33:
2454:
386:
836:. Thus, the definition of the Middle Colonies sometimes changed and overlapped with Rhode Island's colonial boundaries. After joining the Dominion of New England, however, Rhode Island was permanently thought of as a New England colony. New York's initial possession of parts of Maine ensured a close relationship with other New England colonies like Vermont and a continuing New England influence in the colony.
742:(the German word for German is "Deutsch"), and comprised one-third of the population by the time of the American Revolution. The industry and farming skills they brought with them helped solidify the Middle Colonies' prosperity. They were noted for tight-knit religious communities, mostly Lutheran but also including many smaller sects such as the
253:
860:
of young whites. These were teenagers in
Britain or Germany whose parents arranged for them to work for families in the colonies until age 21, in exchange for their ocean passage. The great majority became farmers or farm wives. By the mid-eighteenth century, African American slaves comprised 12% of
694:
The Middle
Colonies were generally run by Royal or Proprietary Governors and elected Colonial Assemblies. Many Middle Colony constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion and forbade taxation without representation. Royal governors were arrested or overthrown on more than one occasion, most notably
512:
continued until the final borders were decided in 1769, and approved by the legislatures and the King in 1772 and 1773 respectively. A Colonial
Assembly convened in October 1683, making New York the last colony to have an assembly. A constitution was drafted and passed on October 30, 1683, giving
434:
and the colonies of New York, Maryland, and New Jersey. In 1704, Dutch land given to Penn by the Duke of York was separated and once again became part of the
Delaware Colony. From 1692 to 1694, revolution in England deprived Penn of the governance of his colony. The Pennsylvania Assembly took this
129:
The Middle
Colonies had much fertile soil, which allowed the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains. The lumber and shipbuilding industries were also successful in the Middle Colonies because of the abundant forests, and Pennsylvania was moderately successful in the textile and
723:
Ethnically, the Middle
Colonies were more diverse than the other British colonial regions in North America and tended to be more socially tolerant. For example, in New York, any foreigner professing Christianity was awarded citizenship, leading to a more diverse populace. As a consequence, early
439:. Upon visiting the colony in 1669 and 1701, Penn eventually agreed to allow their Charter of Privileges to be added to the constitution. When the British banned western expansion in 1764, fighting among colonists and against the natives swelled. In 1773,
295:
was written in an effort to entice settlers to New Jersey. This document provided for religious freedom, no taxes without assembly approval, and a governor appointed by the proprietors. The first governor appointed in this way was
574:. A Deputy of the Duke governed Delaware from 1664 to 1682. When William Penn received his land grant of Pennsylvania in 1681, he received the Delaware area from the Duke of York, and dubbed them "The Three Lower Counties on the
343:
became the royal colony's first governor. After Hyde was recalled to
England in 1708 over charges of graft, bribery, and corruption, the governor of New York was charged to also preside over New Jersey. Finally, in 1738, King
847:
encouraged Irish
Protestant immigration, hoping they could obtain indentured servants to work on their estates and on colonial developments. Often areas of the Middle Colonies displayed prevalent Irish cultural influence.
598:, which contained more rocky soil. Because of the large grain exports resulting from this soil, the colonies came to be known as the Bread Basket Colonies. Pennsylvania became a leading exporter of wheat, corn,
634:
Abundant forests attracted both the lumbering and shipbuilding industries to the Middle
Colonies. These industries, along with the presence of deep river estuaries, led to the appearance of important ports like
711:
The Middle
Colonies tended to mix aspects of the New England and Southern Colonies. Landholdings were generally farms of 40 to 160 acres (16–65 hectares), owned by the family that worked it. In New York's
760:
began immigrating to the Middle Colonies in waves after 1717. They primarily pushed farther into the western frontier of the colonies, where they repeatedly confronted the Indians. Other groups included the
687:
The Middle Colonies' political groups began as small groups with narrowly focused goals. These coalitions eventually grew into diverse and large political organizations, evolving especially during the
154:. Farm land was both productive and much less expensive than in Europe. Later settlers included members of various Protestant denominations, which were protected in the Middle Colonies by written
917:
Mennonites, and the Amish. There was a Jewish community already established in New York from 1654 (when it was still New Amsterdam), and Jews settled in what became Pennsylvania from 1655.
2495:
695:
when New Jersey arrested its governor and during Leisler's Rebellion in New York. Growing unrest in the Middle Colonies eventually led the region to become the meeting place for the
206:, the English largely conquered this land from the Dutch. Though the war ended in a Dutch victory in 1667, the English retained New Netherland and renamed it New York after the
443:
ordered the arrest of a Virginian officer who was commanding troops against armed settlers loyal to Pennsylvania. Pennsylvanian revolutionary sentiment continued to grow, and
1730:
1670:
Tiedemann, Joseph S. "A Tumultuous People: The Rage for Liberty and the Ambiance of Violence in the Middle Colonies in the Years Preceding the American Revolution,"
610:, making it the leading food producer in the colonies, and later states, between the years of 1725 and 1840. Broad navigable rivers of relaxed current like the
566:
Delaware changed hands between the Dutch and Swedes between 1631 and 1655. The Dutch maintained control of Delaware until 1664, when Sir Robert Carr took
186:. The Dutch further explored and charted the area in multiple voyages between 1610 and 1616; the first Dutch settlements were built in 1613 and the name
2490:
1925:
1574:
520:
When the Duke of York became King James II of England, New York became a royal province. In May 1688 the province briefly became part of the
285:
501:. The Duke of York never governed the colony himself: he instead appointed governors, councils, and other officers to run the government.
1843:
1570:
1377:
2170:
2164:
2485:
549:
368:
1628:
828:
founded a seed settlement in New York. Rhode Island was not initially counted as part of New England, having been excluded from the
2311:
1479:
869:
The Middle Colonies were the religiously diverse part of the British Empire, with a high degree of tolerance. The Penn family were
1738:
893:. The Dutch Reformed were strong in upstate New York and New Jersey, and Congregationalists were important in Long Island. The
367:, soon after having empowered delegates to the Continental Congress, on June 21, to join in a declaration of independence. The
536:
was arrested, tried, and executed for treason. New York's charter and constitution were reinstated soon after. In April 1775,
2396:
1523:
1426:
17:
578:". In 1701, after he had troubles governing the ethnically diverse Delaware territory, Penn agreed to allow them a separate
308:
taxes. On March 18, 1674, after encountering difficulty collecting the taxes, Lord Berkeley sold his share in the colony to
2225:
548:
and all royal officials were forced from the colony on October 19, 1775. Colonial status ended for the new state with the
2317:
734:
favored the Middle Colonies. German immigration greatly increased around 1717, and many immigrants began coming from the
728:
was especially common in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York in the 18th century, though fewer worked in agriculture.
404:
363:
arrested on June 15, declaring him "an enemy to the liberties of this country". On July 2, 1776, New Jersey enacted the
2122:
514:
340:
151:
102:
until the British exerted their control over the region. The British captured much of the area in their war with the
2428:
2355:
1609:
1467:
452:
356:
131:
622:
attracted diverse business. Fur trappers moved along these rivers, and there was enough flow to enable milling with
2231:
1734:
1836:
1779:
Bodle, Wayne. "The "Myth of the Middle Colonies" Reconsidered: The Process of Regionalization in Early America",
793:
from Rhode Island had already been pushed into the region by Puritans, while Episcopalian businessmen settled in
1414:
1295:
700:
415:, Penn governed Pennsylvania, yet its citizens were still subject to the English crown and laws. Penn's cousin
1680:
Tiedemann, Joseph S. "Interconnected Communities: The Middle Colonies on the Eve of the American Revolution,"
264:
New Jersey and gave the region between New England and Maryland to his brother, the Duke of York (later King
1955:
537:
364:
359:, made up of elected delegates, formed in January 1776 to govern the colony. The Congress had Royal Governor
541:
509:
494:
456:
408:
332:
325:
227:
223:
215:
92:
2261:
817:
407:
before departing for the colony, which called for religious tolerance towards many groups, including the
2237:
2457:
1967:
1961:
1829:
416:
345:
297:
219:
2243:
2067:
1907:
861:
the population of New York. Most were house servants in Manhattan, or farm workers on Dutch estates.
829:
2480:
2367:
2361:
2049:
1949:
1488:
1287:
380:
292:
171:
123:
481:
Colony from the Dutch in 1664, renaming it the Province of New York after the King's brother, the
2110:
2092:
1601:
833:
668:
591:
521:
389:
349:
158:
laws. This tolerance was very unusual and distinct from the situation in other British colonies.
524:. When James II was overthrown, the citizens of New York rebelled against the Royal Governor in
477:
The first Dutch settlements in the New York area appeared around 1613. The English captured the
2420:
2323:
1937:
1699:
946:
525:
247:
243:
203:
119:
2267:
2201:
2116:
1578:
1453:
1418:
898:
894:
688:
490:
396:
301:
231:
207:
1816:
1477:
Greene, Jack P (1997). "Political Partisanship in the Middle American Colonies: 1700-1776".
126:. The Delaware Colony later separated from Pennsylvania, which was founded by William Penn.
2337:
2285:
2158:
2080:
1943:
1913:
1863:
1410:
1383:
931:
725:
696:
648:
595:
571:
468:
448:
107:
80:
8:
2412:
2273:
2140:
2013:
1973:
1873:
1656:
1625:
941:
926:
757:
486:
436:
427:
423:
281:
265:
155:
88:
675:. Other important industries included printing, publishing, and the related industry of
2436:
2349:
1919:
1901:
1799:
1784:
1769:
1512:
1273:
857:
739:
412:
321:
269:
455:
by locally elected revolutionaries concluded the history of the Colony, and began the
130:
iron industries. The Middle Colonies were the most ethnically and religiously diverse
2404:
2146:
2031:
1883:
1852:
1764:
Bodle, Wayne. "Themes and Directions in Middles Colonies Historiography, 1980–1994",
1605:
1519:
1463:
1422:
1403:
1301:
1291:
1281:
936:
644:
611:
579:
277:
84:
72:
699:, and a center for revolution. However, there were numerous pockets of neutrals and
2176:
2152:
2086:
2061:
2019:
1878:
1714:
1551:
1458:
774:
762:
731:
660:
440:
360:
179:
53:
1221:
Sung Bok Kim, "A New Look at the Great Landlords of Eighteenth-Century New York,"
2373:
2291:
2249:
2213:
2055:
2037:
2025:
1931:
1888:
1632:
1595:
1395:
890:
886:
844:
825:
743:
672:
561:
529:
502:
403:
on March 4, 1681 as payment for a debt the crown owed his family. Penn wrote the
309:
115:
76:
1379:
A History of the United States: vol. 2, A Century of Colonial History, 1660-1760
873:, and the colony became a favorite destination for that group as well as German
2331:
2305:
2001:
1689:
1646:
1555:
1507:
966:
The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America
724:
German settlements in the Americas concentrated in the Middle Colonies region.
615:
575:
478:
472:
431:
273:
187:
99:
1305:
1248:
Palatines, Liberty, and Property: German Lutherans in Colonial British America
789:
When the English took direct control of the Middle Colonies around 1664, many
2474:
2255:
2007:
1988:
1794:
Greenberg, Douglas. "The Middle Colonies in Recent American Historiography",
1652:
1346:
Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America
1277:
798:
713:
636:
545:
533:
256:
Map showing the borders of West New Jersey (left) and East New Jersey (right)
252:
2279:
2134:
2128:
1675:
1547:
840:
821:
794:
770:
640:
619:
482:
444:
400:
336:
261:
211:
199:
191:
183:
175:
167:
111:
58:
198:
in the region around Delaware Bay in 1638. This area was reclaimed by the
2219:
2104:
2098:
1731:"New Jersey in the American Revolution, 1763-1783: A Documentary History"
874:
813:
778:
676:
623:
532:
became governor in March 1691, the rebellion was crushed and its leader,
517:. However, upon learning of the constitution, James II declared it void.
317:
313:
147:
103:
1788:
2343:
2299:
1803:
1773:
1226:
878:
567:
195:
48:
36:
720:
operated very large landed estates and rented land to tenant farmers.
594:
Middle Colonies enjoyed fertile soil vastly different from the nearby
508:
In 1665, the Province of New Jersey split from New York; however, the
312:, a Quaker businessman from London. This sale divided New Jersey into
118:
would later grant others ownership of the land which would become the
32:
2207:
1492:
910:
902:
809:
747:
735:
656:
305:
1821:
447:, the largest city in America, soon became the meeting place of the
435:
opportunity to request expanded power for elected officials, led by
385:
320:; however, the border between the two was not agreed upon until the
2043:
914:
906:
805:
717:
664:
498:
272:. James II later granted the land between the Hudson River and the
139:
43:
1534:
Crossroads of Empire: The Middle Colonies in British North America
870:
790:
652:
143:
135:
1131:
Leisler's Rebellion: A Study of Democracy in New York, 1664-1720
2190:
Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States
1695:
1363:
Converging Worlds: Communities and Cultures in Colonial America
856:
Labor was always in short supply. The most common solution was
106:
around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the
1368:
Bodle, Wayne, "The Mid-Atlantic and the American Revolution,"
1320:
Laboring and Dependent Classes in Colonial America, 1607-1783
882:
766:
751:
1571:"Pennsylvania State History: The Quaker Province: 1681-1776"
1361:
Bod, Wayne. "The Middle Colonies." in Louise A. Breen, ed.,
1005:
The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806
897:
invigorated religiosity and helped stimulate the growth of
643:. While the Middle Colonies had far more industry than the
607:
603:
489:). The Dutch recaptured the colony in July 1673 during the
1392:
English Colonies in America: Volume IV The Middle Colonies
2496:
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
663:
grew quickly. The colony also became a major producer of
599:
324:
in 1676. From 1701 to 1765, colonists skirmished in the
190:
appeared on maps from 1614 on. With Swedish funding, the
1447:
The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America.
1674:
Volume 77, Number 4, Autumn 2010, pp. 387–431 in
1272:
1597:
William Franklin: son of a patriot, servant of a king
288:. This land grant became the Province of New Jersey.
276:
to two friends who had been loyal to him through the
1987:
Other British colonial entities in the contemporary
1405:
The Fruited Plain: The Story of American Agriculture
877:, German Reformed and numerous small sects such as
513:the colonists many rights, including the rights to
1511:
1402:
1086:Pennsylvania Society of Governors (1916), 180-181.
1811:Richter, Daniel K. "Mid-Atlantic Colonies, RIP."
1783:, Vol. 113, No. 4 (Oct. 1989), pp. 527–548.
816:of Pennsylvania. While some Welsh colonists like
98:Much of the area was part of the Dutch colony of
2472:
1798:, July 1979, Vol. 36 Issue 3, pp. 396–427.
1536:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010) 248 pages
399:granted the land for the Pennsylvania Colony to
2171:Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island
1768:, July 1994, Vol. 51 Issue 3, pp. 355–88.
909:churches. Non-British colonists included Dutch
1781:Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography
1711:The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History
1283:Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups
419:served as the first colonial deputy governor.
202:in 1655. In October 1664, as a prelude to the
1837:
1575:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
1335:Some work in the fields of plantations.(2005)
1015:
1013:
260:King Charles II renamed the land west of the
1449:New York: Sachem Publishing Associates, Inc.
493:, but gave it back to the English under the
27:Subset of British American Thirteen Colonies
1156:State of Delaware (A Brief History) (2007).
1143:
1141:
1139:
374:
1844:
1830:
1708:
1010:
505:served as the first governor of New York.
2491:Colonization history of the United States
1266:
1225:Vol. 27, No. 4 (Oct., 1970), pp. 581-614
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
647:, it still did not rival the industry of
550:United States Declaration of Independence
369:United States Declaration of Independence
237:
1480:The Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1375:
1136:
1061:
1059:
990:
988:
986:
976:
974:
968:(2nd ed. Cornell University Press; 2009)
384:
304:. Colonists were required to pay annual
251:
31:
1728:
1452:
1440:breadbasket colonies inpublisher:Press.
1400:
1190:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1092:
462:
226:the area but relinquished it under the
14:
2473:
1687:
1644:
1506:
1476:
1199:
1082:
1080:
1027:
1025:
222:on New Netherland. In 1673, the Dutch
2397:Discourse Concerning Western Planting
1851:
1825:
1593:
1552:"Frame of Government of Pennsylvania"
1150:
1068:
1056:
983:
971:
335:united West and East Jersey into one
166:The Middle Colonies were explored by
91:, this area now roughly makes up the
2226:Captaincy General of the Philippines
1648:The Province of New Jersey 1664-1738
1546:
1103:
1089:
784:
738:. They were erroneously labeled the
1626:State of Delaware (A Brief History)
1181:
1077:
1022:
430:, Pennsylvania was bordered by the
405:Frame of Government of Pennsylvania
328:over disputed colonial boundaries.
24:
1722:
1261:The Scotch-Irish: A Social History
570:for the Duke of York, renaming it
555:
544:to replace the assembly. Governor
515:no taxation without representation
392:in Pennsylvania was built in 1724.
341:Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon
25:
2507:
2429:Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
1910:(1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)
1758:
453:Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
357:Provincial Congress of New Jersey
132:British colonies in North America
2486:Colonial United States (British)
2453:
2452:
2232:Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
1735:New Jersey Historical Commission
1501:Colonial Pennsylvania: A History
1445:Faragher, John Mack, ed. (1990)
667:and its products, including the
192:third governor of New Netherland
1338:
1325:
1312:
1253:
1240:
1231:
1215:
1176:The Economy of Colonial America
1168:
1159:
1123:
706:
348:appointed a separate governor,
1415:University of California Press
1331:Ira Berlin and Leslie Harris,
1047:
1038:
1033:Colonial New Jersey: A History
997:
958:
889:, not to mention Scotch Irish
339:, the Province of New Jersey.
13:
1:
2071:
1354:
1044:Berkeley and Carteret (1664).
371:ended their colonial status.
365:New Jersey State Constitution
2177:Province of British Columbia
1729:Gerlach, Larry, ed. (2002).
1709:Westerkamp, Marilyn (1998).
1645:Tanner, Edwin Platt (1908).
1541:Colonial Delaware: A History
1514:Colonial New York: A History
585:
542:New York Provincial Congress
510:New York-New Jersey Line War
457:Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
409:Religious Society of Friends
326:New York-New Jersey Line War
228:Treaty of Westminster (1674)
194:later founded the colony of
7:
1518:. Oxford University Press.
1372:82#2 (Summer 2015), 282–99.
1120:Pennsylvania State History.
920:
864:
682:
629:
10:
2512:
2356:Brandenburger Saint Thomas
2165:Colony of British Columbia
1796:William and Mary Quarterly
1766:William and Mary Quarterly
1223:William and Mary Quarterly
559:
466:
378:
241:
161:
2448:
2392:
2383:
2326:, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803
2244:Captaincy General of Cuba
2197:
2186:
2068:New England Confederation
1997:
1983:
1897:
1859:
1376:Channing, Edward (1908).
830:New England Confederation
781:, and Scots Highlanders.
451:. The publication of the
331:On April 15, 1702, Queen
286:Lord Berkeley of Stratton
216:had co-instigated the war
2238:Santa Fe de Nuevo México
2050:Massachusetts Bay Colony
1401:Ebeling, Walter (1979).
1288:Harvard University Press
1147:Faragher (1990), 106-108
952:
851:
411:and local natives. As a
381:Province of Pennsylvania
375:Province of Pennsylvania
293:Concession and Agreement
220:had commanded the attack
174:in 1609, sailing up the
172:Dutch East India Company
124:Province of Pennsylvania
2368:Scottish Darien Company
2312:Hospitaller Saint Croix
2111:Dominion of New England
2093:North-Western Territory
1700:Eyre & Spottiswoode
1684:76 (Winter 2009), 1–41.
1602:Oxford University Press
1237:Westerkamp (1998), 452.
1196:Jensen (1968), 461-468.
1019:Streissguth (2001), 96.
834:Dominion of New England
832:, but later joined the
669:Pennsylvania long rifle
659:were abundant, and the
522:Dominion of New England
2421:Of Plymouth Plantation
2143:(1779–1783; 1814–1815)
2052:(1629–1686; 1689–1691)
2028:(1620–1686; 1689–1691)
1940:(1664–1673; 1702–1776)
1815:82.3 (2015): 260-281.
1594:Skemp, Sheila (1990).
1454:Fischer, David Hackett
1259:James Graham Leyburn,
947:Colonial United States
393:
257:
248:Province of New Jersey
244:Bergen, New Netherland
238:Province of New Jersey
218:for personal gain and
204:Second Anglo-Dutch War
120:Province of New Jersey
79:, located between the
64:
2202:Columbian Viceroyalty
1688:Turner, F.C. (1948).
1682:Pennsylvania History,
994:Kammen (1996), 71-72.
913:, Swedish Lutherans,
895:First Great Awakening
716:, however, the Dutch
689:French and Indian War
495:Treaty of Westminster
491:Third Anglo-Dutch War
388:
352:, to run New Jersey.
255:
232:Third Anglo-Dutch War
71:were a subset of the
35:
18:Mid-Atlantic Colonies
2338:Dutch Virgin Islands
2286:Spanish West Florida
2280:Spanish East Florida
2159:Stickeen Territories
1864:New England Colonies
1813:Pennsylvania History
1672:Pennsylvania History
1550:(February 2, 1683).
1411:Berkeley, California
1390:Doyle, John Andrew.
1370:Pennsylvania History
1344:Patricia U. Bonomi,
1212:Fischer (1992), 972.
1053:Gerlach (2002), 384.
1003:Jonathan I. Israel,
932:New England Colonies
858:indentured servitude
726:Indentured servitude
697:Continental Congress
596:New England Colonies
469:Province of New York
463:Province of New York
449:Continental Congress
108:Province of New York
81:New England Colonies
2274:Provincias Internas
2250:Spanish Saint Croix
1874:Chesapeake Colonies
1657:Columbia University
1333:Slavery in New York
1274:Thernstrom, Stephan
1187:Greene (1997), 709.
942:Chesapeake Colonies
651:. In Pennsylvania,
526:Leisler's Rebellion
428:39th parallel north
424:42nd parallel north
282:Sir George Carteret
266:James II of England
156:freedom of religion
134:with settlers from
93:Mid-Atlantic states
89:Chesapeake Colonies
2437:Quintipartite Deed
2350:Danish West Indies
2318:French Saint Croix
1631:2007-03-23 at the
1581:on August 22, 2008
1499:Illick, Joseph E.
1174:Edwin J. Perkins,
1129:Jerome R. Reich,
1074:Skemp (1990), 192.
1065:Elson (1904), 148.
980:Turner (1948), 83.
740:Pennsylvania Dutch
592:partly unglaciated
422:Demarcated by the
413:proprietary colony
394:
390:Chester Courthouse
322:Quintipartite Deed
270:proprietary colony
258:
65:
2466:
2465:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2409:
2405:Mayflower Compact
2401:
2386:Related Documents
2268:Spanish Louisiana
2147:Columbia District
2070:(1643–1654; 1675–
1956:Massachusetts Bay
1884:Southern Colonies
1853:Thirteen Colonies
1637:State of Delaware
1525:978-0-19-510779-1
1428:978-0-520-03751-9
1318:Marcus Jernegan,
1031:John E. Pomfret,
937:Southern Colonies
785:English colonists
732:German immigrants
645:Southern Colonies
612:Susquehanna River
580:colonial assembly
538:American patriots
278:English Civil War
87:. Along with the
85:Southern Colonies
73:Thirteen Colonies
16:(Redirected from
2503:
2456:
2455:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2413:Mourt's Relation
2407:
2399:
2324:French Louisiana
2153:Red River Colony
2076:
2073:
2020:Berkeley Hundred
1879:Tobacco Colonies
1846:
1839:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1737:. Archived from
1718:
1715:Houghton Mifflin
1703:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1577:. Archived from
1566:
1564:
1562:
1539:Munroe, John A.
1532:Landsman, Ned.
1529:
1517:
1496:
1473:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1408:
1387:
1349:
1342:
1336:
1329:
1323:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1270:
1264:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1188:
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1179:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1148:
1145:
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1127:
1121:
1118:
1101:
1098:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1001:
995:
992:
981:
978:
969:
962:
820:, left to found
763:French Huguenots
661:textile industry
497:in exchange for
441:Arthur St. Clair
361:William Franklin
182:, and along the
180:Albany, New York
21:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2481:Middle Colonies
2471:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2444:
2388:
2379:
2374:Russian America
2292:Alta California
2262:Las Californias
2214:Spanish Florida
2193:
2182:
2074:
1993:
1979:
1893:
1889:United Colonies
1869:Middle Colonies
1855:
1850:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1745:
1744:on July 3, 2017
1741:
1725:
1723:Primary sources
1661:
1659:
1633:Wayback Machine
1616:
1614:
1612:
1584:
1582:
1569:
1560:
1558:
1526:
1508:Kammen, Michael
1470:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1357:
1352:
1343:
1339:
1330:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1298:
1280:, eds. (1980).
1271:
1267:
1258:
1254:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1104:
1099:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1002:
998:
993:
984:
979:
972:
963:
959:
955:
923:
867:
854:
845:Lords Baltimore
826:Anne Hutchinson
812:settled in the
804:Welsh Quakers,
787:
709:
685:
673:Conestoga wagon
632:
588:
564:
562:Delaware Colony
558:
556:Delaware Colony
530:Henry Sloughter
503:Richard Nicolls
475:
467:Main articles:
465:
417:William Markham
397:King Charles II
383:
377:
310:Edward Byllynge
298:Philip Carteret
250:
242:Main articles:
240:
234:the next year.
178:to present-day
164:
116:King of England
77:British America
69:Middle Colonies
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2509:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2332:New Netherland
2329:
2328:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2306:French Florida
2297:
2296:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2205:
2198:
2195:
2194:
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2191:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2117:Indian Reserve
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1968:South Carolina
1965:
1962:North Carolina
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1792:
1777:
1760:
1759:Historiography
1757:
1755:
1754:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1705:
1704:
1685:
1678:
1668:
1641:
1640:
1623:
1610:
1591:
1567:
1556:Avalon Project
1544:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1504:
1497:
1474:
1468:
1450:
1443:
1427:
1398:
1388:
1373:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1337:
1324:
1311:
1296:
1278:Handlin, Oscar
1276:; Orlov, Ann;
1265:
1252:
1246:A. G. Roeber,
1239:
1230:
1214:
1198:
1189:
1180:
1167:
1165:Ebeling (1979)
1158:
1149:
1135:
1122:
1102:
1088:
1076:
1067:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1021:
1009:
996:
982:
970:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
922:
919:
899:Congregational
866:
863:
853:
850:
818:Roger Williams
786:
783:
708:
705:
684:
681:
631:
628:
616:Delaware River
587:
584:
576:Delaware River
560:Main article:
557:
554:
552:in July 1776.
479:New Netherland
473:New Netherland
464:
461:
432:Delaware River
379:Main article:
376:
373:
300:, who founded
274:Delaware River
239:
236:
208:English King's
188:New Netherland
163:
160:
100:New Netherland
62:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2508:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
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2476:
2469:
2459:
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2435:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2395:
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2375:
2372:
2369:
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2363:
2360:
2357:
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2348:
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2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
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2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2256:Spanish Texas
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2189:
2188:
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2178:
2175:
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2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2087:Rupert's Land
2085:
2082:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:United States
1986:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:New Hampshire
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1653:New York City
1650:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1639:. 2007-01-21.
1638:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1613:
1611:0-19-505745-7
1607:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:Penn, William
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1469:0-19-506905-6
1465:
1462:. Oxford UP.
1461:
1460:
1459:Albion's Seed
1455:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1365:(2013): 219+.
1364:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1321:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1293:
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1285:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1256:
1249:
1243:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1184:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1153:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1034:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1006:
1000:
991:
989:
987:
977:
975:
967:
964:Jaap Jacobs,
961:
957:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:Presbyterians
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
862:
859:
849:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
802:
800:
799:New York City
796:
792:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
759:
754:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
721:
719:
715:
714:Hudson Valley
704:
702:
698:
692:
690:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
563:
553:
551:
547:
546:William Tryon
543:
539:
535:
534:Jacob Leisler
531:
527:
523:
518:
516:
511:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
474:
470:
460:
458:
454:
450:
446:
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438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
391:
387:
382:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
302:Elizabethtown
299:
294:
291:In 1665, the
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
249:
245:
235:
233:
230:, ending the
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
210:brother, the
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
159:
157:
153:
152:German states
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
60:
57:
55:
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2468:
2385:
2362:Krabbeninsel
2135:West Florida
2129:East Florida
1950:Pennsylvania
1926:Rhode Island
1868:
1812:
1795:
1780:
1765:
1746:. Retrieved
1739:the original
1710:
1690:
1681:
1676:Project MUSE
1671:
1660:. Retrieved
1647:
1636:
1615:. Retrieved
1596:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:the original
1559:. Retrieved
1540:
1533:
1513:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1457:
1446:
1439:
1432:. Retrieved
1404:
1391:
1378:
1369:
1362:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1282:
1268:
1260:
1255:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1222:
1217:
1192:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1130:
1125:
1100:Penn (1682).
1070:
1049:
1040:
1032:
1004:
999:
965:
960:
927:Mid-Atlantic
868:
855:
841:William Penn
838:
822:Rhode Island
803:
795:Philadelphia
788:
758:Scotch-Irish
755:
730:
722:
710:
707:Demographics
693:
686:
641:Philadelphia
633:
620:Hudson River
589:
565:
519:
507:
485:(later King
483:Duke of York
476:
445:Philadelphia
421:
401:William Penn
395:
354:
350:Lewis Morris
337:Royal Colony
330:
290:
262:Hudson River
259:
212:Duke of York
184:Delaware Bay
176:Hudson River
168:Henry Hudson
165:
128:
112:Duke of York
97:
68:
66:
59:Pennsylvania
29:
2424:(1630–1651)
2376:(1799–1867)
2364:(1689–1693)
2358:(1685–1754)
2352:(1672–1917)
2346:(1638–1655)
2340:(1625–1672)
2334:(1614–1667)
2320:, 1665–1733
2314:, 1651–1665
2308:, 1562–1565
2304:1534–1763;
2294:, 1804–1821
2288:, 1783–1821
2282:, 1783–1821
2276:, 1776–1821
2270:, 1769–1801
2264:, 1767–1804
2258:, 1690–1821
2252:, 1650–1651
2246:, 1607–1801
2240:, 1598–1821
2234:, 1580–1898
2228:, 1565–1898
2222:, 1565–1821
2220:New Navarre
2216:, 1565–1763
2212:1521–1821;
2204:(1492–1535)
2179:(1871–1903)
2173:(1866–1871)
2167:(1863–1866)
2161:(1862–1863)
2155:(1811–1818)
2149:(1810–1846)
2141:New Ireland
2137:(1763–1783)
2131:(1763–1783)
2125:(1763–1783)
2119:(1763–1783)
2113:(1686–1689)
2107:(1674–1702)
2105:West Jersey
2101:(1674–1702)
2099:East Jersey
2095:(1670–1870)
2089:(1670–1811)
2083:(1663–1712)
2075: 1680
2064:(1638–1664)
2058:(1635–1644)
2046:(1629–1663)
2040:(1625–1650)
2038:Saint Croix
2034:(1622–1658)
2016:(1607–1699)
2010:(1607–1608)
2004:(1585–1590)
1976:(1732–1776)
1970:(1712–1776)
1964:(1712–1776)
1958:(1691–1776)
1952:(1681–1776)
1946:(1664–1776)
1934:(1664–1776)
1928:(1636–1776)
1922:(1636–1776)
1920:Connecticut
1916:(1632–1776)
1904:(1607–1776)
1434:22 February
814:Welsh Tract
677:papermaking
649:New England
624:water wheel
540:formed the
437:David Lloyd
318:West Jersey
314:East Jersey
148:Netherlands
37:U.S. States
2475:Categories
2344:New Sweden
2300:New France
1938:New Jersey
1417:. p.
1355:References
1306:1038430174
1297:0674375122
879:Mennonites
810:Methodists
748:Mennonites
657:gristmills
618:, and the
572:New Castle
568:New Amstel
196:New Sweden
49:New Jersey
2208:New Spain
2062:New Haven
2014:Jamestown
1561:April 11,
1493:MIT Press
1489:Cambridge
1384:MacMillan
911:Calvinist
903:Methodist
875:Lutherans
744:Moravians
736:Rhineland
701:Loyalists
586:Geography
346:George II
306:quit-rent
2458:Category
2081:Carolina
2056:Saybrook
2044:Carolana
2026:Plymouth
1944:New York
1932:Delaware
1914:Maryland
1902:Virginia
1789:20092405
1748:July 13,
1691:James II
1629:Archived
1510:(1996).
1456:(1992).
1227:in JSTOR
921:See also
915:Palatine
887:Moravian
865:Religion
843:and the
806:Baptists
718:patroons
683:Politics
671:and the
665:pig iron
653:sawmills
637:New York
630:Industry
499:Suriname
487:James II
170:for the
140:Scotland
122:and the
114:and the
83:and the
54:New York
44:Delaware
2002:Roanoke
1974:Georgia
1804:1943383
1774:2947435
1585:5 March
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871:Quakers
791:Quakers
626:power.
528:. When
268:) as a
162:History
144:Ireland
136:England
2440:(1676)
2432:(1638)
2416:(1622)
2408:(1620)
2400:(1584)
2370:(1698)
2123:Quebec
2022:(1619)
2008:Popham
1817:online
1802:
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1772:
1696:London
1608:
1543:(2003)
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1503:(1976)
1466:
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1396:online
1348:(2003)
1322:(1931)
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1263:(1989)
1250:(1998)
1178:(1988)
1133:(1953)
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614:, the
606:, and
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214:, who
150:, and
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1800:JSTOR
1785:JSTOR
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1742:(PDF)
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1617:4 May
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953:Notes
883:Amish
852:Labor
839:Both
779:Swiss
771:Dutch
767:Welsh
752:Amish
200:Dutch
104:Dutch
1750:2017
1664:2009
1619:2009
1606:ISBN
1587:2009
1563:2011
1520:ISBN
1464:ISBN
1436:2010
1423:ISBN
1302:OCLC
1292:ISBN
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