:
384:
383:
region. One particular east-west aligned landmass stretched from Wales through the
376:
198:
461:
272:
119:
throughout the region, many of which are of considerable cultural significance.
473:
354:
256:
248:
170:
and fringed with broken outcrops of gritstone are characteristic of the area.
725:
656:
396:
380:
373:
338:
186:
155:
139:
55:. Geologists refer to the whole suite of rocks that encompass the individual
44:
40:
25:
710:
The Palaeontology of the Namurian Rocks of Slieve Anierin, Co. Leitrim, Eire
464:
which attains a thickness of around 45m though is more generally 15m thick.
700:
Explanation to Accompany Sheets 1-, Volume 60; Volumes 62-63; Volumes 65-90
450:
446:
334:
316:
276:
221:
202:
182:
178:
174:
131:
21:
554:
427:
388:
322:
237:
233:
229:
190:
457:
407:
300:
292:
280:
252:
225:
151:
138:
They are the major landscape-forming rocks of the northern part of the
108:
431:
326:
143:
104:
79:
56:
52:
48:
36:
16:
366:
304:
163:
159:
83:
60:
485:
296:
116:
100:
379:. At this time a series of isolated uplands existed across the
103:. The group comprises a succession of sandstones, mudstones and
47:. The name derives from its use in earlier times as a source of
426:
The oldest, and hence lowermost in the succession is the thick
147:
127:
445:, Huddersfield White Rock, Holcombe Brook Grit, Greta Grits,
291:
A small area of Millstone Grit Group rocks stretches through
96:
697:
577:
British Regional Geology: the Pennines and adjacent areas
560:
528:. Grassington: Yorkshire Dales National Park Committee.
542:
434:(E1) age – the lowermost sub-stage of the Namurian.
588:
Various of BGS 1:50,000 scale geological map sheets
275:they cover the south-east edge, but north of the
723:
146:) and of its eastern and western flanks in the
321:The term "Millstone Grit" was also adopted in
283:, they form only cappings to separate hills.
571:
569:
526:Geology of the Yorkshire Dales National Park
86:and neighbouring areas of Northern England.
517:
247:These rocks extend northwards through the
89:
566:
391:to the continent and is now known as the
162:. The great expanses of moorland around
126:
15:
724:
679:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
523:
467:
706:
548:
35:is any of a number of coarse-grained
690:
20:The Salt Cellar, a gritstone tor on
13:
742:Stratigraphy of the United Kingdom
698:Geological Survey Ireland (1878).
491:Crushed gritstone is also used as
353:The term has also been adopted at
286:
14:
758:
498:
484:Some of the sandstones serve as
365:The Millstone Grit dates to the
732:Sandstone in the United Kingdom
495:in path and road construction.
413:
325:where rocks of similar age and
747:Carboniferous System of Europe
642:
616:
591:
582:
561:Geological Survey Ireland 1878
310:
271:, also in Lancashire. At the
1:
737:Geology of the United Kingdom
628:Stone in Archaeology Database
511:
299:into the northwest corner of
134:in the eastern Peak district
7:
707:Yates, Patricia J. (1957).
630:. University of Southampton
579:(4th Edn) (BGS, Nottingham)
122:
10:
763:
575:Aitkenhead, N. et al 2002
360:
348:
314:
67:. The term Millstone Grit
343:South Wales Coal Measures
331:British Geological Survey
228:to the imposing crags of
59:beds and the intervening
524:Wilson, Alfred (1992).
423:within them are named.
259:and westwards into the
115:, and a series of high
90:Geographical occurrence
51:for use principally in
43:age which occur in the
135:
63:as the Millstone Grit
29:
460:. It is a widespread
315:Further information:
177:in the north through
130:
19:
624:"Bramley Fall Stone"
261:Forest of Rossendale
207:Dobb/Chatsworth Edge
551:, pp. 356–357.
468:Economic importance
111:, known locally as
479:Bramley Fall stone
393:Wales-Brabant High
136:
30:
691:Secondary sources
269:Forest of Bowland
73:Edale Shale Group
754:
717:
715:
703:
685:
684:
678:
670:
668:
667:
661:
655:. Archived from
654:
646:
640:
639:
637:
635:
620:
614:
613:
611:
610:
601:. Archived from
595:
589:
586:
580:
573:
564:
558:
552:
546:
540:
539:
521:
385:English Midlands
762:
761:
757:
756:
755:
753:
752:
751:
722:
721:
720:
713:
693:
688:
672:
671:
665:
663:
659:
652:
650:"Archived copy"
648:
647:
643:
633:
631:
622:
621:
617:
608:
606:
597:
596:
592:
587:
583:
574:
567:
559:
555:
547:
543:
536:
522:
518:
514:
501:
474:dry stone walls
470:
443:Chatsworth Grit
416:
363:
351:
319:
313:
289:
287:Northeast Wales
273:Yorkshire Dales
125:
92:
12:
11:
5:
760:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
719:
718:
704:
694:
692:
689:
687:
686:
641:
615:
590:
581:
565:
563:, p. 188.
553:
541:
534:
515:
513:
510:
500:
497:
469:
466:
415:
412:
362:
359:
355:Slieve Anierin
350:
347:
312:
309:
288:
285:
257:West Yorkshire
249:South Pennines
240:in the south.
124:
121:
99:and northwest
91:
88:
33:Millstone Grit
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
759:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
727:
712:
711:
705:
701:
696:
695:
682:
676:
662:on 2009-11-12
658:
651:
645:
629:
625:
619:
605:on 2009-11-11
604:
600:
594:
585:
578:
572:
570:
562:
557:
550:
545:
537:
535:0-905455-34-7
531:
527:
520:
516:
509:
506:
499:Rock climbing
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
465:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
411:
409:
404:
400:
398:
397:Pennine Basin
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:British Isles
378:
375:
374:Carboniferous
371:
368:
358:
356:
346:
344:
340:
339:Farewell Rock
336:
332:
328:
324:
318:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
277:Craven Faults
274:
270:
266:
265:West Pennines
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
241:
239:
238:Ramshaw Rocks
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
216:
215:Fallinge Edge
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Gardom's Edge
196:
192:
188:
187:Froggatt Edge
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:Staffordshire
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:Peak District
133:
129:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
87:
85:
81:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:British Isles
42:
41:Carboniferous
38:
34:
27:
26:Peak District
23:
18:
709:
664:. Retrieved
657:the original
644:
632:. Retrieved
627:
618:
607:. Retrieved
603:the original
599:"Black Rock"
593:
584:
576:
556:
544:
525:
519:
502:
490:
483:
471:
455:
451:Ashover Grit
447:Roaches Grit
440:
436:
425:
421:marine bands
417:
414:Stratigraphy
405:
401:
364:
352:
335:Marros Group
320:
317:Marros Group
290:
246:
242:
222:Kinder Scout
219:
211:Harland Edge
203:Birchen Edge
183:Burbage Edge
179:Stanage Edge
175:Bamford Edge
172:
137:
132:Stanage Edge
112:
93:
77:
32:
31:
22:Derwent Edge
428:Pendle Grit
389:East Anglia
323:South Wales
311:South Wales
230:the Roaches
195:Baslow Edge
191:Curbar Edge
109:escarpments
726:Categories
666:2009-12-20
634:13 January
609:2009-12-20
549:Yates 1957
512:References
458:Rough Rock
408:South Pole
301:Shropshire
293:Flintshire
281:weathering
253:Lancashire
226:Combs Moss
168:Black Hill
152:Derbyshire
105:siltstones
53:watermills
49:millstones
37:sandstones
493:aggregate
432:Pendleian
327:lithology
279:, due to
234:Hen Cloud
144:Dark Peak
80:gritstone
78:The term
61:mudstones
57:limestone
28:, England
675:cite web
505:climbing
486:aquifers
367:Namurian
305:Oswestry
267:and the
164:Bleaklow
160:Cheshire
148:counties
123:Pennines
117:plateaux
84:Pennines
372:of the
361:Origins
349:Ireland
333:as the
297:Wrexham
101:Ireland
24:in the
532:
377:Period
69:Series
714:(PDF)
660:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
370:Stage
303:near
142:(the
113:edges
97:Wales
65:Group
681:link
636:2023
530:ISBN
462:unit
387:and
295:and
263:and
255:and
236:and
224:and
213:and
166:and
158:and
251:of
150:of
39:of
728::
677:}}
673:{{
626:.
568:^
449:,
345:.
307:.
232:,
209:,
205:,
201:,
197:,
193:,
189:,
185:,
181:,
154:,
75:.
683:)
669:.
638:.
612:.
538:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
