22:
2443:
375:
825:. Thus, the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island's colonial boundaries. After joining the Dominion of New England, however, Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony. New York's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony.
731:(the German word for German is "Deutsch"), and comprised one-third of the population by the time of the American Revolution. The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies' prosperity. They were noted for tight-knit religious communities, mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the
242:
849:
of young whites. These were teenagers in
Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21, in exchange for their ocean passage. The great majority became farmers or farm wives. By the mid-eighteenth century, African American slaves comprised 12% of
683:
The Middle
Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies. Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation. Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion, most notably
501:
continued until the final borders were decided in 1769, and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively. A Colonial
Assembly convened in October 1683, making New York the last colony to have an assembly. A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30, 1683, giving
423:
and the colonies of New York, Maryland, and New Jersey. In 1704, Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the
Delaware Colony. From 1692 to 1694, revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony. The Pennsylvania Assembly took this
118:
The Middle
Colonies had much fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The lumber and shipbuilding industries were also successful in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania was moderately successful in the textile and
712:
Ethnically, the Middle
Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant. For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, leading to a more diverse populace. As a consequence, early
428:. Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701, Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution. When the British banned western expansion in 1764, fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled. In 1773,
284:
was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey. This document provided for religious freedom, no taxes without assembly approval, and a governor appointed by the proprietors. The first governor appointed in this way was
563:. A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682. When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681, he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York, and dubbed them "The Three Lower Counties on the
332:
became the royal colony's first governor. After Hyde was recalled to
England in 1708 over charges of graft, bribery, and corruption, the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey. Finally, in 1738, King
836:
encouraged Irish
Protestant immigration, hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments. Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence.
587:, which contained more rocky soil. Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil, the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies. Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat, corn,
623:
Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle
Colonies. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like
700:
The Middle
Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres (16–65 hectares), owned by the family that worked it. In New York's
749:
began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717. They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies, where they repeatedly confronted the Indians. Other groups included the
676:
The Middle Colonies' political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the
143:. Farm land was both productive and much less expensive than in Europe. Later settlers included members of various Protestant denominations, which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written
906:
Mennonites, and the Amish. There was a Jewish community already established in New York from 1654 (when it was still New Amsterdam), and Jews settled in what became Pennsylvania from 1655.
2484:
684:
when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler's Rebellion in New York. Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the
195:, the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch. Though the war ended in a Dutch victory in 1667, the English retained New Netherland and renamed it New York after the
432:
ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow, and
1719:
1659:
Tiedemann, Joseph S. "A Tumultuous People: The Rage for Liberty and the Ambiance of Violence in the Middle Colonies in the Years Preceding the American Revolution,"
599:, making it the leading food producer in the colonies, and later states, between the years of 1725 and 1840. Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the
555:
Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655. The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664, when Sir Robert Carr took
175:. The Dutch further explored and charted the area in multiple voyages between 1610 and 1616; the first Dutch settlements were built in 1613 and the name
2479:
1914:
1563:
509:
When the Duke of York became King James II of England, New York became a royal province. In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the
274:
490:. The Duke of York never governed the colony himself: he instead appointed governors, councils, and other officers to run the government.
1832:
1559:
1366:
2159:
2153:
2474:
538:
357:
1617:
817:
founded a seed settlement in New York. Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England, having been excluded from the
2300:
1468:
858:
The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire, with a high degree of tolerance. The Penn family were
1727:
882:. The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey, and Congregationalists were important in Long Island. The
356:, soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress, on June 21, to join in a declaration of independence. The
525:
was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. New York's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after. In April 1775,
2385:
1512:
1415:
567:". In 1701, after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory, Penn agreed to allow them a separate
297:
taxes. On March 18, 1674, after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes, Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to
2214:
537:
and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19, 1775. Colonial status ended for the new state with the
2306:
723:
favored the Middle Colonies. German immigration greatly increased around 1717, and many immigrants began coming from the
717:
was especially common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the 18th century, though fewer worked in agriculture.
393:
352:
arrested on June 15, declaring him "an enemy to the liberties of this country". On July 2, 1776, New Jersey enacted the
2111:
503:
329:
140:
91:
until the British exerted their control over the region. The British captured much of the area in their war with the
2417:
2344:
1598:
1456:
441:
345:
120:
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attracted diverse business. Fur trappers moved along these rivers, and there was enough flow to enable milling with
2220:
1723:
1825:
1768:
Bodle, Wayne. "The "Myth of the Middle Colonies" Reconsidered: The Process of Regionalization in Early America",
782:
from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans, while Episcopalian businessmen settled in
1403:
1284:
689:
404:, Penn governed Pennsylvania, yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws. Penn's cousin
1669:
Tiedemann, Joseph S. "Interconnected Communities: The Middle Colonies on the Eve of the American Revolution,"
253:
New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York (later King
1944:
526:
353:
348:, made up of elected delegates, formed in January 1776 to govern the colony. The Congress had Royal Governor
530:
498:
483:
445:
397:
321:
314:
216:
212:
204:
81:
2250:
806:
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before departing for the colony, which called for religious tolerance towards many groups, including the
2226:
2446:
1956:
1950:
1818:
405:
334:
286:
208:
2232:
2056:
1896:
850:
the population of New York. Most were house servants in Manhattan, or farm workers on Dutch estates.
818:
2469:
2356:
2350:
2038:
1938:
1477:
1276:
369:
281:
160:
112:
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Colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York after the King's brother, the
2099:
2081:
1590:
822:
657:
580:
510:
378:
338:
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laws. This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies.
513:. When James II was overthrown, the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in
466:
The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613. The English captured the
2409:
2312:
1926:
1688:
935:
514:
236:
232:
192:
108:
2256:
2190:
2105:
1567:
1442:
1407:
887:
883:
677:
479:
385:
290:
220:
196:
1805:
1466:
Greene, Jack P (1997). "Political Partisanship in the Middle American Colonies: 1700-1776".
115:. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn.
2326:
2274:
2147:
2069:
1932:
1902:
1852:
1399:
1372:
920:
714:
685:
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584:
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457:
437:
96:
69:
8:
2401:
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2129:
2002:
1962:
1862:
1645:
1614:
930:
915:
746:
475:
425:
416:
412:
270:
254:
144:
77:
664:. Other important industries included printing, publishing, and the related industry of
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2338:
1908:
1890:
1788:
1773:
1758:
1501:
1262:
846:
728:
401:
310:
258:
444:
by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony, and began the
119:
iron industries. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse
2393:
2135:
2020:
1872:
1841:
1753:
Bodle, Wayne. "Themes and Directions in Middles Colonies Historiography, 1980–1994",
1594:
1508:
1452:
1411:
1392:
1290:
1280:
1270:
925:
633:
600:
568:
266:
73:
61:
688:, and a center for revolution. However, there were numerous pockets of neutrals and
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2141:
2075:
2050:
2008:
1867:
1703:
1540:
1447:
763:
751:
720:
649:
429:
349:
168:
42:
1210:
Sung Bok Kim, "A New Look at the Great Landlords of Eighteenth-Century New York,"
2362:
2280:
2238:
2202:
2044:
2026:
2014:
1920:
1877:
1621:
1584:
1384:
879:
875:
833:
814:
732:
661:
550:
518:
491:
392:
on March 4, 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family. Penn wrote the
298:
104:
65:
1368:
A History of the United States: vol. 2, A Century of Colonial History, 1660-1760
862:, and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German
2320:
2294:
1990:
1678:
1635:
1544:
1496:
955:
The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America
713:
German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region.
604:
564:
467:
461:
420:
262:
176:
88:
1294:
1237:
Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America
778:
When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664, many
2463:
2244:
1996:
1977:
1783:
Greenberg, Douglas. "The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography",
1641:
1335:
Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America
1266:
787:
702:
625:
534:
522:
245:
Map showing the borders of West New Jersey (left) and East New Jersey (right)
241:
2268:
2123:
2117:
1664:
1536:
829:
810:
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629:
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471:
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389:
325:
250:
200:
188:
180:
172:
164:
156:
100:
47:
187:
in the region around Delaware Bay in 1638. This area was reclaimed by the
2208:
2093:
2087:
1720:"New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763-1783: A Documentary History"
863:
802:
767:
665:
612:
521:
became governor in March 1691, the rebellion was crushed and its leader,
506:. However, upon learning of the constitution, James II declared it void.
306:
302:
136:
92:
1777:
2332:
2288:
1792:
1762:
1215:
867:
556:
184:
37:
25:
709:
operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers.
583:
Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby
497:
In 1665, the Province of New Jersey split from New York; however, the
301:, a Quaker businessman from London. This sale divided New Jersey into
107:
would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the
21:
2196:
1481:
899:
891:
798:
736:
724:
645:
294:
1810:
436:, the largest city in America, soon became the meeting place of the
424:
opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials, led by
374:
309:; however, the border between the two was not agreed upon until the
2032:
903:
895:
794:
706:
653:
487:
261:. James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the
128:
32:
1523:
Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America
859:
779:
641:
132:
124:
1120:
Leisler's Rebellion: A Study of Democracy in New York, 1664-1720
2179:
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
1684:
1352:
Converging Worlds: Communities and Cultures in Colonial America
845:
Labor was always in short supply. The most common solution was
95:
around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the
1357:
Bodle, Wayne, "The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution,"
1309:
Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America, 1607-1783
871:
755:
740:
1560:"Pennsylvania State History: The Quaker Province: 1681-1776"
1350:
Bod, Wayne. "The Middle Colonies." in Louise A. Breen, ed.,
994:
The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
886:
invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of
632:. While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the
596:
592:
478:). The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the
1381:
English Colonies in America: Volume IV The Middle Colonies
2485:
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
652:
grew quickly. The colony also became a major producer of
588:
313:
in 1676. From 1701 to 1765, colonists skirmished in the
179:
appeared on maps from 1614 on. With Swedish funding, the
1436:
The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America.
1663:
Volume 77, Number 4, Autumn 2010, pp. 387–431 in
1261:
1586:
William Franklin: son of a patriot, servant of a king
277:. This land grant became the Province of New Jersey.
265:
to two friends who had been loyal to him through the
1976:
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary
1394:
The Fruited Plain: The Story of American Agriculture
866:, German Reformed and numerous small sects such as
502:the colonists many rights, including the rights to
1500:
1391:
1075:Pennsylvania Society of Governors (1916), 180-181.
1800:Richter, Daniel K. "Mid-Atlantic Colonies, RIP."
1772:, Vol. 113, No. 4 (Oct. 1989), pp. 527–548.
805:of Pennsylvania. While some Welsh colonists like
87:Much of the area was part of the Dutch colony of
2461:
1787:, July 1979, Vol. 36 Issue 3, pp. 396–427.
1525:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010) 248 pages
388:granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to
2160:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
1757:, July 1994, Vol. 51 Issue 3, pp. 355–88.
898:churches. Non-British colonists included Dutch
1770:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1700:The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History
1272:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
408:served as the first colonial deputy governor.
191:in 1655. In October 1664, as a prelude to the
1826:
1564:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
1324:Some work in the fields of plantations.(2005)
1004:
1002:
249:King Charles II renamed the land west of the
1438:New York: Sachem Publishing Associates, Inc.
482:, but gave it back to the English under the
16:Subset of British American Thirteen Colonies
1145:State of Delaware (A Brief History) (2007).
1132:
1130:
1128:
363:
1833:
1819:
1697:
999:
494:served as the first governor of New York.
2480:Colonization history of the United States
1255:
1214:Vol. 27, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pp. 581-614
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
636:, it still did not rival the industry of
539:United States Declaration of Independence
358:United States Declaration of Independence
226:
1469:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1364:
1125:
1050:
1048:
979:
977:
975:
965:
963:
957:(2nd ed. Cornell University Press; 2009)
373:
293:. Colonists were required to pay annual
240:
20:
1717:
1441:
1429:breadbasket colonies inpublisher:Press.
1389:
1179:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1081:
451:
215:the area but relinquished it under the
2462:
1676:
1633:
1495:
1465:
1188:
1071:
1069:
1016:
1014:
211:on New Netherland. In 1673, the Dutch
2386:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
1840:
1814:
1582:
1541:"Frame of Government of Pennsylvania"
1139:
1057:
1045:
972:
960:
324:united West and East Jersey into one
155:The Middle Colonies were explored by
80:, this area now roughly makes up the
2215:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1637:The Province of New Jersey 1664-1738
1535:
1092:
1078:
773:
727:. They were erroneously labeled the
1615:State of Delaware (A Brief History)
1170:
1066:
1011:
419:, Pennsylvania was bordered by the
394:Frame of Government of Pennsylvania
317:over disputed colonial boundaries.
13:
1711:
1250:The Scotch-Irish: A Social History
559:for the Duke of York, renaming it
544:
533:to replace the assembly. Governor
504:no taxation without representation
381:in Pennsylvania was built in 1724.
330:Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon
14:
2496:
2418:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1899:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)
1747:
442:Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
346:Provincial Congress of New Jersey
121:British colonies in North America
2475:Colonial United States (British)
2442:
2441:
2221:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
1724:New Jersey Historical Commission
1490:Colonial Pennsylvania: A History
1434:Faragher, John Mack, ed. (1990)
656:and its products, including the
181:third governor of New Netherland
1327:
1314:
1301:
1242:
1229:
1220:
1204:
1165:The Economy of Colonial America
1157:
1148:
1112:
695:
337:appointed a separate governor,
1404:University of California Press
1320:Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris,
1036:
1027:
1022:Colonial New Jersey: A History
986:
947:
878:, not to mention Scotch Irish
328:, the Province of New Jersey.
1:
2060:
1343:
1033:Berkeley and Carteret (1664).
360:ended their colonial status.
354:New Jersey State Constitution
2166:Province of British Columbia
1718:Gerlach, Larry, ed. (2002).
1698:Westerkamp, Marilyn (1998).
1634:Tanner, Edwin Platt (1908).
1530:Colonial Delaware: A History
1503:Colonial New York: A History
574:
531:New York Provincial Congress
499:New York-New Jersey Line War
446:Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
398:Religious Society of Friends
315:New York-New Jersey Line War
217:Treaty of Westminster (1674)
183:later founded the colony of
7:
1507:. Oxford University Press.
1361:82#2 (Summer 2015), 282–99.
1109:Pennsylvania State History.
909:
853:
671:
618:
10:
2501:
2345:Brandenburger Saint Thomas
2154:Colony of British Columbia
1785:William and Mary Quarterly
1755:William and Mary Quarterly
1212:William and Mary Quarterly
548:
455:
367:
230:
150:
2437:
2381:
2372:
2315:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803
2233:Captaincy General of Cuba
2186:
2175:
2057:New England Confederation
1986:
1972:
1886:
1848:
1365:Channing, Edward (1908).
819:New England Confederation
770:, and Scots Highlanders.
440:. The publication of the
320:On April 15, 1702, Queen
275:Lord Berkeley of Stratton
205:had co-instigated the war
2227:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
2039:Massachusetts Bay Colony
1390:Ebeling, Walter (1979).
1277:Harvard University Press
1136:Faragher (1990), 106-108
941:
840:
400:and local natives. As a
370:Province of Pennsylvania
364:Province of Pennsylvania
282:Concession and Agreement
209:had commanded the attack
163:in 1609, sailing up the
161:Dutch East India Company
113:Province of Pennsylvania
2357:Scottish Darien Company
2301:Hospitaller Saint Croix
2100:Dominion of New England
2082:North-Western Territory
1689:Eyre & Spottiswoode
1673:76 (Winter 2009), 1–41.
1591:Oxford University Press
1226:Westerkamp (1998), 452.
1185:Jensen (1968), 461-468.
1008:Streissguth (2001), 96.
823:Dominion of New England
821:, but later joined the
658:Pennsylvania long rifle
648:were abundant, and the
511:Dominion of New England
2410:Of Plymouth Plantation
2132:(1779–1783; 1814–1815)
2041:(1629–1686; 1689–1691)
2017:(1620–1686; 1689–1691)
1929:(1664–1673; 1702–1776)
1804:82.3 (2015): 260-281.
1583:Skemp, Sheila (1990).
1443:Fischer, David Hackett
1248:James Graham Leyburn,
936:Colonial United States
382:
246:
237:Province of New Jersey
233:Bergen, New Netherland
227:Province of New Jersey
207:for personal gain and
193:Second Anglo-Dutch War
109:Province of New Jersey
68:, located between the
53:
2191:Columbian Viceroyalty
1677:Turner, F.C. (1948).
1671:Pennsylvania History,
983:Kammen (1996), 71-72.
902:, Swedish Lutherans,
884:First Great Awakening
705:, however, the Dutch
678:French and Indian War
484:Treaty of Westminster
480:Third Anglo-Dutch War
377:
341:, to run New Jersey.
244:
221:Third Anglo-Dutch War
60:were a subset of the
24:
2327:Dutch Virgin Islands
2275:Spanish West Florida
2269:Spanish East Florida
2148:Stickeen Territories
1853:New England Colonies
1802:Pennsylvania History
1661:Pennsylvania History
1539:(February 2, 1683).
1400:Berkeley, California
1379:Doyle, John Andrew.
1359:Pennsylvania History
1333:Patricia U. Bonomi,
1201:Fischer (1992), 972.
1042:Gerlach (2002), 384.
992:Jonathan I. Israel,
921:New England Colonies
847:indentured servitude
715:Indentured servitude
686:Continental Congress
585:New England Colonies
458:Province of New York
452:Province of New York
438:Continental Congress
97:Province of New York
70:New England Colonies
2263:Provincias Internas
2239:Spanish Saint Croix
1863:Chesapeake Colonies
1646:Columbia University
1322:Slavery in New York
1263:Thernstrom, Stephan
1176:Greene (1997), 709.
931:Chesapeake Colonies
640:. In Pennsylvania,
515:Leisler's Rebellion
417:39th parallel north
413:42nd parallel north
271:Sir George Carteret
255:James II of England
145:freedom of religion
123:with settlers from
82:Mid-Atlantic states
78:Chesapeake Colonies
2426:Quintipartite Deed
2339:Danish West Indies
2307:French Saint Croix
1620:2007-03-23 at the
1570:on August 22, 2008
1488:Illick, Joseph E.
1163:Edwin J. Perkins,
1118:Jerome R. Reich,
1063:Skemp (1990), 192.
1054:Elson (1904), 148.
969:Turner (1948), 83.
729:Pennsylvania Dutch
581:partly unglaciated
411:Demarcated by the
402:proprietary colony
383:
379:Chester Courthouse
311:Quintipartite Deed
259:proprietary colony
247:
54:
2455:
2454:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2394:Mayflower Compact
2390:
2375:Related Documents
2257:Spanish Louisiana
2136:Columbia District
2059:(1643–1654; 1675–
1945:Massachusetts Bay
1873:Southern Colonies
1842:Thirteen Colonies
1626:State of Delaware
1514:978-0-19-510779-1
1417:978-0-520-03751-9
1307:Marcus Jernegan,
1020:John E. Pomfret,
926:Southern Colonies
774:English colonists
721:German immigrants
634:Southern Colonies
601:Susquehanna River
569:colonial assembly
527:American patriots
267:English Civil War
76:. Along with the
74:Southern Colonies
62:Thirteen Colonies
2492:
2445:
2444:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2402:Mourt's Relation
2396:
2388:
2313:French Louisiana
2142:Red River Colony
2065:
2062:
2009:Berkeley Hundred
1868:Tobacco Colonies
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1726:. Archived from
1707:
1704:Houghton Mifflin
1692:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1566:. Archived from
1555:
1553:
1551:
1528:Munroe, John A.
1521:Landsman, Ned.
1518:
1506:
1485:
1462:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1397:
1376:
1338:
1331:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1305:
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1246:
1240:
1233:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1208:
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1199:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1123:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1090:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1009:
1006:
997:
990:
984:
981:
970:
967:
958:
951:
809:, left to found
752:French Huguenots
650:textile industry
486:in exchange for
430:Arthur St. Clair
350:William Franklin
171:, and along the
169:Albany, New York
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2470:Middle Colonies
2460:
2459:
2456:
2451:
2433:
2377:
2368:
2363:Russian America
2281:Alta California
2251:Las Californias
2203:Spanish Florida
2182:
2171:
2063:
1982:
1968:
1882:
1878:United Colonies
1858:Middle Colonies
1844:
1839:
1750:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1733:on July 3, 2017
1730:
1714:
1712:Primary sources
1650:
1648:
1622:Wayback Machine
1605:
1603:
1601:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1549:
1547:
1515:
1497:Kammen, Michael
1459:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1306:
1302:
1287:
1269:, eds. (1980).
1260:
1256:
1247:
1243:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1093:
1088:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1012:
1007:
1000:
991:
987:
982:
973:
968:
961:
952:
948:
944:
912:
856:
843:
834:Lords Baltimore
815:Anne Hutchinson
801:settled in the
793:Welsh Quakers,
776:
698:
674:
662:Conestoga wagon
621:
577:
553:
551:Delaware Colony
547:
545:Delaware Colony
519:Henry Sloughter
492:Richard Nicolls
464:
456:Main articles:
454:
406:William Markham
386:King Charles II
372:
366:
299:Edward Byllynge
287:Philip Carteret
239:
231:Main articles:
229:
223:the next year.
167:to present-day
153:
105:King of England
66:British America
58:Middle Colonies
52:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2498:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2453:
2452:
2450:
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2415:
2407:
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2382:
2379:
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2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2321:New Netherland
2318:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2295:French Florida
2286:
2285:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
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2212:
2206:
2194:
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2180:
2176:
2173:
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2170:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:Indian Reserve
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1957:South Carolina
1954:
1951:North Carolina
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1797:
1796:
1781:
1766:
1749:
1748:Historiography
1746:
1744:
1743:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1694:
1693:
1674:
1667:
1657:
1630:
1629:
1612:
1599:
1580:
1556:
1545:Avalon Project
1533:
1526:
1519:
1513:
1493:
1486:
1463:
1457:
1439:
1432:
1416:
1387:
1377:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1326:
1313:
1300:
1285:
1267:Handlin, Oscar
1265:; Orlov, Ann;
1254:
1241:
1235:A. G. Roeber,
1228:
1219:
1203:
1187:
1178:
1169:
1156:
1154:Ebeling (1979)
1147:
1138:
1124:
1111:
1091:
1077:
1065:
1056:
1044:
1035:
1026:
1010:
998:
985:
971:
959:
945:
943:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
911:
908:
888:Congregational
855:
852:
842:
839:
807:Roger Williams
775:
772:
697:
694:
673:
670:
620:
617:
605:Delaware River
576:
573:
565:Delaware River
549:Main article:
546:
543:
541:in July 1776.
468:New Netherland
462:New Netherland
453:
450:
421:Delaware River
368:Main article:
365:
362:
289:, who founded
263:Delaware River
228:
225:
197:English King's
177:New Netherland
152:
149:
89:New Netherland
51:
50:
45:
40:
35:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2497:
2486:
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2314:
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2299:
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2290:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2245:Spanish Texas
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2177:
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2158:
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2140:
2137:
2134:
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2128:
2125:
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2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:Rupert's Land
2074:
2071:
2068:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1979:
1978:United States
1975:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1897:New Hampshire
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
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1822:
1817:
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1813:
1807:
1803:
1799:
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1779:
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1771:
1767:
1764:
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1729:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1701:
1696:
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1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1647:
1643:
1642:New York City
1639:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1628:. 2007-01-21.
1627:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1602:
1600:0-19-505745-7
1596:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1537:Penn, William
1534:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1464:
1460:
1458:0-19-506905-6
1454:
1451:. Oxford UP.
1450:
1449:
1448:Albion's Seed
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1354:(2013): 219+.
1353:
1349:
1348:
1336:
1330:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1282:
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1060:
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1049:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1005:
1003:
995:
989:
980:
978:
976:
966:
964:
956:
953:Jaap Jacobs,
950:
946:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
913:
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:Presbyterians
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
848:
838:
835:
831:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
788:New York City
785:
781:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
743:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
716:
710:
708:
704:
703:Hudson Valley
693:
691:
687:
681:
679:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
616:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
552:
542:
540:
536:
535:William Tryon
532:
528:
524:
523:Jacob Leisler
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
500:
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
459:
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342:
340:
336:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:Elizabethtown
288:
283:
280:In 1665, the
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
243:
238:
234:
224:
222:
219:, ending the
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
199:brother, the
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
146:
142:
141:German states
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
49:
46:
44:
41:
39:
36:
34:
31:
30:
27:
23:
19:
2457:
2374:
2351:Krabbeninsel
2124:West Florida
2118:East Florida
1939:Pennsylvania
1915:Rhode Island
1857:
1801:
1784:
1769:
1754:
1735:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1699:
1679:
1670:
1665:Project MUSE
1660:
1649:. Retrieved
1636:
1625:
1604:. Retrieved
1585:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1548:. Retrieved
1529:
1522:
1502:
1489:
1473:
1467:
1446:
1435:
1428:
1421:. Retrieved
1393:
1380:
1367:
1358:
1351:
1334:
1329:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1303:
1271:
1257:
1249:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1211:
1206:
1181:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1119:
1114:
1089:Penn (1682).
1059:
1038:
1029:
1021:
993:
988:
954:
949:
916:Mid-Atlantic
857:
844:
830:William Penn
827:
811:Rhode Island
792:
784:Philadelphia
777:
747:Scotch-Irish
744:
719:
711:
699:
696:Demographics
682:
675:
630:Philadelphia
622:
609:Hudson River
578:
554:
508:
496:
474:(later King
472:Duke of York
465:
434:Philadelphia
410:
390:William Penn
384:
343:
339:Lewis Morris
326:Royal Colony
319:
279:
251:Hudson River
248:
201:Duke of York
173:Delaware Bay
165:Hudson River
157:Henry Hudson
154:
117:
101:Duke of York
86:
57:
55:
48:Pennsylvania
18:
2413:(1630–1651)
2365:(1799–1867)
2353:(1689–1693)
2347:(1685–1754)
2341:(1672–1917)
2335:(1638–1655)
2329:(1625–1672)
2323:(1614–1667)
2309:, 1665–1733
2303:, 1651–1665
2297:, 1562–1565
2293:1534–1763;
2283:, 1804–1821
2277:, 1783–1821
2271:, 1783–1821
2265:, 1776–1821
2259:, 1769–1801
2253:, 1767–1804
2247:, 1690–1821
2241:, 1650–1651
2235:, 1607–1801
2229:, 1598–1821
2223:, 1580–1898
2217:, 1565–1898
2211:, 1565–1821
2209:New Navarre
2205:, 1565–1763
2201:1521–1821;
2193:(1492–1535)
2168:(1871–1903)
2162:(1866–1871)
2156:(1863–1866)
2150:(1862–1863)
2144:(1811–1818)
2138:(1810–1846)
2130:New Ireland
2126:(1763–1783)
2120:(1763–1783)
2114:(1763–1783)
2108:(1763–1783)
2102:(1686–1689)
2096:(1674–1702)
2094:West Jersey
2090:(1674–1702)
2088:East Jersey
2084:(1670–1870)
2078:(1670–1811)
2072:(1663–1712)
2064: 1680
2053:(1638–1664)
2047:(1635–1644)
2035:(1629–1663)
2029:(1625–1650)
2027:Saint Croix
2023:(1622–1658)
2005:(1607–1699)
1999:(1607–1608)
1993:(1585–1590)
1965:(1732–1776)
1959:(1712–1776)
1953:(1712–1776)
1947:(1691–1776)
1941:(1681–1776)
1935:(1664–1776)
1923:(1664–1776)
1917:(1636–1776)
1911:(1636–1776)
1909:Connecticut
1905:(1632–1776)
1893:(1607–1776)
1423:22 February
803:Welsh Tract
666:papermaking
638:New England
613:water wheel
529:formed the
426:David Lloyd
307:West Jersey
303:East Jersey
137:Netherlands
26:U.S. States
2464:Categories
2333:New Sweden
2289:New France
1927:New Jersey
1406:. p.
1344:References
1295:1038430174
1286:0674375122
868:Mennonites
799:Methodists
737:Mennonites
646:gristmills
607:, and the
561:New Castle
557:New Amstel
185:New Sweden
38:New Jersey
2197:New Spain
2051:New Haven
2003:Jamestown
1550:April 11,
1482:MIT Press
1478:Cambridge
1373:MacMillan
900:Calvinist
892:Methodist
864:Lutherans
733:Moravians
725:Rhineland
690:Loyalists
575:Geography
335:George II
295:quit-rent
2447:Category
2070:Carolina
2045:Saybrook
2033:Carolana
2015:Plymouth
1933:New York
1921:Delaware
1903:Maryland
1891:Virginia
1778:20092405
1737:July 13,
1680:James II
1618:Archived
1499:(1996).
1445:(1992).
1216:in JSTOR
910:See also
904:Palatine
876:Moravian
854:Religion
832:and the
795:Baptists
707:patroons
672:Politics
660:and the
654:pig iron
642:sawmills
626:New York
619:Industry
488:Suriname
476:James II
159:for the
129:Scotland
111:and the
103:and the
72:and the
43:New York
33:Delaware
1991:Roanoke
1963:Georgia
1793:1943383
1763:2947435
1574:5 March
1383:(1907)
996:, p. 2.
896:Baptist
860:Quakers
780:Quakers
615:power.
517:. When
257:) as a
151:History
133:Ireland
125:England
2429:(1676)
2421:(1638)
2405:(1622)
2397:(1620)
2389:(1584)
2359:(1698)
2112:Quebec
2011:(1619)
1997:Popham
1806:online
1791:
1776:
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1685:London
1597:
1532:(2003)
1511:
1492:(1976)
1455:
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1385:online
1337:(2003)
1311:(1931)
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1252:(1989)
1239:(1998)
1167:(1988)
1122:(1953)
1024:(1973)
764:Swedes
603:, the
595:, and
213:retook
203:, who
139:, and
135:, the
99:. The
2021:Maine
1789:JSTOR
1774:JSTOR
1759:JSTOR
1731:(PDF)
1651:4 May
1606:4 May
1476:(4).
942:Notes
872:Amish
841:Labor
828:Both
768:Swiss
760:Dutch
756:Welsh
741:Amish
189:Dutch
93:Dutch
1739:2017
1653:2009
1608:2009
1595:ISBN
1576:2009
1552:2011
1509:ISBN
1453:ISBN
1425:2010
1412:ISBN
1291:OCLC
1281:ISBN
894:and
874:and
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786:and
745:The
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597:flax
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