630:
3289:
491:
1650:
391:
960:
429:
1698:
1226:
involuntarily snubbed the Tsar's two daughters) caused concern among the imperial family and in the high military ranks. It transpired that upon his arrival in
February Lermontov had failed to report to his commanding officer, as was required, going instead to a ball – a grievous breach for someone serving under condition of punishment. In April Count Kleinmichel issued an order for him to leave the city in 24 hours and join his regiment in the Caucasus. Lermontov approached a seer (the same Gypsy woman who'd predicted Pushkin's death "from a white man's hand") and asked if the time would ever come when he'd be allowed to retire. "You will get your retirement, but of such a kind after which you won't ask for more," she responded, which made Lermontov laugh heartily.
1678:'s in French; his similes and metaphors are utterly commonplace, his hackneyed epithets are only redeemed by occasionally being incorrectly used. Repetition of words in descriptive sentences irritates the purist," he wrote. D.S. Mirsky thought differently. "The perfection of Lermontov's style and narrative manner can be appreciated only by those who really know Russian, who feel fine imponderable shades of words and know what has been left out as well as what has been put in. Lermontov's prose is the best Russian prose ever written, if we judge by the standards of perfection and not by those of wealth. It is transparent, for it is absolutely adequate to the context and neither overlaps it nor is overlapped by it," he maintained.
571:, and Alexander Pushkin. Soon he started editing an amateur student journal. One of his friends, his cousin Yekaterina Sushkova (Khvostova, in marriage) described the young man as "married to a hefty volume of Byron". Yekaterina had at one time been the object of Lermontov's affections and to her he dedicated some of his late 1820s poems, including "Nishchy" (The Beggar). By 1829 Lermontov had written several of his well-known early poems. While "Kavkazsky Plennik" (Caucasian Prisoner), betraying strong Pushkin influence and borrowing from the latter, "The Corsair", "Prestupnik" (The Culprit), "Oleg", "Dva Brata" (Two Brothers), as well as the original version of "The Demon" were impressive exercises in
944:
imagination fly, which was strange, considering how high his poetry soared on its mighty wings. He mocked some of the government's reforms – the ones we couldn't even dream of in our poor youth. Certain essays, promoting the most progressive
European ideas which we were so enthusiastic about, – for who could have ever thought it possible for such things to be published in Russia? – left him cold. When approached with a straightforward question, he either kept silent or tried to get away with some sarcastic remark. The more we knew him, the more difficult it was for us to take him seriously. There was a spark of original thought in him, but he was still very young.
1689:. And Lermontov's reputation as an 'heir to Pushkin' there is seldom doubted. His foreign biographers, though, tend to see a more complicated and controversial picture. According to Lewis Bagby, "He led such a wild, romantic life, fulfilled so many of the Byronic features (individualism, isolation from high society, social critic and misfit), and lived and died so furiously, that it is difficult not to confuse these manifestations of identity with his authentic self. …Who Lermontov had become, or who he was becoming, is unclear. Lermontov, like many a romantic hero, once closely examined, remains as open and unfinished as his persona seems closed and fixed."
1583:. This long poem (started as early as 1829 and finished some ten years after) told the story of a fallen angel admitting defeat in the moment of his victory over Tamara, a Georgian "maid of mountains". Having read by censors as the celebration of carnal passions of the "eternal spirit of atheism", it remained banned for years (and was published for the first time in 1856 in Berlin), turning arguably the most popular unpublished Russian poem of the mid-19th century. Even Mirsky, who ridiculed Demon as "the least convincing Satan in the history of the world poetry," called him "an operatic character" and fitting perfectly into the concept of
638:
unpopular professor out of the auditorium), but wasn't formally reprimanded (unlike
Hertzen, who found himself incarcerated). A year into his university studies, the final, tragic act of the family discord played itself out. Deeply affected by his son's alienation, Yuri Lermontov left Arsenieva's house for good, only to die a short time later of consumption. His father's death under such circumstances was a terrible loss for Mikhail and is reflected in his poems "Forgive Me, Will We Meet Again?" and "The Terrible Fate of Father and Son". For some time he seriously considered suicide; tellingly, each of his early dramas
1053:
1235:
692:
knee that produced a limp. Learning to enjoy the heady mix of drills and discipline, wenching and drinking sprees, Lermontov continued to sharpen the poisonous wit and cruel humour which would often earn him enemies. "The time of my dreams has passed; the time for believing is long gone; now I want material pleasures, happiness that I can touch, happiness that can be bought with gold, that one can carry it in one's pocket as a snuff-box; happiness that beguiles only my senses while leaving my soul in peace and quiet," he wrote in a letter to Maria
Lopukhina dated 4 August 1833.
1336:
1441:
was not permissible for any young upper-class woman for a good part of the 19th century. "Lermontov churned out for his pals whole poems in improvisational manner, dealing with things which were apparently part of their barrack and camp lifestyle. Those poems, which I've never read, for they weren't intended for women, bear all the mark of the author's brilliant, fiery temperament, as people who've read them attest", Yevdokiya
Rostopchina admitted. These poems were published only once, in 1936, as part of a scholarly edition of Lermontov's complete works, edited by
1474:
382:(also known as Thomas Learmonth). Lermontov's father, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, like his father before him, followed a military career. Having moved up the ranks to captain, he married the sixteen-year-old Maria Mikhaylovna Arsenyeva, a wealthy young heiress of a prominent aristocratic Stolypin family. Lermontov's maternal grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva (née Stolypina), regarded their marriage as a mismatch and deeply disliked her son-in-law. On 15 October 1814, in Moscow where the family temporarily moved to, Maria gave birth to her son Mikhail.
47:
170:
648:(1831) ends with a protagonist killing himself. All the while, judging by his diaries, Lermontov, maintained a keen interest in European politics. Some of his University poems like "Predskazaniye" (The Prophecy) were highly politicised; the unfinished "Povest Bez Nazvaniya" (The Untitled Novel)'s theme was the outbreak of popular uprising in Russia. Several other verses written at the time – "Parus" (The Sail), "Angel Smerti" (Angel of Death) and "Ismail-Bei" – later came to be regarded among his best.
524:
680:
806:, in the course of several minutes, was spread around by Rayevsky and caused uproar. The last 16 lines of it, explicitly addressed to the inner circles at the court, all but accused the powerful "pillars" of Russian high-society of complicity in Pushkin's death. The poem portrayed that society as a cabal of self-interested venomous wretches "huddling about the throne in a greedy throng", "the hangmen who kill liberty, genius, and glory" about to suffer the apocalyptic judgment of God.
1008:
1385:
6131:
1192:, for Lermontov to visit Saint Petersburg. "Those three or four months he spent in the capital were, I think, the happiest time of his life. Received quite ecstatically by the high society, each morning he produced some beautiful verse and hasted to recite it to us in the evening. In this warm atmosphere good humour awoke in him again, he was always coming up with new jokes and pranks, making us all laugh for hours on end," Yevdokiya Rostopchina remembered.
1164:
1196:
844:
1551:"So Dull, So Sad..." (1840) expressed skepticism as to the meaning of poetry and life itself. On the other hand, for Lermontov the late 1830s was a period of transition; drawn more to Russian forests and fields rather than Caucasian ranges, he achieved moments of transcendental solemnity and clear vision of heaven and Earth merged into one in poems like "The Branch of Palestine", "The Prayer" and "When yellowish fields get ruffled..."
1319:
mystery, this
Paradise Lost, it will be tormenting my mind till the very grave. Sometimes I feel funny about it and am ready to laugh at this first love of mine, but more often I'd rather cry," the 15-year-old wrote in a diary. "Some people, like Byron, think early love is akin to the soul prone to fine arts, but I suppose this is the sign of soul that's got much music in it," added the young man for whom the English poet was an idol.
503:. Having developed a fearful and arrogant temper, he took it out on his grandmother's garden as well as on insects and small animals ("with great delight, he would squash a hapless fly and bristled with joy when a stone he'd thrown would kick a chicken off its feet"). Positive influence came from Lermontov's German governess Christina Rhemer, a religious woman who introduced the boy to the idea of every man, even if that man was a
2168:
780:
1104:, Lermontov received only a mild punishment; the Grand Duke chose to interpret the de Barante incident as a feat for "a Russian officer who came up to champion the honour of the Russian army". With the Tsar's initial demand for three months' imprisonment dropped, Lermontov went back to exile in the Caucasus, to the Tengin infantry regiment. In Karamzin's house where his friends gathered to say farewells, he churned out an
440:. In 1821 they returned to Tarkhany and spent the next six years there. The doting grandmother spared no expense to provide the young Lermontov with the best schooling and lifestyle that money could buy. He received an extensive home education, became fluent in French and German, learned to play several musical instruments and proved a gifted painter. While living with the grandmother, Mikhail hardly met with his father.
2154:
3308:
1185:. "Lermontov's duty was to lead our forefront storm troopers and inform the headquarters of the advancement, which in itself was perilous since the enemy was everywhere around, in the forest and in the bushes. But this officer, defying danger, did an excellent job; he showed great courage and was always amongst those who'd break into the enemy lines first," General Galafeyev informed General Grabbe on 8 October 1840.
931:
1555:
1293:
952:, then stayed in Moscow and Saint Petersburg to enjoy himself at dancing parties and to revel in his immense popularity. "Lermontov's deportation to the Caucasus has made a lot of fuss and turned him into a victim, which did a lot to whip up his fame as a poet. People consumed his Caucasian poems greedily... On return he was met with enormous warmth in the capital and hailed as heir to Pushkin," wrote poet
717:, where his flatmate was his friend Svyatoslav Rayevsky. Grandmother's lavish financial support (he had his personal chefs and coachmen) enabled Lermontov to plunge into a heady high-society mix of drawing-room gossip and ballroom glitter. "Sardonic, caustic and smart, brilliantly intelligent, rich and independent, he became the soul of the high society and the leading spirit in pleasure trips and sprees,"
1539:" (1837), arguably the strongest political declaration of its time (its last two lines, "and all of your black blood won't be enough to expiate the poet's pure blood", construed by some as a direct call for violence), made Lermontov not just famous, but almost worshipped, as a "true heir to Pushkin". More introspective but no less subversive was his "The Thought" (1838), an answer to
1600:, or Mtsyri (in Georgian), the harrowing story of a dying young monk who'd preferred dangerous freedom to protected servitude. The Demon defiantly lives on, Mtsyri dies meekly, but both epitomize the riotous human spirit's stand against the world that imprisons it. Both poems are beautifully stylized and written in fine, mellifluous verse which Belinsky found "intoxicating".
629:
626:). Instead he drifted towards an aristocracic clique, but even this cream of the Moscow's "golden youth" detested the young man for being too aloof, while still giving him credit for having charisma. "Everyone could see that Lermontov was obnoxious, rough and daring, and yet there was something alluring in his firm moroseness," fellow-student Wistengof admitted.
1328:'errand boy' he was carrying my hat, umbrella and gloves, leaving them behind from time to time... Both Sashenka and I, while giving him credit for his intelligence, still treated him like a baby which drove him mad. Trying to be perceived as a serious young man, he recited Pushkin and Lamartine and never parted with a huge volume of Byron."
1646:". Tellingly, while Pushkin (whose poem "Tazit"'s plotline was here used) saw the European influence as a healthy alternative to the patriarchal ways of Caucasian natives, Lermontov tended to idealize the local communities' centuries-proven customs, their morality codex and the will to fight for freedom and independence to the bitter end.
1674:(who translated the novel into English) was not so sure about the language: "The English reader should be aware that Lermontov's prose style in Russian is inelegant, it is dry and drab; it is the tool of an energetic, incredibly gifted, bitterly honest, but definitely inexperienced young man. His Russian is, at times, almost as crude as
507:, deserving respect. In fact, Lermontov's poor health served in a way as a saving grace, Skabichevsky argued, for it prevented the boy from further exploring the darker sides of his character and, more importantly, "taught him to think of things... seek pleasures that he couldn't find in the outer world, deep inside himself."
407:, suggested the discord might have been caused by Yuri's affair with a young woman named Yulia, a lodger who worked in the house. Apparently it was her husband's violent, erratic behavior and the resulting stresses that accounted for Maria Mikhaylovna's early demise. Her health quickly deteriorated and she developed
1039:, invited Lermontov to become a regular contributor. The magazine published two parts of the novel, "Bela" and "The Fatalist", in issues 2 and 4, respectively, the rest of it appeared in print during 1840 and earned the author widespread acclaim. The partially autobiographical story, describing prophetically a
668:'s second-year course. This proved impossible and, unwilling to repeat the first year, he enrolled into the prestigious School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensign of the Guard, under pressure from his male relatives but much to Arsenyeva's distress. Having passed the exams, on 14 November 1832, Lermontov joined the
1250:, introduced himself to general Grabbe and asked for permission to stay in the town. Then, on a whim, he changed his course, found himself in Pyatigorsk and sent his seniors a letter informing them of his having fallen ill. The regiment's special commission recommended him treatment at Mineralnye Vody in the
1526:(initially banned, then published in 1837 due to Vasily Zhukovsky's efforts), was unique for its unexpected authenticity. Lermontov, who haven't got a single academic source to rely upon, "entered the realm of folklore as a real master and totally merged with its spirit," according to Belinsky. Lermontov's
1363:' which he's been apparently craving for. "I happened to hear several of Lermontov's victims complaining about his treacherous ways and couldn't restrict myself from openly laughing at the comic finales he used to invent for his vile Casanova feats," obviously sympathetic Yevdokiya Rostopchina recalled.
1396:
Inspired by Lord Byron, Lermontov started to write poetry at the age of 13. His late 1820s poems like "The
Corsair", "Oleg", "Two Brothers", as well as "Napoleon" (1830), borrowed somewhat from Pushkin, but invariably featured a Byronic hero, an outcast and an avenger, standing firm and aloof against
1376:, Princess Mary and Vera. In his 1982 biography John Garrard wrote: "The symbolic relationship between love and suffering is of course a favorite Romantic paradox, but for Lermontov it was much more than a literary device. He was unlucky in love and believed he always would be: fate had ordained it."
1318:
Lermontov fell in love for the first time in 1825, while at the
Caucasus, a girl of nine being the object of his desires. Five years later he wrote about it with great seriousness, seeing this early awakening of romantic feelings as a sign of his own exclusiveness. "So early in life, at ten! Oh, this
1314:
Mikhail
Lermontov was a romantic who seemed to be continuously struggling with strong passions. Not much is known about his private life, though in verses dedicated to loved ones his emotional strife seems to have been exaggerated, while rumours concerning his real life adventures were unreliable and
1254:
region. What he did instead was embark upon the several weeks' spree. "In the mornings he was writing, but the more he worked, the more need he felt to unwind in the evenings," Skabichevsky wrote. "I feel I'm left with very little of my life," the poet confessed to his friend A. Merinsky on 8 July, a
1225:
It soon became clear that for an early retirement there was no hope. Besides, despite
General Grabbe's insistence, Lermontov's name had been dropped from the list of officers eligible for awards. In February 1841 an incident at a ball launched by Countess Alexandra Vorontsova-Dashkova (when Lermontov
855:
In the Caucasus Lermontov found himself quite at home. The stern and gritty virtues of the mountain tribesmen against whom he had to fight, no less than the scenery of the rocks and of the mountains themselves, were close to his heart. The place of his exile was also the land he had loved as a child.
691:
The sort of glittering army career which tempted young noblemen of the time proved a challenge for Lermontov. Books there were a rarity and reading was frowned upon. Lermontov had to indulge mostly in physical competitions, one of which resulted in a horse-riding accident which left him with a broken
1657:
Lermontov had a peculiar method of circulating ideas, images and even passages, trying them again and again through the years in different settings until each would find itself a proper place – as if he could "see" in his imagination his future works but was "receiving" them in small fragments. Even
1440:
The Cadet School seemed to have stymied in Lermontov all interests except one, for wanton debauchery. His pornographic (and occasionally sadistic) Cavalry Junkers' poems which circulated in manuscripts, marred his subsequent reputation so much so that admission of familiarity with Lermontov's poetry
1366:
By 1840 Lermontov had sickened of his own reputation of a womanizer and a cruel heartbreaker, hunting for victims at balls and parties and leaving them behind devastated. Some of the stories were myth, like the one concerning the French author Adèle Hommaire de Hell; well-publicised at the time (and
982:
made possible the publication of "Pesn Kuptsa Kalashnikova" (The Song of Merchant Kalashnikov), a historical poem which the author initially sent to Krayevsky in 1837 from the Caucasus, only to be thwarted by censors. His observations of the aristocratic milieu, where fashionable ladies welcomed him
418:
where his five sisters resided. Yelizaveta Arsenyeva launched a formidable battle for her beloved grandson, promising to disinherit him if his father took the boy away. Eventually the two sides agreed that the boy should stay with his grandmother until the age of 16. Father and son separated and, at
1550:
glorification of living nature (e.g., "Alone I set out on the road ...") Some saw Lermontov's early verse as puerile, since, despite his dexterous command of the language, it usually appeals more to adolescents than to adults. Later poems, like "The Poet" (1838), "Don't Believe Yourself" (1839) and
1428:
Even as a Moscow University's boarding school student Lermontov was a socially aware young man. His "The Turk's Lament" (1829) expressed strong anti-establishment feelings ("This place, where a man suffers from slavery and chains; my friend, this is my fatherland"), the "July 15, 1830" poem greeted
1424:
Two branches of Lermontov's early 1830s poetry – one dealing with the Russian Middle Age history, another with the Caucasus – couldn't differ more. The former were stern and stark, featured a dark, reserved hero ("The Last Son of Freedom"), its straightforward storyline developing fast. The latter,
1404:
In 1831, Lermontov's poetry ("The Reed", "Mermaid", "The Wish") started to get less confessional, more ballad-like. The young author, having found taste for plots and structures, was trying consciously to rein in his emotional urge and master the art of storytelling. Critic and literature historian
1392:
In his lifetime, Mikhail Lermontov published only one slender collection of poems (1840). Three volumes, much mutilated by censorship, were published a year after his death in 1841. Yet his legacy – more than 30 large poems, and 600 minor ones, a novel and 5 dramas – was immense for an author whose
1358:
In December 1834, Lermontov met his old sweetheart Yekaterina Sushkova at a ball in Saint Petersburg and decided to have a revenge: first he seduced, then, after a while dropped her, making the story public. Relating the incident in a letter to cousin Sasha Vereshchagina, he blatantly boasted about
1064:
Shallow pleasures offered by Saint Petersburg's high society had started to wear Lermontov down, his bad temper growing even worse. "What an extravagant man he is. Looks like he's heading for the imminent catastrophe. Insolent to a fault. Dying of boredom, getting vexed by his own frivolousness but
1155:
Among officers Lermontov had his admirers and detractors. Generals Pavel Grabbe and Apollon Galafeyev both praised the young man for his reckless bravery. According to Baron Rossilyon, though, "Lermontov was an unpleasant and scornful man, always eager to seem special. He boasted his bravery – the
637:
Attending lectures faithfully, Lermontov would often read a book in the corner of the auditorium, and never took part in student life, making exceptions only for incidents involving grand-scale trouble-making. He took an active part in the notorious 1831 Malov scandal (when a jeering mob drove the
486:
Looking for a better climate and treatment at the mineral springs for the boy, Arsenyeva twice, in 1819 and 1820, took him to the Caucasus where they stayed at her sister E. A. Khasatova's. In summer 1825, as the nine-year-old's health started to deteriorate, the extended family traveled south for
1400:
In the early 1830s Lermontov's poetry grew more introspective and intimate, even diary-like, with dates often serving for titles. But even his love lyric, addressed to Yekaterina Sushkova or Natalya Ivanova, could not be relied upon as autobiographical; driven by fantasies, it dealt with passions
1354:
Having graduated the Saint Petersburg cadet school, Lermontov embarked upon the easy-going lifestyle of a reckless young hussar, as he imagined it should be. "Mikhail, having found himself the very soul of the high society, liked to entertain himself by driving young women mad, feigning love for
676:, the one whose fatal shot would kill the poet several years later, in his biographical "Notes" decades later described him as "the young man who was so far ahead of everybody else, as to be beyond comparison," a "real grown-up who'd read and thought and understood a lot about the human nature."
398:
The marriage proved ill-suited and the couple soon grew apart. "There is no strong evidence as to what precipitated the quarrels they'd had. There are reasons to believe Yuri had grown tired of his wife's nervousness and frail health, and his mother-in-law's despotic ways," according to literary
1512:
Lermontov's fascination with Byron has never waned. "Having made the English pessimism a brand of his own, he's imparted it a strong national favour to produce the very special Russian spleen, which has been there always in the Russian soul... Devoid of cold skepticism or icy irony, Lermontov's
1343:
In 1830, Lermontov met Natalya Ivanova (1813–1875), daughter of a Moscow playwright Fyodor Ivanov and had an affair with her, but little is known about it or why it ended. Judging by thirty or so poems addressed to "N.F.I", she chose a man who was older and richer, much to the distress of young
1283:
In January 1842, the Tsar issued an order allowing the coffin to be transported to Tarkhany, where Lermontov was laid to rest at the family cemetery. Upon receiving the news his grandmother Elizaveta Arsenyeva suffered a minor stroke. She died in 1845. Many of Lermontov's verses were discovered
787:
The death of Pushkin, who, as it was generally suspected, had fallen victim to an intrigue, ignited Russian high society. Lermontov, who himself never belonged to the Pushkin circle (there is conflicting evidence as to whether he'd met the famous poet at all), became especially vexed with Saint
1327:
At Sashenka 's I often met her cousin, a clumsy bow-legged boy of 16 or 17, with reddened eyes, which were clever and expressive nevertheless, who had a turned-up nose and caustic sneer... Everybody was calling him just Michel and so did I, never caring about his second name. Assigned to be my
498:
Fearing that Lermontov's father would eventually claim his right to bring up his son, Arsenyeva strictly limited contact between the two, causing young Lermontov much pain and remorse. Despite all the pampering lavished upon him, and torn by the family feud, he grew up lonely and withdrawn. In
1670:(1840), a set of five loosely linked stories unfolding the drama of the two conflicting characters, Pechorin and Grushnitsky, who move side by side towards a tragic finale as if driven by destiny itself, proved to be Lermontov's magnum opus. Vissarion Belinsky praised it as a masterpiece, but
1151:
and went into action. Lermontov (according to the official report) "has been charged with the commandment of a Cossack troopers' unit whose duty it was to head into the enemy first". He became immensely popular with his men, whom regular army officers referred to as "the international gang of
943:
Lermontov often visited us and talked of all sort of things, personal, social and political. I have to say, we hardly understood each other... We were unpleasantly surprised by the chaotic nature of his views, which were rather vague. He appeared to be a low-brow realist, unwilling to let his
1421:-led peasant uprising, was stylistically flawed and short on ideas. Yet, free of Romantic pathos and featuring well-crafted characters as well as scenes from peasant life, it marked an important turn for the author now evidently intrigued more by history and folklore than by his own dreams.
1215:
had been published, Lermontov, according to Skabichevsky, started to treat his poetic mission seriously. Looking for an early retirement that would have enabled him to start a literary career, he was making plans for his own literary journal which wouldn't follow European trends, unlike (in
1279:
mountain. Lermontov allegedly made it known that he was going to shoot into the air. Martynov was the first to shoot and he aimed straight into the heart, killing his opponent on the spot. On 30 July Lermontov was buried, without military honours, thousands of people attended the ceremony.
510:
Returning from his third trip to the Caucasus in August 1825, Lermontov began his regular studies with tutors in French and Greek, starting to read German, French and English authors' original texts. In summer 1827 the 12-year-old for the first time travelled to his father's estate in
695:
Concealing his literary aspirations from friends (relatives Alexey Stolypin and Nikolai Yuriev among them), Lermontov became an expert in producing scabrous verses (like "Holiday in Petergof", "Ulansha", and "The Hospital") which were published in a school's amateur magazine
487:
the third time. The Caucasus greatly impressed the boy, inspiring a passion for its mountains and stirring beauty. "Caucasian mountains for me are sacred", he wrote later. It was there that Lermontov experienced his first romantic passion, falling for a nine-year-old girl.
1508:
featured another hero whose want was to 'throw a gauntlet' to the unsympathetic society and then get tired of his own conflicting nature, but was interesting mostly for its realistic sketches of the high society life, which Lermontov was getting more and more critical of.
282:
in 1817. A family dispute ensued over Lermontov's custody, resulting in his grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva, raising him. She provided excellent home education, nurturing his talents in languages, music, and painting. However, his health was fragile, and he suffered from
298:
boarding school. He excelled academically, influenced by his tutors Alexey Merzlyakov and Semyon Rayich, and started to write poetry. By 1829, Lermontov had written notable poems. His literary career began to take shape, with his early works reflecting the influences of
1043:
like the one in which he would eventually lose his life, consisted of five closely linked tales revolving around a single character, a disenchanted, bored and doomed young nobleman. Later it came to be considered a pioneering classic of Russian psychological realism.
809:
The poem propelled Lermontov to an unprecedented level of fame. Zhukovsky hailed the "new powerful talent"; popular opinion greeted him as "Pushkin's heir". D'Anthes, still under arrest, felt so piqued he was now himself prepared to challenge the upstart to a duel.
323:," written after the death of Alexander Pushkin, gained Lermontov significant fame, but led to his first exile to the Caucasus due to its controversial content. During his exile, Lermontov continued to write, producing some of his most famous works, including "
864:, especially, people are very honest... The mountain air acts like balsam for me, all spleen has gone to hell, the heart starts beating, the chest heaves," Lermontov wrote to Rayevsky. By the end of the year he had travelled all along the Caucasian line, from
1222:. "I've learnt a lot from Easterners and I am eager to delve deeper into the depth of an Eastern mindset, which remains a mystery not only to us, but to an Easterner himself. The East is a bottomless well of revelations," Lermontov was telling Krayevsky.
1532:"went the whole round: from the original folklore source to literature, and from literature to living folklore. ... For one and a half centuries people have performed these literary lullabies in real lulling situations ," according to Valentin Golovin.
795:
Outraged and agitated, the young man found himself on the verge of nervous breakdown. Arsenyeva sent for Arendt, and the famous doctor who had spent with Pushkin his last hours related to Lermontov the exact circumstances of what had happened. The poem
327:." His experiences in the Caucasus provided rich material for his poetry and prose. Despite returning to St. Petersburg briefly, his rebellious nature and another duel led to his second exile. In 1841, Lermontov was killed in a duel with fellow officer
1409:
regards "The Angel" (1831) as the first of Lermontov's truly great poems, calling it "arguably the finest Romantic verse ever written in Russian." At least two other poems of that period – "The Sail" and "The Hussar" – were later rated among his best.
1108:, "Tuchi nebesnye, vechnye stranniki" (Heavenly clouds, eternal travelers...). It made its way as a final entry into Lermontov's first book of verse, published by Ilya Glazunov & Co in October 1840, and became one of his best-loved short poems.
883:. His voyage back was a prolonged one, he made a point of staying wherever he was welcome. In Shelkozavodskaya Lermontov met A. A. Khastatov (his grandmother's sister's son), a man famous for his bravery, whose stories were later incorporated into
655:
in Moscow. In his second year Lermontov started to have serious altercations with several of his professors. Thinking little of his chances of passing the exams, he opted to leave, and on 18 June 1832, received the two-year-graduate certificate.
1513:
poetry is full instead of typically Russian contempt for life and material values. This mix of deep melancholy on the one hand and wild urge for freedom on the other, could be found only in Russian folk songs," biographer Skabichevsky wrote.
1322:
At sixteen Lermontov fell in love with Yekaterina Sushkova (1812–1868), a friend of his cousin Sasha Vereshchagina, whom he often visited in Srednikovo village. Yekaterina failed to take her suitor seriously and in her "Notes" described him
1084:
and of Countess Emilie Musin-Pushkina caused a lot of ill feeling among men vying for attention of these two most popular Petersburg society girls of the time. In early 1840 Lermontov insulted one of these men, Ernest de Barante, the son of
499:
another early autobiographical piece, "Povest" (The Tale), Lermontov described himself (under the guise of Sasha Arbenin) as an impressionable boy, passionately in love with all things heroic, but otherwise emotionally cold and occasionally
490:
1274:
not unlike Lermontov's Grushnitsky character. Lermontov teased Martynov mercilessly until the latter couldn't stand it anymore. On 25 July 1841, Martynov challenged his offender to a duel. The fight took place two days later at the foot of
830:
regiment to the Caucasus. During the investigation, in an act he considered cowardice, Lermontov faulted his friend, Svyatoslav Rayevsky, and as a result the latter suffered a more severe punishment than Lermontov did: was deported to the
721:
remembered. "Extraordinary, how much youthful energy and precious time had Lermontov managed to spare upon wanton orgies and base love-making, without seriously damaging his physical and moral strength", biographer Skabichevsky marvelled.
1649:
291:. His grandmother's strict control caused him emotional turmoil, leading to his development as a lonely and introspective individual. Lermontov's early life experiences and education laid the foundation for his literary achievements.
700:(School-Years' Dawn) under monikers "Count Diarbekir" and "Stepanov". These pieces earned him much notoriety and, with a hindsight, caused harm, for when in July 1835 for the first time ever his poem "Khadji-Abrek" was published (in
1520:(1836), featuring a pair of conflicting heroes, driven one by blind passions, another by obligations and laws of honour, married the Byronic tradition with the elements of historical drama and folk epos. An ambitious folk epic,
390:
318:
and enrolled in the School of Cavalry Junkers and Ensign of the Guard, eventually joining the Life-Guard Hussar regiment. His literary career flourished, but his sharp wit and satirical works earned him many enemies. The poem
428:
959:
278:. Lermontov's father, Yuri Petrovich, was a military officer who married Maria Mikhaylovna Arsenyeva, a young heiress from an aristocratic family. Their marriage was unhappy, Maria's health deteriorated, and she died of
1351:" (also sixteen at the time). The passion was said to be reciprocal but, pressed by her family, Varvara went on to marry Nikolai Bakhmetyev a wealthy 37-year-old aristocrat. Lermontov was "astounded and heartbroken".
1641:
battle scenes) that are seen by critics as the two peaks of Lermontov's realism. This newly found clarity of vision allowed him to handle a Romantic theme with Pushkin's laconic precision most impressively in
818:, who, as it turned out, had already received a copy of the poem (subtitled "The Call for the Revolution", from an anonymous sender). The authorities arrested Lermontov, on 21 January he found himself in the
977:
published humorous lyrical verses and two longer poems, "Borodino" and "Tambovskaya Kaznatcheysha" (A Treasurer Dame from Tambov), the latter severely cut by censors. Vasily Zhukovsky's letter to Minister
1019:
to join his new regiment. In less than two months time, though, Arsenyeva ensured his transfer to the Petersburg-based Hussars Guard regiment. At this point, in Petersburg, Lermontov started working on
938:
The young officer's demeanor did not enchant everybody, though, and at least two of the Decembrists, Nikolai Lorer and Mikhail Nazimov, later spoke of him quite dismissively. Nazimov wrote years later:
814:, a distant relative of Arsenyeva's and the founding head of the Tsar's Gendarmes and of his secret police, was willing to help her grandson out but still had no choice but to report the incident to
2522:
Friedlender, G.M., Lyubovich, N.A. Commentaries to Menschen und Liedenschaften (1930). Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. III. p. 489
1370:
Lermontov's love for Lopukhina (Bakhmetyeva) proved to be the only deep and lasting feeling of his life. His unfinished drama Princess Ligovskaya was inspired by it, as well as two characters in
1437:. But Lermontov, a fiery tribune, has never become a political poet. Full of inner turmoil and anger, his protagonists were riotous but never rational or promoting any particular ideology.
1332:
Several 1830–31 poems by Lermontov were dedicated to Sushkova, among them "Nishchy" (The Beggar Man) and "Blagodaryu!, Zovi nadezhdu snovidenyem" (Thank you! To call the hope a dream...).
1156:
one thing one was not supposed to be that proud of in the Caucasus, where bravery was business as usual. He led the gang of dirty thugs who, without ever using firearms, charged Chechen
1452:(a "darling son of Don Juan", according to Mirsky), a sparkling concoction of Romanticism, realism and what might be termed a cadet-style verse. The latter remained unfinished, as did
419:
the age of three, Lermontov began a spoilt and luxurious life with his doting grandmother and numerous relatives. This bitter family feud formed a plot of Lermontov's early drama
2698:
725:
By now Lermontov had learnt to lead a double life. Still keeping his passions secret, he took a keen interest in Russian history and medieval epics, which would be reflected in
371:
service who settled in Russia in the middle of the 17th century. He had been captured by the Russian troops in Poland in the early 17th century, during the reign (1613–1645) of
2575:
2555:
2535:
2497:
1697:
539:, alongside Zinoviev, who taught Russian and Latin. Under their influence the boy started to read a lot, making the best of his vast home library, which included books by
459:
army prisoner-of-war who settled in Russia after 1812, was the boy's first, and best-loved governor. A German pedagogue, Levy, who succeeded Capet, introduced Mikhail to
6200:
2938:
2912:
2899:
2883:
2867:
2854:
2821:
2805:
2789:
2771:
2683:
2610:
2592:
2417:
614:'s philological faculty. "Petty arrogance" (as Skabichevsky puts it) prevented him from joining any of the three radical students' circles (those led respectively by
5817:
6220:
1097:, an avid admirer of Lermontov's poetry who, like many, continued to have problems with making sense of his dual personality and incongruous, difficult character.
6170:
579:, the head of the school's literature class, to divert him from that particular influence. The short poem "Vesna" (The Spring), published in 1830 by the amateur
471:
family. Later Alexander Zinoviev, a teacher of Russian literature, arrived. The intellectual atmosphere in which Lermontov grew up resembled that experienced by
1301:
598:
poem, performed a violin étude and won the first prize for his literary essay. In April 1830 the University's boarding school was transformed into an ordinary
1089:, in the presence of Shcherbatova. De Barante issued a challenge. The duel took place almost at the exact spot where Pushkin had received his fatal wound by
2997:
The Works of M.Y. Lermontov in 4 Volumes. Commentaries by E.E. Naidich, A.N. Mikhaylova, L.N. Nazarova. Commentaries to Lermontov's poems. Vol. II, p. 491
1752:
Lermontov has been depicted in numerous movies and TV series. In 2012 Azerbaijani movie "Ambassador of Morning", telling the story of another great poet,
1056:
Countess Emilie Musin-Pushkina confessed to a friend she fell in love with Lermontov. As a married woman, she never compromised herself with an adultery.
467:. He didn't stay for long and soon another Frenchman, Gendrot, replaced him, soon joined by Mr. Windson, a respectable English teacher recommended by the
4136:
1086:
1175:
In July 1840 the Russian army got involved in a fierce battle at the Gekha forest. There Lermontov distinguished himself in hand-to-hand combat at the
4126:
1258:
In Pyatigorsk Lermontov enjoyed himself, feeding on his notoriety of a social misfit, his fame as a poet second only to Pushkin and his success with
46:
3400:
1484:
Arrested, jailed and sent to the Caucasus in 1837, Lermontov dropped "Princess Ligovskaya" and never got back to it. Much more important to him was
1757:
3425:
997:(1836), which remained unfinished. In those days Lermontov also took part in gathering and sorting out Pushkin's documents and unpublished poems.
2256:
1070:
3085:
6180:
531:
After having received a year of private tutoring, in February 1829 the fourteen-year old Lermontov took exams and joined the 5th form of the
3149:
1488:; written in 1835, it got re-worked several times – the author tried desperately to publish it. Close to French melodrama and influenced by
3524:
3249:
789:
6185:
4480:
2695:
763:, then the editor of Russky Invalid's literary supplement, in a couple of years' time to become the editor of the influential journal
586:
Along with his poetic skills, Lermontov developed an inclination towards poisonous wit and cruel, sardonic humor. His ability to draw
6190:
3463:
2572:
2552:
2532:
2501:
4651:
6205:
2646:
875:
Lermontov's first Caucasian exile was short: due to the intercession of General Benckendorff. The poet was transferred to the
6076:
3729:
3224:
3033:
575:. Lord Byron remained the major source of inspiration for Lermontov, despite the attempts of his literary tutors, including
6195:
5747:
3765:
3641:
3086:"Russian Poet Is Celebrated in Scotland, a Land He Never Saw A Russian Poet is Celebrated in Scotland, a Land He Never Saw"
1946:
1685:
seems to have never lost its relevance: the title itself became a token phrase explaining dilemmas haunting this country's
1522:
727:
651:
In Lermontov's first year as a student no exams were held: the University closed for several months due to the outbreak of
480:
1425:
rich with ethnographical side issues and lavish in colourful imagery, boasted flamboyant characters ("Ismail-Bey", 1832).
4169:
3473:
1594:
Another 1839 poem investigating the deeper reasons for the author's metaphysical discontent with society and himself was
4574:
5589:
3196:
713:
Upon his graduation in November 1834, Lermontov joined the Life-Guard Hussar regiment stationed near St. Petersburg in
368:
1629:(1837), a 25th Anniversary hymn to the victorious Russian spirit, related in simple language a tired war veteran, and
3958:
3800:
3016:
2842:
2748:
1658:"In Memory of A.I. Odoyevsky" (1839) the central episode is, in effect, the slightly re-worked passage borrowed from
1603:
By the late 1830s Lermontov became so disgusted with his own early infatuation with Romanticism as to ridicule it in
1090:
594:. In the boarding school Lermontov proved an exceptional student. He excelled at the 1828 examinations; he recited a
4554:
1587:'s lush opera (also banned by censors who deemed it sacrilegious) had to admit the poem had magic enough to inspire
1401:
greatly hypertrophied, protagonists posing high and mighty in the center of the Universe, misunderstood or ignored.
971:, Odoyevsky and Rostoptchina, Lermontov entered the most prolific phase of his short literary career. In 1837–1838
4549:
3846:
3186:
911:
became friends with Dr. Mayer who served as a prototype for Doctor Werner (a man Pechorin meets in "town S."). In
6091:
4255:
3517:
3234:
2924:
Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. IV, pp. 390–391
2486:
Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 4 volumes. Khudozhestvennaya Literatura Publishers. Moscow, 1959. Vol. IV. pp. 557–588
4610:
4260:
4034:
414:
Nine days after Maria's death a final row broke out in Tarkhany and Yuri rushed away to his Kropotovo estate in
4350:
3780:
3757:
3656:
3409:
2002:
1596:
749:
5614:
6115:
6099:
6016:
5534:
4646:
4600:
856:
Attracted to the nature of the Caucasus and excited by its folklore, he studied the local languages (such as
251:
writer, poet and painter, sometimes called "the poet of the Caucasus", the most important Russian poet after
244:
240:
83:
63:
664:
In mid-1832, Lermontov accompanied by grandmother, traveled to Saint Petersburg, with a view of joining the
263:
is felt in modern times, through his poetry, but also his prose, which founded the tradition of the Russian
6225:
6175:
5639:
5009:
3790:
3239:
1101:
344:
122:
4086:
5887:
5702:
5544:
3856:
3805:
3576:
3397:
1821:
1176:
1168:
665:
421:
5822:
4151:
6215:
6155:
5524:
4753:
4265:
3510:
3422:
3391:
3114:"Лермонтов, Михаил Юрьевич, музыкальный театр, образ лермонтова, в игровом кино, документальные фильмы"
1970:
1605:
1577:, for instance, dedicated his 1917 poetic collection of signal importance to the memory of Lermontov's
811:
460:
20:
5832:
4498:
4275:
3449:
2985:
1760:. In 2014, in memory of his 200th birthday, a biography documentary about him was released in Russia.
6071:
5471:
5422:
3722:
3680:
3313:
2084:
1448:
This lean period bore a few fruits: "Khadji-Abrek" (1835), his first ever published poem, and 1836's
684:
5752:
4909:
4631:
1546:
Otherwise, Lermontov's short poems range from indignantly patriotic pieces like "Fatherland" to the
1347:
While in the University 16-year-old Lermontov passionately fell in love with another cousin of his,
1093:. Lermontov found himself slightly injured, then arrested and jailed. His visitors in jail included
860:), wrote some of his most splendid poems and painted extensively. "Good people are here aplenty. In
5970:
5792:
5682:
5672:
5609:
5375:
5060:
4121:
3851:
3688:
3265:
2230:
2132:
1251:
702:
360:
5549:
4839:
6210:
5742:
5599:
5504:
5360:
4789:
4405:
3795:
3417:
3323:
3060:
2210:
1306:
819:
669:
295:
4615:
4315:
6081:
6036:
6031:
5727:
5619:
5519:
5030:
4804:
4743:
4360:
4131:
2117:
How Often, Surrounded by a Motley Crowd... (Kak tchasto, okruzhonny pyostroyu tolpoyu..., 1840)
1477:
1234:
1218:
1035:
920:
823:
765:
400:
5406:
5279:
5065:
4989:
4874:
4300:
3113:
1355:
several days, just in order to upset matches," his friend and flatmate Alexey Stolypin wrote.
1026:, a novel which later earned him recognition as one of the founding fathers of Russian prose.
6086:
6051:
6041:
5975:
5802:
5777:
5737:
5687:
5584:
5437:
5284:
5096:
4953:
4894:
4728:
4723:
4677:
4605:
4544:
4430:
4189:
3836:
3785:
3762:
3497:
3275:
2738:
1620:
1501:
718:
556:
476:
4641:
4116:
4101:
1466:
and featured characters and dilemmas not far removed from those that would form the base of
6165:
6160:
6134:
5707:
5269:
5156:
5081:
4794:
4758:
4460:
4440:
4194:
3881:
3821:
3715:
1893:
1753:
1710:
815:
455:) and was kept under close surveillance of a French doctor, Anselm Levis. Colonel Capet, a
92:
27:
5807:
5624:
4859:
4636:
4493:
4214:
4179:
2394:. Russian Authors. Biobibliographical Dictionary. Vol 1. Prosveshchenye Publishers, Moscow
1914:("Ulansha", "The Hospital", "Celebration in Petergof", 1832–1834, first published in 1936)
8:
6066:
5925:
5629:
5514:
5355:
4738:
4733:
4569:
4310:
4245:
3861:
3649:
3549:
3483:
3358:
2288:
Babulin, I.B. The New Lines Regiments in the Smolensk War, 1632–1634 Reitar, No. 22, 2005
2215:
1986:
1781:
1643:
1454:
1052:
904:
832:
475:, though the domination of French had begun to give way to a preference for English, and
264:
5717:
5233:
5050:
4590:
4528:
4375:
4204:
3188:
Becoming Mikhail Lermontov: The Ironies of Romantic Individualism in Nicholas I's Russia
1890:
Angel of Death (Angel smerti, 1831; published in 1857 – in Germany; in 1860 – in Russia)
1335:
6122:
5842:
5604:
5594:
5479:
5370:
5264:
5106:
5055:
4968:
4864:
4834:
4824:
4672:
4470:
4159:
4051:
3992:
3770:
3557:
2220:
2198:
2191:
1796:
1666:
1570:
1473:
1372:
1348:
1297:
1094:
1081:
1066:
1022:
968:
916:
619:
615:
599:
464:
324:
260:
155:
5004:
4884:
4081:
2647:"Biography. The Works by M.Y. Lermontov in 10 volumes. Moscow, Voskresenye Publishers"
1745:, the place being selected due to a suggested association of Lermontov's descent with
6056:
6026:
5990:
5935:
5857:
5787:
5712:
5649:
5554:
5539:
5509:
5350:
5325:
5299:
5238:
5228:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
4779:
4748:
4692:
4503:
4488:
4410:
4295:
4240:
4164:
4076:
4029:
3932:
3922:
3886:
3752:
3664:
3634:
3592:
3284:
3220:
3192:
3131:
3012:
2838:
2744:
2182:
2090:
When Yellowish Fields Get Ruffled... (Kogda volnuyetsa zhelteyushchaya niva..., 1837)
2072:
1962:
1837:
1746:
1706:
1536:
1442:
1434:
1418:
1189:
1124:
1115:
only on 10 June, having spent a whole month in Moscow, visiting (among other people)
1074:
990:
985:
924:
798:
755:
741:. During what he later referred to as "four wasted years" he finished "Demon", wrote
623:
611:
544:
540:
536:
532:
472:
379:
375:. Family legend asserted that George Learmonth descended from the famed 13th-century
372:
320:
300:
252:
5396:
5391:
5274:
4111:
4061:
1749:. Until only a few years earlier, the connection had been little-known in Scotland.
1413:
In 1832, Lermontov tried his hand at prose for the first time. The unfinished novel
1367:
related at some length by Skabichevsky) it was proved later to have never happened.
1065:
having no will to break free from these surroundings. A strange kind of man," wrote
963:
The little house in Pyatigorsk where Lermontov spent the two last months of his life
5662:
5559:
5484:
5401:
5365:
5243:
5218:
5213:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4889:
4879:
4854:
4784:
4707:
4682:
4250:
4199:
4096:
3937:
3927:
3910:
3871:
3866:
3841:
3293:
2483:
2391:
2310:
2251:
2224:
2203:
1741:
On 3 October 2014, a monument to Lermontov was unveiled in the Scottish village of
1671:
1584:
1540:
1263:
1030:
892:
760:
673:
595:
568:
552:
512:
404:
364:
328:
315:
232:
184:
144:
5837:
5827:
5045:
4819:
4656:
4320:
3998:
3270:
3238:
3037:
6061:
6046:
6021:
5945:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5782:
5767:
5722:
5657:
5529:
5499:
5345:
5340:
5223:
5146:
5136:
5086:
4994:
4869:
4763:
4702:
4697:
4564:
4508:
4425:
4415:
4235:
4219:
4174:
4141:
4014:
3964:
3902:
3891:
3627:
3453:
3429:
3404:
2702:
2579:
2559:
2539:
1978:
1954:
1625:
1574:
1528:
1516:
In 1836–1838, Lermontov's interest in history and folklore re-awakened. Eclectic
1493:
1430:
1200:
953:
880:
869:
733:
535:'s boarding-school for the nobility's children. Here his personal tutor was poet
376:
5442:
4380:
3775:
3163:
710:
and he furthered it to print), many refused to take the young author seriously.
331:. His death marked the loss of one of Russia's most promising literary talents.
5985:
5955:
5920:
5910:
5892:
5797:
5757:
5692:
5564:
5494:
5335:
5320:
5248:
5192:
5182:
5151:
5131:
5040:
4963:
4943:
4928:
4849:
4809:
4513:
4465:
4395:
4290:
4270:
4209:
4106:
3970:
3896:
3695:
3318:
3090:
2010:
1720:
1686:
1631:
1615:
1588:
1558:
1181:
1132:
896:
857:
714:
707:
452:
96:
72:
6000:
5569:
4595:
4559:
4370:
3488:
3398:
Various Lermontov poems in Russian with English translations, some audio files
3385:
3280:
1242:
After visiting Moscow (where he produced no fewer than eight poetic pieces of
672:
Hussar regiment as a junior officer. One of his fellow cadet-school students,
425:(1830), its protagonist Yuri bearing strong resemblance to the young Mikhail.
169:
6149:
5995:
5960:
5950:
5930:
5862:
5812:
5677:
5667:
5452:
5427:
5315:
5289:
5177:
4958:
4829:
4435:
4365:
4340:
4330:
4285:
3985:
3619:
3611:
3584:
3502:
3423:
Russian text of «Смерть поэта» ("Death of the Poet") with English translation
3373:
3253:. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 484–485.
3244:
3150:"«Ещe минута, и я упал...» Документальный фильм к 200-летию М. Ю. Лермонтова"
2187:
2173:
2159:
1938:
1930:
1881:
The Last Son of Freedom (Posledny syn volnosti, 1831–1832, published in 1910)
1829:
1637:
1271:
1128:
1116:
1058:
Countess Emilie, whiter than lily...But the heart of Emilie is like Bastille,
979:
949:
743:
679:
644:
576:
548:
523:
468:
5187:
2045:
The Terrible Fate of Father and Son... (Uzhasnaya sudba otsa i syna... 1831)
1569:
Both his patriotic and pantheistic poems had an enormous influence on later
500:
5965:
5940:
5915:
5882:
5852:
5772:
5732:
5634:
5579:
5489:
5457:
5447:
5432:
5172:
5035:
5025:
4999:
4844:
4799:
4523:
4455:
4445:
4385:
4335:
4280:
4091:
4009:
3980:
3831:
3672:
3434:
1994:
1727:
1717:
1579:
1384:
408:
356:
279:
5330:
3478:
1543:'s "The Citizen" (1824), damning the lost generation of "servile slaves".
1188:
In early 1841 Arsenyeva received permission from the Minister of Defense,
1139:
and of protecting the newly formed Russian Cossack settlement between the
1007:
5980:
5847:
5697:
5294:
5197:
5141:
4948:
4814:
4518:
4450:
4184:
4045:
4004:
3953:
3826:
3738:
3492:
2105:
1789:
1497:
1489:
1406:
1267:
1140:
1136:
973:
900:
865:
779:
572:
564:
560:
415:
256:
248:
140:
3410:
Various Lermontov poems, many in Russian, some English translations, at
1635:(defined by Mirsky as a missing link between the "Copper Rider" and the
1433:, while "The Last Son of Freedom" was a paean to (obviously, idealized)
51:
Lermontov in a military pelisse of the Hussar Life Guards Regiment, 1837
5101:
4420:
4400:
4390:
4039:
3876:
3468:
3353:
3348:
3333:
2066:
Forgive Me, Will We Meet Again?.. (Prosti, uvidimsya li snova..., 1832)
1458:(1836), a society tale which was influenced at least to some extent by
1163:
1160:, led partisan wars and were calling themselves 'the Lermontov army'."
1144:
907:(with whom, judging by "In Memoriam", 1839, he became quite close); in
888:
587:
304:
294:
In 1827, Lermontov moved to Moscow with his grandmother and joined the
88:
3368:
3363:
3338:
3328:
1785:(Knyaginya Ligovskaya, 1836, unfinished novel first published in 1882)
1195:
843:
590:
was matched only by his ability to pin someone down with a well aimed
515:. In autumn of that year he and Yelizaveta Arsenyeva moved to Moscow.
5762:
5091:
4973:
4305:
4024:
1547:
1292:
1247:
1243:
1112:
908:
803:
311:
for his health, which greatly impressed him and influenced his work.
5902:
3458:
3302:
3298:
2141:
Alone I set out on the road... (Vykhozu odin ya na dorogu..., 1841)
1742:
1735:
1675:
1360:
1148:
1016:
827:
759:, his best-known drama. Through Rayevsky he became acquainted with
456:
444:
352:
348:
308:
284:
275:
3343:
2167:
1111:
In early May 1840 Lermontov left Saint Petersburg, but arrived at
5574:
4325:
3916:
891:
he had talks with poet and translator Nikolai Satin (a member of
848:
652:
591:
448:
288:
1878:
Kally ("The Bloody One", in Circassian, 1830, published in 1860)
1853:(1836, the alternative version of Masquerade, published in 1875)
930:
706:, without its author's consent: Nikolai Yuriev took the copy to
602:
and Lermontov, like many of his fellow-students, promptly quit.
4019:
1554:
1276:
912:
876:
861:
738:
340:
307:. Lermontov's early education included extensive travel to the
271:
68:
3707:
993:(b. Varvara Alexandrovna Lopukhina) was recorded in the novel
193:
3479:
Photographs of State Lermontov Museum and Reserve at Tarkhany
1459:
633:
Lermontov's handwritten request to Moscow University to leave
437:
359:). His paternal family descended from the Scottish family of
208:
2959:
1792:" (the Azerbaijani fairytale, 1837, first published in 1846)
1246:
aimed at Benckendorff), on 9 May 1841, Lermontov arrived to
3975:
3446:
1040:
948:
Lermontov's journey to Nizhny took four months. He visited
792:, a culprit whom he even considered challenging to a duel.
504:
436:
In June 1817, Yelizaveta Alekseyevna moved her grandson to
199:
26:
For the ocean liner which sank in New Zealand in 1986, see
3435:
Russian text of "Cossack Lullaby" with English translation
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
220:
1157:
3011:(5th ed.). New York: Springer Verlag. p. 181.
2661:
1262:. Meanwhile, in the same salons his Cadet school friend
3418:
Russian text of various poems with English translations
3061:"Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov celebrated in Scotland"
2263:
3344:
Translation of "Farewell! – unwashed, indigent Russia"
3266:
Short biography with links to other Lermontov material
2020:(Detskaya skazka, 1839, unfinished, published in 1842)
1905:
A Lithuanian Woman (Litvinka, 1832, published in 1860)
1123:. On arrival, Lermontov re-joined the Army as part of
934:
Lermontov took delight in painting mountain landscapes
3164:""Ismail Bey" Mikhail Lermontov - read the full text"
1709:(granted municipal status in 1956), the cruise liner
989:(1835, first published in 1842). His doomed love for
223:
211:
202:
2149:
1863:
The Circassians (Tcherkesy, 1828, published in 1860)
1833:(Stranny tchelovek, 1831, drama/play published 1860)
1804:, 1840; 1842, 2nd edition; 1843, 3rd edition), novel
835:
for two years to serve in a lowly clerk's position.
255:'s death in 1837 and the greatest figure in Russian
217:
205:
190:
3031:
2936:
2415:
443:But the boy's health was fragile, he suffered from
196:
187:
6201:People from the Russian Empire of Scottish descent
3459:Short biography at Russian Biographical Dictionary
3314:Translations of various poems by Mikhail Lermontov
2114:So Dull, So Sad... (I skuchno, i grustno..., 1840)
1653:Pyatigorsk, Lermontov's duel location (photo 1958)
1131:. The left flank had the mission of disarming the
1060:disgruntled Lermontov conceded in an 1838 epigram.
3132:"Фильм Лермонтов (2014): фото, видео - Вокруг ТВ"
2939:"M.Yu. Lermontov. His Life and Works. Chapter 14"
2644:
2498:"The Life and Works of M.Y. Lermontov. Chapter 1"
2102:Don't Believe Yourself... (Ne ver sebye..., 1839)
2033:Two Brothers (1829, Dva brata, published in 1859)
1869:The Culprit (Prestupnik, 1828, published in 1859)
1080:Lermontov's popularity at the salons of Princess
6147:
2495:
2123:The Journalist, the Reader and the Writer (1840)
1238:The 1887 engraving from the 1841 coffin portrait
583:magazine, marked his informal publishing debut.
394:Maria Mikhaylovna Lermontova (1795–1817), mother
19:"Lermontov" redirects here. For other uses, see
6221:Russian military personnel of the Caucasian War
3233:
2078:The Branch of Palestine (Vetka Palestiny, 1837)
1270:, wore a long sword, affected the manners of a
1100:Due to the patronage of the Guard's Commander,
6171:19th-century novelists from the Russian Empire
3532:
3374:State Lermontov Museum and Reserve at Tarkhany
2982:The Russian lullaby in folklore and literature
2006:(Mtsyri, in Georgian, 1839, published in 1840)
1736:the estate where Lermontov spent his childhood
3723:
3518:
2640:
2638:
1887:Confession (Ispoved, 1831, published in 1889)
243:3 October] 1814 – 27 July [
3484:The ancestors of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov
2962:. Russian Poetry, XIX–XX. The Online Library
2649:. www.krugosvet.ru // Voskresenye Publishers
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2257:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1899:The Sailor (Moryak, 1832, published in 1913)
432:Yuri Petrovich Lermontov (1787–1831), father
411:and died on 27 February 1817, aged only 21.
16:Russian writer, poet and painter (1814–1841)
2736:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2081:Mother Of God, Here I Stand (Molitva, 1837)
1723:(discovered in 1977) were named after him.
1147:rivers. In early July the regiment entered
967:Warmly welcomed at the houses of Karamzin,
3730:
3716:
3525:
3511:
3184:
2952:
2932:
2930:
2894:
2892:
2878:
2876:
2667:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2308:
2276:
2126:The Heavenly Ship (Vozdushny korabl, 1840)
1942:(1835–1836, unfinished, published in 1882)
1127:'s fighting unit on the left flank of the
270:Lermontov was born on October 15, 1814 in
2816:
2814:
2800:
2798:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2732:
2730:
2678:
2676:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2601:
1817:(Ispantsy, tragedy, 1830, published 1880)
1344:Lermontov who took this as a 'betrayal'.
274:into the Lermontov family and grew up in
3058:
3006:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2411:
2409:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2030:The Turk's Laments (Zhaloby turka, 1829)
1990:(Beglets, circa 1838, published in 1846)
1763:
1696:
1648:
1591:for his series of unforgettable images.
1553:
1472:
1383:
1334:
1291:
1233:
1194:
1162:
1051:
1006:
958:
929:
842:
778:
678:
628:
522:
489:
427:
389:
339:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born in
2927:
2905:
2889:
2873:
2860:
2431:
2325:
2024:
1908:Aul Bastundji (1834, published in 1860)
1393:literary career lasted just six years.
1179:(11 July 1840), the basis for his poem
1119:, to whom he recited his then-new poem
1015:In February 1838, Lermontov arrived at
6148:
2847:
2811:
2795:
2777:
2764:
2673:
2598:
2418:"M. Yu. Lermontov. His Life and Works"
1609:(1838), a close relative to Pushkin's
610:In August 1830, Lermontov enrolled in
247:15 July] 1841) was a Russian
6077:Romanticism and the French Revolution
3711:
3506:
3214:
3036:. The Voice of Russia. Archived from
2707:
2489:
2406:
2291:
2206:, based on a short story by Lermontov
2111:In the Memory of A.I.Odoyevsky (1839)
1866:The Corsair (1828, published in 1859)
1777:(1832, unfinished; published in 1873)
1738:and where his remains are preserved.
1417:, telling the story of the 1773–1775
1011:Lermontov after the first exile, 1838
1000:
822:and on 25 February got banished as a
6181:Male writers from the Russian Empire
3642:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov
3034:"Gagarin spaceship ready for launch"
3032:Kudriavtsev Anatoli (4 April 2011).
2833:The Preface by Irakly Andronikov in
1947:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov
1902:Ismail-Bei (1832, published in 1842)
1847:(Dva brata, 1836, published in 1880)
1756:, Mikhail Lermontov was depicted by
1523:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov
983:as a celebrity, occasioned his play
788:Petersburg dames' sympathizing with
772:
728:The Song of the Merchant Kalashnikov
605:
3290:Works by or about Mikhail Lermontov
3240:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurevich"
3059:Johnston, Willie (3 October 2014).
2837:(1985), Raduga Publishers, Moscow.
2087:(Proshchai, nemytaya Rossiya, 1837)
1998:(1838, published in 1856 in Berlin)
1199:The last portrait of Lermontov, by
347:, and he grew up in the village of
13:
3217:Lermontov: Tragedy in the Caucasus
3207:
2060:The Prophecy (Predskazaniye, 1831)
1950:(Pesnya kuptsa Kalashnikova, 1837)
14:
6237:
6186:Novelists from the Russian Empire
3259:
3191:. Northwestern University Press.
2743:. Northwestern University Press.
2190:based on one of the episodes in "
1974:(Tambovskaya Kaznatcheysha, 1838)
1388:Lermontov's tombstone in Tarkhany
1359:his newly found reputation of a '
1073:and Saint Petersburg fashionable
737:, as well as a series of popular
494:Yelizaveta Arsenyeva, grandmother
6191:Painters from the Russian Empire
6130:
6129:
3469:Texts of various Lermontov works
3359:Translation of "Cossack Lullaby"
3306:
3235:Shedden-Ralston, William Ralston
3009:Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
2740:A Hero of Our Time. Introduction
2484:The Life of Lermontov. Timeline.
2214:, 1966 Soviet drama directed by
2166:
2152:
1884:Azrail (1831, published in 1876)
847:An 1837 landscape by Lermontov.
399:historian and Lermontov scholar
183:
168:
86:15 July] 1841 (aged 26)
45:
3737:
3156:
3142:
3124:
3106:
3078:
3052:
3025:
3000:
2991:
2974:
2918:
2827:
2688:
2585:
2565:
2545:
2525:
2500:. ruslit.com.ua. Archived from
1920:(1835, Biblioteka Dlya Chtenya)
1875:Julio (1830, published in 1860)
1841:(1835, first published in 1842)
1287:
1284:posthumously in his notebooks.
1047:
872:, and visited central Georgia.
683:Lermontov in 1834. Portrait by
518:
3489:"I Walk Out Alone Upon My Way"
2516:
2392:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich"
2311:"Lermontov, Mikhail Yurievich"
2282:
2245:
1872:Oleg (1829, published in 1859)
915:he drifted towards a group of
838:
451:(the latter accounted for his
1:
6206:Poets from the Russian Empire
6100:Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
3364:Translation of "We parted..."
3349:Translation of "The Prisoner"
3324:Translation of "The Prophecy"
2239:
1480:. Lermontov's painting, 1837.
899:circle) and with some of the
385:
334:
2120:Little Clouds (Tuchki, 1840)
1339:Natalya Ivanova in the 1840s
1102:Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich
659:
367:, a Scottish officer in the
314:In 1832, Lermontov moved to
123:Golden Age of Russian Poetry
7:
6196:People from Moskovsky Uyezd
3657:The Tambov Treasurer's Wife
3577:Menschen und Leidenschaften
3464:Short biography at Megabook
3305:(public domain audiobooks)
2235:, ocean liner built in 1972
2145:
1822:Menschen und Leidenschaften
1716:(launched in 1970) and the
1177:Battle of the Valerik River
750:The Tambov Treasurer's Wife
666:Saint Petersburg University
640:Menschen und Leidenschaften
422:Menschen und Leidenschaften
373:Mikhail Fyodorovich Romanov
237:Михаи́л Ю́рьевич Ле́рмонтов
179:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov
60:Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov
10:
6242:
6017:Coleridge's theory of life
3354:Translation of "The Dream"
3299:Works by Mikhail Lermontov
3281:Works by Mikhail Lermontov
3185:Powelstock, David (2011).
3177:
3007:Schmadel, Lutz D. (2003).
2645:Sirotkina, Yelena (2002).
2096:The Dagger (Kinzhal, 1838)
1734:as their call sign, after
1619:rhyme. Even so, it is his
1171:. D.Palen's drawing, 1840.
879:cavalry regiment based at
812:Alexander von Benckendorff
25:
21:Lermontov (disambiguation)
18:
6109:
6072:Romanticism and economics
6009:
5901:
5648:
5470:
5415:
5384:
5308:
5257:
5206:
5165:
5074:
5018:
4982:
4936:
4927:
4772:
4716:
4665:
4624:
4583:
4537:
4479:
4349:
4228:
4150:
4087:Manuel Antônio de Almeida
4069:
4060:
3946:
3814:
3745:
3681:Farewell, Unwashed Russia
3603:
3568:
3541:
3339:Translation of "The Sail"
3329:Translation of "The Sail"
3319:Translation of "Borodino"
2937:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2911:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2898:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2882:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2866:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2853:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2820:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2804:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2788:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2682:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2591:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2496:Viskovatov, P.A. (1891).
2416:Skabichevsky, Alexander.
2129:Fatherland (Rodina, 1841)
2085:Farewell, Unwashed Russia
2054:The Wish (Zhelanye, 1831)
2048:The Reed (Trostnik, 1831)
1934:(1836, published in 1842)
1926:(1836, published in 1861)
1808:
1701:The site of the 1841 duel
1692:
1496:(but also owing a lot to
820:Petropavlovskaya fortress
802:, its final part written
685:Pyotr Zakharov-Chechenets
403:. An earlier biographer,
236:
167:
162:
150:
136:
128:
118:
110:
102:
78:
56:
44:
37:
3852:German historical school
3689:The Princess of the Tide
3498:Mikhail Lermontov poetry
3474:Lermontov Museum, Moscow
3387:Mikhail Lermontov poetry
3369:Translation of "Because"
3215:Kelly, Laurence (2003).
2770:Skabichevsky, Alexander
2701:24 December 2013 at the
2609:Skabichevsky, Alexander
2578:24 December 2013 at the
2558:24 December 2013 at the
2538:24 December 2013 at the
2202:– from 1988 directed by
2138:The Dispute (Spor, 1841)
2133:The Princess of the Tide
2093:The Thought (Duma, 1838)
2069:The Hussar (Gusar, 1832)
2039:The Spring (Vesna, 1830)
2018:The Children's Fairytale
1857:
1768:
1613:, performed in stomping
1379:
1315:occasionally misguided.
1252:Caucasian Mineral Waters
1229:
903:, notably with the poet
703:Biblioteka Dlya Chteniya
66:3 October] 1814
4499:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski
3447:Online Lermontov shrine
3428:3 November 2012 at the
3334:Translation of "A Sail"
3250:Encyclopædia Britannica
3152:– via www.1tv.ru.
2960:"Goshpital (Гошпиталь)"
2223:– crater on the planet
2211:Hero of Our Time (film)
2057:The Angel (Angel, 1831)
2051:Mermaid (Rusalka, 1831)
1971:Tambov Treasurer's Wife
1606:Tambov Treasurer's Wife
1255:week before his death.
1213:Poems by M.Y. Lermontov
479:shared popularity with
365:Yuri (George) Learmonth
363:, and can be traced to
239:; 15 October [
6082:Romanticism in science
6037:Middle Ages in history
6032:List of Romantic poets
4744:Josiah Gilbert Holland
3441:Russian-language links
3412:Friends & Partners
2063:The Sail (Parus, 1831)
1825:(1830, published 1880)
1702:
1654:
1566:
1481:
1478:Georgian Military Road
1389:
1340:
1330:
1311:
1266:, dressed as a native
1239:
1219:Otechestvennye Zapiski
1204:
1172:
1061:
1036:Otechestvennye Zapiski
1012:
964:
946:
935:
921:Alexander Chavchavadze
852:
784:
766:Otechestvennye Zapiski
688:
634:
528:
495:
433:
401:Alexander Skabichevsky
395:
106:Poet, novelist, artist
6052:Romantic epistemology
6042:Opium and Romanticism
4611:Stojadinović-Srpkinja
3837:Counter-Enlightenment
1963:The Death of the Poet
1764:Selected bibliography
1700:
1652:
1557:
1476:
1387:
1338:
1325:
1295:
1237:
1198:
1166:
1087:the French ambassador
1055:
1033:, now at the helm of
1010:
962:
941:
933:
919:intellectuals led by
846:
826:to the Nizhegorodsky
782:
719:Yevdokiya Rostopchina
682:
632:
557:Konstantin Batyushkov
526:
493:
431:
393:
62:15 October [
6116:Age of Enlightenment
3758:England (literature)
3394:. 1986 Mosfilm movie
2737:Lewis Bagby (2002).
2504:on December 24, 2013
2025:Selected short poems
1802:Герой нашего времени
1754:Abbasgulu Bakikhanov
1302:Edmond Pierre Martin
1167:Lermontov after the
527:Lermontov as a child
28:MS Mikhail Lermontov
6226:Writers from Moscow
6176:Duelling fatalities
6067:Romantic psychology
3862:Hudson River School
3806:Sweden (literature)
3791:Russia (literature)
3550:Princess Ligovskaya
3452:4 June 2017 at the
3403:27 May 2013 at the
3380:Dual-language links
3094:. 27 September 2015
2980:Golovin, Valentin.
2309:Mirsky, D. (1926).
2216:Stanislav Rostotsky
2042:15 July 1830 (1830)
1979:The Cossack Lullaby
1896:(published in 1832)
1782:Princess Ligovskaya
1561:'s illustration to
1455:Princess Ligovskaya
1082:Sofija Shcherbatova
995:Princess Ligovskaya
905:Alexander Odoyevsky
885:A Hero of Our Times
833:Olonets Governorate
783:Self-portrait, 1837
296:Moscow University's
265:psychological novel
259:. His influence on
4052:White Mountain art
3993:Historical fiction
3801:Spain (literature)
3558:A Hero of Our Time
2835:A Hero of Our Time
2571:Viskovatov, P.A.
2221:Lermontov (crater)
2199:Ashik Kerib (film)
2192:A Hero of Our Time
2108:(Tri palhmy, 1839)
1797:A Hero of Our Time
1703:
1683:A Hero of Our Time
1667:A Hero of Our Time
1655:
1571:Russian literature
1567:
1482:
1468:A Hero of Our Time
1464:Petersburg Stories
1390:
1373:A Hero of Our Time
1341:
1312:
1298:Varvara Bakhmeteva
1260:A Hero of Our Time
1240:
1216:Lermontov's view)
1209:A Hero of Our Time
1205:
1173:
1095:Vissarion Belinsky
1067:Alexandra Smirnova
1062:
1023:A Hero of Our Time
1013:
1002:A Hero of Our Time
969:Alexandra Smirnova
965:
936:
853:
785:
689:
635:
620:Nikolai Stankevich
616:Vissarion Belinsky
529:
496:
434:
396:
325:A Hero of Our Time
261:Russian literature
156:A Hero of Our Time
132:Novel, poem, drama
82:27 July [
6216:Russian duellists
6156:Mikhail Lermontov
6143:
6142:
6057:Romantic medicine
6027:List of romantics
5466:
5465:
5117:Felix Mendelssohn
5112:Fanny Mendelssohn
4923:
4922:
4637:Rosalía de Castro
4575:Soares dos Passos
3923:Transcendentalism
3887:Nazarene movement
3847:Düsseldorf School
3705:
3704:
3635:Death of the Poet
3535:Mikhail Lermontov
3285:Project Gutenberg
3226:978-1-86064-887-8
3168:Mikhail Lermontov
2696:Viskovatov, Ch. V
2694:Viskovatov, P.A.
2551:Viskovatov, P.A.
2531:Viskovatov, P.A.
2232:Mikhail Lermontov
2073:Death of the Poet
1912:The Junkers Poems
1894:No, I'm not Byron
1747:Thomas the Rhymer
1713:Mikhail Lermontov
1707:Lermontov, Russia
1537:Death of the Poet
1443:Irakly Andronikov
1435:Novgorod Republic
1419:Yemelyan Pugachev
1349:Varvara Lopukhina
1207:By the time both
1190:Count Kleinmichel
1152:reckless thugs".
1125:General Galafeyev
1091:Tchernaya Retchka
1029:In January 1839,
991:Varvara Lopukhina
799:Death of the Poet
774:Death of the Poet
624:Alexander Hertzen
612:Moscow University
606:Moscow University
545:Gavrila Derzhavin
541:Mikhail Lomonosov
537:Alexey Merzlyakov
533:Moscow University
473:Aleksandr Pushkin
380:Thomas the Rhymer
369:Polish–Lithuanian
321:Death of the Poet
301:Alexander Pushkin
253:Alexander Pushkin
176:
175:
137:Literary movement
39:Mikhail Lermontov
6233:
6133:
6132:
6092:Evolution theory
4934:
4933:
4067:
4066:
3928:Ukrainian school
3732:
3725:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3527:
3520:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3388:
3310:
3309:
3294:Internet Archive
3254:
3242:
3230:
3219:. Tauris Parke.
3202:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2989:
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2934:
2925:
2922:
2916:
2909:
2903:
2896:
2887:
2880:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2851:
2845:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2786:
2775:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2734:
2705:
2692:
2686:
2680:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2642:
2613:
2607:
2596:
2589:
2583:
2569:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2493:
2487:
2480:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2388:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2306:
2289:
2286:
2280:
2274:
2261:
2249:
2204:Sergei Parajanov
2183:Un cœur en hiver
2176:
2171:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
1672:Vladimir Nabokov
1623:historical epic
1585:Anton Rubinstein
1541:Kondraty Ryleyev
1310:
1264:Nikolai Martynov
1135:fighters led by
1031:Andrey Krayevsky
925:Nina Griboyedova
761:Andrey Krayevsky
674:Nikolai Martynov
569:Vasily Zhukovsky
553:Vladislav Ozerov
513:Tula Governorate
416:Tula Governorate
405:Pavel Viskovatov
345:Lermontov family
329:Nikolai Martynov
316:Saint Petersburg
238:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
219:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
195:
192:
189:
172:
49:
35:
34:
6241:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6138:
6127:
6119:
6105:
6062:Romantic poetry
6047:Romantic ballet
6022:German idealism
6005:
5971:Lacoue-Labarthe
5897:
5644:
5462:
5411:
5380:
5361:Rimsky-Korsakov
5304:
5253:
5202:
5161:
5070:
5014:
4978:
4919:
4768:
4712:
4661:
4620:
4579:
4533:
4475:
4416:Maria Edgeworth
4352:
4345:
4224:
4146:
4056:
4035:Romantic genius
3965:Gesamtkunstwerk
3942:
3903:Sturm und Drang
3810:
3741:
3736:
3706:
3701:
3599:
3564:
3537:
3531:
3454:Wayback Machine
3430:Wayback Machine
3405:Wayback Machine
3386:
3307:
3276:Short biography
3271:Short biography
3262:
3257:
3227:
3210:
3208:Further reading
3205:
3199:
3180:
3175:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3097:
3095:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3067:
3057:
3053:
3043:
3041:
3040:on 8 April 2011
3030:
3026:
3019:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2979:
2975:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2910:
2906:
2897:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2852:
2848:
2832:
2828:
2819:
2812:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2735:
2708:
2703:Wayback Machine
2693:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2668:Powelstock 2011
2666:
2662:
2652:
2650:
2643:
2616:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2586:
2580:Wayback Machine
2570:
2566:
2560:Wayback Machine
2550:
2546:
2540:Wayback Machine
2530:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2505:
2494:
2490:
2482:Manuylov, V.A.
2481:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2414:
2407:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2326:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2277:Powelstock 2011
2275:
2264:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2227:named after him
2172:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2099:The Poet (1838)
2036:Napoleon (1830)
2027:
1860:
1811:
1771:
1766:
1695:
1575:Boris Pasternak
1529:Cossack Lullaby
1494:Alexander Dumas
1431:July Revolution
1382:
1304:
1290:
1232:
1201:Kirill Gorbunov
1129:Caucasian front
1071:lady-in-waiting
1050:
1005:
954:Andrey Muravyov
881:Nizhny Novgorod
870:Taman Peninsula
841:
777:
698:Shkolnaya Zarya
662:
608:
521:
388:
337:
216:
186:
182:
93:Caucasus Oblast
87:
67:
61:
52:
40:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6239:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6211:Romantic poets
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6141:
6140:
6120:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6096:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6010:Related topics
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5738:Gallen-Kallela
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5713:David d'Angers
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5652:
5650:Visual artists
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5610:Schleiermacher
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5476:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:Oehlenschläger
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4669:
4667:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4545:Castelo Branco
4541:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4271:Brothers Grimm
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4156:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3995:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3971:Gothic fiction
3968:
3961:
3959:British Marine
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3857:Gothic revival
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3742:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3616:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3530:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3395:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3296:
3287:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3260:External links
3258:
3256:
3255:
3245:Chisholm, Hugh
3231:
3225:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:978-0810127883
3197:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3155:
3141:
3123:
3105:
3091:New York Times
3077:
3051:
3024:
3017:
2999:
2990:
2973:
2951:
2926:
2917:
2904:
2888:
2872:
2859:
2846:
2826:
2810:
2794:
2776:
2763:
2749:
2706:
2687:
2672:
2660:
2614:
2597:
2584:
2564:
2544:
2524:
2515:
2488:
2430:
2405:
2324:
2290:
2281:
2262:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2228:
2218:
2207:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:, 1841, ballad
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1805:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1758:Oleg Amirbekov
1721:2222 Lermontov
1694:
1691:
1687:intelligentsia
1616:Yevgeny Onegin
1589:Mikhail Vrubel
1559:Mikhail Vrubel
1504:and Pushkin),
1486:The Masquerade
1381:
1378:
1289:
1286:
1231:
1228:
1169:Valerik battle
1049:
1046:
1004:
999:
840:
837:
776:
771:
715:Tsarskoye Selo
708:Osip Senkovsky
661:
658:
607:
604:
520:
517:
453:bow-leggedness
387:
384:
336:
333:
174:
173:
165:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
138:
134:
133:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
97:Russian Empire
80:
76:
75:
73:Russian Empire
58:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
38:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6238:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6153:
6151:
6137:
6136:
6125:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5638:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5477:
5475:
5473:
5469:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5414:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5383:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:Nikolai Gogol
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4536:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4461:P. B. Shelley
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:Mary Robinson
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4170:Chateaubriand
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:Mal du siècle
3996:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3721:
3719:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3612:Boyarin Orsha
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:A Strange Man
3582:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:performed by
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3183:
3182:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3119:
3118:www.cultin.ru
3115:
3109:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3039:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3018:3-540-00238-3
3014:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2977:
2961:
2955:
2940:
2933:
2931:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2901:
2895:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2869:
2863:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2843:5-05-000016-5
2840:
2836:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2767:
2752:
2750:9780810116801
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2670:, p. 28.
2669:
2664:
2648:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2594:
2588:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2568:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2548:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2393:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2285:
2279:, p. 27.
2278:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:Claude Sautet
2185:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2174:Novels portal
2169:
2164:
2161:
2160:Russia portal
2150:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1931:Boyarin Orsha
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:A Strange Man
1827:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1815:The Spaniards
1813:
1812:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1651:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1638:War and Peace
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1518:Boyarin Orsha
1514:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1272:romantic hero
1269:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:Nikolai Gogol
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
988:
987:
981:
980:Sergey Uvarov
976:
975:
970:
961:
957:
955:
951:
950:Yelizavetgrad
945:
940:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
850:
845:
836:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
807:
805:
801:
800:
793:
791:
781:
775:
770:
768:
767:
762:
758:
757:
752:
751:
746:
745:
744:Boyarin Orsha
740:
736:
735:
730:
729:
723:
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
704:
699:
693:
686:
681:
677:
675:
671:
667:
657:
654:
649:
647:
646:
645:A Strange Man
641:
631:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
577:Semyon Rayich
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
549:Ivan Dmitriev
546:
542:
538:
534:
525:
516:
514:
508:
506:
502:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
439:
430:
426:
424:
423:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
392:
383:
381:
378:
377:Scottish poet
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
332:
330:
326:
322:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
297:
292:
290:
286:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
234:
228:
180:
171:
166:
161:
158:
157:
153:
151:Notable works
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
65:
59:
55:
48:
43:
36:
33:
29:
22:
6128:
6121:
6114:
6098:
5818:Porto-Alegre
5472:Philosophers
5356:Rachmaninoff
4805:Chavchavadze
4795:Baratashvili
4687:
4555:João de Deus
4524:Wincenty Pol
4316:Küchelbecker
4044:
4010:Noble savage
3997:
3963:
3938:Wallenrodism
3915:
3901:
3832:Coppet group
3766:(literature)
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3650:The Fugitive
3640:
3618:
3610:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3556:
3548:
3534:
3440:
3439:
3411:
3379:
3378:
3248:
3216:
3187:
3167:
3158:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3096:. Retrieved
3089:
3080:
3068:. Retrieved
3064:
3054:
3042:. Retrieved
3038:the original
3027:
3008:
3002:
2993:
2981:
2976:
2964:. Retrieved
2954:
2942:. Retrieved
2920:
2907:
2862:
2849:
2834:
2829:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2739:
2690:
2663:
2651:. Retrieved
2587:
2567:
2547:
2527:
2518:
2506:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2491:
2421:. Retrieved
2396:. Retrieved
2315:. Retrieved
2284:
2255:
2247:
2231:
2209:
2197:
2181:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1987:The Fugitive
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1918:Khadji-Abrek
1917:
1911:
1850:
1845:Two Brothers
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1814:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1751:
1740:
1731:
1728:Soyuz TMA-21
1726:The crew of
1725:
1718:minor planet
1712:
1705:The town of
1704:
1682:
1680:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1644:The Fugitive
1636:
1630:
1624:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1545:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1485:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1439:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1296:Portrait of
1288:Private life
1282:
1259:
1257:
1241:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1206:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1154:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1099:
1079:
1063:
1057:
1048:Second exile
1034:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1001:
994:
984:
972:
966:
947:
942:
937:
884:
874:
854:
808:
797:
794:
786:
773:
764:
754:
748:
742:
732:
726:
724:
712:
701:
697:
694:
690:
663:
650:
643:
639:
636:
609:
585:
580:
530:
519:School years
509:
497:
485:
442:
435:
420:
413:
409:tuberculosis
397:
357:Penza Oblast
338:
313:
293:
280:tuberculosis
269:
178:
177:
154:
32:
6166:1841 deaths
6161:1814 births
5808:Michałowski
5640:Wackenroder
5605:F. Schlegel
5600:A. Schlegel
5376:Tchaikovsky
5265:Bortkiewicz
5137:R. Schumann
5132:C. Schumann
5097:Kalkbrenner
5066:Saint-Saëns
4371:Anne Brontë
4256:Eichendorff
4241:B. v. Arnim
4236:A. v. Arnim
4046:Weltschmerz
4005:Medievalism
3954:Blue flower
3882:Nationalist
3827:Bohemianism
3739:Romanticism
3493:Anna German
3098:14 December
3070:14 December
2508:November 1,
2313:. az.lib.ru
2252:"Lermontov"
2106:Three Palms
1790:Ashik-Kerib
1611:Count Nulin
1548:pantheistic
1498:Shakespeare
1490:Victor Hugo
1407:D.S. Mirsky
1397:the world.
1305: [
1137:Imam Shamil
974:Sovremennik
927:'s father.
901:Decembrists
866:Kizlyar Bay
839:First exile
642:(1830) and
588:caricatures
573:Romanticism
565:Ivan Kozlov
561:Ivan Krylov
257:Romanticism
141:Romanticism
111:Nationality
6150:Categories
5683:Chassériau
5658:Aivazovsky
5366:Rubinstein
5351:Mussorgsky
5300:Wieniawski
5285:Paderewski
5127:Moszkowski
4910:Vörösmarty
4900:Shevchenko
4754:Longfellow
4678:Batyushkov
4673:Baratynsky
4642:Espronceda
4509:Mickiewicz
4504:Malczewski
4471:Wordsworth
4456:M. Shelley
4411:de Quincey
4276:Günderrode
4160:Baudelaire
4040:Wanderlust
3877:Lake Poets
3665:The Novice
3593:Masquerade
2966:13 January
2944:1 December
2913:Chapter 13
2900:Chapter 12
2884:Chapter 11
2868:Chapter 10
2756:1 November
2684:Chapter IV
2653:1 November
2533:Chapter 2.
2423:1 December
2398:1 December
2317:1 December
2240:References
2186:– film by
2003:The Novice
1838:Masquerade
1681:In Russia
1597:The Novice
1506:Masquerade
1502:Griboyedov
1268:Circassian
986:Masquerade
889:Pyatigorsk
816:Nicholas I
756:Masquerade
670:Life-Guard
386:Early life
353:Lermontovo
335:Background
305:Lord Byron
103:Occupation
89:Pyatigorsk
6123:Modernism
5783:Kiprensky
5743:Géricault
5728:Friedrich
5718:Delacroix
5693:Constable
5673:Bonington
5663:Bierstadt
5615:Senancour
5590:Schelling
5545:Lamennais
5540:Khomyakov
5505:Coleridge
5500:Chaadayev
5407:Stanković
5402:Mokranjac
5321:Balakirev
5280:Moniuszko
5229:Donizetti
5224:Cherubini
5122:Meyerbeer
5107:Marschner
5082:Beethoven
4995:Moscheles
4929:Musicians
4915:Wergeland
4880:Orbeliani
4835:Grundtvig
4739:Hawthorne
4708:Zhukovsky
4703:Vyazemsky
4688:Lermontov
4647:Gutiérrez
4606:Radičević
4570:Herculano
4494:Krasiński
4436:Radcliffe
4406:Coleridge
4381:E. Brontë
4376:C. Brontë
4306:Jean Paul
4301:Hölderlin
4190:Lamartine
4127:Magalhães
4117:Guimarães
4025:Pantheism
4015:Nostalgia
3867:Indianism
3815:Movements
3746:Countries
3533:Works by
3136:Вокруг ТВ
2855:Chapter 9
2822:Chapter 8
2806:Chapter 7
2790:Chapter 6
2772:Chapter V
2611:Chapter 2
2593:Chapter 3
2573:Chapter 1
2553:Chapter 2
1730:selected
1248:Stavropol
1244:invective
1113:Stavropol
1077:hostess.
909:Stavropol
804:impromptu
660:1832–1837
600:gymnasium
596:Zhukovsky
477:Lamartine
361:Learmonth
343:into the
163:Signature
6135:Category
5951:Dahlhaus
5936:Blanning
5903:Scholars
5873:Tropinin
5868:Tidemand
5858:Stattler
5853:Scheffer
5753:Głowacki
5723:Edelfelt
5678:Bryullov
5620:Snellman
5595:Schiller
5585:Rousseau
5565:Michelet
5510:Constant
5480:Belinsky
5453:Sibelius
5397:Konjović
5371:Scriabin
5341:Lyapunov
5275:Lipiński
5244:Spontini
5234:Paganini
5178:Goldmark
4969:Thalberg
4964:Schubert
4944:Bruckner
4905:Topelius
4895:Runeberg
4885:Prešeren
4855:Leopardi
4820:Frashëri
4810:Eminescu
4790:Andersen
4698:Tyutchev
4683:Karamzin
4657:Zorrilla
4652:Saavedra
4550:Castilho
4538:Portugal
4529:Słowacki
4431:Polidori
4361:Barbauld
4296:Hoffmann
4251:Brentano
4165:Bertrand
3986:Romantic
3822:Ancients
3796:Scotland
3698:" (1841)
3691:" (1841)
3652:" (1838)
3637:" (1837)
3630:" (1837)
3628:Borodino
3450:Archived
3426:Archived
3401:Archived
3303:LibriVox
3237:(1911).
3065:BBC News
2699:Archived
2576:Archived
2556:Archived
2536:Archived
2146:See also
1955:Borodino
1743:Earlston
1732:Tarkhany
1676:Stendhal
1626:Borodino
1621:1812 War
1361:Don Juan
1300:in 1833
1149:Chechnya
1017:Novgorod
917:Georgian
828:dragoons
790:D'Anthès
734:Borodino
501:sadistic
465:Schiller
457:Napoleon
445:scrofula
349:Tarkhany
309:Caucasus
285:scrofula
276:Tarkhany
249:Romantic
5976:Lovejoy
5911:Abraham
5833:Richard
5823:Préault
5748:Girodet
5630:Thoreau
5575:Novalis
5560:Mazzini
5555:Maistre
5530:Hazlitt
5515:Emerson
5495:Carlyle
5485:Berchet
5428:Berwald
5423:Bennett
5392:Hristić
5346:Medtner
5326:Borodin
5316:Arensky
5239:Rossini
5214:Bellini
5193:Joachim
5166:Hungary
5147:Strauss
5075:Germany
5041:Berlioz
5010:Voříšek
5005:Smetana
4983:Czechia
4937:Austria
4870:Maturin
4865:Manzoni
4840:Heliade
4815:Foscolo
4785:Alfieri
4780:Abovian
4734:Emerson
4693:Pushkin
4632:Bécquer
4565:Garrett
4519:Potocki
4466:Southey
4426:Maturin
4396:Carlyle
4353:Britain
4326:Novalis
4281:Gutzkow
4229:Germany
4195:Mérimée
4180:Gautier
4107:Barreto
4102:Azevedo
4082:Alencar
4062:Writers
3981:Byronic
3917:Purismo
3771:Germany
3753:Denmark
3696:Valerik
3542:Fiction
3392:YouTube
3292:at the
3247:(ed.).
3178:Sources
2986:Summary
2225:Mercury
2011:Valerik
1851:Arbenin
1632:Valerik
1565:(1890).
1182:Valerik
1133:Chechen
897:Ogaryov
739:ballads
653:cholera
592:epigram
581:Ateneum
449:rickets
289:rickets
233:Russian
145:realism
114:Russian
6001:Wellek
5981:de Man
5966:Janion
5956:Ferber
5931:Berlin
5926:Beiser
5921:Barzun
5916:Abrams
5893:Wiertz
5878:Turner
5828:Révoil
5813:Palmer
5803:Martin
5798:Leutze
5773:Janmot
5733:Fuseli
5688:Church
5580:Quinet
5570:Müller
5525:Goethe
5520:Fichte
5443:Franck
5385:Serbia
5336:Glinka
5309:Russia
5295:Tausig
5290:Stolpe
5270:Chopin
5258:Poland
5219:Busoni
5183:Heller
5152:Wagner
5087:Brahms
5061:Onslow
5051:Halévy
5019:France
5000:Reicha
4990:Dvořák
4959:Mahler
4954:Hummel
4949:Czerny
4845:Isaacs
4825:Geijer
4759:Lowell
4749:Irving
4729:Cooper
4724:Bryant
4666:Russia
4601:Njegoš
4596:Kostić
4591:Jakšić
4584:Serbia
4514:Norwid
4489:Fredro
4481:Poland
4451:Seward
4341:Uhland
4331:Schwab
4321:Mörike
4311:Kleist
4266:Goethe
4261:Fouqué
4210:Nodier
4205:Nerval
4200:Musset
4152:France
4142:Varela
4137:Taunay
4122:Macedo
4070:Brazil
4020:Ossian
3947:Themes
3786:Poland
3781:Norway
3763:France
3684:(1841)
3676:(1841)
3668:(1840)
3660:(1838)
3645:(1837)
3623:(1836)
3620:Sashka
3615:(1836)
3596:(1835)
3588:(1831)
3580:(1830)
3561:(1840)
3553:(1836)
3223:
3195:
3015:
2841:
2747:
2582:, p. 4
2542:(p. 5)
2075:(1837)
2014:(1840)
1982:(1838)
1966:(1837)
1958:(1837)
1939:Sashka
1809:Dramas
1693:Legacy
1660:Sashka
1450:Sashka
1277:Mashuk
1203:, 1841
1121:Mtsyri
1106:ad lib
1069:, the
913:Tiflis
893:Herzen
877:Grodno
862:Tiflis
851:, 1837
849:Tiflis
824:cornet
469:Uvarov
461:Goethe
341:Moscow
272:Moscow
143:, pre-
119:Period
69:Moscow
6087:Bacon
5996:Rosen
5991:Ricks
5986:Nancy
5946:Blume
5941:Bloom
5863:Stroy
5848:Saleh
5843:Runge
5793:Lampi
5778:Jones
5768:Hayez
5703:Corot
5668:Blake
5635:Tieck
5625:Staël
5550:Larra
5535:Hegel
5490:Burke
5448:Grieg
5438:Field
5433:Elgar
5416:Other
5249:Verdi
5207:Italy
5198:Liszt
5188:Hubay
5173:Erkel
5157:Weber
5142:Spohr
5102:Loewe
5092:Bruch
5056:Méhul
5046:Fauré
5036:Auber
5031:Alkan
4890:Raffi
4860:Mácha
4850:Lenau
4800:Botev
4773:Other
4625:Spain
4560:Dinis
4446:Scott
4421:Keats
4401:Clare
4391:Byron
4386:Burns
4366:Blake
4351:Great
4336:Tieck
4291:Heine
4286:Hauff
4220:Vigny
4215:Staël
4175:Dumas
4097:Assis
4092:Alves
4077:Abreu
4030:Rhine
3933:Ultra
3776:Japan
3673:Demon
3604:Poems
3569:Plays
3243:. In
3044:1 May
1995:Demon
1924:Mongo
1858:Poems
1775:Vadim
1769:Prose
1580:Demon
1563:Demon
1460:Gogol
1415:Vadim
1380:Works
1323:thus:
1309:]
1230:Death
1141:Kuban
1075:salon
887:. In
858:Kumyk
481:Byron
438:Penza
351:(now
129:Genre
5961:Frye
5888:Ward
5883:Veit
5838:Rude
5788:Koch
5763:Gude
5758:Goya
5708:Dahl
5698:Cole
5026:Adam
4974:Wolf
4717:U.S.
4616:Zmaj
4246:Beer
4185:Hugo
4132:Reis
4112:Dias
3976:Hero
3911:Post
3872:Jena
3842:Dark
3221:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3100:2016
3072:2016
3046:2011
3013:ISBN
2968:2014
2946:2012
2839:ISBN
2758:2013
2745:ISBN
2655:2013
2562:p. 6
2510:2013
2425:2012
2400:2013
2319:2012
1492:and
1429:the
1211:and
1158:auls
1145:Laba
1143:and
1041:duel
895:and
753:and
731:and
622:and
505:serf
463:and
447:and
303:and
287:and
245:O.S.
241:O.S.
84:O.S.
79:Died
64:O.S.
57:Born
5458:Sor
5331:Cui
4764:Poe
3897:Pre
3892:Neo
3390:on
3301:at
3283:at
1711:MS
1462:'s
868:to
355:in
194:ɛər
6152::
6113:←
3166:.
3134:.
3116:.
3088:.
3063:.
2984:.
2929:^
2891:^
2875:^
2813:^
2797:^
2779:^
2709:^
2675:^
2617:^
2600:^
2433:^
2408:^
2327:^
2293:^
2265:^
2254:.
1662:.
1573:.
1500:,
1470:.
1445:.
1307:de
956:.
923:,
769:.
747:,
618:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
555:,
551:,
547:,
543:,
483:.
267:.
235::
231:;
215:,-
209:ɔː
95:,
91:,
71:,
6126:→
3731:e
3724:t
3717:v
3694:"
3687:"
3648:"
3633:"
3626:"
3526:e
3519:t
3512:v
3229:.
3201:.
3170:.
3138:.
3120:.
3102:.
3074:.
3048:.
3021:.
2988:.
2970:.
2948:.
2915:.
2902:.
2886:.
2870:.
2857:.
2824:.
2808:.
2792:.
2774:.
2760:.
2657:.
2595:.
2512:.
2427:.
2402:.
2321:.
2260:.
2194:"
1800:(
1788:"
1642:"
1535:"
687:.
319:"
227:/
224:f
221:ɒ
218:t
212:f
206:t
203:n
200:ə
197:m
191:l
188:ˈ
185:/
181:(
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.