442:
in this passage, this interpretation is not universally accepted. Enki promises to provide Dilmun with clear water, and subsequently does so, which is most likely meant to highlight his role as a deity associated with water. The early proposal that Dilmun is presented as a paradise in this section of
482:
A goddess also named
Ninsikila subsequently reappears as one of the eight deities who are meant to relive Enki from the pains he was experiencing. According to Dina Katz, it is possible that a different deity than Meskilak was meant in this case, perhaps Ninsiki, who was associated with wool who
520:. The name Ninsikila is reinterpreted as "lady bearing hair" to reflect the problem she was meant to deal with. After Enki is healed, all the deities are assigned new roles, and she is put in charge of Magan. This toponym referred to the area corresponding to modern
437:
under the name
Ninsikila. She is introduced in the beginning of the narrative as the goddess of Dilmun, and asks Enki for help, as the land she rules over, which he assigned to her, is a desert. While it is sometimes assumed that she is synonymous with
399:
counterpart of
Meskilak based on the reinterpretation of her name as Ninsikila, to be understood as "the one related to purification rites," though this view is not universally accepted. The name Nintilmun, "lady of Dilmun," mentioned in the
455:'s reign emphasizes Dilmun's character as a trade hub through an additional passage in which Enki blesses Meskilak and states that her land will be the destination for precious resources from various distant locations, including
491:
from Nippur according to her "does create the impression that the two are the same goddess." Manfred
Krebernik also assumes that the latter Ninsikila is Meskilak. The other seven deities mentioned in the same passage are
395:. A bilingual hymn treats Meskilak as a male deity identical with Inzak, and identifies him as the counterpart of Nabu and spouse of a goddess named Šuluḫḫītum. It has been proposed that she might have originated as an
228:
According to
Manfred Krebernik, the deity PA.NI.PA, who is attested in texts from Failaka Island, might be analogous to Meskilak. The reading of her name is not certain, though possibilities such as
247:
from
Failaka, Lā'û-la-PA.NI.PA, "truly a skillful one is PA.NI.PA," which most likely belonged to a Dilmunite princess. Another similar object refers to her as "she who knows the seed of Inzak of
1228:
Dalley, Stephanie (2013). "Gods from north-eastern and north-western Arabia in cuneiform texts from the First
Sealand Dynasty, and a cuneiform inscription from Tell en-Naṣbeh, c.1500 BC".
125:
Meskilak is not certain, and various proposals have been made by researchers. According to Gianni
Marchesi, due to the fact that contacts between Mesopotamia and Dilmun go back to the
535:, in which the eponymous god entrusts her with maintaining Dilmun. According to Dina Katz, this passage might have influenced the role she plays in the beginning of the myth
121:, often interpreted as her spouse by researchers. An alternative proposal is that he was her son. An attested variant of Meskilak's name is Mesikila. The origin of the
410:, might also plausibly refer to Meskilak. A connection between her and Laḫamun is even more uncertain. The latter deity occurs in god lists as an alternate name of
91:, and might have started to be viewed as a goddess rather than a god due to the similarity of the names. Under her Mesopotamian name Meskilak appears in the myths
236:
assumes she and
Meskilak were two separate goddesses who fulfilled the same role in relation to Inzak in two separate locations. PA.NI.PA is attested in a
1311:
Glassner, Jean-Jacques (2009) . "Dilmun, Magan and
Meluhha: Some Observations on Language, Toponymy, Anthroponymy and Theonymy". In Reade, Julian (ed.).
358:, possibly a Mesopotamian who came to reside in Dilmun. Both of the deities are asked to guard the life of the inhabitant of Nippur in these documents.
176:
197:") existed somewhere in Dilmun according to Mesopotamian sources, including a list of temples and other texts. It is mentioned in an inscription from
300:, and it is possible that the similarity of his name to Meskilak's was in part responsible for the fact he later came to be viewed as a goddess.
1802:
1850:
251:." Meskilak herself (or under her primary name, if the identification with PA.NI.PA is accepted) is present in sources from this island too.
143:." Piotr Steinkeller also considers it possible that her name came from this language, and assumes that she might have developed in the
1167:
75:, commonly assumed to be her spouse. The origin of her name is a subject of scholarly dispute. She is also attested in texts from
1778:
1654:
1583:
1322:
1180:
1150:
334:, are referenced in greeting formulas in letters exchanged between Enlil-kidinnī (also known under the name Ili-liya), the
307:
is the oldest known reference to Meskilak in a Mesopotamian source. It states that at the orders of the Mesopotamian god
1641:
155:
or reinterpretations meant to fit local theology, and do not necessarily represent their actual etymology. According to
1827:
1293:
1266:
1169:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
1873:
1603:"Nippur and Dilmun in the second half of the fourteenth century BC: a re-evaluation of the Ilī-ippašra letters"
1199:
1547:"From Sumerian Grammar to Tilmun's Taxes: Interpreting é GÚ kar-ra kalam-ma-ka in the Enki and Ninsikila Myth"
447:
in the 1940s, is no longer considered plausible. Gianni Marchesi notes that a variant of the text known from
1712:"The Late Prehistoric, Protohistoric, and Early Historic Periods in Eastern Arabia (ca. 5000–1200 B.C.)"
524:
in the third and second millennium BCE, though in the first millennium BCE it instead came to designate
479:." The entire section of the myth focused on Meskilak might have originally been a separate narrative.
151:
instead argues that the attested Mesopotamian explanations of her name represent ancient examples of
367:, where she is one of the deities invoked in a passage which begins with the invocation of the god
156:
19:
This article is about the Dilmunite goddess. For the Mesopotamian deity associated with Lisin, see
371:, the "lord of the sea," and ends with her. The other three deities present in it are Lugalidda,
1856:
1845:
475:. It has been argued that the toponyms listed reflect the "contemporary commercial horizons of
1643:
Your Praise is Sweet. A Memorial Volume for Jeremy Black from Students, Colleagues and Friends
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1578:. Jutland Archaeological Society Publications. Vol. 100. Aarhus University Press.
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as well. In texts from this area, her name could be transcribed as Ninsikila, written
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ending, is more likely to be an indication of non-Sumerian origin, as in the cases of
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1572:"Appendix 5. Inscriptions from the Royal Mounds of A'ali (Bahrain) and Related Texts"
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Westenholz, Joan G. (2010). "Ninkarrak – an Akkadian goddess in Sumerian guise".
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The royal mounds of A'ali in Bahrain: the emergence of kingship in early Dilmun
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Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
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KASKAL. Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico
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might indicate an analogous equation between their wives, Meskilak and
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It is possible that Dilmunites themselves associated Meskilak with
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175:. Proposed Sumerian etymologies of her name were also rejected by
71:. The other well attested member of the pantheon of this area was
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421:, analogously to the connection between their respective spouses
213:
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122:
1640:
Postgate, Nicholas (2010). "Dismembering Enki and Ninhursaga".
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Manfred Krebernik argues that the equation between Inzak and
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as well as a phonetic reading, Panipa, have been proposed.
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It is assumed Meskilak was one of the two main deities of
1141:. In Al Khalifa, Shaikha Haya Ali; Rice, Michael (eds.).
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646:
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A temple dedicated to Meskilak and Inzak, the Ekarra (
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811:
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617:
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in Meskilak's name, while sometimes interpreted as a
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in the Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1350:(1). American Schools of Oriental Research: 54–117.
829:
817:
1649:. London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq.
1395:"Enki and Ninhursaga Part One, the Story of Dilmun"
1286:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1208:
1166:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1113:
1077:
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1024:
988:
976:
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564:
378:
1529:"Tilmun A. Philologisch · Tilmun A. Philological"
1865:
1340:"Dilmun: At Sea or Not at Sea? A Review Article"
1261:. Toronto Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
1209:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
361:Meskilak also appears in the incantation series
531:Meskilak also appears as Ninsikila in the myth
1677:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1607:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
1851:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
1674:"Nippur and Dilmun in the 14th Century B. C."
1337:
847:
67:was one of the two main deities worshiped in
1764:
635:
1809:
1801:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1189:
662:
599:
303:An inscription on one of the cylinders of
105:, in which she is associated with Dilmun.
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1143:Bahrain Through The Ages: The Archaeology
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267:("the lady of the pure") on one of the
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1190:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
871:
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129:it is plausible to assume that it was
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330:The deities of Dilmun, Meskilak and
311:she delivered three types of wood -
133:in origin and can be translated as
13:
1430:(3). Peeters Publishers: 320–342.
1405:(5). Peeters Publishers: 568–589.
14:
1890:
1838:
1230:Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy
812:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
487:in god lists, though the copy of
443:the myth, initially suggested by
259:Meskilak appears in sources from
254:
220:), was worshiped there as well.
1453:"Meskilak, Mesikila, Ninsikila"
1420:"Enki and Ninhursaga, Part Two"
1338:Howard-Carter, Theresa (1987).
1129:
923:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
379:Associations with other deities
147:, during the "Uruk expansion."
83:. A different deity also named
1767:"The Birth of Elam in History"
1194:. The British Museum * Press.
1:
542:
433:Meskilak appears in the myth
1557:. Firenze: LoGisma editore.
1533:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1514:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1508:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1983),
1495:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1476:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1457:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
1344:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
1288:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1215:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
428:
108:
7:
1814:. Brill. pp. 377–405.
1765:Steinkeller, Piotr (2018).
1716:Journal of World Prehistory
1489:Krebernik, Manfred (2013),
1470:Krebernik, Manfred (2005),
1451:Krebernik, Manfred (1997),
1257:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1997).
1175:. Academic Press Fribourg.
1137:Al-Nashef, Khaled (2012) .
451:and dated to the period of
10:
1895:
1545:Marchesi, Gianni (2014a).
1284:George, Andrew R. (1993).
18:
1820:10.1163/9789004187474_020
1710:Potts, Daniel T. (1993).
1683:. Archaeopress: 169–174.
1672:Potts, Daniel T. (1986).
1613:. Archaeopress: 199–203.
1570:Marchesi, Gianni (2017).
1527:Marchesi, Gianni (2014),
1436:10.2143/bior.65.3.2033365
1411:10.2143/BIOR.64.5.2028852
1314:Indian Ocean In Antiquity
209:, according to which the
48:
43:
33:
28:
1857:Enki and the World Order
1812:Von Göttern und Menschen
1722:(2). Springer: 163–212.
1317:. Taylor & Francis.
1145:. Taylor & Francis.
533:Enki and the World Order
404:section of the god list
293:, was the spouse of the
157:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
103:Enki and the World Order
1139:"The Deities of Dilmun"
319:and "wood of the sea" (
117:, the second one being
1874:Mesopotamian goddesses
1601:Olijdam, Eric (1997).
1424:Bibliotheca Orientalis
1399:Bibliotheca Orientalis
600:Black & Green 1992
1259:Gudea and his dynasty
1236:(2). Wiley: 177–185.
387:in the late god list
342:during the reigns of
234:Jean-Jacques Glassner
224:Meskilak and PA.NI.PA
149:Jean-Jacques Glassner
295:Mesopotamian goddess
1418:Katz, Dina (2008).
1393:Katz, Dina (2007).
1074:, pp. 336–337.
1009:, pp. 577–578.
961:, pp. 570–571.
766:, pp. 431–432.
754:, pp. 429–430.
701:, pp. 107–108.
614:, pp. 343–344.
137:, "she of the pure
1846:Enki and Ninhursag
1773:. Abingdon, Oxon.
1728:10.1007/BF00975450
848:Howard-Carter 1987
537:Enki and Ninhursag
489:Enki and Ninhursag
483:appears alongside
445:Samuel Noah Kramer
435:Enki and Ninhursag
201:attributed to the
193:: "house, exalted
87:was the spouse of
1780:978-1-315-65803-2
1771:The Elamite world
1656:978-0-903472-28-9
1585:978-87-93423-16-9
1324:978-1-136-15531-4
1242:10.1111/aae.12005
1182:978-3-7278-1738-0
1152:978-1-136-14178-2
585:, pp. 93–94.
389:An = Anu ša amēli
285:. A deity with a
207:Nebuchadnezzar II
58:
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16:Goddess of Dilmun
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911:Al-Nashef 2012
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716:Krebernik 2005
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675:Al-Nashef 2012
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825:
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801:
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764:Marchesi 2017
760:
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728:Marchesi 2017
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651:Glassner 2009
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625:
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1770:
1755:. Retrieved
1719:
1715:
1700:. Retrieved
1680:
1676:
1642:
1630:. Retrieved
1610:
1606:
1575:
1554:
1550:
1536:, retrieved
1532:
1518:, retrieved
1513:
1499:, retrieved
1494:
1491:"Šuluḫḫītum"
1480:, retrieved
1475:
1461:, retrieved
1456:
1427:
1423:
1402:
1398:
1383:. Retrieved
1347:
1343:
1328:. Retrieved
1313:
1285:
1258:
1233:
1229:
1219:, retrieved
1214:
1211:"Nin-Tilmun"
1191:
1168:
1156:. Retrieved
1142:
1130:Bibliography
1115:
1103:
1091:
1079:
1067:
1038:
1026:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
966:
954:
947:Lambert 1983
942:
930:
918:
891:
879:
867:
860:Olijdam 1997
855:
843:
831:
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682:
670:
658:
631:
619:
607:
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566:
536:
532:
530:
488:
481:
434:
432:
425:and Inzak.
416:
405:
388:
382:
362:
360:
352:Kurigalzu II
329:
321:giš-ab-ba-bi
320:
312:
302:
276:
275:in the myth
273:Nin-sikil-la
272:
264:
258:
242:lapis lazuli
229:
227:
188:
160:
138:
134:
127:Ubaid period
112:
102:
92:
80:
64:
60:
59:
1516:(in German)
1497:(in German)
1478:(in German)
1459:(in German)
1217:(in German)
872:Dalley 2013
824:Edzard 1997
699:George 1993
687:George 1993
419:Damgalnunna
375:and Inzak.
369:Lugala'abba
356:Ilī-ippašra
287:homophonous
265:Nin-sikil-a
261:Mesopotamia
180: [
171:, Inzak or
159:, the sign
145:Uruk period
135:me-sikil-ak
77:Mesopotamia
35:Goddess of
1868:Categories
1789:1022561448
1757:2022-09-25
1702:2022-09-25
1632:2022-09-25
1594:1019551153
1538:2022-09-25
1520:2022-09-26
1501:2022-09-25
1482:2022-09-25
1472:"PA.NI.PA"
1463:2022-09-24
1385:2022-09-25
1330:2022-09-25
1221:2022-09-25
1201:0714117056
1158:2022-09-26
836:Potts 1986
571:Potts 1993
543:References
1797:cite book
1752:161909722
1736:0892-7537
1689:0308-8421
1665:612335579
1619:0308-8421
1563:1971-8608
1510:"Laḫamun"
1444:0006-1913
1380:163963264
1364:0022-0256
1277:809041550
1250:0905-7196
1120:Katz 2007
1084:Katz 2008
1072:Katz 2008
1060:Katz 2008
1031:Katz 2007
1007:Katz 2007
995:Katz 2007
983:Katz 2007
959:Katz 2007
498:Ningirida
477:Babylonia
453:Rim-Sîn I
440:Ninhursag
429:Mythology
407:An = Anum
393:Tashmetum
291:Ninsikila
282:Ninhursag
230:Pa-li-ḫat
153:word play
109:In Dilmun
98:Ninhursag
85:Ninsikila
81:Ninsikila
44:Genealogy
21:Ninsikila
1744:25800631
1697:41223243
1627:41223599
1304:27813103
412:Zarpanit
397:Akkadian
336:governor
309:Ningirsu
191:Sumerian
165:genitive
131:Sumerian
65:Mesikila
61:Meskilak
29:Meskilak
1849:in the
1372:1359986
502:Ninkasi
473:Marhasi
465:Meluhha
344:Kassite
214:Shamash
173:Latarak
169:Tishpak
123:theonym
1879:Dilmun
1826:
1787:
1777:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1695:
1687:
1663:
1653:
1625:
1617:
1592:
1582:
1561:
1442:
1378:
1370:
1362:
1321:
1302:
1292:
1275:
1265:
1248:
1198:
1179:
1149:
510:Azimua
506:Nanshe
457:Tukriš
402:Inanna
373:Laguda
354:, and
346:kings
340:Nippur
325:Eninnu
289:name,
249:Agarum
216:(from
115:Dilmun
69:Dilmun
49:Spouse
37:Dilmun
1748:S2CID
1740:JSTOR
1693:JSTOR
1647:(PDF)
1623:JSTOR
1376:S2CID
1368:JSTOR
1173:(PDF)
526:Egypt
518:Inzak
514:Ninti
485:Lahar
461:Magan
364:Šurpu
332:Inzak
317:ebony
313:ḫalub
305:Gudea
298:Lisin
218:Larsa
205:king
184:]
119:Inzak
89:Lisin
73:Inzak
53:Inzak
1824:ISBN
1803:link
1785:OCLC
1775:ISBN
1732:ISSN
1685:ISSN
1661:OCLC
1651:ISBN
1615:ISSN
1590:OCLC
1580:ISBN
1559:ISSN
1440:ISSN
1360:ISSN
1319:ISBN
1300:OCLC
1290:ISBN
1273:OCLC
1263:ISBN
1246:ISSN
1196:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1147:ISBN
522:Oman
516:and
471:and
469:Elam
423:Enki
385:Nabu
350:and
280:and
278:Enki
271:and
245:seal
195:quay
101:and
96:and
94:Enki
1816:doi
1724:doi
1432:doi
1407:doi
1352:doi
1238:doi
494:Abu
338:of
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63:or
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