World Chess Championship

615: 2574: 2521: 1548: 1664: 1724: 2099: 1735: 3457: 2060:, thus making him the World Chess Champion. Because Anand's World Chess Champion title was won in a tournament rather than a match, a minority of commentators questioned the validity of his title. Kramnik also made ambiguous comments about the value of Anand's title, but did not claim the title himself then. (In a 2015 interview Kramnik dated the loss of his world championship title to his 2008 match against Anand rather than the 2007 tournament, and he likewise did not contradict an interviewer who dated it thus in a 2019 interview.) Subsequent world championship matches returned to the format of a match between the champion and a challenger. 3450: 2433: 780:(7–2, 2 draws). In 1858–59 Morphy played matches against several leading players, beating them all. This prompted some commentators at the time to call him the world champion: Gabriel-Éloy Doazan, who knew Morphy, wrote that "one can and...must place in the same bracket" as Deschapelles and La Bourdonnais, who he had played years before, and that "his superiority is as obvious as theirs". But when Morphy returned to America in 1859, he abruptly retired from chess, though many considered him the world champion until his death in 1884. His sudden withdrawal from chess at his peak led to his being known as "the pride and sorrow of chess". 2421: 858:

champion. There is also no known evidence of Steinitz being called the world champion after defeating Anderssen in 1866. It has been suggested that Steinitz could not make such a claim while Morphy was alive (Morphy died in 1884). There are a number of references to Steinitz as world champion in the 1870s, the earliest being after the first Zukertort match in 1872. Later, in 1879, it was argued that Zukertort was world champion, since Morphy and Steinitz were not active. However, later in his career, at least from 1887, Steinitz dated his reign from this 1866 match, and early sources such as the New York Times in 1894,

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or delayed challenges for the title. Between 1888 and 1948 various difficulties that arose in match negotiations led players to try to define agreed rules for matches, including the frequency of matches, how much or how little say the champion had in the conditions for a title match and what the stakes and division of the purse should be. However these attempts were unsuccessful in practice, as the same issues continued to delay or prevent challenges. There was an attempt by an external organization to manage the world championship from 1887 to 1889, but this experiment was not repeated until 1948.

2038: 3746: 3202: 2459: 3137: 2173: 2803: 5832:(September 1927) for FIDE's decision to await the result of the Capablanca–Alekhine match; the minutes of FIDE's 1928 congress for the adoption of the forthcoming 1928 Bologjubow–Euwe match as being for the "FIDE championship" and its congratulations to the winner, Bologjubow; the minutes of FIDE's 1928 congress for Alekhine's agreement and his exception for Capablanca; a resolution of 1928 for the attempt to arrange an Alekhine-Bogoljubow match; subsequent FIDE minutes for the non-occurrence of the match (under FIDE); and the vanishing of the title "Champion of FIDE". 1056: 4209:"A History of Chess", H. J. R. Murray, p. 878: "It was, however, generally accepted that Deschapelles was the strongest player of his time, and Sarratt appears to have acquiesced in this opinion, although there was apparently no stronger reason for it than the fact that the general standard of French chess had been higher than that of English chess in the end of the eighteenth century. The result of Lewis's visit was to show that there was very little, if any, difference in strength between Deschapelles and himself." 4028: 2495: 3714: 3682: 3586: 3522: 3321: 3281: 3241: 3209: 2470: 3650: 3618: 2791: 2765: 2631: 1973: 2546: 2739: 773:, the best player of Germany": von der Lasa was unable to attend the 1851 tournament, though he was invited. In 1851, Anderssen lost a match to von der Lasa; in 1856, George Walker wrote that " and Anderssen are decidedly the two best in the known world". Von der Lasa did not compete in tournaments or formal matches because of the demands of his diplomatic career, but his games show that he was one of the world's best then: he won series of games against Staunton in 1844 and 1853. 1578: 3842: 1988: 1067: 685: 7918: 2987: 1943: 3874: 7928: 3778: 3010: 1648: 29: 2964: 1563: 1082:

defend his title within one year of receiving a challenge from a recognized master; the champion would decide the date of the match; the champion was not obliged to accept a challenge for a purse of less than US$ 10,000 (about $ 170,000 in current terms); 20% of the purse was to be paid to the title holder, and the remainder being divided, 60% going to the winner of the match, and 40% to the loser; the highest purse bid must be accepted.

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help that the Soviet Union had long refused to join FIDE, and by this time it was clear that about half the credible contenders were Soviet citizens. But, realizing that it could not afford to be excluded from discussions about the vacant world championship, the Soviet Union sent a telegram in 1947 apologizing for the absence of Soviet representatives and requesting that the USSR be represented on future FIDE Committees.

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not know how well acquainted Philidor was with Greco's games. He didn't have a high opinion of them, because Greco 'achieved the win in his games often in a risky way and only thanks to mistakes made by the opponent, without ever drawing the attention of the reader to these errors on both sides.' But as we will shortly see, one might argue that Philidor himself was even more outstanding at this 'technique'.

1632:, who was head of the Soviet team, confirmed in 2002 that Petrosian, Geller and Keres arranged to draw all their games in order to save their energy for games against non-Soviet players. Korchnoi, who defected from the USSR in 1976, never confirmed that he was forced to throw games. FIDE responded by changing the format of future Candidates Tournaments to eliminate the possibility of collusion. 700: 2014: 9708: 4014: 1038:, Lasker insisted on a similar clause that if Lasker should resign the title after a date had been set for the match, Capablanca should become world champion. On 27 June 1920 Lasker abdicated in favor of Capablanca because of public criticism of the terms of the match, naming Capablanca as his successor. Some commentators questioned Lasker's right to name his successor; 1193:; about half would be distributed to the winner's backers, and the winner would receive the larger share of the remainder (the loser's backers got nothing). The players had to meet their own travel, accommodation, food and other expenses out of their shares of the purse. This system evolved out of the wagering of small stakes on club games in the early 19th century. 1462:, along with whoever lost the previous title match and the second-placed competitor in the previous Candidates Tournament three years earlier; and the winner of the Candidates played a title match against the champion. Until 1962 inclusive the Candidates Tournament was a multi-cycle round-robin tournament – how and why it was changed are described below. 1707:

games, except that if the score reached 9–9 he should remain champion. He argued that this was more advantageous to the challenger than the champion's advantage under the existing system, where the champion retained the title if the match was tied at 12–12 including draws. Eventually FIDE deposed Fischer and crowned Karpov as the new champion.

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number of championship wins is identical, the number of wins at undisputed championships, the number of years as undisputed champion, the number of years as champion are used as tie-breakers (in that order). If all numbers are the same, the players are listed by year of first victory at world championships (in chronological order).

5389:; Capablanca's letter of 20 December 1911 to Lasker, stating his objections to Lasker's proposal; Lasker's letter to Capablanca, breaking off negotiations; Lasker's letter of 27 April 1921 to Alberto Ponce of the Havana Chess Club, proposing to resign the 1921 match; and Ponce's reply, accepting the resignation. 655: 1853:. Shirov won the match, but negotiations for a Kasparov–Shirov match broke down, and Shirov was subsequently omitted from negotiations, much to his disgust. Plans for a 1999 or 2000 Kasparov–Anand match also broke down, and Kasparov organised a match with Kramnik in late 2000. In a major upset, Kramnik 2267:

tournament. Since 2023, the Grand Prix has been replaced by the FIDE Circuit, making many more tournaments (not only those organised by FIDE) contribute towards Candidates qualification. In addition, a small number of players sometimes qualify directly for the Candidates either by finishing highly in

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Until 1948, world championship contests were arranged privately between the players. As a result, the players also had to arrange the funding, in the form of stakes provided by enthusiasts who wished to bet on one of the players. In the early 20th century this was sometimes an obstacle that prevented

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Beginning with the 2014 Championship cycle, the World Championship has followed a 2-year cycle: qualification for the Candidates in the odd year, the Candidates tournament early in the even year, and the World Championship match later in the even year. This and the next two cycles resulted in Carlsen

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won the right to challenge Fischer in 1975. Fischer objected to the "best of 24 games" championship match format that had been used from 1951 onwards, claiming that it would encourage whoever got an early lead to play for draws. Instead he demanded that the match should be won by whoever first won 10

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because problems with money and travel so soon after the end of World War II prevented many countries from sending representatives. The shortage of clear information resulted in otherwise responsible magazines publishing rumors and speculation, which only made the situation more confusing. It did not

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agreed to place future matches for the world title under the auspices of FIDE, except that he would only play Capablanca under the same conditions that governed their match in 1927. Although FIDE wished to set up a match between Alekhine and Bogoljubow, it made little progress and the title "Champion

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It's reassuring to see that even FIDÉ now subscribes to the canonical view of who has and who has not been world champion. By openly conceding that the Chinese Grandmaster Ding Liren is the 17th champion, FIDÉ have confirmed that the true line of succession is Kasparov (13th champion), Kramnik (14),

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did not take place until late 2004 (it was drawn, so Kramnik retained his title). Meanwhile, FIDE never managed to organise a Kasparov match, either with 2002 FIDE champion Ponomariov, or 2004 FIDE champion Kasimdzhanov. Kasparov's frustration at the situation played a part in his decision to retire

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Up to and including the 1894 Steinitz–Lasker match, both players, with their backers, generally contributed equally to the purse, following the custom of important matches in the 19th century before there was a generally recognized world champion. For example: the stakes were £100 a side in both the

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and, in addition to making severe financial demands, proposed some novel conditions: the match should be considered drawn if neither player finished with a two-game lead; and it should have a maximum of 30 games, but finish if either player won six games and had a two-game lead (previous matches had

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The table below organises the world champions in order of championship wins. A successful defense counts as a win for the purposes of this table, even if the match is drawn. The table is made more complicated by the split between the "Classical" and FIDE world titles between 1993 and 2006. If total

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games were used to resolve ties at the end of each round, a format which some felt did not necessarily recognize the highest-quality play: Kasparov refused to participate in these events, as did Kramnik after he won the Classical title in 2000. In the first of these events, in 1998, champion Karpov

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accepted this maneuver and interpreted the rules very flexibly to enable Fischer to play, as he thought it important for the health and reputation of the game that Fischer should have the opportunity to challenge for the title as soon as possible. Fischer crushed all opposition and won the right to

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was replaced by a series of elimination matches. Initially the quarter-finals and semi-finals were best of 10 games, and the final was best of 12. Fischer, however, refused to take part in the 1966 cycle, and dropped out of the 1969 cycle after a controversy at 1967 Interzonal in Sousse. Both these

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The proposals which led to the 1948 Championship Tournament also specified the procedure by which challengers for the World Championship would be selected in a three-year cycle: countries affiliated to FIDE would send players to Zonal Tournaments (the number varied depending on how many good enough

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to Capablanca then FIDE's decision should be followed and Capablanca would have to play Flohr in 1940. Most chess writers and players strongly supported the Dutch super-tournament proposal and opposed the committee processes favored by FIDE. While this confusion went unresolved: Euwe lost his title

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Most books on the history of chess make a leap of a century after Greco and go directly to the Frenchman François André Danican Philidor (1726-1795). Although a few things happened in-between, he was the next player considered to stand head and shoulders above his contemporaries. ... However, I do

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reunification match between Topalov and Kramnik was held in late 2006. After much controversy, it was won by Kramnik. Kramnik thus became the first unified and undisputed World Chess Champion since Kasparov split from FIDE to form the PCA in 1993. This match, and all subsequent championships, have

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While negotiating his 1937 World Championship rematch with Alekhine, Euwe proposed that if he retained the title FIDE should manage the nomination of future challengers and the conduct of championship matches. FIDE had been trying since 1935 to introduce rules on how to select challengers, and its

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Following the controversies surrounding his 1921 match against Lasker, in 1922 world champion Capablanca proposed the "London Rules": the first player to win six games would win the match; playing sessions would be limited to 5 hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2½ hours; the champion must

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started work on drawing up regulations for the future conduct of world championship contests. Steinitz supported this endeavor, as he thought he was becoming too old to remain world champion. The proposal evolved through many forms (as Steinitz pointed out, such a project had never been undertaken

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retrospectively awarded the title of first world chess champion to Anderssen for his victory, but there is no evidence that he was widely acclaimed as such at the time, and no mention of such a status afterwards in the tournament book by Staunton. Indeed, Staunton's tournament book calls Anderssen

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in the finals, thereby earning the right to challenge Kasparov for the title. However, before the match took place, both Kasparov and Short complained of FIDE's mishandling of the prize pool in organizing the match, corruption in the leadership, and FIDE's failure to abide by their own rules, and

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Immediately after winning, Alekhine announced that he was willing to grant Capablanca a return match provided Capablanca met the requirements of the "London Rules". Negotiations dragged on for several years, often breaking down when agreement seemed in sight. Alekhine easily won two title matches

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Following the Steinitz–Zukertort match, a tradition continued of the world championship being decided by a match between the reigning champion, and a challenger: if a player thought he was strong enough, he (or his friends) would find financial backing for a match purse and challenge the reigning

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After the breakdown of his first attempt to negotiate a title match against Lasker (1911), Capablanca drafted rules for the conduct of future challenges, which were agreed to by the other top players at the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, including Lasker, and approved at the Mannheim Congress

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raised the same objection but welcomed Lasker's resignation of the title. Capablanca argued that, if the champion abdicated, the title must go to the challenger, as any other arrangement would be unfair to the challenger. Lasker later agreed to play a match against Capablanca in 1921, announcing

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The FIDE system followed its 1948 design through five cycles: 1948–1951, 1951–1954, 1954–1957, 1957–1960 and 1960–1963. The first two world championships under this system were drawn 12–12 – Botvinnik-Bronstein in 1951 and Botvinnik-Smyslov in 1954 – so Botvinnik retained the title both times.

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in the late 19th century, no chess player seriously claimed to be champion of the world. The phrase was used by some chess writers to describe other players of their day, and the status of being the best at the time has sometimes been awarded in retrospect, going back to the early 17th-century

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players each country had); the players who gained the top places in these would compete in an Interzonal Tournament (later split into two and then three tournaments as the number of countries and eligible players increased); the highest-placed players from the Interzonal would compete in the

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There is some debate over whether to date Steinitz's reign as world champion from his win over Anderssen in 1866, or from his win over Zukertort in 1886. The 1886 match was clearly agreed to be for the world championship, but there is no indication that Steinitz was regarded as the defending

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later that year. The main points were: the champion must be prepared to defend his title once a year; the match should be won by the first player to win six or eight games (the champion had the right to choose); and the stake should be at least £1,000 (about £120,000 in current terms).

638:, in 1843 is considered to have established Staunton as the world's strongest player, at least in England and France. By the 1830s, players from Germany and more generally Central Europe were beginning to appear on the scene: the strongest of the Berlin players around 1840 was probably 1914:) to choose his challenger. It was agreed that Kasparov would play the FIDE champion (Ponomariov) for the FIDE title, and the winner of that match would face the winner of the Kramnik–Leko match for the unified title. However, the matches proved difficult to finance and organise. The 726: 1027:

been won by the first to win a certain number of games, usually 10; in theory, such a match might go on for ever). Capablanca objected to the two-game lead clause; Lasker took offence at the terms in which Capablanca criticized the two-game lead condition and broke off negotiations.

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In the 1969–1972 cycle Fischer caused two more crises. He refused to play in the 1969 US Championship, which was a Zonal Tournament. This would have eliminated him from the 1969–1972 cycle, but Benko was persuaded to concede his place in the Interzonal to Fischer. FIDE President

1130:, but Alekhine overcame Capablanca's natural skill with his unmatched drive and extensive preparation (especially deep opening analysis, which became a hallmark of most future grandmasters). The aggressive Alekhine was helped by his tactical skill, which complicated the game. 424:. Steinitz won, becoming the first world champion. From 1886 to 1946, the champion set the terms, requiring any challenger to raise a sizable stake and defeat the champion in a match in order to become the new world champion. Following the death of reigning world champion 1221:

for £400 a side. Lasker introduced the practice of demanding that the challenger should provide the whole of the purse, and his successors followed his example up to World War II. This requirement made arranging world championship matches more difficult, for example:

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Regarding a possible "two-game lead" clause, Winter cites Capablanca's messages to Julius Finn and Norbert Lederer dated 15 October 1927, in which he proposed that, if the Buenos Aires match were drawn, the second match could be limited to 20 games. Winter cites

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had all challenged Capablanca in the early 1920s but only Alekhine could raise the US$ 10,000 Capablanca demanded and only in 1927. Capablanca was shockingly upset by the new challenger. Before the match, almost nobody gave Alekhine a chance against the dominant

594:. These were the first to be adequately reported, and they somewhat resemble the later world championship matches. Approximately 85 games (the true number is up for historical debate) were played, with La Bourdonnais winning a majority of the games. 1288:

FIDE's congresses in 1925 and 1926 expressed a desire to become involved in managing the world championship. FIDE was largely happy with the "London Rules", but claimed that the requirement for a purse of $ 10,000 was impracticable and called upon

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by a convincing 3-point margin, ahead of nearly every leading player in the world, with Steinitz finishing second. This tournament established Steinitz and Zukertort as the best two players in the world, and led to a match between these two, the

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Soon after the 2021 match, Carlsen indicated that he would not defend the title again. This was confirmed in an announcement by FIDE on 20 July 2022. As a consequence, the top two finishers of the Candidates Tournament, Ian Nepomniachtchi and

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Fischer privately maintained that he was still World Champion. He went into seclusion and did not play chess in public again until 1992, when Spassky agreed to participate in an unofficial rematch for the World Championship. Fischer won the

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that made the normal procedure impossible. The situation was very confused, with many respected players and commentators offering different solutions. FIDE found it very difficult to organize the early discussions on how to resolve the

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in Astana, Kazakhstan, from 7 April to 30 April 2023. Ding won, making him the first World Chess Champion from China. FIDE referred to Ding as the "17th World Champion"; thus the "Classical" line of Champions during the split has been

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Après Deschapelles et Labourdonnais, il m'a été donné de voir un jeune homme que l'on peut et que l'on doit placer sur la même ligne. Sa supériorité est aussi évidente que la leur. Elle est aussi incontestable et se révèle de la même

818:, which was the strongest that had been held to date (Anderssen came first, and won twice against Steinitz). Steinitz confirmed his standing as the world's leading player by winning the London 1872 tournament, winning a match against 1520:, on the grounds that it would reduce Soviet dominance of the tournament. Averbakh claimed that this was to Botvinnik's advantage as it reduced the number of Soviet players he might have to meet in the title match. Botvinnik lost to 949:, was prepared to play Steinitz for the title in New York, so this match was played in 1890–1891 and was won by Steinitz. The experiment was not repeated, and Steinitz's later matches were private arrangements between the players. 5001:

J.I. Minchin, the editor of the tournament book, wrote, "Dr. Zukertort at present holds the honoured post of champion, but only a match can settle the position of these rival monarchs of the Chess realm." J.I. Minchin (editor),

1814:(PCA), under whose auspices they held their match. In response, FIDE stripped Kasparov of his title and held a championship match between Karpov and Timman. For the first time in history, there were two World Chess Champions: 1871:

was seeded directly into the final, but he later had to qualify alongside the other players. Karpov defended his title in the first of these championships in 1998, but resigned his title in protest at the new rules in 1999.

611:(who was probably Walker) wrote, "Will Gaul continue the dynasty by placing a fourth Frenchman on the throne of the world? the three last chess chiefs having been successively Philidor, Deschapelles, and De La Bourdonnais." 1658:

meeting FIDE officials in 1972. His reign as World Champion ended, for a short time, 24 years of Soviet domination of the World Championship. After becoming World Champion, Fischer did not play competitive chess for 20

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Meanwhile, FIDE had decided to scrap the Interzonal and Candidates system, instead having a large knockout event in which a large number of players contested short matches against each other over just a few weeks (see

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as the official challenger. Euwe then declared that: if he retained his title against Alekhine he was prepared to meet Flohr in 1940 but he reserved the right to arrange a title match either in 1938 or 1939 with

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After becoming world champion by default, Karpov confirmed his worthiness for the title with a string of tournament successes from the mid 70s to the early 80s. He defended his title twice against ex-Soviet

1414:. The AVRO tournament had brought together the eight players who were, by general acclamation, the best players in the world at the time. Two of the participants at AVRO – Alekhine and former world champion 1741:

defeated Karpov to become the 13th World Champion, was undisputed World Champion from 1985 to 1993, and held the split title until 2000. He holds a record of 255 months as the world's highest-rated player.

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with two wins, thirteen draws, and no losses. At the time the championship was called the Braingames World Chess Championship, but Kramnik later referred to himself as the Classical World Chess Champion.

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FIDE and the PCA each held a championship cycle in 1993–1996, with many of the same challengers playing in both. Kasparov and Karpov both won their respective cycles. In the PCA cycle, Kasparov defeated

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Soon after the 1995 championship, the PCA folded, and Kasparov had no organisation to choose his next challenger. In 1998 he formed the World Chess Council, which organised a candidates match between

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between eight of the leading players in the world. However Kramnik insisted that his title be decided in a match, and declined to participate. The tournament was convincingly won by the Bulgarian

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Winter cites: Resolution XI of the 1926 FIDE Congress, regarding the "London Rules"; page 5 of the 1926 Congress' minutes about the initial decision to set up an "official championship of FIDE";

1688:. After agreeing to play in Yugoslavia, Fischer raised a series of objections and Iceland was the final venue. Even then Fischer raised difficulties, mainly over money. It took a phone call from 941:

tied for first place; their play-off resulted in four draws; and neither wanted to play a match against Steinitz – Chigorin had just lost to him, and Weiss wanted to get back to his work for the

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is a tournament to choose the challenger. Over the years it has varied in size (between 8 and 16 players) and in format (a tournament, a set of matches, or a combination of the two). Since the

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included a clause that, if Lasker should resign the title after a date had been set for the match, Rubinstein should become world champion. When he resumed negotiations with Capablanca after

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to come to an agreement with the leading masters to revise the Rules. In 1926 FIDE decided in principle to create a title of "Champion of FIDE" and, in 1928, adopted the forthcoming 1928

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proposed that a super-tournament (AVRO) of ex-champions and rising stars should be held to select the next challenger. FIDE rejected this proposal and at their second attempt nominated

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Many modern commentators divide Steinitz's reign into an "unofficial" one from 1866 to 1886, and an "official" one after 1886. By this reckoning, the first World Championship match was

6607: 1073:, who played dynamic and imaginative chess, was World Champion from 1927 to 1935 and again from 1937 to his death in 1946. He is the only World Champion to die while holding the title. 1329:

various proposals favored selection by some sort of committee. While they were debating procedures in 1937 and Alekhine and Euwe were preparing for their rematch later that year, the

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in the world and had won a string of major tournaments after losing his title in 2000 – ensured even more confusion over who was World Champion. In May 2002, American grandmaster

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became World Champion after Fischer refused to defend his title. He was world champion from 1975 to 1985, and FIDE World Champion from 1993 to 1999 when the world title was split.

6832: 563:) and gave public demonstrations of his blindfold chess skills. However, some of Philidor's contemporaries were not convinced by the analysis Philidor gave in his book (e.g. the 6326: 1702:

An unbroken line of FIDE champions had thus been established from 1948 to 1972, with each champion gaining his title by beating the previous incumbent. This came to an end when

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in 1960 but won the return match in 1961. Thus Smyslov and Tal each held the world title for a year, but Botvinnik was world champion for rest of the time from 1948 to 1963.

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The following two championships had special clauses arising from the 2006 unification. Kramnik was given the right to challenge for the title he lost in a tournament in the

646:. The earliest recorded use of the term "World Champion" was in 1845, when Staunton was described as "the Chess Champion of England, or ... the Champion of the World". 979:

was the World Champion for 27 years consecutively from 1894 to 1921, the longest reign of a World Champion. During that period, he played seven World Championship matches.

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in 1821 suggests that they were on par. After Deschapelles and Lewis withdrew from play, the strongest players from France and England respectively were recognised as

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narrowly defeated Anderssen in a match (8–6, 0 draws). However, he was not immediately able to conclusively demonstrate his superiority. Steinitz placed third at the

10884: 586:. La Bourdonnais visited England in 1825, where he played many games against Lewis and won most of them, and defeated all the other English masters despite offering 9977: 6797: 1773:, whose aggressive tactical style was in sharp contrast to Karpov's positional style. The two of them fought five incredibly close world championship matches, the 2067:, which Anand won. Then Topalov, who as the loser of the 2006 match was excluded from the 2007 championship, was seeded directly into the Candidates final of the 10692: 1910:

led the organisation of the so-called "Prague Agreement" to reunite the world championship. Kramnik had organised a candidates tournament (won later in 2002 by

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were also playing at a comparable standard to Anderssen in the 1860s: Anderssen narrowly won a match against Kolisch in 1861, and drew against Paulsen in 1862.

12443: 1793:(again narrowly won by Kasparov, 12½–11½). In the five matches Kasparov and Karpov played 144 games with 104 draws, 21 wins by Kasparov and 19 wins by Karpov. 7355: 6633: 1004: 95: 783:

After Morphy's retirement from chess, Anderssen was again regarded as the world's strongest active player, a reputation he reinforced by winning the strong

12252: 7189: 760:, which was the first international chess tournament, organized by Staunton. It was played as a series of matches, and was won convincingly by the German 11823: 7359: 7245: 1022:

Lasker's negotiations for title matches from 1911 onwards were extremely controversial. In 1911, he received a challenge for a world title match against

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There were many variations during the world title split between 1993 and 2006. FIDE determined the championship by a single knockout tournament between

11789: 9967: 9750: 8259: 4041: 5815: 5507: 5321: 4716: 1516:. A defeated champion would have the right to a return match. FIDE also limited the number of players from the same country that could compete in the 11167: 10741: 10057: 7901: 7896: 6577: 6866: 5071: 11827: 10721: 9957: 5234: 10122: 5472: 11274: 10687: 10020: 6339: 5615: 5164: 6303: 538:

The game of chess in its modern form emerged in Spain in the 15th century, though rule variations persisted until the late 19th century. Before

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broke away from FIDE, which led to a rival claimant to the title of World Champion for the next thirteen years. The titles were unified at the

6399: 455:, the championship has settled on a two-year cycle, with championships occurring every even year. The 2020 and 2022 matches were postponed to 12257: 10201: 9962: 6603: 6494: 6417: 5146: 2090:

won the Candidates. Anand won the championship match again, in tie breaking rapid games, for his fourth consecutive world championship win.

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world championship was not held, as the champion (Fischer) refused to defend his title; his challenger (Karpov) became champion by default.

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agreed in principle to a world championship match, but this was never played as Rubinstein could not raise the money. In the early 1920s,

960:. Tarrasch had the better tournament results at the time, but it was Lasker who was able to raise the money to challenge Steinitz. Lasker 12247: 12077: 11764: 11759: 11078: 10761: 9952: 6682: 5698: 4629: 12192: 11858: 11033: 10544: 10477: 10226: 9907: 9488: 7060: 6935: 6820: 6316: 6075: 5415: 4046: 1616:

publicly alleged that the Soviets had colluded to prevent any non-Soviet – specifically him – from winning. He claimed that Petrosian,

5589: 4588: 1121:, although there has been speculation that the actual contract might have included a "two-game lead" clause. Alekhine, Rubinstein and 930: 12137: 11868: 10549: 10330: 10186: 10067: 9862: 6845:

Ding Liren made history by becoming the 17th World Champion in chess, defeating Ian Nepomniachtchi in the final game of the tiebreaks

2373:

world championship was played between the top two finishers of the Candidates, as the champion (Carlsen) refused to defend his title.

734:, who won three strong international tournaments and is often considered the world's leading player around the mid-nineteenth century 11739: 5847: 4803: 4753: 4463: 4137: 1165:. World War II temporarily prevented any further world title matches, and Alekhine remained world champion until his death in 1946. 12202: 12072: 11965: 11421: 11279: 10628: 10472: 9902: 9872: 9045: 6258: 5881: 5253: 6901: 6174: 5724: 5204: 4100:

Hendriks, Willy (2020). "1. Footnotes to Greco; 2. The Nimzowitsch of the 17th century; 3. With a little help from the opponent".

2113:

has been an 8-player double round robin tournament, with the winner playing a match against the champion for the title. Norwegian

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The eventual solution was very similar to FIDE's initial proposal and to a proposal put forward by the Soviet Union (authored by

1359:

placed second and Capablanca and Flohr in the bottom places; and the outbreak of World War II in 1939 cut short the controversy.

601:

wrote "The sceptre of chess, in Europe, has been for the last century, at least, wielded by a Gallic dynasty. It has passed from

499: 255: 250: 10707: 4373: 1547: 690: 12385: 12222: 12182: 12030: 11970: 11950: 11903: 11863: 11853: 11699: 11498: 11398: 11252: 10869: 10579: 10574: 10528: 9743: 9483: 7542: 7343: 7325: 7179: 7122: 1202: 635: 623: 605:

to La Bourdonnais, through the grasp, successively, of Philidor, Bernard, Carlier , and Deschapelles". In 1840, a columnist in

210: 80: 65: 6353: 4067: 1062:

reigned as World Champion from 1921 to 1927. He proposed the short-lived "London Rules" for future World Championship matches.

12438: 11982: 11920: 11673: 11446: 11438: 11328: 10796: 10746: 10714: 10591: 10556: 10536: 10490: 10366: 10278: 10233: 10112: 10107: 10097: 9478: 7211: 7117: 6967: 4695: 4109: 1819: 987:, and then did not defend his title for ten years, before playing four title defences in four years. He comfortably defeated 5788: 1815: 12329: 12262: 12057: 12042: 12020: 11784: 11769: 11678: 11262: 10874: 10682: 10482: 10371: 10082: 10077: 9845: 9035: 7270: 7184: 6734: 6228: 6145: 5997: 2589: 1377: 1368: 660: 556: 6372: 6201: 6052: 5938: 5908: 4948: 1723: 12237: 12169: 12162: 11898: 11646: 11356: 10849: 10651: 10460: 10408: 10325: 9423: 9286: 9276: 9040: 7861: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 6980: 6789: 5117: 4402: 4335: 3912: 2232:

Zonal tournaments: different regional tournaments to qualify for the following stage. Qualifiers from zonals play in the

1663: 475: 22: 2156:, and caused the next match to be postponed from 2020 to 2021. Carlsen again successfully defended his title, defeating 2082:, had short knock-out matches for the Candidates Tournament. This format was not popular with everyone, and world No. 1 12433: 12294: 12157: 12127: 12092: 12067: 11596: 11511: 11491: 11476: 11413: 11321: 11172: 11018: 11013: 10831: 10613: 10566: 10523: 10502: 10452: 10273: 10268: 10196: 9922: 9770: 9561: 9031: 9026: 7921: 7687: 7677: 7667: 7657: 7647: 7637: 7633: 7231: 7137: 7127: 2363: 2356: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2241: 2237: 2053: 1923: 1896: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1863: 1839: 749:, who dominated all of his opposition during his brief chess career before retiring from chess at the age of 21 in 1859 583: 295: 285: 8354: 6464: 6109: 12371: 12343: 12132: 12097: 11749: 11616: 11232: 11177: 11125: 11095: 11090: 10963: 10771: 10751: 10726: 10633: 10586: 10358: 10337: 10290: 10283: 10255: 10206: 9736: 9498: 9398: 9291: 9261: 7881: 7265: 7196: 7132: 7073: 7015: 6280: 5666: 5583: 5263: 5041: 4976: 4668: 4619: 4582: 4554: 4517: 4493: 4440: 4291: 4261: 4227: 3974: 2383: 1842:. Negotiations were held for a reunification match between Kasparov and Karpov in 1996–97, but nothing came of them. 1831: 815: 523: 511: 42: 10702: 2098: 12062: 12015: 11873: 11838: 11526: 11506: 11486: 11466: 11184: 11105: 11003: 10980: 10948: 10781: 10756: 10416: 10300: 10260: 10144: 9877: 9468: 9458: 9376: 9266: 8016: 8011: 7886: 7154: 7142: 7040: 6995: 3984: 3934: 2264: 1712: 1689: 764:, including a 4–1 semi-final win over Staunton. This established Anderssen as the world's leading player. In 1893, 503: 6629: 1734: 1512:

alleged were instigated by the two Soviet representatives in FIDE, who were personal friends of reigning champion

12232: 12187: 12142: 12047: 11955: 11942: 11731: 11714: 11709: 11576: 11533: 11518: 11100: 10806: 10776: 10518: 10421: 9892: 9453: 9443: 7964: 7876: 7866: 7174: 7112: 7095: 7090: 7035: 7025: 3929: 3917: 1376:

died in 1946 before anyone else could win against him in match for the World Champion title. This resulted in an

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cycles, a rule existed which allowed the champion a rematch if he lost the championship match, leading to the

12082: 12000: 11804: 11724: 11563: 11137: 11120: 11023: 10968: 10891: 10854: 10342: 10305: 10015: 9942: 9887: 9830: 9583: 9493: 9428: 9009: 8771: 8322: 7785: 7779: 7770: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7712: 7629: 7590: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7523: 7512: 7502: 7492: 7488: 7478: 7468: 7458: 7448: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7407: 7397: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7369: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7100: 7045: 5442: 2370: 2326: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2284: 2222: 2198: 2189: 2161: 2142: 2134: 2126: 2118: 2079: 2068: 2064: 2049: 2025: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1763: 1755: 1671: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1536: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1411: 1307: 1218: 1182: 1174: 1162: 1150: 1143: 1139: 1118: 1044: 1000: 992: 988: 984: 961: 918: 914: 906: 890: 866: 851: 468: 460: 456: 452: 445: 437: 433: 413: 402: 373: 366: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 300: 290: 280: 275: 270: 265: 245: 240: 230: 225: 220: 215: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 90: 85: 75: 70: 60: 55: 6766: 559:

was "supposed to be the best Chess-player in the world". Philidor wrote an extremely successful chess book (

432:(the International Chess Federation) took over administration of the World Championship, beginning with the 11930: 11925: 11883: 11794: 11558: 11428: 11391: 11381: 11196: 11115: 11073: 11058: 11053: 11048: 10618: 10497: 10221: 10164: 10139: 10134: 10102: 10052: 10002: 8847: 8327: 6714: 5811: 5503: 5317: 4712: 4387: 1330: 846: 838: 834: 823: 784: 757: 598: 575: 2020:

defeated Garry Kasparov in 2000, and then became the undisputed world champion by beating Topalov in 2006.

1805:

broke the domination of Kasparov and Karpov by defeating Karpov in the candidates semi-finals followed by

1422:

in which the other six participants at AVRO would play four games against each other. These players were:

12308: 11975: 11704: 11471: 11403: 11371: 11247: 10901: 10864: 10403: 10386: 10248: 10151: 10092: 10007: 9937: 9867: 9597: 9546: 9256: 7891: 7286: 7005: 6858: 5060: 3994: 1189:: either the challenger or both players, with the assistance of financial backers, would contribute to a 842: 803: 507: 6922: 5227: 833:

Apart from the Blackburne match, Steinitz played no competitive chess between the Vienna tournaments of

12301: 12227: 12152: 11631: 11386: 11211: 11149: 10953: 10911: 10836: 10811: 10791: 10465: 10378: 10238: 10129: 9670: 9648: 9556: 9541: 9205: 9157: 9152: 9142: 8810: 8488: 8332: 7169: 7068: 6022: 5960: 5534: 5468: 5174: 2228:

Since 1948, the world championship has mainly operated on a two or three-year cycle, with four stages:

2153: 1450:, so only five players competed. Botvinnik won convincingly and thus became world champion, ending the 1264: 889:

dominated chess from 1866 to 1894. Some commentators date his time as World Champion from 1866; others

436:. From 1948 to 1993, FIDE organized a set of tournaments to choose a new challenger every three years. 12007: 6655: 5754: 5611: 12287: 12117: 12107: 11008: 10906: 10896: 10658: 10638: 10159: 9855: 9840: 9810: 9602: 9536: 9386: 9281: 9130: 7373: 7107: 6990: 5569: 5150: 4568: 4400:

Crescendo of the Virtuoso: Spectacle, Skill, and Self-Promotion in Paris during the Age of Revolution

3558: 2487: 2172: 1415: 1339: 1290: 1239: 1059: 1023: 765: 5672: 5368: 1043:

that, if he won, he would resign the title so that younger masters could compete for it. Capablanca

12412: 12378: 11843: 11548: 11346: 11063: 10958: 10643: 10623: 10213: 9578: 9551: 9115: 8508: 8503: 8460: 8359: 7085: 6392: 4680: 2052:

in Mexico. This was an 8-player double round robin tournament, the same format as was used for the

1242:, but only Alekhine was able to raise the US$ 10,000 that Capablanca demanded, and not until 1927. 11890: 8194: 12392: 12112: 11591: 11316: 11038: 10398: 10045: 9687: 9217: 8882: 7147: 7080: 6491: 6414: 4846: 4775: 4452:

The Earl of Mexborough's speech to the meeting of Yorkshire Chess Clubs, as reported in the 1845

2013: 1902:

By 2002, not only were there two rival champions, but Kasparov's strong results – he had the top

1696: 925: 827: 579: 11995: 8228: 983:

Lasker held the title from 1894 to 1921, the longest reign (27 years) of any champion. He won a

11935: 11774: 11606: 11581: 9929: 9825: 9271: 9200: 8498: 8344: 8249: 8094: 8026: 1636: 1419: 675: 571: 1922:

Soon after, FIDE dropped the short knockout format for a World Championship and announced the

11990: 11461: 11361: 11085: 9403: 9326: 9212: 8912: 8907: 8594: 8317: 8276: 8058: 7301: 5694: 2578: 2525: 2280: 2110: 1517: 1459: 934: 6656:"The World Chess Championship comes to New York City 11—30 November 2016 | World Chess" 6079: 5877: 5411: 1644:, who lost the title match to Petrosian in 1966, but won and became world champion in 1969. 574:

was the strongest player of the time, though three games between him and the English player

11611: 11237: 11189: 10318: 9789: 9120: 9057: 9016: 8977: 8759: 8749: 8679: 8493: 8424: 8349: 8234: 8033: 5728: 5381:

This cites: a report of Lasker's concerns about the location and duration of the match, in

3998: 2197:

legitimised over the FIDE line by FIDE itself. The next world championship will be held in

1223: 942: 770: 607: 474:

Though the world championship is open to all players, there are separate championships for

2251:

Candidates qualification tournaments. From 1948 to 1993, the only such tournament was the

1699:

to persuade him to play. After a few more traumatic moments Fischer won the match 12½–8½.

8: 12350: 12269: 11568: 11333: 11157: 11142: 10801: 10295: 9805: 9568: 9348: 9100: 8987: 8957: 8927: 8899: 8872: 8815: 8716: 8684: 8644: 8599: 8312: 8254: 8129: 8077: 8072: 7999: 7957: 7681: 7651: 5843: 4799: 4750: 4459: 4133: 3846: 3814: 2979: 2923: 1978: 1948: 1927: 1892: 1872: 1505: 1103: 937:. The tournament was duly played, but the outcome was not quite as planned: Chigorin and 9110: 6250: 4182: 1418:– had died; but FIDE decided that the championship should be awarded to the winner of a 841:. During that time, Zukertort emerged as the world's leading active player, winning the 12322: 11162: 10973: 9850: 9759: 9675: 9573: 9316: 9125: 8766: 8654: 8617: 8266: 8134: 7411: 7391: 6914:(the 14th World Chess Champion) shares his views on the first 13 World Chess Champions. 6451:

Most likely I finally felt liberated after losing the World Championship title in 2008.

6285: 5196: 3422: 2566: 2513: 2273: 2263:, a series of tournaments restricted to the top 20 or so players in the world; and the 2218: 2157: 1373: 1321: 1302: 1231: 1226:

challenged Lasker in 1904 but could not raise the money until 1907; in 1911 Lasker and

1214: 1190: 1114: 1083: 1070: 819: 543: 425: 421: 398: 6506: 2037: 1055: 12177: 12052: 11543: 11376: 11201: 10766: 10437: 9658: 9531: 9343: 9301: 9232: 9184: 9167: 9147: 8999: 8937: 8877: 8852: 8699: 8664: 8659: 8639: 8627: 8470: 8438: 8404: 8384: 8221: 8215: 8176: 8043: 7927: 7738: 7671: 7661: 7482: 7462: 7442: 6380: 5968: 5662: 5579: 5259: 5037: 4972: 4926: 4901: 4876: 4664: 4615: 4578: 4550: 4513: 4489: 4436: 4361: 4257: 4223: 4105: 3782: 3389: 3325: 3077: 2956: 2933: 2692: 2664: 2623: 2269: 2149: 2057: 2041: 1963: 1884: 1827: 1513: 1403: 1395: 1269:

Attempts to form an international chess federation were made at the time of the 1914

1091: 996: 953: 602: 464: 11668: 6927: 12364: 11819: 10995: 9994: 9653: 9526: 9368: 9311: 9222: 9172: 9021: 8967: 8962: 8952: 8867: 8788: 8778: 8754: 8721: 8293: 8207: 7981: 7716: 7612: 7496: 7333: 6911: 6321: 4761: 3526: 3493: 3461: 3051: 2870: 2705: 2413: 2366:

world championship was determined by an eight-player tournament instead of a match.

2017: 1850: 1583: 1532: 1442:

from the United States. However, FIDE soon accepted a Soviet request to substitute

1439: 1235: 1227: 1210: 1186: 1122: 1099: 1031: 902: 886: 799: 564: 539: 417: 6525: 6170: 5529: 4692: 1030:

Further controversy arose when, in 1912, Lasker's terms for a proposed match with

12315: 11694: 11658: 11653: 11626: 11351: 9618: 9592: 9413: 9408: 9358: 9296: 9105: 9080: 9065: 8862: 8820: 8803: 8704: 8622: 8584: 8562: 8547: 8478: 8455: 8414: 8409: 8288: 8271: 8111: 7691: 7291: 7281: 6741: 6718: 6513: 6498: 6421: 6403: 6376: 6357: 6134: 5780: 5776: 5637: 5346: 5016: 4952: 4832: 4757: 4699: 4533: 4419: 4406: 4308: 4159: 3878: 3449: 3002: 2474: 2426: 2260: 2256: 2245: 2138: 2130: 1993: 1931: 1907: 1747: 1692: 1625: 1407: 1348: 1294: 1206: 1198: 1135: 1087: 1008: 946: 910: 761: 731: 705: 643: 631: 619: 551:(the first player where complete games survive). Richard Lambe, in his 1764 book 548: 8887: 8798: 6224: 6138: 5990: 4027: 1095: 12357: 10985: 9800: 9780: 9717: 9633: 9381: 9227: 9090: 9085: 8922: 8917: 8783: 8741: 8711: 8540: 8483: 8371: 8339: 8305: 8298: 8283: 8244: 8239: 8166: 8161: 8006: 7950: 7802: 7764: 7641: 7598: 7564: 7536: 7452: 7363: 6985: 6895: 6369: 6350: 6197: 6048: 5930: 5904: 4945: 3964: 3686: 3357: 3292: 3252: 3213: 3103: 2900: 2844: 2783: 2757: 2649: 2451: 2114: 2102: 2083: 2044:

held the FIDE title from 2000 to 2002, and the unified title from 2007 to 2013.

1770: 1738: 1727: 1703: 1553: 1521: 1443: 1270: 1178: 1012: 976: 957: 859: 811: 807: 792: 587: 441: 406: 6904:– Contains the results, and also some commentary by an amateur chess historian 5121: 4399: 4328: 1281:

Tournaments. On 20 July 1924 the participants at the Paris tournament founded

1011:, although the exact conditions of this match are a mystery. He then defeated 776:

Anderssen was himself decisively beaten in an 1858 match against the American

570:

In the early 19th century, it was generally considered that the French player

12427: 11553: 11538: 11286: 9692: 9682: 9665: 9338: 9321: 9248: 9137: 9095: 9075: 8857: 8839: 8830: 8793: 8726: 8649: 8634: 8589: 8572: 8567: 8557: 8389: 8151: 8089: 7516: 7506: 6396: 5573: 5143: 5029: 4989: 4572: 3622: 3617: 3590: 3456: 2744: 2731: 2718: 2463: 2438: 2087: 1846: 1685: 1667: 1651: 1641: 1629: 1613: 1509: 788: 639: 7223: 5255:

The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion

4068:"World Chess Championship 2021: Decisively decided? • The Tulane Hullabaloo" 2145:. Both the 2016 and 2018 defences were decided by tie-break in rapid games. 11433: 10605: 10040: 9712: 9638: 9623: 9353: 9179: 9162: 9070: 9004: 8947: 8942: 8674: 8669: 8609: 8552: 8443: 8399: 8171: 8156: 8146: 8082: 8048: 8021: 7989: 7931: 6290: 6102: 4033: 4019: 3713: 3681: 3585: 3521: 3320: 3280: 3240: 2796: 2770: 2636: 1972: 1777:(controversially terminated without result with Karpov leading +5 −3 =40), 1446:

for Flohr, and Fine dropped out in order to continue his degree studies in

1107: 6712:

Arkady Dvorkovich: The match for the chess crown will be postponed to 2021

6683:"Magnus Carlsen Beats Fabiano Caruana to win the World Chess Championship" 2344:; meanwhile, the Classical world championship had no qualifying stages in 1177:

world championship matches were financed by arrangements similar to those

10943: 10930: 8992: 8982: 8731: 8694: 8577: 8188: 8183: 8141: 7994: 7472: 6526:"Sofia R7: Topalov beats Kamsky, wins candidates match | Chess News" 6030: 5169: 4102:

On the Origin of Good Moves: A Skeptic's Guide to Getting Better at Chess

3718: 3649: 2819: 2677: 2551: 2072: 1934:, and negotiations began for a Kramnik–Topalov match to unify the title. 1835: 1802: 1617: 1568: 1525: 1435: 1356: 1158: 1035: 777: 746: 669: 6198:"World Chess Championship 1972 Fischer – Spassky Title Match:Highlights" 1577: 1066: 448:, and all subsequent matches have once again been administered by FIDE. 10921: 10823: 10668: 10030: 9628: 8689: 8525: 8515: 8448: 8432: 8124: 7774: 7296: 5359: 5357: 5355: 3841: 3750: 3129: 2992: 2252: 2233: 2185: 2176: 1987: 1911: 1903: 1867: 1806: 1621: 1447: 1431: 1427: 1362: 1352: 1334: 1278: 684: 394: 32: 9728: 8195: 5896: 1942: 654: 10938: 10313: 9643: 8972: 8932: 8535: 8530: 8419: 8394: 8119: 6917: 6745: 5984: 5982: 5498: 5496: 5228:"Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 – A World Championship Match or Not?" 5219: 3153: 1655: 1647: 1039: 938: 28: 9521: 5352: 5295: 2117:

won the 2013 Candidates and then convincingly defeated Anand in the

882: 10035: 9331: 8379: 7401: 6790:"Lacking Motivation, Magnus Carlsen Will Give Up World Chess Title" 3873: 3654: 3015: 2538: 2202: 1680: 1562: 1423: 1317: 1298: 1274: 1260: 1154: 467:; the next match will return to the normal schedule and be held in 5979: 5493: 4409:. Paul Metzner, Berkeley: University of California Press, c. 1998. 3026: 2287:

it has always been an eight-player, double round-robin tournament.

1504:

In 1956 FIDE introduced two apparently minor changes which Soviet

12279: 8053: 6758: 6480:

Your reign as champion ended with the 2008 defeat to Vishy Anand.

5462: 5460: 3777: 3208: 3201: 2969: 2469: 2458: 1391: 972: 933:

to select a challenger for Steinitz, rather like the more recent

740: 699: 409:, the previous world champion, had declined to defend his title. 6711: 6552:"FIDE World Chess Championship Match – Anand Retains the Title!" 6049:"Index of FIDE Events 1948–1990 : World Chess Championship" 5972: 5931:"Index of FIDE Events 1948–1990 : World Chess Championship" 5096: 5094: 5092: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4322: 4320: 1313: 1301:

match (won by Bogoljubow) as being for the "FIDE championship".

952:

Two young strong players emerged in late 1880s and early 1890s:

8520: 6127: 5835: 5055: 5053: 5004:

Games Played in the London International Chess Tournament, 1883

3809: 3806: 3710: 3678: 3582: 3518: 3488: 3485: 3417: 3352: 3317: 3287: 3277: 3247: 3237: 3116: 3064: 2913: 2857: 2808: 2290:

The championship match between the champion and the challenger.

2259:. However extra qualification events have also been added: the 1759: 1751: 1342:, who had lost the title to Alekhine in 1927; if Euwe lost his 678:, reputed to be the best player in the early nineteenth century 6759:"Statement by FIDE President on Magnus Carlsen's announcement" 6492:

Regulations for the 2007 – 2009 World Chess Championship Cycle

6171:"Fischer, outspoken ex-chess champion, dies of kidney failure" 5490:

30 November 1927 for Alekhine's conditions for a return match.

5457: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5310: 4705: 2355:

A one-off match to reunite the world championship was held in

1957: 1670:

played a World Championship match against Fischer, dubbed the

663:, reputed to be the best player of the late eighteenth century 7973: 6958: 5089: 4731: 4317: 3745: 3384: 3142: 3090: 2946: 2255:. Since 2005, the Interzonal has mainly been replaced by the 2201:, in which Ding will defend his title against the challenger 1531:

The return match clause was not in place for the 1963 cycle.

1343: 898:

world champion. If he won, he would become the new champion.

725: 693:, the world's strongest player from 1821 to his death in 1840 390: 6042: 6040: 5050: 1050: 869:, and Steinitz was the first official World Chess Champion. 708:, generally reckoned the world's leading player of the 1840s 8038: 7422: 6828: 6722: 6659: 6502: 6225:"World Chess Championship 1975: Fischer forfeits to Karpov" 5750: 5630: 5392: 5284: 4663:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), pp.216–217. 3553: 2500: 1282: 1256: 1127: 429: 412:

The first event recognized as a world championship was the

6317:"Many Fans Root For Rebels In Fight With Chess Federation" 5563: 5561: 1113:

The only match played under those rules was Capablanca vs

567:), and some more recent authors have echoed these doubts. 6037: 6021: 5803: 4560: 3614: 2225:

was a one-off tournament to decide a new world champion.

810:; he placed second at the Dundee 1867 tournament, behind 630:

After La Bourdonnais' death in December 1840, Englishman

9707: 7942: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5865: 5522: 4013: 877: 5558: 4626:

This can be viewed online at or downloaded as PDF from

3646: 2388: 901:

Steinitz successfully defended his world title against

6902:

Graeme Cree's World Chess Championship Page (archived)

6735:

BREAKING: Carlsen Might Only Defend Title Vs. Firouzja

6630:"Sochi G11: In dramatic finale, Carlsen retains title" 6465:"Vladimir Kramnik Interview: 'I'm Not Afraid To Lose'" 5769: 4971:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), p.459. 4549:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), p.263. 4488:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), p.390. 3838: 2820:

Classical (PCA/Braingames) world champions (1993–2006)

1524:

in 1957 but won the return match in 1958, and lost to

6957: 5862: 5687: 5604: 5430: 4512:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), p.15. 4435:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), p.44. 4222:, Oxford University Press, 1992 (2nd edition), p.56. 1919:

from chess in 2005, still ranked No. 1 in the world.

1398:

was the first World Champion under FIDE jurisdiction.

4294:

The exploits and triumphs, in Europe, of Paul Morphy

4009: 3870: 1363:

Birth of FIDE's World Championship cycle (1946–1948)

872: 16:

Competition to determine the World Champion in chess

6821:"Ding Liren makes history, becoming World Champion" 5991:"Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2" 3774: 3446: 3198: 2881: 2598: 2125:successfully defending his title: against Anand in 6436:"Vladimir Kramnik: "It turns out I'm 52, not 40!"" 5718: 5716: 4603: 4042:Comparison of top chess players throughout history 3903: 3414: 3349: 3154:World Champions by number of title match victories 1718: 1624:had prearranged to draw all their games, and that 1153:, Alekhine was unexpectedly defeated by the Dutch 862:in 1908, and Reuben Fine in 1952 all do the same. 6880:Anand (15), Carlsen (16) and now Ding Liren (17). 6578:"Magnus Carlsen wins FIDE Candidates' Tournament" 6067: 5568: 4567: 4256:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 126. 3742: 3381: 2294:There have been a few exceptions to this system: 1789:(drawn 12–12, Kasparov retaining the title), and 1306:of FIDE" quietly vanished after Alekhine won the 12425: 5905:"World Chess Championship FIDE Events 1948–1990" 5006:, British Chess Magazine, 1973 (reprint), p.100. 4242:"A History of Chess", H. J. R. Murray, pp. 882–5 3550: 1926:, a double round robin tournament to be held in 5875: 5713: 5439:"The Mad Aussie's Chess Trivia – Archive No. 3" 5251: 3027:FIDE (reunified) world champions (2006–present) 2003: 1695:and a doubling of the prize money by financier 6859:"Shalom Alekhine: Ding joins the chess greats" 6728: 5636: 5136: 5105:. André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover). 2314:matches. There were also one-off rematches in 490:. There are also chess world championships in 416:between the two leading players in the world, 12444:Recurring sporting events established in 1886 9744: 7958: 7253: 7239: 6943: 6923:The World Chess Championship by Edward Winter 6787: 5341: 5339: 4326: 4171:"A History of Chess", H. J. R. Murray, p. 870 1015:in the most one-sided title match in history 967: 528: 389:is played to determine the world champion in 6908:Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov 5988: 5775: 5504:"Jose Raul Capablanca: Online Chess Tribute" 5028: 4988:"The Centenary Match, Kasparov–Karpov III", 4800:"Paul Morphy: The Pride and Sorrow of Chess" 4528: 4526: 1635:Beginning in the next cycle, 1963–1966, the 1310:that he and Bogoljubow themselves arranged. 555:, wrote that the 18th-century French player 5743: 4504: 4502: 2236:(up to 1993), knockout world championship ( 2179:, the current World Champion (2023–present) 2075:). Anand again won the championship match. 35:of China, the current world champion (2023) 9751: 9737: 7965: 7951: 7246: 7232: 6950: 6936: 6918:Chessgames guide to the World Championship 6604:"World Championship Match – PRESS RELEASE" 5654: 5336: 5225: 5009: 4655: 4653: 4095: 4093: 4047:List of world championships in mind sports 2348:, and only a Candidates tournament in its 2048:Kramnik played to defend his title at the 1796: 1781:(in which Kasparov won the title, 13–11), 1593: 1465: 964:and succeeded Steinitz as world champion. 6314: 6076:"FIDE World Chess Championship 1948–1990" 6015: 4963: 4961: 4523: 4238: 4236: 4205: 4203: 1245: 1051:Capablanca, Alekhine and Euwe (1921–1946) 1003:. In 1910, he almost lost his title in a 634:'s match victory over another Frenchman, 6433: 5197:"Do You Know The World Chess Champions?" 5100: 5034:The Centenary Match, Kasparov–Karpov III 4920: 4895: 4870: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4797: 4627: 4609: 4499: 4251: 4099: 2587: 2171: 2097: 2036: 2012: 1769:He eventually lost his title in 1985 to 1733: 1722: 1662: 1646: 1390: 1312: 1065: 1054: 971: 881: 613: 27: 9758: 6133: 5436: 4844: 4838: 4650: 4386:Jeremy Spinrad believes the author was 4127: 4125: 4090: 4065: 3955:World Correspondence Chess Championship 2340:, and by an eight-player tournament in 1047:by four wins, ten draws and no losses. 618:A depiction of the chess match between 12426: 6896:Mark Weeks' pages on the championships 6680: 6204:from the original on 25 September 2008 6100: 5841: 5809: 5466: 5412:"How Capablanca Became World Champion" 5142: 4958: 4773: 4460:"Early Uses of 'World Chess Champion'" 4306: 4276: 4233: 4200: 4180: 4152: 4134:"Early Uses of 'World Chess Champion'" 2167: 2093: 2008: 1250: 826:, and decisively winning a match over 636:Pierre Charles Fournier de Saint-Amant 9732: 7946: 7227: 6931: 6856: 6818: 6693:from the original on 28 November 2018 6636:from the original on 30 November 2014 6261:from the original on 21 February 2022 6231:from the original on 11 December 2008 6222: 6195: 6073: 6055:from the original on 1 September 2014 6046: 5941:from the original on 1 September 2014 5911:from the original on 1 September 2014 5902: 5791:from the original on 10 December 2008 5757:from the original on 14 November 2008 5546:from the original on 16 December 2008 5272:from the original on 30 December 2020 5207:from the original on 11 December 2021 4992:and David Goodman, Batsford 1986, p.9 4818: 4806:from the original on 27 December 2022 4466:from the original on 13 November 2013 4140:from the original on 13 November 2013 4078:from the original on 24 February 2022 1785:(narrowly won by Kasparov, 12½–11½), 1628:had been instructed to lose to them. 1161:teacher. Alekhine convincingly won a 985:return match against Steinitz in 1897 878:Reign of Wilhelm Steinitz (1886–1894) 6115:from the original on 3 December 2008 5959: 5884:from the original on 6 December 2010 5850:from the original on 8 December 2008 5701:from the original on 10 January 2009 5618:from the original on 6 December 2007 4751:Early Uses of 'World Chess Champion' 4359: 4181:Winter, Edward (22 September 2023). 4122: 2389:Pre-FIDE world champions (1886–1946) 2032: 1369:Interregnum of World Chess Champions 1157:, an amateur player who worked as a 822:in 1872 (7–1, 4 draws), winning the 814:; and he again placed second at the 715: 6835:from the original on 24 August 2023 6681:Mather, Victor (28 November 2018). 6528:. Chessbase.com. 26 February 2009. 6462: 6251:"The chess games of Garry Kasparov" 4845:Kaufman, Larry (4 September 2023). 1875:won the FIDE World Championship in 1426:, from the Netherlands; Botvinnik, 1324:in 1935 but lost a rematch in 1937. 1320:became World Champion by defeating 1213:match (London, 1866); Steinitz and 13: 9771:List of world sports championships 6315:Lundstrom, Harold (23 July 1993). 6151:from the original on 6 August 2011 5812:"Chess Notes Archive [17]" 5658:Classical Chess Matches, 1907–1913 5418:from the original on 12 March 2018 5409: 4638:from the original on 20 March 2022 4631:Google books: The Chess Tournament 4457: 4281:. London: C.J. Skeet. p. 381. 4131: 2377: 2217:After the death of world champion 2054:FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 1924:FIDE World Chess Championship 2005 1864:FIDE World Chess Championship 1998 1840:FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 434:1948 World Championship tournament 21:For the women's championship, see 14: 12455: 7266:List of World Chess Championships 6889: 6800:from the original on 21 July 2022 6769:from the original on 20 July 2022 6558:from the original on 8 March 2013 6532:from the original on 1 March 2009 6505:online. Undated, but reported in 6329:from the original on 23 July 1993 5965:The World Chess Championship 1963 5592:from the original on 28 June 2008 5506:. chessmaniac.com. 28 June 2007. 5115: 4591:from the original on 28 June 2008 4376:from the original on 15 June 2008 4341:from the original on 25 June 2008 4066:Henshaw, Jack (9 December 2021). 3975:World Computer Chess Championship 2384:List of World Chess Championships 2071:. He won the Candidates (against 1832:PCA World Chess Championship 1995 1715:decisively with a score of 10–5. 1535:won the 1962 Candidates and then 873:Champions before FIDE (1886–1946) 816:Baden-Baden 1870 chess tournament 524:List of World Chess Championships 43:List of World Chess Championships 9706: 9377:List of strong chess tournaments 7926: 7917: 7916: 6898:– Contains all results and games 6869:from the original on 16 May 2023 6850: 6812: 6781: 6751: 6705: 6610:from the original on 7 June 2013 6434:McGourty, Colin (26 June 2015). 6177:from the original on 16 May 2008 6003:from the original on 26 May 2014 5722: 5510:from the original on 13 May 2008 5324:from the original on 24 May 2008 5240:from the original on 30 May 2008 5077:from the original on 8 June 2020 4967:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4719:from the original on 16 May 2008 4659:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4545:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4508:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4484:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4431:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4218:David Hooper and Kenneth Whyld, 4026: 4012: 3985:World Chess Solving Championship 3935:World Amateur Chess Championship 3913:Women's World Chess Championship 3872: 3840: 3808: 3776: 3744: 3712: 3680: 3648: 3616: 3584: 3552: 3520: 3487: 3455: 3448: 3416: 3383: 3351: 3319: 3286: 3279: 3246: 3239: 3207: 3200: 3135: 3109: 3083: 3057: 3008: 2985: 2962: 2939: 2906: 2882:FIDE world champions (1993–2006) 2850: 2801: 2789: 2763: 2737: 2629: 2599:FIDE world champions (1948–1993) 2572: 2544: 2519: 2493: 2468: 2457: 2431: 2419: 1986: 1971: 1956: 1941: 1690:United States Secretary of State 1576: 1561: 1546: 1355:under a tie-breaking rule, with 739: 724: 698: 683: 668: 653: 592:a long series of matches in 1834 393:. The current world champion is 23:Women's World Chess Championship 8355:Gökyay Association Chess Museum 6674: 6648: 6632:. ChessBase. 23 November 2014. 6622: 6596: 6584:from the original on 7 May 2013 6570: 6544: 6518: 6485: 6456: 6427: 6408: 6386: 6363: 6344: 6308: 6281:"Battle off the boards hots up" 6273: 6243: 6216: 6189: 6163: 6094: 5953: 5923: 5818:from the original on 9 May 2008 5648: 5575:Chess History And Reminiscences 5475:from the original on 9 May 2008 5365:"1921 World Chess Championship" 5189: 5157: 5109: 5036:. Collier Books. pp. 1–2. 5022: 4995: 4982: 4939: 4914: 4889: 4864: 4791: 4767: 4686: 4674: 4610:Staunton, Howard (April 2003). 4574:Chess History And Reminiscences 4566:Section "Progress of Chess" in 4539: 4478: 4446: 4425: 4412: 4393: 4353: 4313:. Charles J. Skeet. p. 38. 4300: 4285: 4270: 4245: 3930:World Senior Chess Championship 3918:World Junior Chess Championship 3904:Other world chess championships 1996:, FIDE World Champion 2005–2006 1981:, FIDE World Champion 2004–2005 1966:, FIDE World Champion 2002–2004 1951:, FIDE World Champion 1999–2000 1719:Karpov and Kasparov (1975–1993) 756:An important milestone was the 661:François-André Danican Philidor 557:François-André Danican Philidor 11790:long distance mountain running 6857:Keene, Raymond (13 May 2023). 6819:Dinic, Milan (30 April 2023). 6788:Victor Mather (20 July 2022). 6027:The Games of Robert J. Fischer 4925:. Everyman Chess. p. 59. 4900:. Everyman Chess. p. 31. 4875:. Everyman Chess. p. 55. 4847:"Accuracy, Ratings, and GOATs" 4212: 4174: 4165: 4059: 3950:World Blitz Chess Championship 3945:World Rapid Chess Championship 3924:World Youth Chess Championship 1812:Professional Chess Association 1810:split from FIDE to set up the 1640:Candidates cycles were won by 1410:was used as the basis for the 533: 1: 10249:Olympic Class Combined Worlds 9475:Computer chess championships 6139:"Remembering Max Euwe Part 1" 5844:"World Championship Disorder" 5567:Section "Stakes at Chess" in 5469:"Capablanca v Alekhine, 1927" 5103:The World's Great Chess Games 5061:"Ready for a big chess match" 4969:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4923:My Great Predecessors, Vol. I 4898:My Great Predecessors, Vol. I 4873:My Great Predecessors, Vol. I 4774:Doazan, Gabriel-Éloy (1859). 4661:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4547:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4510:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4486:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4456:(with the cover date 1846) – 4433:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4220:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4052: 2223:World Chess Championship 1948 2162:World Chess Championship 2021 2119:World Chess Championship 2013 2080:World Chess Championship 2012 2069:World Chess Championship 2010 2065:World Chess Championship 2008 2056:. This tournament was won by 2050:World Chess Championship 2007 2026:World Chess Championship 2006 1791:World Chess Championship 1990 1787:World Chess Championship 1987 1783:World Chess Championship 1986 1779:World Chess Championship 1985 1775:World Chess Championship 1984 1608:World Chess Championship 1972 1604:World Chess Championship 1969 1600:World Chess Championship 1966 1496:World Chess Championship 1963 1492:World Chess Championship 1961 1488:World Chess Championship 1960 1484:World Chess Championship 1958 1480:World Chess Championship 1957 1476:World Chess Championship 1954 1472:World Chess Championship 1951 1308:1929 world championship match 1285:as a kind of players' union. 929:before), and resulted in the 852:World Chess Championship 1886 590:. He and McDonnell contested 446:World Chess Championship 2006 403:2023 World Chess Championship 12439:World championships in chess 10619:Ju-Jitsu World Championships 7212:Chess national championships 6289:. p. 19. Archived from 5830:Schweizerische Schachzeitung 5781:"Whose Title Is it, Anyway?" 4713:"I grandi matches 1850–1864" 2004:Reunified title (since 2006) 1758:(6–5 with 21 draws) then in 1713:1992 Fischer–Spassky rematch 1684:challenge reigning champion 1412:1948 Championship Tournament 1331:Royal Dutch Chess Federation 1205:match (Paris, 1843) and the 1168: 847:London 1883 chess tournament 824:Vienna 1873 chess tournament 785:London 1862 chess tournament 758:London 1851 chess tournament 463:respectively because of the 397:, who defeated his opponent 7: 9257:Bishop and knight checkmate 7287:FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 7276:Knockout format (1998–2004) 6961:international championships 6554:. Fide.com. 20 April 2010. 6463:Cox, David (18 July 2019). 4693:1858–59 Paul Morphy Matches 4360:G.W. (July–December 1840). 4183:"Jeremy Silman (1954-2023)" 4005: 3995:World Chess960 Championship 2078:The next championship, the 2029:been administered by FIDE. 1612:After the 1962 Candidates, 1434:from the Soviet Union; and 931:1889 tournament in New York 843:Paris 1878 chess tournament 804:Paris 1867 chess tournament 10: 12460: 9420:Other world championships 6825:worldchampionship.fide.com 6580:. Fide.com. 1 April 2013. 5530:"From the Editorial Chair" 5345:"From Morphy to Fischer", 5226:Thulin, A. (August 2007). 5015:"From Morphy to Fischer", 4831:"From Morphy to Fischer", 4532:"From Morphy to Fischer", 4418:"From Morphy to Fischer", 3869: 3837: 3805: 3773: 3741: 3709: 3677: 3645: 3613: 3581: 3549: 3517: 3484: 3445: 3413: 3380: 3348: 3316: 3276: 3236: 3197: 2381: 2154:2020 Candidates Tournament 2105:, World Champion 2013–2023 1597: 1586:, World Champion 1963–1969 1571:, World Champion 1960–1961 1556:, World Champion 1957–1958 1539:to become world champion. 1537:defeated Botvinnik in 1963 1469: 1366: 1265:AVRO 1938 chess tournament 1254: 968:Emanuel Lasker (1894–1921) 529:Early champions (pre-1886) 521: 517: 236:Split titles (Classical): 20: 12434:World Chess Championships 12407: 12338:Mobile Legends: Bang Bang 12278: 11687: 11306: 11299: 11222: 10994: 10929: 10920: 10822: 10667: 10604: 10511: 10445: 10436: 10351: 9993: 9788: 9779: 9766: 9701: 9611: 9514: 9367: 9267:Opposite-coloured bishops 9247: 9193: 9056: 8898: 8838: 8829: 8740: 8608: 8469: 8370: 8206: 8110: 7980: 7972: 7912: 7796:Other world championships 7795: 7705: 7622: 7581: 7574: 7421: 7310: 7261: 7255:World Chess Championships 7205: 7059: 6966: 6512:21 September 2007 at the 6507:Chessbase on 24 June 2007 6173:. ESPN. 19 January 2008. 5383:"Emanuel Lasker column". 5032:; Goodman, David (1986). 4955:, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages 4702:, Mark Weeks' Chess Pages 4628:Staunton, Howard (1852). 3170: 3167: 3164: 2904: 2848: 2627: 2208: 945:. The third prizewinner, 845:. Zukertort then won the 561:Analyse du jeu des Échecs 9394:World Chess Championship 8360:World Chess Hall of Fame 6740:14 December 2021 at the 6606:. Fide.com. 7 May 2013. 6497:10 December 2008 at the 6420:3 September 2008 at the 6356:10 February 2020 at the 6025:; O'Connell, K. (1972). 5880:. Chess History Center. 5876:Winter, E. (2003–2004). 5292:"New York 1889 and 1924" 5252:Landsberger, K. (2002). 5019:, (Batsford, 1973), p.24 4921:Kasparov, Garry (2003). 4896:Kasparov, Garry (2003). 4871:Kasparov, Garry (2003). 4756:13 November 2013 at the 4683:, 24 February 1856, p. 5 4454:Chess Player's Chronicle 4362:"The Café de la Régence" 4252:Golombek, Harry (1976). 917:, and Chigorin again in 387:World Chess Championship 11270:Radio-controlled racing 9688:Simultaneous exhibition 9598:Chess newspaper columns 9287:Rook and bishop vs rook 9277:Queen and pawn vs queen 6375:6 February 2021 at the 5535:Lasker's Chess Magazine 5118:"World Chess Champions" 4835:, (Batsford, 1973) p.16 4310:Chess and Chess-Players 4307:Walker, George (1850). 4279:Chess and Chess-Players 4277:Walker, George (1850). 3920:(under 20 years of age) 2268:the previous cycle, on 1816:Kasparov defeated Short 1797:Split title (1993–2006) 1594:FIDE system (1963–1975) 1466:FIDE system (1949–1963) 926:American Chess Congress 830:7–0 (0 draws) in 1876. 828:Joseph Henry Blackburne 691:Louis de la Bourdonnais 580:Louis de la Bourdonnais 12253:long distance duathlon 11909:mountain bike marathon 11275:1:10 electric off-road 10533:Bobsleigh and skeleton 10058:Bobsleigh and skeleton 9143:Richter–Veresov Attack 9131:Queen's Indian Defence 6415:Interview with Kramnik 5642:From Morphy to Fischer 4951:13 August 2007 at the 4946:1883 London Tournament 4777:Labourdonnais – Morphy 4536:, (Batsford, 1973) p.4 4422:, (Batsford, 1973) p.3 4329:"Early World Rankings" 4158:"A History of Chess", 2180: 2106: 2045: 2021: 1766:(6–2, with 10 draws). 1754:, the Philippines, in 1742: 1731: 1675: 1672:"Match of the Century" 1660: 1637:round-robin tournament 1420:round-robin tournament 1399: 1325: 1246:FIDE title (1948–1993) 1110:promptly signed them. 1074: 1063: 980: 935:Candidates Tournaments 894: 676:Alexandre Deschapelles 627: 626:, on 16 December 1843. 572:Alexandre Deschapelles 36: 10473:Wheelchair basketball 9797:Association football 9404:Candidates Tournament 9292:Rook and pawn vs rook 9262:King and pawn vs king 9213:List of chess gambits 9116:King's Indian Defence 8794:Isolated Queen's Pawn 8318:List of chess players 8260:Top player comparison 8059:Internet chess server 7302:Candidates Tournament 6402:12 April 2012 at the 6351:The Week in Chess 127 6103:"Ed Edmondson Letter" 5989:Kingston, T. (2002). 5385:New York Evening Post 5349:, (Batsford, 1973) 39 4681:Bell's Life in London 4072:The Tulane Hullabaloo 2382:Further information: 2281:Candidates Tournament 2175: 2111:Candidates Tournament 2101: 2086:withdrew in protest. 2040: 2016: 1737: 1726: 1666: 1650: 1598:Further information: 1518:Candidates Tournament 1470:Further information: 1460:Candidates Tournament 1394: 1316: 1069: 1058: 975: 885: 806:, behind Kolisch and 617: 522:Further information: 261:Split titles (FIDE): 31: 12359:Pro Evolution Soccer 12073:inline speed skating 11664:Synchronized skating 10981:Sports Car Endurance 10629:Kickboxing (amateur) 9121:Nimzo-Indian Defence 9017:Scandinavian Defense 8978:Semi-Italian Opening 8883:King's Indian Attack 8772:first-move advantage 8425:Threefold repetition 8350:Bobby Fischer Center 8235:Charlemagne chessmen 8229:Göttingen manuscript 8193: 8034:Correspondence chess 7190:Intercollegiate Team 6501:, sections 4 and 5, 6393:Topalov Kramnik 2006 6383:206, 19 October 1998 5779:, Y. (August 1998). 5203:. 19 December 2015. 4698:25 June 2007 at the 4614:. Hardinge Simpole. 4612:The Chess Tournament 3999:Fischer random chess 3559:José Raúl Capablanca 2488:José Raúl Capablanca 1838:in the final of the 1416:José Raúl Capablanca 1340:José Raúl Capablanca 1060:José Raúl Capablanca 1045:won their 1921 match 1024:José Raúl Capablanca 642:, co-founder of the 553:The History of Chess 508:Fischer random chess 440:, reigning champion 11329:Australian football 10614:Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu 10487:Wheelchair curling 10478:Wheelchair handball 9760:World championships 9349:Two knights endgame 9101:Bogo-Indian Defence 8988:Two Knights Defense 8928:Nimzowitsch Defence 8618:Artificial castling 8255:Soviet chess school 8130:Dubrovnik chess set 6717:1 July 2020 at the 6293:on 28 February 1993 5655:Wilson, F. (1975). 5318:"I matches 1880/99" 4405:12 May 2008 at the 4327:Jeremy P. Spinrad. 3940:Other time limits: 3908:Restricted events: 3847:Rustam Kasimdzhanov 3815:Alexander Khalifman 2980:Rustam Kasimdzhanov 2924:Alexander Khalifman 2168:Ding (2023–present) 2094:Carlsen (2013–2023) 2009:Kramnik (2006–2007) 1979:Rustam Kasimdzhanov 1949:Alexander Khalifman 1928:San Luis, Argentina 1893:Rustam Kasimdzhanov 1873:Alexander Khalifman 1508:and chess official 1351:in 1938 was won by 1251:FIDE, Euwe and AVRO 854:, won by Steinitz. 771:Heydebrand der Laza 584:Alexander McDonnell 12138:ski mountaineering 11987:Modern pentathlon 11554:Quidditch/Quadball 11313:American football 11280:1:8 nitro off-road 10747:chinese eight ball 10503:Sitting volleyball 9579:endgame literature 9126:Old Indian Defense 9036:Accelerated Dragon 8908:Alekhine's Defence 8640:Checkmate patterns 8509:symbols in Unicode 8504:annotation symbols 8267:Geography of chess 8135:Staunton chess set 7118:EU Individual Open 6991:Olympiad (women's) 6748:, 21 December 2021 6687:The New York Times 6370:Kasparov Interview 6286:The Indian Express 6144:. The Chess Cafe. 6033:. pp. 331–46. 5996:. The Chess Cafe. 5935:www.mark-weeks.com 5675:on 20 January 2005 5612:"Lasker biography" 5371:on 20 January 2005 5177:on 1 November 2009 5165:"Wilhelm Steinitz" 5147:"Wilhelm Steinitz" 5068:The New York Times 4254:A History of Chess 3926:(lower age groups) 3423:Alexander Alekhine 2567:Alexander Alekhine 2514:Alexander Alekhine 2219:Alexander Alekhine 2181: 2158:Ian Nepomniachtchi 2107: 2046: 2022: 1916:Kramnik–Leko match 1834:. Karpov defeated 1820:Karpov beat Timman 1743: 1732: 1676: 1661: 1400: 1374:Alexander Alekhine 1326: 1322:Alexander Alekhine 1181:described for his 1075: 1071:Alexander Alekhine 1064: 981: 962:won the 1894 match 895: 820:Johannes Zukertort 628: 624:Pierre Saint-Amant 544:Johannes Zukertort 426:Alexander Alekhine 422:Johannes Zukertort 399:Ian Nepomniachtchi 306:Reunified (FIDE): 37: 12421: 12420: 12403: 12402: 12366:Rainbow Six Siege 12331:League of Legends 12118:practical shotgun 12108:practical handgun 11674:Underwater hockey 11295: 11294: 10996:Motorcycle sports 10885:draughts-64 women 10722:English billiards 10600: 10599: 10438:Paralympic sports 10432: 10431: 10234:Modern pentathlon 9726: 9725: 9603:Chess periodicals 9532:Chess in the arts 9464:Chess composition 9302:Philidor position 9243: 9242: 9185:Trompowsky Attack 9168:Semi-Slav Defence 9058:Queen's Pawn Game 8938:Four Knights Game 8913:Caro–Kann Defence 8878:Zukertort Opening 8665:Discovered attack 8385:Cheating in chess 8222:Versus de scachis 7940: 7939: 7701: 7700: 7221: 7220: 6744:, Peter Doggers, 6662:on 25 August 2016 6395:, book review by 6381:The Week in Chess 5570:Henry Edward Bird 5153:on 17 April 2012. 5101:Fine, R. (1952). 5070:. 11 March 1894. 4569:Henry Edward Bird 4366:Fraser's Magazine 4111:978-90-5691-879-8 3901: 3900: 3783:Ruslan Ponomariov 3390:Viswanathan Anand 3326:Mikhail Botvinnik 3151: 3150: 3078:Viswanathan Anand 3024: 3023: 2957:Ruslan Ponomariov 2934:Viswanathan Anand 2879: 2878: 2817: 2816: 2693:Mikhail Botvinnik 2665:Mikhail Botvinnik 2624:Mikhail Botvinnik 2596: 2595: 2190:2023 championship 2150:COVID-19 pandemic 2058:Viswanathan Anand 2042:Viswanathan Anand 2033:Anand (2007–2013) 1964:Ruslan Ponomariov 1885:Ruslan Ponomariov 1828:Viswanathan Anand 1514:Mikhail Botvinnik 1404:Mikhail Botvinnik 1396:Mikhail Botvinnik 1347:to Alekhine; the 1234:, Rubinstein and 997:Siegbert Tarrasch 954:Siegbert Tarrasch 716:From 1851 to 1886 608:Fraser's Magazine 465:COVID-19 pandemic 383: 382: 12451: 12078:roller freestyle 12058:artistic skating 11795:snowshoe running 11785:mountain running 11679:Underwater rugby 11304: 11303: 11229:Aeroplane sport 10927: 10926: 10676:Carom billiards 10483:Wheelchair rugby 10457:Para ice hockey 10443: 10442: 10222:artificial track 9863:Beach volleyball 9786: 9785: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9730: 9729: 9713:Chess portal 9711: 9710: 9654:Leela Chess Zero 9585:Oxford Companion 9537:early literature 9527:Chess aesthetics 9272:Pawnless endgame 9223:Bongcloud Attack 9201:List of openings 9173:Chigorin Defense 9111:Grünfeld Defence 9022:Sicilian Defence 8968:Ponziani Opening 8963:Philidor Defence 8958:Petrov's Defence 8900:King's Pawn Game 8873:Larsen's Opening 8836: 8835: 8197: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7944: 7943: 7930: 7920: 7919: 7579: 7578: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7216: 7210: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6929: 6928: 6912:Vladimir Kramnik 6883: 6882: 6876: 6874: 6854: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6840: 6816: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6765:. 20 July 2022. 6755: 6749: 6732: 6726: 6709: 6703: 6702: 6700: 6698: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6658:. Archived from 6652: 6646: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6615: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6589: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6548: 6542: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6522: 6516: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6475: 6460: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6446: 6431: 6425: 6412: 6406: 6390: 6384: 6367: 6361: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6336: 6334: 6322:The Deseret News 6312: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6220: 6214: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6193: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6182: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6143: 6135:Sosonko, Gennadi 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6114: 6107: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6078:. Archived from 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6044: 6035: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6002: 5995: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5873: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5773: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5736: 5731:on 3 August 2009 5727:. Archived from 5720: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5671:. Archived from 5652: 5646: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5597: 5565: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5551: 5542:. January 1905. 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5500: 5491: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5441:. Archived from 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5410:Winter, Edward. 5407: 5390: 5388: 5387:. 15 March 1911. 5380: 5378: 5376: 5367:. Archived from 5361: 5350: 5343: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5294:. Archived from 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5182: 5173:. Archived from 5161: 5155: 5154: 5149:. Archived from 5140: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5129: 5124:on 23 April 2008 5120:. Archived from 5113: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5076: 5065: 5057: 5048: 5047: 5026: 5020: 5013: 5007: 4999: 4993: 4986: 4980: 4965: 4956: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4829: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4782: 4771: 4765: 4762:Edward G. Winter 4748: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4709: 4703: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4657: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4625: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4564: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4530: 4521: 4506: 4497: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4458:Winter, Edward. 4450: 4444: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4357: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4298: 4289: 4283: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4231: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4187:chesshistory.com 4178: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4132:Winter, Edward. 4129: 4120: 4119: 4104:. New in Chess. 4097: 4088: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4063: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4022: 4017: 4016: 3990:Chess variants: 3980:Chess Problems: 3970:Computer chess: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3753: 3749: 3748: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3529: 3527:Tigran Petrosian 3525: 3524: 3496: 3494:Vladimir Kramnik 3492: 3491: 3464: 3462:Wilhelm Steinitz 3460: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3425: 3421: 3420: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3216: 3212: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3162: 3161: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3115: 3113: 3112: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3063: 3061: 3060: 3052:Vladimir Kramnik 3031: 3030: 3014: 3012: 3011: 2991: 2989: 2988: 2968: 2966: 2965: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2912: 2910: 2909: 2886: 2885: 2871:Vladimir Kramnik 2856: 2854: 2853: 2824: 2823: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2769: 2767: 2766: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2706:Tigran Petrosian 2635: 2633: 2632: 2603: 2602: 2577: 2576: 2575: 2550: 2548: 2547: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2499: 2497: 2496: 2473: 2472: 2462: 2461: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2422: 2414:Wilhelm Steinitz 2393: 2392: 2188:, played in the 2109:Since 2013, the 2018:Vladimir Kramnik 1990: 1975: 1960: 1945: 1851:Vladimir Kramnik 1584:Tigran Petrosian 1580: 1565: 1550: 1533:Tigran Petrosian 1440:Samuel Reshevsky 1187:Wilhelm Steinitz 1032:Akiba Rubinstein 1005:short tied match 903:Mikhail Chigorin 887:Wilhelm Steinitz 800:Wilhelm Steinitz 743: 728: 702: 687: 672: 657: 565:Modenese Masters 540:Wilhelm Steinitz 484:lower age groups 418:Wilhelm Steinitz 39: 38: 12459: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12449: 12448: 12424: 12423: 12422: 12417: 12399: 12274: 12193:SUP/paddleboard 12170:Summer biathlon 12113:practical rifle 12068:inline downhill 11683: 11422:Formation Latin 11291: 11218: 11173:team long track 10990: 10916: 10818: 10762:women nine-ball 10663: 10652:beach wrestling 10596: 10507: 10428: 10347: 10098:mountain biking 9989: 9775: 9762: 9757: 9727: 9722: 9705: 9697: 9607: 9593:Chess libraries 9510: 9414:FIDE Grand Prix 9409:Chess World Cup 9363: 9359:Wrong rook pawn 9297:Lucena position 9239: 9189: 9106:Catalan Opening 9081:English Defence 9066:Budapest Gambit 9052: 9010:Austrian Attack 8894: 8863:English Opening 8825: 8821:School of chess 8804:Minority attack 8736: 8705:Queen sacrifice 8604: 8465: 8461:White and Black 8456:Touch-move rule 8415:Perpetual check 8410:Fifty-move rule 8366: 8202: 8199: 8106: 7976: 7971: 7941: 7936: 7908: 7791: 7697: 7618: 7570: 7417: 7306: 7292:FIDE Grand Prix 7282:Chess World Cup 7278: 7257: 7252: 7222: 7217: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7159:North American 7055: 6986:Olympiad (open) 6962: 6956: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6872: 6870: 6855: 6851: 6838: 6836: 6817: 6813: 6803: 6801: 6786: 6782: 6772: 6770: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6742:Wayback Machine 6733: 6729: 6719:Wayback Machine 6710: 6706: 6696: 6694: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6654: 6653: 6649: 6639: 6637: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6601: 6597: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6561: 6559: 6550: 6549: 6545: 6535: 6533: 6524: 6523: 6519: 6514:Wayback Machine 6499:Wayback Machine 6490: 6486: 6473: 6471: 6461: 6457: 6444: 6442: 6432: 6428: 6422:Wayback Machine 6413: 6409: 6404:Wayback Machine 6391: 6387: 6377:Wayback Machine 6368: 6364: 6360:, 14 April 1997 6358:Wayback Machine 6349: 6345: 6332: 6330: 6313: 6309: 6296: 6294: 6279: 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6221: 6217: 6207: 6205: 6194: 6190: 6180: 6178: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6154: 6152: 6148: 6141: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6099: 6095: 6085: 6083: 6082:on 20 July 2008 6072: 6068: 6058: 6056: 6045: 6038: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5942: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5874: 5863: 5853: 5851: 5840: 5836: 5821: 5819: 5808: 5804: 5794: 5792: 5774: 5770: 5760: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5734: 5732: 5721: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5695:"New York 1924" 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5653: 5649: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5595: 5593: 5586: 5566: 5559: 5549: 5547: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5494: 5478: 5476: 5465: 5458: 5448: 5446: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5408: 5393: 5382: 5374: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5353: 5347:Israel Horowitz 5344: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5311: 5301: 5299: 5298:on 19 June 2008 5290: 5289: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5266: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5210: 5208: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5178: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5141: 5137: 5127: 5125: 5114: 5110: 5099: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5051: 5044: 5027: 5023: 5017:Israel Horowitz 5014: 5010: 5000: 4996: 4987: 4983: 4966: 4959: 4953:Wayback Machine 4944: 4940: 4933: 4919: 4915: 4908: 4894: 4890: 4883: 4869: 4865: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4839: 4833:Israel Horowitz 4830: 4819: 4809: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4780: 4772: 4768: 4758:Wayback Machine 4749: 4732: 4722: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4700:Wayback Machine 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4658: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4622: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4592: 4585: 4565: 4561: 4544: 4540: 4534:Israel Horowitz 4531: 4524: 4507: 4500: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4451: 4447: 4430: 4426: 4420:Israel Horowitz 4417: 4413: 4407:Wayback Machine 4398: 4394: 4379: 4377: 4358: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4325: 4318: 4305: 4301: 4296:, 1859 page 115 4290: 4286: 4275: 4271: 4264: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4160:H. J. R. Murray 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4130: 4123: 4112: 4098: 4091: 4081: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4008: 3906: 3879:Veselin Topalov 3871: 3839: 3807: 3775: 3743: 3711: 3679: 3647: 3615: 3583: 3551: 3519: 3486: 3454: 3447: 3415: 3382: 3350: 3318: 3285: 3278: 3245: 3238: 3206: 3199: 3192: 3156: 3136: 3134: 3110: 3108: 3084: 3082: 3058: 3056: 3029: 3009: 3007: 3003:Veselin Topalov 2986: 2984: 2963: 2961: 2940: 2938: 2907: 2905: 2884: 2851: 2849: 2822: 2802: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2764: 2762: 2738: 2736: 2630: 2628: 2601: 2573: 2571: 2545: 2543: 2520: 2518: 2494: 2492: 2475:German Republic 2467: 2466: 2456: 2432: 2430: 2429: 2427:Austria-Hungary 2420: 2418: 2391: 2386: 2380: 2378:World champions 2261:FIDE Grand Prix 2257:Chess World Cup 2246:Chess World Cup 2211: 2170: 2139:Fabiano Caruana 2131:Sergey Karjakin 2096: 2035: 2011: 2006: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1994:Veselin Topalov 1991: 1983: 1982: 1976: 1968: 1967: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1946: 1932:Veselin Topalov 1908:Yasser Seirawan 1868:Rapid and blitz 1799: 1748:Viktor Korchnoi 1721: 1693:Henry Kissinger 1626:Viktor Korchnoi 1610: 1596: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1558: 1557: 1551: 1498: 1468: 1408:AVRO tournament 1371: 1365: 1349:AVRO tournament 1267: 1255:Main articles: 1253: 1248: 1238:all challenged 1171: 1163:rematch in 1937 1136:Efim Bogoljubov 1053: 1009:Carl Schlechter 970: 947:Isidor Gunsberg 943:Rothschild Bank 911:Isidor Gunsberg 880: 875: 762:Adolf Anderssen 754: 753: 752: 751: 750: 744: 736: 735: 732:Adolf Anderssen 729: 718: 713: 712: 711: 710: 709: 706:Howard Staunton 703: 695: 694: 688: 680: 679: 673: 665: 664: 658: 644:Berlin Pleiades 632:Howard Staunton 620:Howard Staunton 549:Gioachino Greco 547:Italian player 536: 531: 526: 520: 504:problem solving 379: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12457: 12447: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12419: 12418: 12416: 12415: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12390: 12383: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12355: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12327: 12320: 12313: 12306: 12299: 12296:Counter-Strike 12292: 12284: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12272: 12267: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12243:cross duathlon 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12212: 12207: 12206: 12205: 12197: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12172: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12122: 12121: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12102: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12087: 12086: 12085: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12065: 12060: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12034: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12010: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11985: 11980: 11979: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11945: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11918: 11917: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11893: 11888: 11887: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11841: 11833: 11832: 11831: 11817: 11809: 11808: 11807: 11802: 11797: 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11734: 11729: 11728: 11727: 11719: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11691: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11650: 11649: 11644: 11636: 11635: 11634: 11629: 11621: 11620: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11601: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11588:Roller hockey 11586: 11585: 11584: 11579: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11521: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11501: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11489: 11483:Indoor hockey 11481: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11456: 11455: 11454: 11449: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11425: 11424: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11399:Beach handball 11396: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11366: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11310: 11308: 11301: 11297: 11296: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11289: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11267: 11266: 11265: 11260: 11255: 11250: 11242: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11226: 11224: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11214: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11182: 11181: 11180: 11175: 11170: 11165: 11160: 11152: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11135: 11134: 11133: 11128: 11126:Supersport 300 11123: 11118: 11110: 11109: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11096:SuperMotocross 11093: 11088: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11068: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11043: 11042: 11041: 11036: 11028: 11027: 11026: 11024:team endurance 11021: 11016: 11006: 11000: 10998: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10977: 10976: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10935: 10933: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10915: 10914: 10909: 10904: 10899: 10894: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10859: 10858: 10857: 10852: 10847: 10839: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10786: 10785: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10767:team nine-ball 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10729: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10705: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10679:Three-cushion 10673: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10661: 10656: 10655: 10654: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10610: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10554: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10539: 10534: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10515: 10513: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10494: 10493: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10455: 10453:Blind football 10449: 10447: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10429: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10424: 10419: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10381: 10376: 10375: 10374: 10369: 10361: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10323: 10322: 10321: 10316: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10291:Sport climbing 10288: 10287: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10252: 10251: 10241: 10236: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10224: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10199: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10179: 10169: 10168: 10167: 10162: 10154: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10080: 10072: 10071: 10070: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10025: 10024: 10023: 10018: 10010: 10005: 10003:Aquatic sports 9999: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9947: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9932: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9920: 9912: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9897: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9882: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9851:3x3 basketball 9848: 9843: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9820: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9794: 9792: 9783: 9781:Olympic sports 9777: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9756: 9755: 9748: 9741: 9733: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9715: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9696: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9636: 9634:Chess composer 9631: 9626: 9621: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9581: 9576: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9529: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9507: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9489:North American 9486: 9481: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9418: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9382:Chess Olympiad 9379: 9373: 9371: 9365: 9364: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9253: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9235: 9233:Scholar's mate 9230: 9225: 9215: 9210: 9209: 9208: 9197: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9176: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9148:Queen's Gambit 9145: 9140: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9093: 9091:Benoni Defence 9086:Indian Defence 9083: 9078: 9073: 9068: 9062: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9029: 9019: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9002: 9000:Owen's Defence 8997: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8930: 8925: 8923:Modern Defence 8920: 8918:French Defence 8915: 8910: 8904: 8902: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8885: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8853:Bird's Opening 8850: 8844: 8842: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8784:Pawn structure 8781: 8776: 8775: 8774: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8631: 8630: 8628:Alekhine's gun 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8550: 8545: 8544: 8543: 8541:Half-open file 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8491: 8484:Chess notation 8481: 8475: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8452: 8451: 8441: 8439:Pawn promotion 8436: 8429: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8376: 8374: 8368: 8367: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8342: 8340:Women in chess 8337: 8336: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8315: 8310: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8302: 8301: 8296: 8286: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8264: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8250:Hypermodernism 8247: 8245:Romantic chess 8242: 8240:Lewis chessmen 8237: 8232: 8225: 8212: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8116: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8105: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8078:world rankings 8070: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8066: 8056: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8024: 8019: 8014: 8007:Computer chess 8004: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7986: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7924: 7913: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7906: 7905: 7904: 7899: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7857:Correspondence 7854: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7805: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7768: 7742: 7720: 7709: 7707: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7696: 7695: 7685: 7675: 7665: 7655: 7645: 7626: 7624: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7616: 7602: 7587: 7585: 7576: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7546: 7540: 7520: 7510: 7500: 7486: 7476: 7466: 7456: 7446: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7395: 7377: 7367: 7360:1910 (Nov–Dec) 7356:1910 (Jan–Feb) 7337: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7251: 7250: 7243: 7236: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7197:South American 7194: 7193: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7165: 7157: 7152: 7151: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7083: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7021:Computer Speed 7018: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6972: 6970: 6964: 6963: 6955: 6954: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6905: 6899: 6891: 6890:External links 6888: 6885: 6884: 6849: 6811: 6794:New York Times 6780: 6750: 6727: 6725:, 30 June 2020 6704: 6673: 6647: 6621: 6595: 6569: 6543: 6517: 6484: 6455: 6426: 6424:, 10 July 2008 6407: 6385: 6362: 6343: 6325:. p. 12. 6307: 6272: 6255:Chessgames.com 6242: 6215: 6188: 6162: 6126: 6093: 6066: 6036: 6014: 5978: 5952: 5922: 5895: 5861: 5834: 5802: 5785:GAMES Magazine 5768: 5751:"FIDE History" 5742: 5725:"FIDE History" 5712: 5697:. chessgames. 5686: 5667: 5647: 5638:Horowitz, I.A. 5629: 5603: 5584: 5557: 5521: 5492: 5456: 5445:on 16 May 2008 5429: 5391: 5351: 5335: 5309: 5283: 5264: 5218: 5188: 5156: 5135: 5108: 5088: 5049: 5042: 5030:Keene, Raymond 5021: 5008: 4994: 4981: 4957: 4938: 4931: 4913: 4906: 4888: 4881: 4863: 4837: 4817: 4798:David Lawson. 4790: 4766: 4730: 4704: 4685: 4673: 4649: 4620: 4602: 4583: 4559: 4538: 4522: 4498: 4477: 4445: 4424: 4411: 4392: 4352: 4334:. Chess Cafe. 4316: 4299: 4284: 4269: 4262: 4244: 4232: 4211: 4199: 4173: 4164: 4151: 4121: 4110: 4089: 4057: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4023: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3977: 3968: 3967: 3965:Chess Olympiad 3958: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3938: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3921: 3915: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3867: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3803: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3739: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687:Vasily Smyslov 3675: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3482: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3378: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358:Magnus Carlsen 3346: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3314: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293:Anatoly Karpov 3274: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253:Garry Kasparov 3234: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3214:Emanuel Lasker 3195: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3168:Number of wins 3166: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3106: 3104:Magnus Carlsen 3101: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3080: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3067: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3018: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2995: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2949: 2936: 2930: 2929: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2903: 2901:Anatoly Karpov 2897: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2860: 2847: 2845:Garry Kasparov 2842: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2821: 2818: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2786: 2784:Garry Kasparov 2781: 2777: 2776: 2773: 2760: 2758:Anatoly Karpov 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2734: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2680: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2652: 2650:Vasily Smyslov 2647: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2585: 2584: 2581: 2569: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2528: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2454: 2452:Emanuel Lasker 2449: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2416: 2411: 2407: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2353: 2330: 2323: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2277: 2249: 2210: 2207: 2169: 2166: 2152:disrupted the 2137:; and against 2115:Magnus Carlsen 2103:Magnus Carlsen 2095: 2092: 2084:Magnus Carlsen 2034: 2031: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 1992: 1985: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1955: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1939: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1798: 1795: 1771:Garry Kasparov 1739:Garry Kasparov 1728:Anatoly Karpov 1720: 1717: 1704:Anatoly Karpov 1595: 1592: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1560: 1559: 1554:Vasily Smyslov 1552: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1522:Vasily Smyslov 1467: 1464: 1444:Vasily Smyslov 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1271:St. Petersburg 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1179:Emanuel Lasker 1170: 1167: 1052: 1049: 1013:Dawid Janowski 989:Frank Marshall 977:Emanuel Lasker 969: 966: 958:Emanuel Lasker 879: 876: 874: 871: 860:Emanuel Lasker 812:Gustav Neumann 808:Szymon Winawer 793:Ignatz Kolisch 745: 738: 737: 730: 723: 722: 721: 720: 719: 717: 714: 704: 697: 696: 689: 682: 681: 674: 667: 666: 659: 652: 651: 650: 649: 648: 535: 532: 530: 527: 519: 516: 512:computer chess 500:correspondence 442:Garry Kasparov 407:Magnus Carlsen 381: 380: 378: 377: 370: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 304: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 259: 258: 253: 248: 243: 234: 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 134: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 108: 103: 101:1910 (Nov–Dec) 98: 96:1910 (Jan–Feb) 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 49: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12456: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12431: 12429: 12414: 12410: 12409: 12406: 12396: 12395: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12384: 12382: 12381: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12373:Rocket League 12370: 12368: 12367: 12363: 12361: 12360: 12356: 12354: 12353: 12349: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12340: 12339: 12335: 12333: 12332: 12328: 12326: 12325: 12321: 12319: 12318: 12314: 12312: 12311: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12300: 12298: 12297: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12271: 12268: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12248:long distance 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12150: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12125: 12123: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12105: 12103: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12090: 12088: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12063:inline alpine 12061: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12053:Roller Sports 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12026:mountain bike 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12012:Orienteering 12011: 12009: 12008:Mounted games 12006: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11922: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11896: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11874:canoe sailing 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11836: 11834: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11805:trail running 11803: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11765:half marathon 11763: 11761: 11760:cross country 11758: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11733: 11730: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11645: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11624: 11622: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603:Rugby league 11602: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11587: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11574: 11573:Roller derby 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11528: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11500: 11499:Inline hockey 11497: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11453: 11450: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11442: 11440: 11439:Flag football 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11305: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11287:Tank biathlon 11285: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11259: 11256: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11245: 11244:Powerboating 11243: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11225: 11221: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11077: 11076: 11075: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10910: 10908: 10905: 10903: 10900: 10898: 10895: 10893: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10783: 10782:straight pool 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10757:men nine-ball 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10670: 10666: 10660: 10657: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10606:Combat sports 10603: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10572: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10545:track cycling 10543: 10542: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10359:Basque pelota 10357: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10338:Weightlifting 10336: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10266: 10264: 10262: 10261:Skateboarding 10259: 10257: 10254: 10250: 10247: 10246: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10227:natural track 10225: 10223: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10208: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10146: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10130:Equestrianism 10128: 10124: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10066: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10013: 10011: 10009: 10006: 10004: 10001: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9981: 9979: 9976: 9975: 9973: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9948: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9924: 9921: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884:Field hockey 9883: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9873:mixed doubles 9871: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9798: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9754: 9749: 9747: 9742: 9740: 9735: 9734: 9731: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9703: 9700: 9694: 9693:Solving chess 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9683:Chess prodigy 9681: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9667: 9666:Chess problem 9664: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9587: 9586: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9574:opening books 9572: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9562:short stories 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9515:Art and media 9513: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9388: 9385: 9384: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9366: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9327:triangulation 9325: 9323: 9322:Tarrasch rule 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9282:Queen vs pawn 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9246: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9138:London System 9136: 9132: 9129: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9096:Modern Benoni 9094: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9084: 9082: 9079: 9077: 9076:Dutch Defence 9074: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9055: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8953:King's Gambit 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8924: 8921: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8897: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8868:Grob's Attack 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8858:Dunst Opening 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8848:Benko Opening 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8840:Flank opening 8837: 8834: 8832: 8828: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8765: 8761: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8743: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8595:Transposition 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8476: 8474: 8472: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8434: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8369: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8345:Chess museums 8343: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8313:Notable games 8311: 8307: 8304: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8270: 8269: 8268: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8102:World records 8100: 8096: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8073:Rating system 8071: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7987: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7968: 7963: 7961: 7956: 7954: 7949: 7948: 7945: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7923: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7836: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7659: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7584: 7583:PCA/Classical 7580: 7577: 7573: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7511: 7508: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7378: 7375: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7244: 7242: 7237: 7235: 7230: 7229: 7226: 7213: 7204: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7155:Mediterranean 7153: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7061:Supranational 7058: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6946: 6941: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6930: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6893: 6881: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6853: 6846: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6815: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6784: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6754: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6731: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6708: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6635: 6631: 6625: 6609: 6605: 6599: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6493: 6488: 6481: 6470: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6441: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6411: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6397:Jeremy Silman 6394: 6389: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6355: 6352: 6347: 6341: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6276: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6219: 6203: 6199: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6147: 6140: 6136: 6130: 6111: 6104: 6097: 6081: 6077: 6070: 6054: 6050: 6043: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6018: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5983: 5974: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5878:"Interregnum" 5872: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5772: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5717: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5674: 5670: 5668:0-486-23145-3 5664: 5660: 5659: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5585:1-4191-1280-5 5581: 5578:. Kessinger. 5577: 5576: 5571: 5564: 5562: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5531: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5489: 5474: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5417: 5413: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5386: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5348: 5342: 5340: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5271: 5267: 5265:0-7864-1193-7 5261: 5258:. McFarland. 5257: 5256: 5236: 5229: 5222: 5206: 5202: 5201:Rafael Leitão 5198: 5192: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5139: 5123: 5119: 5116:Weeks, Mark. 5112: 5104: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5043:0-02-028700-3 5039: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5018: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4990:Raymond Keene 4985: 4978: 4977:0-19-866164-9 4974: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4942: 4934: 4928: 4924: 4917: 4909: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4852: 4848: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4783:. p. 4. 4779: 4778: 4770: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4669:0-19-866164-9 4666: 4662: 4656: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4621:1-84382-089-7 4617: 4613: 4606: 4590: 4586: 4584:1-4191-1280-5 4580: 4577:. Kessinger. 4576: 4575: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4555:0-19-866164-9 4552: 4548: 4542: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4518:0-19-866164-9 4515: 4511: 4505: 4503: 4495: 4494:0-19-866164-9 4491: 4487: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4449: 4442: 4441:0-19-866164-9 4438: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4415: 4408: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4389: 4388:George Walker 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4356: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4321: 4312: 4311: 4303: 4297: 4295: 4288: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4263:0-7100-8266-5 4259: 4255: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4229: 4228:0-19-866164-9 4225: 4221: 4215: 4206: 4204: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4162:, pp. 863–865 4161: 4155: 4139: 4135: 4128: 4126: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4096: 4094: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4058: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3981: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3880: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3715: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3676: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3623:Bobby Fischer 3619: 3612: 3608: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3591:Boris Spassky 3587: 3580: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3555: 3548: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3458: 3451: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3289: 3282: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3163: 3160: 3147:2023–present 3146: 3144: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3066: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3019: 3017: 3006: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2950: 2948: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2887: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2812: 2810: 2798: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2774: 2772: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2745:United States 2735: 2733: 2732:Bobby Fischer 2730: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2719:Boris Spassky 2717: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2625: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2604: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2582: 2580: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2502: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2476: 2471: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2440: 2439:United States 2428: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2385: 2372: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2248:(since 2005). 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221:in 1946, the 2220: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2088:Boris Gelfand 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2030: 2027: 2019: 2015: 1995: 1989: 1980: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1950: 1944: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1855:won the match 1852: 1848: 1847:Alexei Shirov 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1740: 1736: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1714: 1708: 1705: 1700: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686:Boris Spassky 1682: 1673: 1669: 1668:Boris Spassky 1665: 1657: 1653: 1652:Bobby Fischer 1649: 1645: 1643: 1642:Boris Spassky 1638: 1633: 1631: 1630:Yuri Averbakh 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Bobby Fischer 1609: 1605: 1601: 1585: 1579: 1570: 1564: 1555: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1510:Yuri Averbakh 1507: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1217:played their 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1072: 1068: 1061: 1057: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1017:later in 1910 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 974: 965: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 927: 924:In 1887, the 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 899: 892: 888: 884: 870: 868: 863: 861: 855: 853: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 789:Louis Paulsen 786: 781: 779: 774: 772: 767: 763: 759: 748: 742: 733: 727: 707: 701: 692: 686: 677: 671: 662: 656: 647: 645: 641: 640:Ludwig Bledow 637: 633: 625: 621: 616: 612: 610: 609: 604: 600: 599:George Walker 595: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 576:William Lewis 573: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 545: 541: 525: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 376: 375: 371: 369: 368: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 308: 307: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 262: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 137: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 102: 99: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 62: 59: 57: 54: 53: 52: 48: 47: 44: 41: 40: 34: 30: 24: 19: 12393: 12387:StarCraft II 12386: 12379: 12372: 12365: 12358: 12351: 12344: 12337: 12330: 12323: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12289:Call of Duty 12288: 12233:Ironman 70.3 12203:short course 12043:Powerlifting 11983:Ice Climbing 11732:Armwrestling 11725:water skiing 11623:Rugby union 11549:Padel tennis 11539:Minifootball 11409:Beach tennis 11404:Beach soccer 11362:women's club 11300:Other sports 11238:Aerobatic GP 11101:Sidecarcross 10844: 10592:Table tennis 10557:Powerlifting 10550:road cycling 10352:Discontinued 10301:Table tennis 10284:snowboarding 10193:Ice skating 10145:show jumping 10123:breakdancing 10119:Dance sport 10021:race walking 9968:women's club 9816:women's club 9639:Chess engine 9624:Chess boxing 9584: 9393: 9354:Wrong bishop 9206:theory table 9180:Torre Attack 9163:Slav Defence 9071:Colle System 9046:Scheveningen 9005:Pirc Defence 8948:Italian Game 8943:Giuoco Piano 8888:Réti Opening 8811:Piece values 8799:Maróczy Bind 8760:the exchange 8750:Compensation 8680:Interference 8670:Double check 8444:Time control 8431: 8405:by agreement 8333:grandmasters 8277:South Africa 8227: 8220: 8196:Score sheets 8142:Chess pieces 8049:Online chess 7995:Chess titles 7990:Chess theory 7784: 7778: 7682:Kasimdzhanov 7522: 7254: 7215:}} 7209:{{ 7175:Pan American 7113:Commonwealth 6975: 6878: 6871:. Retrieved 6862: 6852: 6844: 6837:. Retrieved 6824: 6814: 6802:. Retrieved 6793: 6783: 6771:. Retrieved 6762: 6753: 6730: 6707: 6695:. Retrieved 6686: 6676: 6664:. Retrieved 6660:the original 6650: 6638:. Retrieved 6624: 6612:. Retrieved 6598: 6586:. Retrieved 6572: 6560:. Retrieved 6546: 6534:. Retrieved 6520: 6487: 6479: 6474:21 September 6472:. Retrieved 6468: 6458: 6450: 6445:21 September 6443:. Retrieved 6439: 6429: 6410: 6388: 6365: 6346: 6331:. Retrieved 6320: 6310: 6295:. Retrieved 6291:the original 6284: 6275: 6263:. Retrieved 6254: 6245: 6235:16 September 6233:. Retrieved 6218: 6208:16 September 6206:. Retrieved 6191: 6181:16 September 6179:. Retrieved 6165: 6155:16 September 6153:. Retrieved 6129: 6119:16 September 6117:. Retrieved 6096: 6086:16 September 6084:. Retrieved 6080:the original 6069: 6059:16 September 6057:. Retrieved 6026: 6017: 6007:16 September 6005:. Retrieved 5964: 5955: 5943:. Retrieved 5934: 5925: 5915:15 September 5913:. 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Retrieved 4793: 4784: 4776: 4769: 4723:15 September 4721:. Retrieved 4707: 4688: 4676: 4660: 4640:. Retrieved 4630: 4611: 4605: 4593:. Retrieved 4573: 4562: 4546: 4541: 4509: 4485: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4453: 4448: 4432: 4427: 4414: 4395: 4378:. Retrieved 4369: 4365: 4355: 4343:. Retrieved 4309: 4302: 4293: 4292:F. M. Edge, 4287: 4278: 4272: 4253: 4247: 4219: 4214: 4190:. Retrieved 4186: 4176: 4167: 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4115: 4101: 4080:. Retrieved 4071: 4061: 4034:World portal 4020:Chess portal 3989: 3979: 3969: 3959: 3939: 3907: 3157: 2797:Soviet Union 2771:Soviet Union 2687: 2659: 2637:Soviet Union 2588: 2561: 2293: 2227: 2216: 2212: 2194: 2182: 2147: 2123: 2108: 2077: 2062: 2047: 2023: 1921: 1901: 1860: 1844: 1824: 1800: 1768: 1744: 1709: 1701: 1677: 1634: 1611: 1530: 1503: 1499: 1456: 1451: 1406:). The 1938 1401: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1327: 1287: 1268: 1195: 1172: 1148: 1132: 1112: 1080: 1076: 1029: 1021: 982: 951: 923: 900: 896: 864: 856: 832: 797: 782: 775: 755: 629: 606: 596: 569: 560: 552: 537: 473: 450: 411: 386: 384: 372: 365: 305: 260: 235: 135: 50: 18: 12178:short board 12143:telemarking 12048:Racquetball 11962:Gymnastics 11956:fly fishing 11943:Finswimming 11899:cyclo-cross 11715:paragliding 11710:parachuting 11654:Sepaktakraw 11534:Life saving 11418:Dancesport 11392:T20 (women) 11382:ODI (women) 11339:Ball hockey 11112:Production 11045:Grand Prix 11030:Ice racing 11019:Hard Enduro 11014:SuperEnduro 10986:Touring Car 10944:Formula One 10931:Auto racing 10880:draughts-64 10824:Mind sports 10413:Tug of war 10409:Real tennis 10331:mixed relay 10202:short track 9974:Water polo 9949:Volleyball 9914:Ice hockey 9837:Basketball 9569:Chess books 9369:Tournaments 9228:Fool's mate 8993:Vienna Game 8983:Scotch Game 8816:Prophylaxis 8732:Zwischenzug 8717:Undermining 8685:Overloading 8645:Combination 8494:descriptive 8189:Chess table 8184:Chess clock 8000:Grandmaster 7575:Split title 7545:(no result) 7271:Interregnum 7011:Composition 6863:The Article 6697:28 November 6666:30 November 6640:24 November 6440:chess24.com 6265:21 February 6101:Donlan, M. 5961:Wade, R. G. 5842:Winter, E. 5810:Winter, E. 5644:. Batsford. 5467:Winter, E. 5211:24 February 5170:MSN Encarta 4856:7 September 4810:27 December 4082:24 February 3719:Mikhail Tal 2678:Mikhail Tal 2590:Interregnum 2552:Netherlands 2265:Grand Swiss 2073:Gata Kamsky 1879:, Anand in 1836:Gata Kamsky 1803:Nigel Short 1750:, first in 1618:Efim Geller 1569:Mikhail Tal 1526:Mikhail Tal 1506:grandmaster 1452:interregnum 1436:Reuben Fine 1385:interregnum 1379:interregnum 1357:Reuben Fine 1236:Nimzowitsch 1203:Saint-Amant 1159:mathematics 1123:Nimzowitsch 1036:World War I 778:Paul Morphy 747:Paul Morphy 534:Before 1851 12428:Categories 12413:World cups 12411:See also: 12345:NES Tetris 12214:Triathlon 12183:long board 12153:individual 11951:freshwater 11859:ocean race 11800:skyrunning 11756:Athletics 11700:ballooning 11695:Air sports 11688:Individual 11669:Tchoukball 11612:men's club 11472:men's club 11443:Floorball 11414:Canoe polo 11352:men's club 11178:flat track 11168:long track 11158:individual 11138:Rally raid 11121:Supersport 11091:Supercross 11074:individual 11070:Motocross 11034:individual 10969:Rally raid 10964:Rallycross 10949:Hill climb 10922:Motorsport 10832:Backgammon 10752:eight-ball 10703:individual 10699:Five-pins 10669:Cue sports 10648:Wrestling 10512:Individual 10491:mixed team 10187:trampoline 10172:Gymnastics 10046:individual 10027:Badminton 10012:Athletics 9995:Individual 9958:men's club 9806:men's club 9676:joke chess 9629:Chess club 9317:opposition 8779:Middlegame 8767:Initiative 8690:Pawn storm 8655:Deflection 8526:Key square 8516:Fianchetto 8449:Fast chess 8433:En passant 8125:chessboard 7672:Ponomariov 7374:Capablanca 7297:Interzonal 7207:See also: 6614:26 January 6588:26 January 6562:26 January 6536:26 January 6223:Weeks, M. 6196:Weeks, M. 6074:Weeks, M. 6047:Weeks, M. 5903:Weeks, M. 5276:25 October 5144:Silman, J. 4932:1857443306 4907:1857443306 4882:1857443306 4642:25 October 4144:19 January 4053:References 3751:Ding Liren 3191:Undisputed 3179:Undisputed 3130:Ding Liren 3121:2013–2023 3095:2007–2013 3069:2006–2007 3020:2005–2006 2997:2004–2005 2993:Uzbekistan 2974:2002–2004 2951:2000–2002 2928:1999–2000 2918:1993–1999 2875:2000–2006 2862:1993–2000 2813:1985–1993 2775:1975–1985 2749:1972–1975 2723:1969–1972 2710:1963–1969 2697:1961–1963 2682:1960–1961 2669:1958–1960 2654:1957–1958 2641:1948–1957 2583:1937–1946 2556:1935–1937 2530:1927–1935 2505:1921–1927 2479:1894–1921 2443:1886–1894 2285:2013 cycle 2272:, or as a 2253:Interzonal 2234:Interzonal 2186:Ding Liren 2177:Ding Liren 2129:; against 1912:Peter Leko 1904:Elo rating 1807:Jan Timman 1697:Jim Slater 1622:Paul Keres 1448:psychology 1432:Salo Flohr 1428:Paul Keres 1353:Paul Keres 1335:Salo Flohr 1295:Bogoljubow 1291:Capablanca 1279:Gothenburg 1240:Capablanca 1228:Rubinstein 1219:1886 match 1183:1894 match 1104:Tartakower 1100:Rubinstein 1088:Bogoljubow 766:Henry Bird 414:1886 match 395:Ding Liren 51:Pre-FIDE 33:Ding Liren 12352:Overwatch 12218:Aquathlon 12199:Swimming 12104:Shooting 12001:laser run 11966:acrobatic 11891:Crokinole 11879:freestyle 11864:wildwater 11850:Canoeing 11721:Aquatics 11569:Roll Ball 11564:Rogaining 11523:Lacrosse 11429:Dodgeball 11387:T20 (men) 11377:ODI (men) 11334:Baseball5 11233:Aerobatic 11185:Supermoto 11154:Speedway 11116:Superbike 11106:Snowcross 11004:Endurance 10939:Formula E 10861:Draughts 10742:blackball 10567:Snowboard 10529:Badminton 10524:Athletics 10383:Lacrosse 10343:Wrestling 10326:Triathlon 10306:Taekwondo 10279:freestyle 10074:Canoeing 9934:Softball 9899:Handball 9822:Baseball 9659:Stockfish 9649:Deep Blue 9644:AlphaZero 9552:paintings 9344:Tablebase 9308:Strategy 9218:Irregular 8973:Ruy Lopez 8933:Open Game 8700:Sacrifice 8660:Desperado 8563:connected 8536:Open file 8531:King walk 8489:algebraic 8420:Stalemate 8395:Checkmate 8120:Chess set 8112:Equipment 7652:Khalifman 7543:1984–1985 7497:Petrosian 7483:Botvinnik 7463:Botvinnik 7443:Botvinnik 7344:1896–1897 7326:1890–1891 6746:chess.com 6469:chess.com 5661:. Dover. 5572:(2004) . 5488:La Prensa 5250:Based on 4851:Chess.com 4571:(2004) . 4192:7 October 3193:champion 3185:Classical 3171:Years as 2274:wild card 1801:In 1993, 1656:Amsterdam 1277:and 1920 1215:Zukertort 1207:Anderssen 1169:Financing 1040:Amos Burn 939:Max Weiss 891:from 1886 798:In 1866, 597:In 1839, 588:handicaps 480:under-20s 428:in 1946, 12394:Valorant 12324:Fortnite 12310:eSailing 12223:Duathlon 12188:big wave 12174:Surfing 12038:Pétanque 11996:triathle 11947:Fishing 11895:Cycling 11854:marathon 11811:Bowling 11736:Archery 11647:Dinghies 11638:Sailing 11559:Ringette 11519:Korfball 11512:Standard 11503:Kabaddi 11434:Fistball 11368:Cricket 11263:offshore 11248:Aquabike 10959:Rallying 10902:Scrabble 10875:checkers 10807:amateurs 10788:Snooker 10777:ten-ball 10727:amateurs 10715:artistic 10634:Muaythai 10587:Swimming 10562:Shooting 10541:Cycling 10537:Climbing 10498:Goalball 10363:Croquet 10256:Shooting 10182:rhythmic 10177:artistic 10140:eventing 10135:dressage 10089:Cycling 10053:Biathlon 9930:Rugby 7s 9718:Category 9671:glossary 9332:Zugzwang 9312:fortress 9249:Endgames 9158:Declined 9153:Accepted 8831:Openings 8789:Hedgehog 8755:Exchange 8742:Strategy 8722:Windmill 8573:isolated 8558:backward 8380:Castling 8323:amateurs 8216:Timeline 8090:Variants 8044:Glossary 8027:software 8012:glossary 7922:Category 7892:Chess960 7882:Computer 7803:Olympiad 7599:Kasparov 7565:Kasparov 7412:Alekhine 7392:Alekhine 7334:Steinitz 7311:Pre-FIDE 7148:Club Cup 7123:European 7016:Computer 7006:Chess960 6867:Archived 6833:Archived 6798:Archived 6767:Archived 6738:Archived 6715:Archived 6691:Archived 6634:Archived 6608:Archived 6582:Archived 6556:Archived 6530:Archived 6510:Archived 6495:Archived 6418:Archived 6400:Archived 6373:Archived 6354:Archived 6327:Archived 6259:Archived 6229:Archived 6202:Archived 6175:Archived 6146:Archived 6137:(2001). 6110:Archived 6053:Archived 6031:Batsford 6023:Wade, R. 5998:Archived 5973:64514341 5967:. Arco. 5963:(1964). 5939:Archived 5909:Archived 5882:Archived 5848:Archived 5816:Archived 5789:Archived 5777:Seirawan 5755:Archived 5753:. 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11150:Sidecar 11086:nations 10954:Karting 10912:Xiangqi 10897:Puzzles 10812:six-red 10772:pyramid 10571:Skiing 10519:Archery 10417:outdoor 10404:Rackets 10367:singles 10310:Tennis 10296:Surfing 10265:Skiing 10244:Sailing 10152:Fencing 10016:outdoor 10008:Archery 9868:Curling 9619:Arbiter 9612:Related 9469:Solving 9459:Amateur 9041:Najdorf 8623:Battery 8610:Tactics 8585:Swindle 8568:doubled 8548:Outpost 8479:Blunder 8294:Armenia 8208:History 8054:Premove 8022:engines 8017:matches 7982:Outline 7887:Solving 7765:Carlsen 7717:Kramnik 7692:Topalov 7613:Kramnik 7517:Fischer 7507:Spassky 7453:Smyslov 7170:Oceania 7069:African 7041:Solving 6996:Amateur 6981:Women's 6804:20 July 6773:20 July 6340:Alt URL 6304:Alt URL 5945:5 April 5081:13 June 3960:Teams: 3040:Country 2970:Ukraine 2892:Country 2833:Country 2612:Country 2464:Germany 2402:Country 2298:In the 2160:in the 1830:in the 1273:, 1914 1197:second 1173:Before 1092:Maróczy 867:in 1886 769:"after 603:Legalle 518:History 488:seniors 438:In 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