2093:. In his openings research Botvinnik did not aim to produce tactical tricks that would only be effective once, but rather systems in which he aimed to understand typical positions and their possibilities better than his rivals. His advice to his pupils included "My theory of the openings fitted into one notebook" and "You don't have to know that which everyone knows, but it is important to know that which not everyone knows." In fact he used different notebooks in different periods, and copied a few analyses from one notebook to the next. The "Soviet School of Chess" that dominated competition from 1945 to about 2000 followed Botvinnik's approach to preparation and to openings research; and, although Soviet players had their own preferred styles of play, they adopted his combative approach and willingness to ignore "classical" principles if doing so offered credible prospects of a lasting advantage.
2116:. Botvinnik was not an infallible spotter of chess talent: although he said of the 11-year-old Kasparov, "The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man", he said on first seeing Karpov, "The boy doesn't have a clue about chess, and there's no future at all for him in this profession." But Karpov recounts fondly his youthful memories of the Botvinnik school and credits Botvinnik's training, especially the homework he assigned, with a marked improvement in his own play. Kasparov presents Botvinnik almost as a kind of father figure, going some way towards balancing the common public perception of Botvinnik as dour and aloof; and Kasparov inherited Botvinnik's emphasis on preparation, research and innovation. Botvinnik was still playing a major teaching role in his late 70s, when Kramnik entered the school, and made a favorable impression on his pupil.
984:. According to Botvinnik, Alekhine was most interested in playing an opponent who could raise the funds. After consulting the nearest available Soviet officials, Botvinnik discreetly challenged Alekhine, who promptly accepted, subject to conditions that would enable him to acclimatize in Russia and get some high-quality competitive practice a few months before the match. In Botvinnik's opinion, Alekhine was partly motivated by the desire for a reconciliation with the Soviet authorities, so that he could again visit his homeland. The match, including funding, was authorised at the highest Soviet political level in January 1939; however, a letter of confirmation was only sent two months later – in Botvinnik's opinion, because of opposition by his Soviet rivals, especially those who had become prominent before the
1195:, and in 1958 he won the rematch in Moscow; Smyslov said his health was poor during the return match. In 1960, Botvinnik was convincingly beaten 8½–12½ at Moscow by Tal, now 23 years old, but again exercised his right to a rematch in 1961, and won by 13–8 in Moscow. Commentators agreed that Tal's play was weaker in the rematch, probably due to his health, but also that Botvinnik's play was better than in the 1960 match, largely due to thorough preparation. Botvinnik changed his style in the rematch, avoiding the tactical complications in which Tal excelled and aiming for closed positions and endgames, where Tal's technique was not outstanding. Finally, in 1963, he lost the title to
1462:, winning only in the final cycle after the outcome of the tournament had been decided, suspicions have sometimes been raised that Keres was forced to "throw" games to allow Botvinnik to win the Championship. Chess historian Taylor Kingston investigated all the available evidence and arguments, and concluded that: Soviet chess officials gave Keres strong hints that he should not hinder Botvinnik's attempt to win the World Championship; Botvinnik only discovered this about half-way through the tournament and protested so strongly that he angered Soviet officials; Keres probably did not deliberately lose games to Botvinnik or anyone else in the tournament.
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1215:; and he had also performed poorly in Soviet training contests. However, he lost only five of over thirty games in the two tournaments; three of the four who finished ahead of him in the 1951 championship were future world champions Smyslov and Petrosian and a leading world championship contender (and winner in both tournaments) Paul Keres; and he finished ahead of Petrosian and even with Smyslov in 1952. Botvinnik did not play in the Soviet team that won the 1952
2172:(checking all possible moves) several moves deep and today's vastly more powerful computers do this well enough to beat human world champions. However, his PIONEER program contained a generalized method of decision-making that, with a few adjustments, enabled it to plan maintenance of power stations all over the USSR. On September 7, 1991 Botvinnik was awarded an honorary degree in mathematics of the University of Ferrara (Italy) for his work on computer chess.
1416:. With World War II under way by this time, and the strong possibility of little or no chess practice for some time in the future, Botvinnik seems to have prevailed upon the Soviet chess leadership to hold another tournament "in order to clarify the situation". This wound up being the 1941 Absolute Championship of the USSR, which featured the top six finishers from the 1940 event, playing each other four times. After a personal appeal to the defence minister,
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917:, England. Krylenko authorised his participation and, to help Botvinnik play at his best, allowed Botvinnik's wife to accompany him – a privilege rarely extended to chess players at any time in Soviet history. Taking Lasker's advice, Botvinnik arrived ten days before play started. Although his Soviet rivals forecast disaster for him, he scored an undefeated shared first place (+6=8) with Capablanca, ½ point ahead of current World Champion
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365:, which controlled admissions, had a policy of admitting only children of engineers and industrial workers. After an appeal by a local chess official, he was admitted in 1928 to Leningrad University's Mathematics Department. In January 1929, Botvinnik played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow. Leningrad won and the team manager, who was also deputy chairman of the
369:, secured Botvinnik a transfer to the Polytechnic's Electromechanical Department, where he was one of only four students who entered straight from school. As a result, he had to do a whole year's work in five months, and failed one of the examinations. Early in the same year he placed joint third in the semi-final stage of the USSR Championship, and thus failed to reach the final stage.
1502:, in a 22-game series. Petrosian, almost 20 years younger, wore out the 52 year old Botvinnik in a series of protracted games, most of them over 40 moves, including six consecutive draws. The defending champion played poorly in games 18 and 19, and the match ended with three short draws. Petrosian thus claimed the world championship with a score of +5−2=15.
1024:, who had tied for first place, but had no achievements in international competition. The official's efforts led to a tournament for the title of "Absolute Champion of the USSR", whose official aim was to identify a Soviet challenger for Alekhine's title. The contestants were the top six finishers in the Soviet Championship – Bondarevsky, Lilienthal,
1986:– often long-term positional sacrifices whose purpose was not to force an immediate win, but to improve his position and undermine his opponent's. Botvinnik was also capable of all-out sacrificial attacks when he thought the position justified it. Botvinnik saw himself as a "universal player" (all-rounder), in contrast to an all-out attacker like
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338:. On his return, he entertained his schoolmates with a vivid account of the rough sea journey back to Russia. Botvinnik was commissioned to annotate two games from the match, and the fact that his analyses were to be published made him aware of the need for objectivity. In December 1926, he became a candidate member of his school's
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1517:. Botvinnik evaded this "request" by saying that he wanted to write his own letter denouncing Korchnoi. By this time, however, his importance had waned and officials would not give him this "privilege", so Botvinnik's name did not appear on the group letter – an outcome Botvinnik may have foreseen. Bronstein and
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Botvinnik strongly influenced the design of the system which would be used for World
Championship competition from 1948 to 1963. Viktor Baturinsky wrote: "Now came Botvinnik's turn to defend his title in accordance with the new qualifying system which he himself had outlined in 1946." (This statement
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In the evenings, Botvinnik wrote a book in which he annotated all the games of the "Absolute
Championship of the USSR", in order to maintain his analytic skills in readiness for a match with Alekhine. His work included wood-cutting for fuel, which left him with insufficient energy for chess analysis.
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title. The highest-level chess officials in the Soviet Union opposed this on the grounds that
Botvinnik stood little chance against such a strong international opponent. In spite of this attempt to dissuade him, Krylenko insisted on staging the match, saying that "We have to know our real strength."
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By character they were absolutely opposites," their only child, Olga, recalled in 2012. Gayane was religious, while
Botvinnik was fond of saying, "I am an atheist and a communist in the spirit of the first communist on earth, Jesus Christ." He reveled in his "hard character." She was apolitical. He
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in managing the Soviet economy. Botvinnik's research on chess-playing programs concentrated on "selective searches", which used general chess principles to decide which moves were worth considering. This was the only feasible approach for the primitive computers available in the Soviet Union in the
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Though ranking as formal World
Champion, Botvinnik had a relatively poor playing record in the early 1950s: he played no formal competitive games after winning the 1948 match tournament until he defended his title, then struggled to draw his 1951 championship match with Bronstein, placed only fifth
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Botvinnik took an early lead in the 1940 USSR Championship, but faded badly in the later stages, eventually sharing fifth place. He attributed this to the unaccustomed difficulty of concentrating in a party-like atmosphere filled with noise and tobacco smoke. Botvinnik wrote to a friendly official,
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In autumn 1923, at the age of twelve, Botvinnik was taught chess by a school friend of his older brother, using a home-made set, and instantly fell in love with the game. He finished in mid-table in the school championship, sought advice from another of his brother's friends, and concluded that for
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was established in 1948, reigning champions had to play the strongest contender every three years, and successful title defenses became less common than in the pre-World War II years, when the titleholder could select his challenger. Despite this, Botvinnik held the world title for a longer period
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The Soviet Union regarded chess as a symbol of
Communist superiority, and hence the Soviet chess world was extremely politicized. As Botvinnik was the first world-class player produced by the Soviet Union, everything he said or did (or did not say or do) had political repercussions, and there were
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in order to strengthen his claim for a title match with
Alekhine, but this received no political support. In December 1943, he won the Moscow Championship, ahead of Smyslov. At the same time, opposition to his plan for a match with Alekhine re-surfaced, on the grounds that Alekhine was a political
1066:. The family found an apartment there, and Botvinnik obtained a job with the local electricity supply organization – at the lowest pay rate and on condition that he did no research, as he had only a Candidate's degree. Botvinnik's only child, a daughter named Olya, was born in Perm in April 1942.
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at home, and
Mikhail and his older brother Isaak "Issy" attended Soviet schools. Botvinnik later recounted, "I was asked once, "What do you consider yourself to be from the point of view of nationality?" My reply was, "Yes, my position is 'complicated'. I am a Jew by blood, a Russian by culture,
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system is sensitive to the length of the periods being compared but places
Botvinnik third in a comparison of players' best individual years (1946 for Botvinnik) and sixth in a comparison of fifteen-year periods (1935–1949 in Botvinnik's case). In 2005, Chessmetrics' creator Jeff Sonas wrote an
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alleged that this was done at the urging of the two Soviet representatives in FIDE, who were personal friends of
Botvinnik. Averbakh also claims that Botvinnik's friends were behind FIDE's decision in 1956 to limit the number of players from the same country that could compete in the Candidates
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Botvinnik's example and teaching established the modern approach to preparing for competitive chess: regular but moderate physical exercise; analysing very thoroughly a relatively narrow repertoire of openings; annotating one's own games, those of past great players and those of competitors;
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During the last few years of his life, Botvinnik personally financed his economic computer project that he hoped would be used to manage the Russian economy. He kept actively working on the program until his death and financing the work from the money he made for the lectures and seminars he
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publishing one's annotations so that others can point out any errors; studying strong opponents to discover their strengths and weaknesses; ruthless objectivity about one's own strengths and weaknesses. Botvinnik also played many short training matches against strong grandmasters including
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In spring 1939, Botvinnik won the USSR Championship, and his book on the tournament described the approach to preparation which he had been developing since 1933. One striking feature of this was emphasis on opening preparation in order to gain a permanent positional advantage in the
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him it was better to think out "concrete concepts" and then derive general principles from these – and went on to beat his brother's friend quite easily. In winter 1924, Botvinnik won his school's championship, and exaggerated his age by three years in order to become a member of the
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quickly authorised the tournament. This was played in Moscow in June 1936, and Botvinnik finished second, one point behind Capablanca and 2½ ahead of Flohr. However, he took consolation from the fact the Soviet Union's best had held their own against top-class competition.
1490:'s chronic kidney problems contributed to his defeat in his 1961 return match with Botvinnik, and his doctors in Riga advised that he should postpone the match for health reasons. Averbakh claimed that Botvinnik would agree to a postponement only if Tal was certified unfit by
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and two ahead of Smyslov. He and Euwe both struggled in the last few rounds, and Botvinnik had a narrow escape against Euwe, who he acknowledged had always been a difficult opponent for him. This was Botvinnik's first outright victory in a tournament outside the Soviet Union.
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The following table gives Botvinnik's placings and scores in tournaments. The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.
211:, making a significant contribution to the design of the World Chess Championship system after World War II and becoming a leading member of the coaching system that enabled the Soviet Union to dominate top-class chess during that time. His pupils include World Champions
933:. This was the first tournament victory by a Soviet master outside his own country. When the result reached Russia, Krylenko drafted a letter to be sent in Botvinnik's name to Stalin. On returning to Russia, Botvinnik discovered he had been awarded the "Mark of Honour".
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doctors, and that Tal then decided to play. The 1961 world championship lasted 21 games and Botvinnik won ten of them, for a total score of +10−5=6, reclaiming the title he had lost a year earlier and becoming the oldest winner of a FIDE world championship match at 50.
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In 1954, he wrote an article about inciting socialist revolution in western countries, aiming to spread communism without a third world war. And in 1960 Botvinnik wrote a letter to the Soviet Government proposing economic reforms that were contrary to party policy.
1044:, included training matches in noisy, smoky rooms and he slept in the playing room, without opening the window. He won the tournament, 2½ points ahead of Keres and three ahead of Smyslov; moreover, with plus scores in the "mini-matches" against all his rivals.
1543:, writing in 1976, observed that Botvinnik was at or near the top of the chess world for thirty years—from 1933, when he drew a match against Flohr, to 1963, when he lost the world championship for the final time, to Petrosian—"a feat equaled historically only by
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said that: Stalin would not have given orders that Keres should lose to Botvinnik; Smyslov would probably have been the candidate most preferred by officials; Keres was under severe psychological stress as a result of the multiple invasions of his home country,
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article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of "world number one" players, some not based on Chessmetrics; and Botvinnik generally emerged as one of the top six (the greatest exceptions were in criteria related to tournament results).
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paid a visit, hoping to play a game against the new champion. Tal was met by Botvinnik's wife, who said the champion was asleep, and that she had made him take a rest from chess. In 1950, Botvinnik was one of the inaugural recipients of the
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In 1920, his mother became ill and his father left the family, but maintained contact with the children, even after his second marriage to a Russian woman. At about the same time, Botvinnik started reading newspapers, and became a committed
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declined, at its annual congress in 1965, to grant a losing champion the automatic right to a rematch. He remained involved with competitive chess, appearing in several highly rated tournaments and continuing to produce memorable games.
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for the Candidate's degree, obtaining this in June 1937, after his supervisor described the dissertation as "short and good", and the first work in its field. As a result of his efforts, he missed the 1937 Soviet championship, won by
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enemy and the only proper course was to demand that he be stripped of the title. The dispute ended in Botvinnik's favor, and in the dismissal of a senior chess official, one of those to have opposed Botvinnik's plan, who was also a
1982:, and was often willing to accept weaknesses that his opponent could not exploit in exchange for some advantage that he could exploit. He confessed that he was relatively weak in tactical calculation, yet many of his games feature
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This may seem surprising in the light of Botvinnik's results in the 1950s and early 1960s, when he failed to win a world championship match outright (as reigning champion) and his tournament results were patchy. But after the FIDE
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that was reasonably good at finding the right move in difficult positions, but it often missed the right move in simple positions, e.g. where it was possible to checkmate in two moves. This "selective" approach turned out to be a
2134:, another grandmaster). He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour for his work on power stations in the Urals during World War II (while he was also establishing himself as the world's strongest chess player). He earned his
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Engineering was as much of a passion for Botvinnik as chess – at Nottingham in 1936, where he had his first major tournament win outside the USSR, he said "I wish I could do what he's done in electrical engineering" (referring to
953:, who was then nearly fifty. Later in 1937, Botvinnik drew a match of thirteen games against Levenfish. Botvinnik challenged Levenfish, writing that Krylenko, angered by Botvinnik's absence from the tournament, ordered the match.
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in May 1995. According to his daughter, Botvinnik remained active until the last few months of his life, and continued to go to work until March 1995 despite blindness in one of his eyes (and extremely poor vision in the other).
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Botvinnik generally sought tense positions with chances for both sides; hence his results were often better with the Black pieces as he could avoid lines that were likely to produce draws. He had a strong grasp of long-term
1625:. Botvinnik also became world champion at the relatively late age of 37, because World War II brought international competition to a virtual halt for six years; and he was 52 years old when he finally lost his title (only
1107:
1219:
in Helsinki: the players voted for the line-up and placed Botvinnik on second board, with Keres on top board; Botvinnik protested and refused to play. Keres' playing record from 1950 to early 1952 had been outstanding.
1390:, who was also in charge of Soviet chess, proposed that Ilya Rabinovich should deliberately lose to Botvinnik, to ensure that Botvinnik took first place. Botvinnik refused, saying "... then I will myself put a piece
1455:" of chess), had already proposed a World Championship tournament before the Groningen tournament began, and at this stage the Soviet Union was not a member and therefore took no part in framing that proposal.
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The sources agree that Botvinnik was only two points short of white-washing his opposition, but disagree about the number of games played. There is a full tournament table giving Botvinnik a score of 15/17 at
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He later reported to Krylenko that the 1935 tournament made it difficult to judge the strength of the top Soviet players, as it included a mixture of top-class and weaker players. Botvinnik advocated a double
327:. Botvinnik was selected as one of his opponents, and won his game. In 1926, he reached the final stage of the Leningrad championship. Later that year, he was selected for Leningrad's team in a match against
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said his arrival only two hours before the first round began was a serious mistake and that he should have allowed ten days for acclimatization. Botvinnik wrote that he did not make this mistake again.
1420:, Botvinnik was exempted from war work for three days a week in order to concentrate on chess preparations. He won this tournament convincingly, and thus reclaimed his position as the USSR's top player.
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After Botvinnik won the 1944 and 1945 Soviet championships, most top Soviet players supported his desire for a World Championship match with Alekhine. However, the allegations that Alekhine had written
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Botvinnik used what he regarded as the first version of his method of preparing for a contest, but fell two games behind by the end of the first six, played in Moscow. However, aided by his old friend
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in electrical engineering in 1951. In 1956, he joined the Research Institute for Electrical Energy as a senior research scientist. In 1960 he published a book on Asynchronized Synchronous Machines
2013:
I mentioned this and even compared Botvinnik with a bulldozer, which sweeps away everything in its path. Keres smiled and said: 'But can you imagine what it was like to play him when he was young?'"
1231:, writing "these games had a definite significance for me". In 1956, he tied for first place with Smyslov in the 1956 Alexander Alekhine Memorial in Moscow, despite a last-round loss to Keres.
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over 24 games in Moscow, +7−7=10, again retaining the title. In 1957, he lost to Smyslov by 9½–12½ in Moscow, but the rules then in force allowed him a rematch without having to go through the
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title for this achievement, yet he was later stripped of it, when it was thought more politically correct to make Botvinnik the first official Soviet GM (as distinct from the then-nonexistent
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over 24 games in Moscow, +5−5=14, keeping the world title, but it was a struggle for Botvinnik, who won the second-last game and drew the last in order to tie the match. In 1954, he drew with
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Botvinnik won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1952, bringing his total to six. In 1945, he dominated the tournament, scoring 15/17; however, in 1952 he tied with
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event featuring the top five Soviet players and the five strongest non-Soviet players available. Despite politicking over the Soviet choices, both Krylenko and the Central Committee of the
346:
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M.M. Botvinnik: Asynchronized Synchronous Machines: 1960 Moscow, Translated by L.A.Thompson, International Series of Monographs on Electronics and Instrumentation, Pergamon Press 1964
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and Emanuel Lasker were older when they were defeated). Botvinnik's best years were from 1935 to 1946; during that period he dominated Soviet chess; and the USSR's 15½–4½ win in the
1465:
Bronstein insinuated that Soviet officials pressured him to lose in the 1951 world championship match so that Botvinnik would keep the title, but comments by Botvinnik's second,
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branch. Around this time his mother became concerned about his poor physique, and as a result he started a programme of daily exercise, which he maintained for most of his life.
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final stage in 1927 as the youngest player ever at that time, tied for fifth and sixth places and gained the title of master. He wanted to study Electrical Technology at the
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In the 1980s, Botvinnik proposed a computer program to manage the Soviet economy. However, his proposals did not receive significant attention from the Soviet government.
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When Botvinnik finished the school curriculum, he was below the minimum age for the entrance examinations for higher education. While waiting, he qualified for his first
1271:, where he won the bronze with 9/12, playing board 2 as he had lost his title to Petrosian. Overall, in six Olympiads, he scored 54½/73 for an outstanding 74.6 percent.
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Botvinnik held the world title, with two brief interruptions, for the next fifteen years, during which he played seven world championship matches. In 1951, he drew with
2077:
in response to 1.d4. While Botvinnik did not use a wide range of openings, he made major contributions to those he did use, for example: the Botvinnik Variation of the
1263:, he played board two behind Mikhail Tal, having lost his title to Tal earlier that year, but he won the board two gold medal with 10½/13. He was back on board one for
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and coach Abram Model, he leveled the score in Leningrad and the match was drawn. When describing the post-match party, Botvinnik wrote that at the time he danced the
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after the publication of further evidence which he summarizes in his third article. In a subsequent two-part interview with Kingston, Soviet grandmaster and official
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Here are Botvinnik's results in matches. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.
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said, "Botvinnik's chess career was the way of a genius, although he was not a genius", meaning that Botvinnik was brilliant at making the best use of his talents.
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1965, he struggled on board two with only 3½/8. Both times the Soviet Union won the team gold medals. Botvinnik played one of the final events of his career at the
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pawn openings with the white pieces. In his eight World Championship matches, he never started a game with an e4-opening, and his usual choices as White were the
5448:
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Botvinnik played relatively poorly in the very strong 1940 Soviet Championship, finishing in a tie for fifth/sixth places, with 11½/19, two full points behind
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had by then altered the rules, and he was not allowed a rematch. The rematch rule had been nicknamed the "Botvinnik rule" because he twice benefited from it.
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5602:
Grandmaster Tal tells a different version of events in his autobiography, "The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal". 1997. Reprint ed. Everyman Chess, 2013, p. 21.
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and Moscow. He won the 1948 tournament convincingly—with a score of 14/20, three points clear—becoming the sixth World Champion. While he was on vacation in
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In 1935, Botvinnik married Gayane Davidovna Ananova, of Armenian descent, who was the daughter of his algebra and geometry teacher. She was a student at the
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806:'s plan to develop a new generation of Soviet masters had borne fruit. He and other young masters successfully requested the support of a senior Leningrad
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Botvinnik was selected for the Soviet Olympiad team from 1954 to 1964 inclusively, and helped his team to gold medal finishes each of those six times. At
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he was on board one and won the gold medal with 8½/11. Then at home for Moscow 1956, he was again board one, and scored 9½/13 for the bronze medal. For
2089:(both the Panov–Botvinnik Attack for White and various approaches for Black), the Winawer Variation of the French Defense, the Botvinnik System in the
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1337:) in 1981. A staunch Communist, he was noticeably shaken by the collapse of the Soviet Union and lost some of his standing in Russian chess during the
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programs and to assist with the training of younger Soviet players, earning him the nickname of "Patriarch of the Soviet Chess School" (see below).
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Chess Assembly – to which its president turned a blind eye. Botvinnik won his first two tournaments organized by the Assembly. Shortly afterwards,
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Tournament, and that this was to Botvinnik's advantage as it reduced the number of Soviet players he might have to meet in the title match.
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In 1933, Botvinnik repeated his Soviet Championship win, in his home city of Leningrad, with 14/19, describing the results as evidence that
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in the tournament, won the play-off match). He included several wins from that tournament over the 1952 Soviet team members in his book
881:, but Botvinnik objected that "titles were not the point." However, he accepted a free car and a 67% increase in his postgraduate study
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384:, which was then regarded as inferior for Black, but Botvinnik analysed it more deeply and played this variation with great success.
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Botvinnik was the first world-class player to develop within the Soviet Union. He also played a major role in the organization of
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5578:, by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, p. 2, translated by Bernard Cafferty; Batsford Publishers, London 1972
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deep (i.e. A's move, B's move, A's move, B's move) if they tried to examine every variation. Botvinnik eventually developed an
2009:
Kasparov quotes Tigran Petrosian as saying, "There was a very unpleasant feeling of inevitability. Once in a conversation with
1124:
articles while in Nazi-occupied France made it difficult to host the match in the USSR. Botvinnik opened negotiations with the
308:, began building a huge nationwide chess organization, and the Assembly was replaced by a club in the city's Palace of Labour.
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until 1970, by which time Botvinnik's strength had been declining for several years. According to unofficial calculations by
854:
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Botvinnik won the Leningrad Masters' tournament in 1930 with a score of 6½/8, following this up the next year by winning the
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1423:
Bronstein claimed that at the end of the 1946 Groningen tournament, a few months after the death of reigning world champion
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6764:, by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, translated by Bernard Cafferty, Batsford Publishers, London 1972
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considered Botvinnik's collection of best games one of the three most beautiful up to the mid-1950s (the other two were
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On the basis of his strong results during and just after World War II, Botvinnik was one of five players to contest the
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In 1963, Botvinnik founded his own school within the Soviet coaching system, and its graduates include world champions
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In 1956, FIDE changed the world championship rules so that a defeated champion would have the right to a return match.
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Botvinnik retired from competitive play in 1970, aged 59, preferring instead to occupy himself with the development of
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Botvinnik obtained from Molotov an order that he should be given three days off normal work in order to study chess.
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1934–35, Botvinnik achieved only a tie for 5th–6th places, with 5/9. He wrote that, in London after the tournament,
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and passed the entrance examination; however, there was a persistent excess of applications for this course and the
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and his mother, Shifra (Serafima) Rabinovich (1876–1952), a dentist, which allowed the family to live outside the
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Championship Chess : Match Tournament for the Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR, Leningrad-Moscow 1941
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Film newsreel about a simultaneous display of Salo Flohr and Mikhail Botvinnik, Hilversum (NL), 1 January 1964
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was an ardent Marxist. As time went by, she found it hard to deal with the stress that he seemed to thrive on.
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for Power Stations, an admirer and subsequent good friend. On his return, Botvinnik suggested a match with
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official in arranging contests involving both Soviet and foreign players, as there had been none since the
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proved that the USSR's top players were considerably better than those from the US (who had dominated
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Botvinnik wrote that before the last round of the 1935 Moscow tournament, Soviet Commissar of Justice
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in Moscow, scoring 13½ out of 17. He commented that the field was not very strong, as some of the pre-
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At first sight Botvinnik's opening play looks unpromising, but he knew how his attack would develop.
1028:(whose home country, Estonia, had recently been annexed by the Soviet Union), future World Champion
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Botvinnik placed first equal with Flohr, ½ point ahead of Lasker and one point ahead of
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Soviet chess championship, 1941: Complete text of games with detailed notes & an introduction
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attack: 1...Rxh3+ 2.gxh3 d4 and White resigned, as he could not stop ...Qd5 and mate next move.
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to join him in a tournament to decide the new world champion, but other evidence suggests that
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When the Second World War ended, Botvinnik won the first high-level post-war tournament, at
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Return Match for the World Chess Championship: Mikhail Botvinnik – Mikhail Tal, Moscow 1961
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His early progress was fairly rapid, mostly under the training of Soviet Master and coach
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Click Botvinnik's name and a pop-up appears that summarises his Olympiad playing record.
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1612:, Botvinnik was the highest-rated player from 1937 to 1954, peaking about 2730 in 1946.
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in Moscow in 1963, Botvinnik withdrew from the following World Championship cycle after
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In 1943, after a two-year lay-off from competitive chess, Botvinnik won a tournament in
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Match for the World Chess Championship Mikhail Botvinnik-David Bronstein Moscow 1951
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to host the match in England, but these were cut short by Alekhine's death in 1946.
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In the 1950s Botvinnik became interested in computers, at first mainly for playing
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were restricted at the time. As a result, Botvinnik grew up in Saint Petersburg's
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5910:"Did the Soviets Collude?: A Statistical Analysis of Championship Chess 1940–64"
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In 1938, the world's top eight players met in the Netherlands to compete in the
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Botvinnik also played twice for the USSR in the European Team Championship. At
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Keres vs. Botvinnik, USSR Absolute Championship 1941, Nimzoindian Defense, 0–1
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regards this as one of the fifty strongest tournaments between 1851 and 1986.
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Soviet by upbringing."" On his religious views, he called himself an atheist.
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concludes that Botvinnik was the fourth strongest player of all time: behind
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rumors that Soviet opponents were given hints that they should not beat him.
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Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 3: 1957–1970 – Analytical & Critical Works
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Shortly afterwards, Botvinnik was urged to return to Moscow by the People's
1054:. Botvinnik's wife Gayane, a ballerina, told him that her colleagues at the
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Digital phoenix: why the information economy collapsed and how it will rise
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This is the English translation. The Rabinovich incident is summarized at
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also competed, but scored only 1/3 as he then retired from the tournament.
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Botvinnik, M.M.; Garry, S. (1960) . "Results in Tournaments and Matches".
972:, whose winner was supposed to get a title match with the World Champion,
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6278:, referring to the late 1940s, said "Botvinnik was a killer in chess." –
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1995:
1987:
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988:– and the outbreak of World War II prevented a World Championship match.
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7288:"Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83"
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4462:"Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83"
913:
In early winter, 1936, Botvinnik was invited to play in a tournament at
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818:, one of the older Soviet masters and a member of the Soviet embassy in
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masters were absent. In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in
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and resign". The game was drawn, and Botvinnik shared first place with
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24:
6931:"Michail Botvinnik: un programma "intelligente" per giocare a scacchi"
6045:"The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence"
5892:"The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence"
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had won the 1929 Soviet Championship and was granted the first Soviet
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commenting that the champion was to be the winner of a match between
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a piece to expose Black's king, Botvinnik played 1.Bh5+ and Yudovich
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To test the strength of Soviet chess masters, Krylenko organized the
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August 4] 1911 – May 5, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian
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In 1976, Soviet grandmasters were asked to sign a letter condemning
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In 1963, Botvinnik played his last world championship match against
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since mate is inevitable, e.g. 1...Kxh5 2.Ng3+ Kg4 3.Qe4+ Rf4 4.Qxf4
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Botvinnik vs. Keres, Alekhine Memorial Tournament Moscow 1966, 1–0
2168:, as computers were powerful enough by the mid-1970s to perform a
1954:
1325:, was published in Russian in 1978, and in English translation as
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6463:
6058:
5543:
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5414:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played".
5317:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played".
5275:
5267:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played".
5252:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played".
5080:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match that was Never Played".
5039:
5037:
5021:
5019:
5017:
4548:
Revolution, Repression, and Revival. The Soviet Jewish Experience
1405:
after his victory at the great tournament in Nottingham in 1936.
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32:
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5814:
5793:
5770:"World Chess Championship: 1963 Petrosian-Botvinnik Title Match"
5614:"World Chess Championship: 1951 Botvinnik–Bronstein Title Match"
4917:
2270:
Matanovic, A.; Kazic, B.; Yudovich, M.; Botvinnik, M.M. (1974).
2155:
early 1960s, which were only capable of searching three or four
1207:
in the 1951 Soviet Championship, and tied for third in the 1952
188:
who held five world titles in three different reigns. The sixth
6508:
Secret Matches: The Unknown Training Games of Mikhail Botvinnik
4999:
4881:
Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion
4783:. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). pp. 234–43.
4712:
Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion
4579:
Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion
3983:
2979:
2254:
World Championship: The Return Match Botvinnik vs. Smyslov 1958
1458:
Since Keres lost his first four games against Botvinnik in the
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819:
107:
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6034:"The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II"
5953:"The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II"
5781:
5779:
5659:"World Chess Championship: 1958 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match"
5644:"World Chess Championship: 1957 Smyslov–Botvinnik Title Match"
5629:"World Chess Championship: 1954 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match"
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4699:. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. Pergamon Press. p. 178.
2509:
World Championship Return Match: Botvinnik V. Tal, Moscow 1961
6403:
6401:
6023:"The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part I"
5901:
5811:
4440:
Official Elo rating list published July 1971 – from Olimpbase
4328:
Botvinnik vs. Capablanca, AVRO 1938, Nimzoindian Defense, 1–0
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but he later also co-authored reports on the possible use of
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Botvinnik won the 1952 Soviet Championship (joint first with
208:
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6645:
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6596:
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5497:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Match-tournament, 1848".
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1961, he scored 6/9 for the gold medal on board one. But at
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4340:, Botvinnik demolishes a world title contender in 22 moves.
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410:. They had one daughter, named Olga, who was born in 1942.
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6398:
5714:
5708:"World Chess Championship: 1961 Botvinnik–Tal Title Match"
5693:"World Chess Championship: 1960 Tal–Botvinnik Title Match"
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on the c-file, a tactic on which Botvinnik wrote the book.
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and Vladimir Kramnik, and other top-class players such as
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Note the preface "The Russian and Soviet School of Chess"
6593:
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5482:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Garry, S. (1960) . "Nineteen-Fortysix".
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6361:"An Imaginative Tactician Who Was at Ease in Complexity"
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873:, held in 1935. After consulting Capablanca and Lasker,
235:
Botvinnik was born on August 17, 1911, in what was then
7057:
6371:
4795:"Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary"
4649:(2009). "A Journey to Immortality. Mikhail Botvinnik".
4323:
Botvinnik vs. Chekhover, Moscow 1935, Réti Opening, 1–0
2959:
Regional Committee of Educational Workers' Championship
1259:, he scored 9/12 for the silver medal on board one. At
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6013:
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5699:
5590:"World Chess Championship: 1948 FIDE Title Tournament"
5490:
5303:
4969:
4695:
Botvinnik, M.M (1981). "The Algorithm of Chess Play".
4675:
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4667:
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4663:
4358:
Denker vs. Botvinnik, US vs USSR radio match 1945, 0–1
2359:. Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, U.S.A: Chess Enterprises.
380:; Model taught Botvinnik the Winawer Variation of the
7315:
Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary
6714:
Karpov on Karpov: A Memoirs of a Chess World Champion
5734:
5684:
5178:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
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2393:
Botvinnik, M.M. (1996). Neat, K.; Stauss, E. (eds.).
331:, held in Sweden, and scored +1=1 against the future
227:
and is revered for his analytical approach to chess.
175:
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5915:. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from
5139:
4991:
Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "Postgraduate Study".
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4763:
4761:
4759:
1302:
After losing the world title for the final time, to
1171:
after the tournament, an eleven-year-old boy called
8200:
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
7185:
Curse of Kirsan: Adventures in the Chess Underworld
6223:
6113:"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2"
6076:"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2"
6065:"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1"
5907:
5839:
5431:"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1"
5114:
4660:
4459:
4000:Four players. Each opponent was played four times.
2554:
Computers in Chess: Solving Inexact Search Problems
2297:
775:In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first
296:, a devoted chess player and leading member of the
7220:
7201:
7163:
6891:
6281:"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History, Part 1"
5481:
5387:"The Greatest Tournaments in the History of Chess"
5105:
4801:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
2281:Anatoly Karpov: His Road to the World Championship
2061:. When playing the black pieces, he preferred the
1536:Comparison of top chess players throughout history
1480:Botvinnik asked to be allowed to play in the 1956
255:; his father, Moisei Botvinnik (1878–1931), was a
6838:"Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess"
6253:"The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV"
5866:"Extra Chess: Genna Sosonko, Russian Silhouettes"
5496:
5413:
5338:. American Federation of Astrology. p. 142.
5316:
5266:
5251:
5079:
5011:(to 1946), by Mikhail Botvinnik, Dover Publishers
4990:
4825:. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. pp. 23–39.
4756:
4748:Botvinnik, M.M.; Cafferty, B. "The Polytechnic".
4747:
4344:Tolush vs. Botvinnik, USSR Championship 1944, 0–1
3683:Defeated Taimanov in a play-off for first place.
1401:Botvinnik sent an effusive telegram of thanks to
315:. On a rest day during the event, world champion
8146:
6128:
5805:"Bronstein: I Played Chess For My Dad's Jailers"
5167:"Event Details: Moscow (URS Championship), 1945"
4684:. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. pp. 1–16.
1646:
424:
223:. He is often described as the patriarch of the
7147:Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games
7115:
7096:
6835:
6602:
6469:
6191:(2 ed.). Dover Publications. p. 263.
5932:
5820:
5200:
5191:
5046:Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games
4688:
4444:
2316:
944:Three weeks later, Botvinnik began work on his
814:. Soon afterwards, Botvinnik was informed that
204:. He also had a mathematics degree (honorary).
7035:
6702:
6442:"Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov"
6407:
6392:See the list of Botvinnik's games, especially
6257:Part IV gives links to the three earlier parts
5971:Paul Keres' Best Games, Volume 1: Closed Games
5665:
5164:But Chessmetrics says the score was 16/18, at
4550:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 113–119.
4512:. Harvard University Press. pp. 180–181.
4374:Botvinnik shows his superior understanding of
2841:Northwest Provincial Championship, Semi-finals
853:In his first tournament outside the USSR, the
822:, had arranged a match between Botvinnik and
7455:
7441:
6928:
6862:"Chess Programming Part III: Move Generation"
6859:
6559:
6174:"English Lessons (Remembering M.M.Botvinnik)"
4655:My mother was two years older than my father.
2936:Regional Metalworkers' Committee Championship
2507:Botvinnik, M.M. (2004). Botvinnik, I. (ed.).
2321:. Translated by Cafferty, B. Pergamon Press.
1529:
1348:attended, despite prominent health problems.
1156:referred to Botvinnik's 1951 title defence.)
1036:and Botvinnik – who were to play a quadruple
163:
7285:
7225:. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. Batsford.
7182:
6968:The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
6773:
6630:
6377:
6110:
6073:
6062:
6042:
6031:
6020:
5994:
5950:
5889:
5825:. Translated by Bernard Cafferty. Batsford.
5561:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5428:
5224:
5025:
4954:
4422:[mʲɪxɐˈilməɪˈsʲejɪvʲɪdʑbɐˈtvʲinʲːɪk]
2623:Botvinnik estimates "about 10th out of 16".
2214:Botvinnik, M.M. (1972). Cafferty, B. (ed.).
8185:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members
7003:
6674:
6439:
5968:
5539:
5537:
5535:
5533:
5449:"Groningen 1946: Defeat of the Two Leaders"
5043:
4878:
4859:
4709:
4576:
4360:Botvinnik uses the Botvinnik System in the
2984:6th USSR Chess Championship, Quarter-finals
1040:. Botvinnik's preparation with his second,
7448:
7434:
6708:
6501:
6234:"Peak Average Ratings: 15 year peak range"
5026:Golombek, H. (1959). "Triumphant Return".
3145:Masters' Tournament in House of Scientists
2433:Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 2: 1942–1956
2414:Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 1: 1925–1941
2355:Botvinnik, M.M. (1982). Marfia, J. (ed.).
1359:
50:
7168:. Moscow: Elk and Ruby Publishing House.
6736:
6651:
6355:
6250:
6213:"Peak Average Ratings: 1 year peak range"
5802:
5171:The difference is that Chessmetrics says
4937:"The Soviet Chess Championship 1920–1991"
4694:
4601:
4546:. In Gitelman, Zvi; Ro'i, Yaacov (eds.).
3335:11th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals
2551:
2532:
2506:
2487:
2468:
2449:
2430:
2411:
2392:
2373:
2354:
2335:
2278:
2260:
2251:
2233:Botvinnik, M.M. (1973). Garry, S. (ed.).
2232:
2213:
2186:
2124:
1551:". The statistical rating system used in
391:by 2½ points over former Soviet champion
7239:
6885:
6739:"Interview with Garry Kasparov – Part 1"
6171:
6156:
5787:"USSR first entered Chess Olympiad 1952"
5530:
5516:. Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 123.
5331:
5227:"Lev Khariton:The Battle That Never Was"
5028:Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess
3076:7th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals
3007:6th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals
2535:Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning
2450:Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.).
2431:Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.).
2412:Botvinnik, M.M. (2000). Neat, K. (ed.).
2016:
1238:
1103:
1006:
990:
963:
935:
929:, and 1 point ahead of ex-champion
891:
871:Moscow's second International Tournament
344:
93:, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
8295:Deaths from pancreatic cancer in Russia
7263:
7141:
6315:
6131:"An interesting tidbit from the latest
5446:
5284:
5030:. G. Bell & Sons. pp. 203–249.
4905:"Botvinnik vs. Yudovich, USSR Ch. 1933"
4645:
4503:
4386:Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968, 1–0
3430:Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR
1838:
1768:
1733:
1726:
887:People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry
595:
581:
567:
518:
511:
497:
476:
8147:
7206:. Translated by Stephen Garry. Dover.
6318:"Superb Strategist: Mikhail Botvinnik"
6041:Kingston published a further article,
5671:
5122:"Chess Matches: from Lopez to Kramnik"
4541:
3863:International Chess Congress (Premier)
3765:International Chess Congress (Premier)
1782:
1705:
877:proposed to award Botvinnik the title
588:
504:
8190:Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
7429:
7149:. New York: Dover. pp. 109–126.
6129:Monokroussos, D. (December 6, 2005).
5767:
5705:
5690:
5656:
5641:
5626:
5611:
5587:
5551:. London and New York: Cadogan Chess.
5511:
5149:"14th USSR Championship, Moscow 1945"
4820:
4679:
4420:
4388:A fireworks display starting with an
3240:Hastings International Chess Congress
2571:
2119:
1943:After tying up White's pieces on the
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1775:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1719:
1712:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1062:, then known as Molotov in honour of
940:Levenfish vs. Botvinnik (right), 1937
637:
630:
623:
616:
609:
602:
574:
560:
553:
546:
539:
532:
525:
490:
483:
469:
460:
7339:Interregnum of World Chess Champions
7269:The Rise and Fall of David Bronstein
6562:"Mikhail Botvinnik's Opening Course"
6536:"The Unfortunate Fate of Salo Flohr"
6296:
6186:
5422:
4960:
4934:
4775:
4602:Kovalchuk, Svetlana (January 2002).
2298:Botvinnik, M.M.; Estrin, Y. (1980).
1058:were being evacuated to the city of
16:Soviet chess grandmaster (1911–1995)
8205:Artificial intelligence researchers
8180:Chess players from Saint Petersburg
6962:
6473:Botvinnik vs Bronstein, Moscow 1951
6324:. Courier Dover. pp. 194–195.
5997:"Obituary : Mikhail Botvinnik"
5455:. Courier Dover. pp. 118–124.
4862:"8 Championship of Leningrad- 1931"
4821:Botvinnik, M.M. "The Polytechnic".
4460:Thomas, R. McG. Jr. (May 7, 1995).
3599:World Chess Championship Tournament
3214:Tournament including Euwe and Kmoch
2795:Leningrad Championship, Semi-finals
2263:Alekhine vs. Euwe return match 1937
1521:openly refused to sign the letter.
1234:
1143:Botvinnik also won the very strong
13:
7135:
6394:Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968
5514:An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess
4965:. André Deutsch. pp. 192–200.
4714:. McFarland & Co. p. 74.
4626:
4581:. McFarland & Co. p. 11.
2045:Botvinnik used almost exclusively
1621:than any of his successors except
1460:1948 World Championship tournament
1294:, as the USSR narrowly triumphed.
1284:Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World
413:
400:Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet
14:
8311:
8175:20th-century Russian male writers
7468:List of World Chess Championships
7299:
7271:. Elk and Ruby Publishing House.
6633:"Strategies of the Soviet School"
6143:cites the December 2005 issue of
5807:. United States Chess Federation.
5384:
4961:Fine, Reuben (1952). "Max Euwe".
4544:"The Jews of a Soviet Metropolis"
2864:Northwest Provincial Championship
2216:Botvinnik's best games, 1947–1970
2141:
1150:
976:. Botvinnik placed third, behind
793:Leningrad Polytechnical Institute
359:Leningrad Polytechnical Institute
8195:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
8128:
8119:
8118:
7223:Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970
7058:Winter, Edward G. (ed.) (1981).
6879:
6819:"Publications in Computer Games"
6802:
6762:Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970
6755:
6322:Combinations: the heart of chess
6019:Kingston wrote a 2-part series:
5823:Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970
5576:Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970
4316:
4006:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1684:
1229:Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970
1147:tournament held at Moscow 1947.
995:Capablanca vs. Botvinnik in 1936
636:
629:
622:
615:
608:
601:
594:
587:
580:
573:
566:
559:
552:
545:
538:
531:
524:
517:
510:
503:
496:
489:
482:
475:
468:
462:
247:, now the district of Repino in
8300:Burials at Novodevichy Cemetery
6776:"Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseevich"
6668:
6553:
6386:
6309:
6299:"USA vs USSR radio match, 1945"
6269:
6260:
6244:
6205:
6180:
6122:
6093:"Bronstein's fateful 23rd game"
5973:. London: Cadogan. p. xi.
5962:
5858:
5849:. olimpbase.org. Archived from
5596:
5569:
5505:
5453:Decisive Games in Chess History
5378:
5358:
5325:
5260:
5245:
4897:
4872:
4853:
4850:, RHM Press, 1975, introduction
4829:
4787:
4703:
4680:Botvinnik, M.M. "First Moves".
4639:
3938:Hoogovens (Grandmaster Section)
2357:Fifteen Games and Their Stories
2274:. Centar Za Unapredivanje Saha.
1635:international team competitions
1631:1945 radio match against the US
1427:, Botvinnik personally invited
160:Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik (
8170:20th-century Russian engineers
7246:My Great Predecessors, part II
6780:Who's Who in Russia Since 1900
6609:. Courier Dover Publications.
6411:My Great Predecessors, part II
5985:(translated by Andras Barabas)
5908:Moul, C.; Nye, J.V.C. (2006).
5803:Saidy, A. (December 3, 2007).
5048:. Courier Dover Publications.
4836:How to Play the French Defence
4653:(3rd ed.). New In Chess.
4620:
4595:
4570:
4497:
4472:
4433:
4403:
1951:, Botvinnik won with a sudden
1513:as a "traitor" after Korchnoi
1297:
1056:Kirov Opera and Ballet Theatre
271:. His father forbade speaking
230:
1:
7014:The Oxford Companion to Chess
6985:Hartston, William R. (1986).
6956:
6864:. gamedev.net. Archived from
6189:The World's Great Chess Games
6095:. chessbase.com. 10 May 2003.
5676:. chess.co.uk. Archived from
5674:"Book Reviews by John Watson"
5242:Based on Botvinnik's memoirs.
4963:The World's Great Chess Games
4781:The World's Great Chess Games
4779:(1952). "Mikhail Botvinnik".
4480:"Russian Jewish Encyclopedia"
4414:Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник
3572:Tchigorin Memorial Tournament
2069:in response to 1.e4, and the
1524:
1161:1948 World Chess Championship
789:Dnieper Hydroelectric Station
177:Mikhaíl Moiseyevich Botvínnik
165:Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник
65:Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik
21:Eastern Slavic naming customs
8230:Russian electrical engineers
7308:player profile and games at
7286:Thomas, R.M. (May 7, 1995).
7202:Botvinnik, Mikhail (1981) .
6951:List of Jewish chess players
6836:Brudno, Michael (May 2000).
5995:Hartston, W. (May 8, 1995).
5547:and Furstenberg, T. (1995).
5285:Stevens, E. (May 30, 1960).
3694:22nd USSR Chess Championship
3671:20th USSR Chess Championship
3623:19th USSR Chess Championship
3524:14th USSR Chess Championship
3501:13th USSR Chess Championship
3407:12th USSR Chess Championship
3384:11th USSR Chess Championship
3287:3rd International Tournament
3264:2nd International Tournament
2526:
1081:, Boleslavsky, and Ragozin.
960:and won the play-off match.
850:to a professional standard.
812:Moscow 1925 chess tournament
313:Moscow 1925 chess tournament
263:, to which most Jews in the
7:
8270:Soviet electrical engineers
7489:FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament
7478:Knockout format (1998–2004)
7221:Botvinnik, Mikhail (1972).
7164:Kirillov, Valentin (2017).
6944:
6860:Laramée, F.D. (July 2000).
6684:. Arbiter Publishing, Inc.
6681:The Story of a Chess Player
5225:Khariton, L. (2004-12-29).
3191:8th USSR Chess Championship
3099:7th USSR Chess Championship
2175:
1321:Botvinnik's autobiography,
1290:1970, scoring 2½/4 against
402:in Leningrad and, later, a
176:
10:
8316:
8285:Chess Olympiad competitors
8165:20th-century chess players
7204:One Hundred Selected Games
7041:The Encyclopaedia of Chess
6606:One Hundred Selected Games
6492:The URL links to a review.
5484:One Hundred Selected Games
5110:. Dover. pp. 269–270.
5108:One Hundred Selected Games
5009:One Hundred Selected Games
4506:"Russia from Far and Near"
4300:
4292:
4275:
4267:
4250:
4242:
4225:
4217:
4200:
4192:
4175:
4167:
4150:
4142:
4125:
4117:
4100:
4092:
4075:
4067:
4047:
4039:
3999:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3789:
3784:
3780:
3764:
3761:
3757:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3548:
3543:
3539:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3477:
3474:
3470:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3360:
3354:
3350:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3263:
3260:
3256:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3029:
3026:
3022:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2958:
2955:
2951:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2840:
2837:
2833:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2190:One Hundred Selected Games
1965:
1533:
1530:Playing strength and style
921:and rising American stars
896:Botvinnik vs. Lasker, 1936
763:
19:In this name that follows
18:
8114:
7998:Other world championships
7997:
7907:
7824:
7783:
7776:
7623:
7512:
7463:
7457:World Chess Championships
7414:
7405:
7397:
7387:
7378:
7370:
7360:
7351:
7333:
7328:
7166:Team Tal: An Inside Story
6782:. Routledge. p. 46.
5549:The Sorcerer's Apprentice
4629:"Graves of Chess Masters"
4413:
4028:
2594:
2338:Selected Games: 1967–1970
1178:international grandmaster
1145:Mikhail Chigorin Memorial
389:championship of Leningrad
164:
149:
139:
125:
114:
97:
77:
69:
61:
49:
44:
7116:Di Felice, Gino (2010).
7097:Di Felice, Gino (2010).
6888:"The Artificial Science"
6654:"Boy from the Black Sea"
6603:Botvinnik, M.M. (1960).
6470:Botvinnik, M.M. (2004).
5933:Botvinnik, M.M. (1981).
5821:Botvinnik, M.M. (1972).
5722:"Tal vs. Botvinnik 1961"
5192:Winter, E. (2003–2004).
4542:Beizer, Michael (2007).
4396:
4382:, and when to open them.
4364:to bulldoze US champion
3963:International Tournament
3913:International Tournament
3888:International Tournament
3815:International Tournament
3790:International Tournament
3742:International Tournament
3549:International Tournament
3312:International Tournament
2552:Botvinnik, M.M. (1984).
2533:Botvinnik, M.M. (1970).
2488:Botvinnik, M.M. (2004).
2469:Botvinnik, M.M. (2002).
2376:Botvinnik on the Endgame
2374:Botvinnik, M.M. (1985).
2336:Botvinnik, M.M. (1981).
2317:Botvinnik, M.M. (1981).
2279:Botvinnik, M.M. (1978).
2272:Candidates' matches 1974
2261:Botvinnik, M.M. (1973).
2256:. Chess Digest Magazine.
2252:Botvinnik, M.M. (1973).
2187:Botvinnik, M.M. (1960).
2180:
1641:Stolberg vs. Botvinnik,
1618:world championship cycle
1126:British Chess Federation
1115:Botvinnik speaks (1946).
1052:invaded the Soviet Union
832:World Chess Championship
816:Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky
421:USSR Championship 1933
419:Botvinnik vs. Yudovich,
7187:. Russell Enterprises.
7118:Chess Results 1956–1960
7099:Chess Results 1951–1955
7019:Oxford University Press
6408:Kasparov, G.K. (2003).
3988:Quadrangular Tournament
2912:USSR Chess Championship
2395:Half a Century of Chess
2152:artificial intelligence
2083:Queen's Gambit Declined
1360:Political controversies
1211:Memorial tournament in
1199:, by 9½–12½ in Moscow.
885:, both provided by the
321:simultaneous exhibition
192:, he also worked as an
180:) (August 17 [
7120:. McFarland & Co.
7101:. McFarland & Co.
6929:Santi, Ettore (2006).
6898:. MIT Press. pp.
6560:Botvinnik, I. (2004).
6159:"Orwell or Botvinnik?"
4883:. McFarland & Co.
3122:Leningrad Championship
3053:Leningrad Championship
2818:Leningrad Championship
2784:Tournament unfinished
2715:Tournament unfinished
2237:. Dover Publications.
2125:Electrical engineering
1248:
1243:Botvinnik (right) vs.
1193:Candidates' Tournament
1116:
1012:
996:
941:
897:
791:. He stayed on at the
785:electrical engineering
350:
245:Grand Duchy of Finland
8290:Computer chess people
8280:World chess champions
8250:Russian chess writers
8245:Russian chess players
7504:Candidates Tournament
7183:Hurst, Sarah (2002).
7060:World chess champions
6886:Abramson, B. (2005).
6774:McCauley, M. (1997).
6631:Goldberg, S. (2007).
6564:. In Neat, K. (ed.).
6378:Golombek, H. (1954).
6111:Kingston, T. (2002).
6074:Kingston, T. (2002).
6063:Kingston, T. (2002).
6043:Kingston, T. (2001).
6032:Kingston, T. (1998).
6021:Kingston, T. (1998).
5951:Kingston, T. (1998).
5890:Kingston, T. (2001).
5486:. Dover. p. 242.
5429:Kingston, T. (2002).
5332:Penfield, M. (2006).
4842:, Mikhail Botvinnik,
4604:"Vladimir Rabinovich"
4350:positional sacrifices
2680:2B and 3rd Categories
2378:. Chess Enterprises.
2300:The Gruenfeld Defense
2017:Influence on the game
1534:Further information:
1482:Candidates Tournament
1242:
1114:
1010:
994:
964:World title contender
939:
895:
797:Candidate of Sciences
348:
200:and was a pioneer in
8260:Soviet chess writers
8255:Soviet chess players
8240:Jewish chess players
7408:World Chess Champion
7381:World Chess Champion
7354:World Chess Champion
6514:. Hardinge Simpole.
6440:Kramnik, V. (2005).
6359:(January 27, 2008).
6316:Chernev, I. (1967).
6009:on October 11, 2008.
5969:Varnusz, E. (1994).
5748:Warriors of the Mind
5512:Brace, E.R. (1977).
5447:Pachman, L. (1987).
5335:Horoscopes of Europe
5044:Chernev, I. (1995).
4879:Andy Soltis (2014).
4710:Andy Soltis (2014).
4577:Andy Soltis (2014).
4504:Service, R. (2000).
4375:
4347:
2726:2A and 1B Categories
2473:. Hardinge Simpole.
2075:Nimzo-Indian Defence
2046:
1952:
1944:
1577:José Raúl Capablanca
1561:Warriors of the Mind
1383:grandmaster title).
1323:K Dostizheniyu Tseli
1163:, which was held at
867:José Raúl Capablanca
747:
317:José Raúl Capablanca
300:who later organized
190:World Chess Champion
8265:Soviet male writers
8225:Chess theoreticians
5287:"A Nod For A Title"
5155:on January 28, 2008
4943:on January 28, 2008
4651:Russian Silhouettes
3478:Moscow Championship
3455:Masters' Tournament
3168:Masters' Tournament
3030:Masters' Tournament
2887:Tournament of "Six"
2634:School championship
2611:School championship
2556:. Springer-Verlag.
2537:. Springer Verlag.
1990:or a defender like
777:Soviet Championship
298:Soviet legal system
251:. His parents were
225:Soviet chess school
194:electrical engineer
8275:Russian communists
8220:Chess Grandmasters
7347:Alexander Alekhine
7343:Title last held by
7249:. Everyman Chess.
7088:has generic name (
6414:. Everyman Chess.
6251:Sonas, J. (2005).
6176:. chessbanter.com.
6141:on August 7, 2007.
5937:. Pergamon Press.
5291:Sports Illustrated
4866:Russian Chess Base
4510:Lenin: a biography
4390:exchange sacrifice
4094:Viacheslav Ragozin
2572:Tournament results
2454:. Moravian Chess.
2435:. Moravian Chess.
2416:. Moravian Chess.
2170:brute-force search
2120:Other achievements
2032:Viacheslav Ragozin
2000:Alexander Alekhine
1970:algebraic notation
1968:This example uses
1604:did not adopt the
1425:Alexander Alekhine
1418:Vyacheslav Molotov
1351:Botvinnik died of
1249:
1117:
1079:Vladimir Makogonov
1064:Vyacheslav Molotov
1042:Viacheslav Ragozin
1013:
997:
986:Russian Revolution
974:Alexander Alekhine
942:
931:Alexander Alekhine
898:
828:Alexander Alekhine
768:algebraic notation
766:This example uses
351:
261:Pale of Settlement
241:Vyborg Governorate
198:computer scientist
8142:
8141:
7903:
7902:
7424:
7423:
7415:Succeeded by
7388:Succeeded by
7361:Succeeded by
7306:Mikhail Botvinnik
7278:978-5-950-04331-4
7232:978-0-7134-0537-8
7175:978-5-950-04330-7
7127:978-0-7864-4803-6
7108:978-0-7864-4801-2
6909:978-0-262-01217-1
6380:The Game of Chess
6266:Elo (1978), p. 89
6187:Fine, R. (1976).
6118:. The Chess Cafe.
6081:. The Chess Cafe.
6070:. The Chess Cafe.
6050:. The Chess Cafe.
6039:. The Chess Cafe.
6028:. The Chess Cafe.
5958:. The Chess Cafe.
5935:Achieving the Aim
5897:. The Chess Cafe.
5832:978-0-7134-0537-8
5499:Achieving the Aim
5436:. The Chess Cafe.
5418:. pp. 88–98.
5416:Achieving the Aim
5366:"Sverdlovsk 1943"
5321:. pp. 81–86.
5319:Achieving the Aim
5271:. pp. 78–80.
5269:Achieving the Aim
5256:. pp. 75–76.
5254:Achieving the Aim
5084:. pp. 69–74.
5082:Achieving the Aim
4995:. pp. 41–62.
4993:Achieving the Aim
4860:Alexey Popovsky.
4823:Achieving the Aim
4797:. 17 August 2011.
4752:. pp. 16–22.
4750:Achieving the Aim
4697:Achieving the Aim
4682:Achieving the Aim
4557:978-0-7425-5817-5
4362:Semi-Slav Defense
4314:
4313:
4101:Moscow, Leningrad
4076:Moscow, Leningrad
4069:Grigory Levenfish
4004:
4003:
3884:Palma de Mallorca
3717:Alekhine Memorial
3427:Leningrad, Moscow
2518:978-3-283-00461-3
2480:978-1-84382-012-3
2423:978-80-7189-317-2
2397:. Cadogan Books.
2319:Achieving the Aim
2193:. Courier Dover.
2087:Caro–Kann Defence
2079:Semi-Slav Defense
1936:
1935:
1606:Elo rating system
1353:pancreatic cancer
1327:Achieving the Aim
1247:, Oberhausen 1961
1180:title from FIDE.
1133:Groningen in 1946
1112:
1034:Isaac Boleslavsky
1011:Botvinnik in 1936
951:Grigory Levenfish
735:
734:
355:USSR Championship
349:Botvinnik in 1927
257:dental technician
186:chess grandmaster
174:
157:
156:
153:No. 7 (July 1971)
150:Peak ranking
56:Botvinnik in 1962
45:Mikhail Botvinnik
8307:
8132:
8122:
8121:
7781:
7780:
7450:
7443:
7436:
7427:
7426:
7418:Tigran Petrosian
7398:Preceded by
7371:Preceded by
7326:
7325:
7295:
7282:
7260:
7236:
7217:
7198:
7179:
7160:
7131:
7112:
7093:
7087:
7083:
7081:
7073:
7054:
7032:
7017:(2nd ed.).
7000:
6981:
6939:
6938:
6933:. Archived from
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6897:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6873:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6821:. Archived from
6815:
6809:
6806:
6800:
6799:
6797:
6796:
6771:
6765:
6759:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6744:. Archived from
6743:
6734:
6728:
6727:
6706:
6700:
6699:
6694:. Archived from
6672:
6666:
6664:Vladimir Kramnik
6661:
6656:. Archived from
6649:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6628:
6622:
6620:
6600:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6578:. Archived from
6568:. Edition Olms.
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6538:. Archived from
6532:
6526:
6525:
6513:
6499:
6493:
6491:
6486:. Archived from
6467:
6461:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6448:. Archived from
6446:Vladimir Kramnik
6437:
6426:
6425:
6405:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6383:
6382:. Penguin Books.
6375:
6369:
6368:
6353:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6338:
6313:
6307:
6306:
6301:. Archived from
6294:
6288:
6287:
6285:
6273:
6267:
6264:
6258:
6256:
6248:
6242:
6241:
6236:. Archived from
6230:
6221:
6220:
6215:. Archived from
6209:
6203:
6202:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6137:. Archived from
6126:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6108:
6097:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6071:
6069:
6051:
6049:
6040:
6038:
6029:
6027:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6005:. Archived from
5992:
5986:
5984:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5948:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5914:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5878:
5877:
5868:. Archived from
5862:
5856:
5854:
5843:
5837:
5836:
5818:
5809:
5808:
5800:
5791:
5790:
5783:
5774:
5773:
5765:
5759:
5745:
5732:
5731:
5718:
5712:
5711:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5688:
5682:
5681:
5669:
5663:
5662:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5609:
5603:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5560:
5552:
5541:
5528:
5527:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5479:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5411:
5402:
5401:
5399:
5398:
5389:. Archived from
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5314:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5282:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5258:
5257:
5249:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5229:. Archived from
5222:
5216:
5215:
5210:. Archived from
5204:
5198:
5197:
5189:
5176:
5170:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5151:. Archived from
5143:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5124:. Archived from
5118:
5112:
5111:
5103:
5086:
5085:
5077:
5060:
5059:
5041:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5012:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4988:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4952:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4939:. Archived from
4932:
4915:
4914:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4876:
4870:
4869:
4857:
4851:
4840:Wolfgang Uhlmann
4833:
4827:
4826:
4818:
4799:
4798:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4773:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4730:
4729:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4677:
4658:
4657:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4627:Winter, Edward.
4624:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4614:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4574:
4568:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4457:
4442:
4437:
4426:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4407:
4379:
4378:closed positions
4351:
4294:Tigran Petrosian
4160:USSR Ch playoff
4014:
4013:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2548:
2522:
2503:
2492:. Edition Olms.
2484:
2465:
2446:
2427:
2408:
2389:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2229:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2110:Vladimir Akopian
2067:Sicilian Defense
2050:
2040:Vladimir Kramnik
2004:Akiba Rubinstein
1992:Tigran Petrosian
1956:
1948:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1647:
1627:Wilhelm Steinitz
1593:Tigran Petrosian
1549:Wilhelm Steinitz
1500:Tigran Petrosian
1429:Samuel Reshevsky
1414:Andor Lilienthal
1410:Igor Bondarevsky
1388:Nikolai Krylenko
1304:Tigran Petrosian
1235:Team tournaments
1197:Tigran Petrosian
1113:
1094:Samuel Reshevsky
1022:Andor Lilienthal
1018:Igor Bondarevsky
927:Samuel Reshevsky
751:
640:
639:
633:
632:
626:
625:
619:
618:
612:
611:
605:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
577:
576:
570:
569:
563:
562:
556:
555:
549:
548:
542:
541:
535:
534:
528:
527:
521:
520:
514:
513:
507:
506:
500:
499:
493:
492:
486:
485:
479:
478:
472:
471:
466:
465:
425:
393:Peter Romanovsky
294:Nikolai Krylenko
249:Saint Petersburg
221:Vladimir Kramnik
179:
169:
167:
166:
145:2630 (July 1971)
141:Peak rating
104:
87:
85:
54:
42:
41:
8315:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8235:Jewish atheists
8145:
8144:
8143:
8138:
8110:
7993:
7899:
7820:
7772:
7619:
7508:
7494:FIDE Grand Prix
7484:Chess World Cup
7480:
7459:
7454:
7420:
7411:
7403:
7393:
7384:
7376:
7366:
7357:
7344:
7341:
7302:
7279:
7257:
7241:Kasparov, Garry
7233:
7214:
7195:
7176:
7157:
7143:Chernev, Irving
7138:
7136:Further reading
7128:
7109:
7085:
7084:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7051:
7029:
6997:
6978:
6959:
6947:
6942:
6927:
6923:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6884:
6880:
6871:
6869:
6858:
6854:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6817:
6816:
6812:
6807:
6803:
6794:
6792:
6790:
6772:
6768:
6760:
6756:
6748:
6741:
6735:
6731:
6724:
6707:
6703:
6692:
6673:
6669:
6662:interview with
6650:
6643:
6635:
6629:
6625:
6617:
6601:
6594:
6585:
6583:
6576:
6558:
6554:
6545:
6543:
6534:
6533:
6529:
6522:
6511:
6500:
6496:
6484:
6468:
6464:
6455:
6453:
6438:
6429:
6422:
6406:
6399:
6391:
6387:
6376:
6372:
6354:
6345:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6314:
6310:
6295:
6291:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6265:
6261:
6249:
6245:
6232:
6231:
6224:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6199:
6185:
6181:
6170:
6166:
6155:
6151:
6127:
6123:
6115:
6109:
6100:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6067:
6047:
6036:
6025:
6018:
6014:
6002:The Independent
5993:
5989:
5981:
5967:
5963:
5955:
5945:
5931:
5927:
5919:
5912:
5906:
5902:
5894:
5888:
5884:
5875:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5819:
5812:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5784:
5777:
5766:
5762:
5756:Nathan Divinsky
5746:
5735:
5720:
5719:
5715:
5704:
5700:
5689:
5685:
5670:
5666:
5655:
5651:
5640:
5636:
5625:
5621:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5597:
5586:
5582:
5574:
5570:
5554:
5553:
5542:
5531:
5524:
5510:
5506:
5501:. pp. 99–.
5495:
5491:
5480:
5476:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5412:
5405:
5396:
5394:
5383:
5379:
5370:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5348:
5346:
5330:
5326:
5315:
5304:
5295:
5293:
5283:
5276:
5265:
5261:
5250:
5246:
5236:
5234:
5223:
5219:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5190:
5179:
5165:
5158:
5156:
5147:
5144:
5140:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5119:
5115:
5104:
5089:
5078:
5063:
5056:
5042:
5035:
5024:
5015:
5007:
5000:
4989:
4970:
4959:
4955:
4946:
4944:
4933:
4918:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4877:
4873:
4858:
4854:
4844:Viktor Korchnoi
4834:
4830:
4819:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4774:
4757:
4746:
4733:
4722:
4708:
4704:
4693:
4689:
4678:
4661:
4644:
4640:
4625:
4621:
4612:
4610:
4600:
4596:
4589:
4575:
4571:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4540:
4533:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4478:
4477:
4473:
4458:
4445:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4429:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4381:
4353:
4319:
4119:David Bronstein
4009:
3648:Maroczy Jubilee
3361:AVRO tournament
2574:
2564:
2545:
2529:
2519:
2500:
2481:
2462:
2443:
2424:
2405:
2386:
2367:
2348:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2265:. Chess Digest.
2245:
2226:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2183:
2178:
2144:
2127:
2122:
2091:English Opening
2055:English Opening
2052:
2019:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1950:
1941:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1685:
1644:
1642:
1637:in the 1930s).
1581:Viktor Korchnoi
1557:Nathan Divinsky
1538:
1532:
1527:
1511:Viktor Korchnoi
1373:Boris Verlinsky
1369:David Bronstein
1362:
1300:
1292:Milan Matulović
1237:
1185:David Bronstein
1153:
1104:
970:AVRO tournament
966:
808:Communist Party
795:to study for a
773:
772:
771:
762:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
740:
642:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
463:
422:
420:
416:
414:Soviet champion
408:Bolshoi Theatre
269:Nevsky Prospect
233:
134:
132:
106:
102:
89:
88:August 17, 1911
83:
81:
57:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8313:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8126:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8108:
8107:
8106:
8101:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8059:Correspondence
8056:
8055:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8034:
8033:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8007:
8001:
7999:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7970:
7944:
7922:
7911:
7909:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7897:
7887:
7877:
7867:
7857:
7847:
7828:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7818:
7804:
7789:
7787:
7778:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7748:
7742:
7722:
7712:
7702:
7688:
7678:
7668:
7658:
7648:
7629:
7627:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7617:
7607:
7597:
7579:
7569:
7562:1910 (Nov–Dec)
7558:1910 (Jan–Feb)
7539:
7516:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7475:
7470:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7453:
7452:
7445:
7438:
7430:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7413:
7404:
7399:
7395:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7377:
7374:Vasily Smyslov
7372:
7368:
7367:
7364:Vasily Smyslov
7362:
7359:
7350:
7342:
7337:
7331:
7330:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7312:
7310:Chessgames.com
7301:
7300:External links
7298:
7297:
7296:
7292:New York Times
7283:
7277:
7265:Sosonko, Genna
7261:
7255:
7237:
7231:
7218:
7212:
7199:
7193:
7180:
7174:
7161:
7155:
7137:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7126:
7113:
7107:
7094:
7068:
7055:
7049:
7037:Sunnucks, Anne
7033:
7027:
7009:Whyld, Kenneth
7001:
6995:
6987:Kings of Chess
6982:
6976:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6937:on 2006-01-03.
6921:
6908:
6878:
6852:
6828:
6825:on 2004-09-19.
6810:
6801:
6788:
6766:
6754:
6751:on 2011-07-17.
6737:Russell, H.W.
6729:
6722:
6701:
6698:on 2005-05-01.
6690:
6667:
6660:on 2002-09-18.
6652:Henderson, J.
6641:
6623:
6615:
6592:
6574:
6552:
6527:
6520:
6494:
6490:on 2008-01-17.
6482:
6462:
6427:
6420:
6397:
6385:
6370:
6365:New York Times
6343:
6330:
6308:
6305:on 2009-10-28.
6289:
6268:
6259:
6243:
6240:on 2012-03-09.
6222:
6219:on 2012-03-09.
6204:
6197:
6179:
6164:
6149:
6147:as its source.
6121:
6098:
6084:
6012:
5987:
5979:
5961:
5943:
5925:
5922:on 2010-06-12.
5900:
5882:
5857:
5853:on 2009-02-19.
5838:
5831:
5810:
5792:
5775:
5760:
5733:
5727:Chessgames.com
5713:
5698:
5683:
5680:on 2008-05-09.
5664:
5649:
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5604:
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5580:
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5529:
5522:
5504:
5489:
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5357:
5344:
5324:
5302:
5274:
5259:
5244:
5217:
5214:on 2008-10-20.
5199:
5196:. Chess Notes.
5177:
5138:
5113:
5087:
5061:
5054:
5033:
5013:
4998:
4968:
4953:
4916:
4910:Chessgames.com
4896:
4889:
4871:
4852:
4848:Anatoly Karpov
4828:
4800:
4786:
4755:
4731:
4720:
4702:
4687:
4659:
4647:Sosonko, Genna
4638:
4619:
4594:
4587:
4569:
4556:
4531:
4518:
4496:
4471:
4466:New York Times
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4221:
4219:Vasily Smyslov
4216:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4194:Vasily Smyslov
4191:
4187:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
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4169:Vasily Smyslov
4166:
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3839:IBM Tournament
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2243:
2230:
2224:
2211:
2199:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2148:computer chess
2143:
2142:Computer chess
2140:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2102:Garry Kasparov
2098:Anatoly Karpov
2063:French Defense
2059:Queen's Gambit
2018:
2015:
1967:
1966:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
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1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1643:USSR Ch. 1940
1640:
1639:
1623:Garry Kasparov
1589:Vasily Smyslov
1569:Anatoly Karpov
1565:Garry Kasparov
1545:Emanuel Lasker
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1453:governing body
1441:Vasily Smyslov
1361:
1358:
1316:computer chess
1299:
1296:
1253:Amsterdam 1954
1236:
1233:
1217:Chess Olympiad
1189:Vasily Smyslov
1152:
1151:World Champion
1149:
1047:In June 1941,
1030:Vasily Smyslov
965:
962:
859:Emanuel Lasker
765:
764:
741:
738:
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434:
431:
428:
423:
418:
417:
415:
412:
382:French Defence
265:Russian Empire
232:
229:
217:Garry Kasparov
213:Anatoly Karpov
202:computer chess
155:
154:
151:
147:
146:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:World Champion
123:
122:
116:
112:
111:
105:(aged 83)
99:
95:
94:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
62:Full name
59:
58:
55:
47:
46:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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8228:
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8218:
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8215:Chess coaches
8213:
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7816:
7812:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7788:
7786:
7785:PCA/Classical
7782:
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7775:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7749:
7746:
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7382:
7375:
7369:
7365:
7356:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7340:
7336:
7332:
7329:Achievements
7327:
7322:
7319:
7317:ChessBase.com
7316:
7313:
7311:
7307:
7304:
7303:
7293:
7289:
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7280:
7274:
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7256:1-85744-342-X
7252:
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7234:
7228:
7224:
7219:
7215:
7213:0-486-20620-3
7209:
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7194:1-888690-15-1
7190:
7186:
7181:
7177:
7171:
7167:
7162:
7158:
7156:0-486-28674-6
7152:
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7119:
7114:
7110:
7104:
7100:
7095:
7091:
7086:|author=
7079:
7071:
7069:0-08-024094-1
7065:
7061:
7056:
7052:
7050:0-7091-1030-8
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7028:0-19-280049-3
7024:
7020:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7006:
7005:Hooper, David
7002:
6998:
6996:1-85145-075-0
6992:
6988:
6983:
6979:
6977:0-668-04721-6
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6960:
6952:
6949:
6948:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6896:
6895:
6889:
6882:
6868:on 2009-02-12
6867:
6863:
6856:
6839:
6832:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6805:
6791:
6789:0-415-13898-1
6785:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6758:
6747:
6740:
6733:
6725:
6723:0-689-12060-5
6719:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6697:
6693:
6691:0-9763891-0-X
6687:
6683:
6682:
6677:
6671:
6665:
6659:
6655:
6648:
6646:
6634:
6627:
6618:
6616:0-486-20620-3
6612:
6608:
6607:
6599:
6597:
6582:on 2006-10-10
6581:
6577:
6575:3-283-00459-5
6571:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6542:on 2005-03-10
6541:
6537:
6531:
6523:
6521:1-84382-178-8
6517:
6510:
6509:
6504:
6498:
6489:
6485:
6483:3-283-00459-5
6479:
6475:
6474:
6466:
6452:on 2008-05-12
6451:
6447:
6443:
6436:
6434:
6432:
6423:
6421:1-85744-342-X
6417:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6402:
6395:
6389:
6381:
6374:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6333:
6331:0-486-21744-2
6327:
6323:
6319:
6312:
6304:
6300:
6293:
6282:
6277:
6276:Yuri Averbakh
6272:
6263:
6254:
6247:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6227:
6218:
6214:
6208:
6200:
6198:0-486-24512-8
6194:
6190:
6183:
6175:
6172:Khariton, L.
6168:
6160:
6157:Khariton, L.
6153:
6146:
6140:
6136:
6134:
6125:
6114:
6107:
6105:
6103:
6094:
6088:
6077:
6066:
6060:
6055:
6054:Yuri Averbakh
6046:
6035:
6024:
6016:
6008:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5991:
5982:
5980:1-85744-064-1
5976:
5972:
5965:
5954:
5946:
5944:0-08-024120-4
5940:
5936:
5929:
5918:
5911:
5904:
5893:
5886:
5872:on 2011-07-19
5871:
5867:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5847:"Player list"
5842:
5834:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5782:
5780:
5771:
5764:
5757:
5753:
5752:Raymond Keene
5749:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5729:
5728:
5723:
5717:
5709:
5702:
5694:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5653:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5623:
5615:
5608:
5599:
5591:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5558:
5550:
5546:
5545:Bronstein, D.
5540:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5525:
5523:1-55521-394-4
5519:
5515:
5508:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5478:
5464:
5462:0-486-25323-6
5458:
5454:
5450:
5443:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5410:
5408:
5393:on 2004-06-03
5392:
5388:
5381:
5367:
5361:
5347:
5345:0-86690-567-7
5341:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5320:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5279:
5270:
5263:
5255:
5248:
5233:on 2005-11-23
5232:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5209:
5203:
5195:
5194:"Interregnum"
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5154:
5150:
5142:
5128:on 2012-12-09
5127:
5123:
5117:
5109:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5057:
5055:0-486-28674-6
5051:
5047:
5040:
5038:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5010:
5005:
5003:
4994:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4964:
4957:
4942:
4938:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4900:
4892:
4890:9780786473373
4886:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4796:
4790:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4751:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4728:
4723:
4721:9780786473373
4717:
4713:
4706:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4634:
4630:
4623:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4588:9780786473373
4584:
4580:
4573:
4559:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4521:
4519:0-674-00828-6
4515:
4511:
4507:
4500:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4423:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4366:Arnold Denker
4363:
4359:
4356:
4352:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4317:Notable games
4309:
4306:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4172:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4145:
4144:Mark Taimanov
4139:
4138:
4134:
4131:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4044:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4007:Match results
3996:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3949:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3831:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3781:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3710:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3687:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3664:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3645:
3639:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3517:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3494:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3423:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3400:
3395:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3328:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3280:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3257:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3236:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3207:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3184:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3138:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3115:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3092:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3069:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3046:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3023:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2952:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2929:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2880:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2834:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2788:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2765:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2742:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2719:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2565:
2563:0-387-90869-2
2559:
2555:
2550:
2546:
2544:0-387-90012-8
2540:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2499:3-283-00459-5
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2463:
2461:80-7189-405-2
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2442:80-7189-370-6
2438:
2434:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2404:1-85744-122-2
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2385:0-931462-43-6
2381:
2377:
2372:
2368:
2366:0-931462-15-0
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2347:0-08-024123-9
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2328:0-08-024120-4
2324:
2320:
2315:
2311:
2309:0-89058-017-0
2305:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2290:0-08-021139-9
2286:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2244:0-486-22184-9
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2225:0-7134-0357-8
2221:
2217:
2212:
2202:
2200:0-486-20620-3
2196:
2192:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2106:Alexei Shirov
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:Semion Furman
2033:
2029:
2028:Yuri Averbakh
2025:
2014:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1957:
1949:
1940:Black to move
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Boris Spassky
1582:
1578:
1575:but ahead of
1574:
1573:Bobby Fischer
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1553:Raymond Keene
1550:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1522:
1520:
1519:Boris Spassky
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1474:Yuri Averbakh
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1403:Joseph Stalin
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:Boris Yeltsin
1336:
1335:0-08-024120-4
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1269:Tel Aviv 1964
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:Mark Taimanov
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1005:
1003:
993:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
961:
959:
958:Mark Taimanov
954:
952:
947:
938:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
860:
856:
851:
849:
845:
841:
836:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
769:
757:
752:
745:
739:White to move
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
705:
704:
700:
697:
696:
692:
689:
688:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
665:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
649:
648:
644:
457:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
429:
427:
426:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
347:
343:
341:
337:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
302:Joseph Stalin
299:
295:
291:
285:
283:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
178:
172:
162:Russian:
161:
152:
148:
144:
142:
138:
130:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
100:
96:
92:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
53:
48:
43:
38:
34:
31: and the
30:
26:
22:
8210:Russian Jews
7986:
7980:
7884:Kasimdzhanov
7724:
7684:
7664:
7644:
7406:
7379:
7352:
7345:
7334:
7291:
7268:
7245:
7222:
7203:
7184:
7165:
7146:
7117:
7098:
7062:. Pergamon.
7059:
7040:
7013:
6989:. Pavilion.
6986:
6967:
6935:the original
6924:
6913:. Retrieved
6893:
6881:
6870:. Retrieved
6866:the original
6855:
6844:. Retrieved
6831:
6823:the original
6813:
6804:
6793:. Retrieved
6779:
6769:
6761:
6757:
6746:the original
6732:
6716:. Atheneum.
6713:
6704:
6696:the original
6680:
6670:
6658:the original
6626:
6605:
6584:. Retrieved
6580:the original
6565:
6555:
6544:. Retrieved
6540:the original
6530:
6507:
6497:
6488:the original
6472:
6465:
6454:. Retrieved
6450:the original
6410:
6388:
6379:
6373:
6364:
6335:. Retrieved
6321:
6311:
6303:the original
6292:
6271:
6262:
6255:. Chessbase.
6246:
6238:the original
6217:the original
6207:
6188:
6182:
6167:
6152:
6144:
6139:the original
6132:
6124:
6087:
6015:
6007:the original
6000:
5990:
5970:
5964:
5934:
5928:
5917:the original
5903:
5885:
5874:. Retrieved
5870:the original
5860:
5851:the original
5841:
5822:
5763:
5747:
5725:
5716:
5701:
5686:
5678:the original
5667:
5652:
5637:
5622:
5607:
5598:
5583:
5575:
5571:
5548:
5513:
5507:
5498:
5492:
5483:
5477:
5466:. Retrieved
5452:
5442:
5424:
5415:
5395:. Retrieved
5391:the original
5380:
5369:. Retrieved
5360:
5349:. Retrieved
5334:
5327:
5318:
5294:. Retrieved
5290:
5268:
5262:
5253:
5247:
5235:. Retrieved
5231:the original
5220:
5212:the original
5202:
5157:. Retrieved
5153:the original
5141:
5130:. Retrieved
5126:the original
5116:
5107:
5081:
5045:
5027:
5008:
4992:
4962:
4956:
4945:. Retrieved
4941:the original
4908:
4899:
4880:
4874:
4865:
4855:
4835:
4831:
4822:
4789:
4780:
4777:Fine, Reuben
4749:
4725:
4711:
4705:
4696:
4690:
4681:
4654:
4650:
4641:
4632:
4622:
4611:. Retrieved
4608:centropa.org
4607:
4597:
4578:
4572:
4561:. Retrieved
4547:
4523:. Retrieved
4509:
4499:
4488:. Retrieved
4483:
4474:
4465:
4435:
4405:
4310:World title
4260:World title
4210:World title
4185:World title
4135:World title
4010:
3934:Wijk aan Zee
2772:1st Category
2749:1st Category
2657:non-category
2575:
2553:
2534:
2508:
2489:
2470:
2451:
2432:
2413:
2394:
2375:
2356:
2340:. Pergamon.
2337:
2318:
2299:
2283:. Elsevier.
2280:
2271:
2262:
2253:
2234:
2218:. Batsford.
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2189:
2145:
2132:Milan Vidmar
2128:
2114:Jaan Ehlvest
2095:
2071:Slav Defense
2044:
2020:
2008:
1976:
1614:
1597:Chessmetrics
1560:
1539:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1491:
1486:
1479:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1422:
1407:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1367:
1363:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1313:
1301:
1273:
1261:Leipzig 1960
1250:
1228:
1222:
1209:Géza Maróczy
1205:
1182:
1158:
1154:
1142:
1130:
1122:anti-Semitic
1118:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1049:Nazi Germany
1046:
1014:
998:
967:
955:
946:dissertation
943:
912:
899:
864:
852:
837:
801:
774:
397:
386:
371:
366:
362:
352:
336:Gösta Stoltz
310:
286:
278:
253:Russian Jews
234:
206:
159:
158:
103:(1995-05-05)
73:Soviet Union
36:
28:
8160:1995 deaths
8155:1911 births
7777:Split title
7747:(no result)
7473:Interregnum
7401:Mikhail Tal
7391:Mikhail Tal
6676:Ehlvest, J.
5672:Watson, J.
5208:"AVRO 1938"
4633:Chess Notes
4484:Belarus SIG
4336:Playing as
4269:Mikhail Tal
4244:Mikhail Tal
3909:Monte Carlo
2703:2A Category
1996:Reuben Fine
1988:Mikhail Tal
1541:Reuben Fine
1488:Mikhail Tal
1433:Reuben Fine
1377:Grandmaster
1371:wrote that
1298:Late career
1257:Munich 1958
1173:Mikhail Tal
1038:round-robin
982:Reuben Fine
923:Reuben Fine
903:round-robin
879:Grandmaster
744:sacrificing
374:Abram Model
333:grandmaster
306:show trials
231:Early years
119:Grandmaster
101:May 5, 1995
33:family name
29:Moiseyevich
8149:Categories
7874:Ponomariov
7576:Capablanca
7499:Interzonal
7412:1961–1963
7385:1958–1960
7358:1948–1957
6964:Elo, Árpád
6957:References
6915:2009-08-14
6872:2008-11-18
6846:2008-11-18
6795:2009-06-05
6710:Karpov, A.
6586:2008-09-16
6546:2008-06-10
6503:Timman, J.
6456:2008-01-27
6337:2009-08-14
6145:Chess Life
6133:Chess Life
5876:2008-11-25
5768:Weeks, M.
5706:Weeks, M.
5691:Weeks, M.
5657:Weeks, M.
5642:Weeks, M.
5627:Weeks, M.
5612:Weeks, M.
5588:Weeks, M.
5468:2009-06-11
5397:2009-06-06
5385:Fruth, M.
5371:2009-06-06
5351:2009-06-11
5296:2009-08-14
5237:2008-05-23
5173:Salo Flohr
5159:2009-06-11
5132:2009-06-11
4947:2009-06-07
4613:2021-01-22
4563:2009-06-06
4525:2009-06-06
4490:2009-06-06
4418:pronounced
4346:Long-term
4085:Challenge
4060:Challenge
4041:Salo Flohr
3738:Wageningen
3451:Sverdlovsk
3308:Nottingham
2589:Tournament
2302:. Rhm Pr.
2206:2009-08-14
2157:half-moves
2024:Salo Flohr
1984:sacrifices
1579:, Lasker,
1525:Assessment
1467:Salo Flohr
1445:Paul Keres
1396:Salo Flohr
1276:Oberhausen
1265:Varna 1962
1075:Sverdlovsk
1026:Paul Keres
1002:middlegame
978:Paul Keres
915:Nottingham
848:Charleston
824:Salo Flohr
781:Revolution
367:Proletstud
363:Proletstud
84:1911-08-17
25:patronymic
7854:Khalifman
7745:1984–1985
7699:Petrosian
7685:Botvinnik
7665:Botvinnik
7645:Botvinnik
7546:1896–1897
7528:1890–1891
7078:cite book
7011:(1996) .
6357:Byrne, R.
6297:Wall, W.
5557:cite book
4935:Cree, G.
4110:Training
4050:Leningrad
3835:Amsterdam
3811:Noordwijk
3786:Stockholm
3593:The Hague
3545:Groningen
3381:Leningrad
3356:Amsterdam
3332:Leningrad
3211:Leningrad
3188:Leningrad
3165:Leningrad
3142:Leningrad
3119:Leningrad
3050:Leningrad
3027:Leningrad
2956:Leningrad
2933:Leningrad
2884:Leningrad
2861:Leningrad
2838:Leningrad
2815:Leningrad
2792:Leningrad
2769:Leningrad
2746:Leningrad
2723:Leningrad
2700:Leningrad
2677:Leningrad
2654:Leningrad
2631:Leningrad
2607:Leningrad
2527:Computers
2161:algorithm
2136:doctorate
2049:queenside
1947:queenside
1610:Arpad Elo
1286:match in
1165:The Hague
1101:colonel.
1090:Commissar
1083:Chessbase
404:ballerina
378:Leningrad
329:Stockholm
325:Leningrad
290:Petrograd
282:communist
171:romanized
135:1961–1963
133:1958–1960
131:1948–1957
37:Botvinnik
8124:Category
8094:Chess960
8084:Computer
8005:Olympiad
7801:Kasparov
7767:Kasparov
7614:Alekhine
7594:Alekhine
7536:Steinitz
7513:Pre-FIDE
7267:(2017).
7243:(2003).
7145:(1995).
7043:. Hale.
7039:(1970).
6970:. Arco.
6966:(1978).
6945:See also
6712:(1992).
6678:(2004).
6505:(2006).
6476:. Olms.
4285:Rematch
4235:Rematch
4048:Moscow,
4026:Location
4020:Opponent
3959:Belgrade
3860:Hastings
3762:Hastings
3644:Budapest
3595:, Moscow
3235:Hastings
2586:Location
2511:. Olms.
2176:Writings
2166:dead end
1980:strategy
1955:kingside
1559:'s book
1515:defected
1437:Max Euwe
1392:en prise
1288:Belgrade
1213:Budapest
1137:Max Euwe
919:Max Euwe
907:Komsomol
875:Krylenko
855:Hastings
804:Krylenko
799:degree.
750:resigned
340:Komsomol
237:Kuokkala
110:, Russia
91:Kuokkala
8089:Solving
7967:Carlsen
7919:Kramnik
7894:Topalov
7815:Kramnik
7719:Fischer
7709:Spassky
7655:Smyslov
6059:Estonia
5758:, 1989.
4410:Russian
4307:+2−5=14
4282:+10−5=6
4257:+2−6=13
4232:+7−5=11
4207:+3−6=13
4182:+7−7=10
4132:+5−5=14
3975:
3950:
3925:
3900:
3875:
3852:
3827:
3802:
3777:
3754:
3729:
3706:
3660:
3635:
3612:
3609:+10−2=8
3584:
3561:
3558:+13−3=3
3536:
3533:+13−0=4
3513:
3510:+11−2=3
3490:
3487:+12−1=3
3467:
3442:
3419:
3396:
3373:
3347:
3344:+12−1=4
3324:
3299:
3296:+7−1=10
3276:
3253:
3226:
3203:
3200:+11−2=6
3180:
3157:
3134:
3111:
3108:+12−2=3
3088:
3065:
3062:+12−1=4
3042:
3019:
2996:
2971:
2948:
2925:
2899:
2876:
2853:
2830:
2807:
2804:+11−0=1
2761:
2738:
2735:+10−1=0
2692:
2689:+11−1=1
2669:
2666:+11−1=1
2646:
2592:Placing
2081:in the
2002:'s and
1280:Hamburg
844:foxtrot
840:Ragozin
406:in the
319:gave a
273:Yiddish
70:Country
8134:Portal
8079:Senior
8069:Junior
7844:Karpov
7739:Karpov
7566:Lasker
7335:Vacant
7275:
7253:
7229:
7210:
7191:
7172:
7153:
7124:
7105:
7066:
7047:
7025:
6993:
6974:
6906:
6786:
6720:
6688:
6613:
6572:
6518:
6480:
6418:
6328:
6195:
5977:
5941:
5829:
5520:
5459:
5342:
5052:
4887:
4846:, and
4718:
4585:
4554:
4516:
4486:. 1995
4301:Moscow
4276:Moscow
4251:Moscow
4229:12½/23
4226:Moscow
4201:Moscow
4176:Moscow
4157:+1−0=5
4151:Moscow
4126:Moscow
4107:+5−0=7
4082:+5−5=3
4057:+2−2=8
4032:Notes
4023:Result
3997:+1−2=9
3984:Leiden
3972:+5−3=7
3947:+6−0=9
3944:10½/15
3922:+5−0=8
3897:+9−1=7
3894:12½/17
3872:+5−1=3
3857:1966/7
3849:+7−1=1
3824:+5−0=2
3799:+8−0=1
3774:+7−0=2
3759:1961/2
3751:+3−0=2
3726:+8−1=6
3714:Moscow
3703:+7−3=9
3700:11½/19
3691:Moscow
3680:+9−1=9
3677:13½/19
3668:Moscow
3657:+7−2=8
3632:+6−3=8
3620:Moscow
3581:+8−1=6
3569:Moscow
3555:14½/19
3521:Moscow
3507:12½/16
3498:Moscow
3484:13½/16
3475:Moscow
3464:+7−0=7
3461:10½/14
3439:+9−2=9
3436:13½/20
3416:+8−4=7
3413:11½/19
3404:Moscow
3393:+8−0=9
3390:12½/17
3370:+3−2=9
3358:, etc.
3321:+6−0=8
3284:Moscow
3273:+9−2=8
3261:Moscow
3250:+3−2=4
3223:+5−1=5
3177:+7−0=6
3154:+6−2=2
3131:+9−0=2
3105:13½/17
3096:Moscow
3085:+6−2=1
3073:Moscow
3039:+6−1=1
3016:+2−2=1
3004:Odessa
2993:+6−0=2
2980:Odessa
2968:+9−0=5
2965:11½/14
2945:+7−1=3
2922:+9−4=7
2919:12½/20
2907:Moscow
2896:+6−1=3
2873:+4−1=5
2850:+8−1=2
2827:+6−1=2
2801:11½/12
2758:+7−3=1
2686:11½/13
2663:11½/13
2643:+5−1=0
2598:Notes
2560:
2541:
2515:
2496:
2477:
2458:
2439:
2420:
2401:
2382:
2363:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2241:
2222:
2197:
2034:, and
1595:. The
1492:Moscow
1451:(the "
1443:, and
1333:
820:Prague
742:After
121:(1950)
108:Moscow
23:, the
8074:Youth
8064:Women
8037:Blitz
8010:Rapid
7941:Anand
7864:Anand
6900:89–90
6841:(PDF)
6749:(PDF)
6742:(PDF)
6636:(PDF)
6512:(PDF)
6284:(PDF)
6116:(PDF)
6079:(PDF)
6068:(PDF)
6048:(PDF)
6037:(PDF)
6026:(PDF)
5956:(PDF)
5920:(PDF)
5913:(PDF)
5895:(PDF)
5434:(PDF)
4838:, by
4397:Notes
4338:Black
4304:9½/21
4279:13/21
4254:8½/21
4204:9½/22
4179:12/24
4129:12/24
4104:8½/12
4079:6½/13
4029:Score
3994:5½/12
3969:8½/15
3723:11/15
3654:11/17
3629:10/17
3606:14/20
3578:11/15
3530:15/17
3367:7½/14
3341:14/17
3318:10/14
3293:12/18
3270:13/19
3220:7½/11
3197:14/19
3174:10/13
3128:10/11
3059:14/17
2942:8½/11
2893:7½/10
2870:6½/10
2755:7½/11
2732:10/11
2595:Score
2181:Chess
2011:Keres
2006:'s).
1341:era.
1245:Szabo
883:grant
869:, in
376:, in
209:chess
115:Title
8104:2022
8099:2019
8052:2023
8047:2022
8042:2021
8030:2023
8025:2022
8020:2021
8015:2019
7988:2026
7982:2024
7977:Ding
7973:2023
7963:2021
7959:2018
7955:2016
7951:2014
7947:2013
7937:2012
7933:2010
7929:2008
7925:2007
7915:2006
7908:FIDE
7890:2005
7880:2004
7870:2002
7860:2000
7850:1999
7840:1998
7836:1996
7832:1993
7825:FIDE
7811:2004
7807:2000
7797:1995
7793:1993
7763:1990
7759:1987
7755:1986
7751:1985
7735:1981
7731:1978
7726:1975
7715:1972
7705:1969
7695:1966
7691:1963
7681:1961
7671:1960
7661:1958
7651:1957
7641:1954
7637:1951
7633:1948
7625:FIDE
7610:1937
7604:Euwe
7600:1935
7590:1934
7586:1929
7582:1927
7572:1921
7554:1908
7550:1907
7542:1894
7532:1892
7524:1889
7520:1886
7273:ISBN
7251:ISBN
7227:ISBN
7208:ISBN
7189:ISBN
7170:ISBN
7151:ISBN
7122:ISBN
7103:ISBN
7090:help
7064:ISBN
7045:ISBN
7023:ISBN
6991:ISBN
6972:ISBN
6904:ISBN
6784:ISBN
6718:ISBN
6686:ISBN
6611:ISBN
6570:ISBN
6516:ISBN
6478:ISBN
6416:ISBN
6326:ISBN
6193:ISBN
6072:and
6030:and
5975:ISBN
5939:ISBN
5827:ISBN
5754:and
5563:link
5518:ISBN
5457:ISBN
5340:ISBN
5050:ISBN
4885:ISBN
4716:ISBN
4583:ISBN
4552:ISBN
4514:ISBN
4298:Lost
4290:1963
4265:1961
4248:Lost
4240:1960
4215:1958
4198:Lost
4190:1957
4173:Tied
4165:1954
4154:3½/6
4140:1952
4123:Tied
4115:1951
4090:1940
4073:Tied
4065:1937
4054:6/12
4045:Tied
4037:1933
4017:Date
3991:3rd=
3980:1970
3955:1969
3941:1st=
3930:1969
3919:9/13
3905:1968
3891:2nd=
3880:1967
3869:6½/9
3846:7½/9
3832:1966
3807:1965
3796:8½/9
3782:1962
3734:1958
3720:1st=
3711:1956
3697:3rd=
3688:1955
3674:1st=
3665:1952
3651:3rd=
3640:1952
3617:1951
3589:1948
3566:1947
3541:1946
3518:1945
3495:1944
3472:1943
3447:1943
3424:1941
3410:5th=
3401:1940
3378:1939
3352:1938
3329:1938
3315:1st=
3304:1936
3281:1936
3267:1st=
3258:1935
3244:5th=
3231:1934
3208:1934
3185:1933
3171:1st=
3162:1933
3151:7/10
3139:1932
3116:1932
3093:1931
3082:6½/9
3070:1931
3047:1931
3036:6½/8
3024:1930
3013:2½/5
3010:3rd=
3001:1929
2976:1929
2953:1929
2930:1928
2916:5th=
2910:5th
2904:1927
2881:1927
2858:1926
2847:9/11
2844:2nd=
2835:1926
2821:2nd=
2812:1926
2789:1926
2766:1925
2743:1925
2720:1925
2697:1924
2674:1924
2651:1924
2628:1924
2603:1923
2583:Date
2558:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2456:ISBN
2437:ISBN
2418:ISBN
2399:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2361:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2304:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2112:and
1602:FIDE
1591:and
1571:and
1555:and
1547:and
1449:FIDE
1412:and
1381:FIDE
1331:ISBN
1308:FIDE
1201:FIDE
1169:Riga
1060:Perm
1020:and
980:and
925:and
846:and
219:and
196:and
182:O.S.
98:Died
78:Born
7979:),
7675:Tal
4273:Won
4223:Won
4148:Won
4098:Won
3966:7th
3916:2nd
3866:1st
3843:1st
3821:6/7
3818:1st
3793:1st
3771:8/9
3768:1st
3748:4/5
3745:1st
3626:5th
3603:1st
3575:1st
3552:1st
3527:1st
3504:1st
3481:1st
3458:1st
3433:1st
3387:1st
3364:3rd
3338:1st
3290:2nd
3247:5/9
3217:1st
3194:1st
3148:1st
3125:1st
3102:1st
3079:2nd
3056:1st
3033:1st
2990:7/8
2987:1st
2962:1st
2939:1st
2890:2nd
2867:3rd
2824:7/9
2798:1st
2752:3rd
2729:1st
2683:1st
2660:1st
2640:5/6
2637:1st
2073:or
2065:or
2057:or
1099:KGB
830:'s
323:in
304:'s
35:is
27:is
8151::
7985:,
7961:,
7957:,
7953:,
7949:,
7935:,
7931:,
7927:,
7838:,
7834:,
7809:,
7795:,
7761:,
7757:,
7753:,
7733:,
7729:,
7693:,
7639:,
7635:,
7588:,
7584:,
7560:,
7556:,
7552:,
7548:,
7544:,
7530:,
7526:,
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