687:, "month of the festival of Lisin". In the Early Dynastic period it was the seventh or eighth month in the local calendar, and took place five or six months before the harvest, but later on it became the third month, and occurred eight months before the harvest season. As of 1993, no information was available on the celebrations which took place during it, with the exception of a reference to offerings on the day of the new moon in Urub, which did not involve the goddess in mention. In a more recent publication, Bram Jagersma states that a festival dedicated to Lisin took place at this time in the
765:, according to Douglas Frayne with former to be interpreted as a god and the latter as a goddess. However, according to Gabriella Spada it is also possible that Lisin is female in this text. She also appears in a legal text from the reign of the same king which might be an example of a so-called "temple loan", as it presents her as the creditor who borrowed a certain amount of silver to two people.
854:. Since the Meturan copy of has been found in a house whose inhabitant, a certain Bēlšunu, had relatives bearing theophoric names invoking Lisin, it is possible the text was connected to the active worship of this goddess. It focuses on her lament over the death of her son. She apparently blames her mother,
369:
incantation in which Lisin, in this text referred to as a goddess, appears when ingredients needed for the ritual are cooked might also depend on the association with fire. The fact that an esoteric text which equates deities with various materials and objects assigns "white fumes" to Lisin is also
924:
as an inconsistent way of specifying the gender of goddesses.J ulia M. Asher-Greve in a general overview of the use of the epithets "mother" and "father" in
Mesopotamian texts states that they often simply designated major members of the pantheon, and in some cases might reflect the authority of a
698:
Other evidence for the worship of Lisin in Lagash includes a single text mentions a water reservoir at the temple dedicated to her, whose precise location remains unknown, and theophoric names such as Ur-Lisin and ḪE-Lisin (reading of the first sign uncertain). Gebhard J. Selz notes that the small
608:
periods, such as Ur-Lisin (attested in both periods) and Gan-Lisin (attested only in the latter). It has also been argued that the fact one of her children, Kituš-Keš ("Kesh is the residence"), was named after Kesh confirms the assumption she was associated with it. The fact a month named after
312:
According to
Westenholz, the gender of Lisin did not change in laments, in which she continued to be addressed as a female deity even in later periods. However, Paul Delnero states that a fragment of a single lament in which Lisin is male is known. Lisin is also treated as a female deity in
772:, and according to Antoine Cavigneaux and Farouk Al-Rawi might indicate the existence of a local cult dedicated to her in this city in the Old Babylonian period. She is attested in theophoric names from this site, Lisina-akkam and Lu-Lisina, with the latter attested on a
583:
dedicated to Lisin, and later were performed during ceremonies commemorating this event. They speculate an annual or otherwise cyclical celebration might have taken place in her honor. However, the identification of Abu
Salabikh as ĜEŠ.GI is not universally accepted.
571:, which would match Abu Salabikh's location. It lies 12 kilometers to the northwest of Nippur, and it is possible in antiquity the two sites were linked by a canal. Cohen also notes that excavations at Abu Salabikh indicate that it was abandoned before the
2745:
Peterson, Jeremiah (2020). "Christopher
Metcalf: Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection, Volume 1: Literary Sources on Old Babylonian Religion. (Cornell University Studies in Assyriology and Sumerology 38) (review)".
562:
Mark E. Cohen proposed identifying ĜEŠ.GI with Abu
Salabikh. He argued that it can be assumed Lisin was the city goddess of this site in the Early Dynastic period based on her position as the final deity mentioned in the
300:
the former is male and the latter female. The fact that in Old
Babylonian god lists Lisin precedes Ninsikila might have influenced the reinterpretation of their gender. Furthermore, it is also possible the existence of a
2567:
335:
etymology of Lisin's name. The deity, in this case treated as male, is described as "he who burns with fire" and "he who burns on an offering", relying on the use of the first sign of the name to write the verb
465:: KU-anna, KU-kita, KU-ta-abzu, KU-kita-abzu (reading of the first sign in all four names is uncertain), Irḫangul, Kituš-Keš, Lalanna (or Lulalanna) and Urnuntae. Urnuntae is also attested as a daughter of
699:
number of attestations of Lisin from Lagash is unexpected and contrasts with her apparent importance implied by the month name, the existence of a location associated with her, and other evidence.
490:. Mark E. Cohen proposed that Lisin and Dingirmaḫ were already equated in the Early Dynastic period, and that the correspondence between them was responsible for the apparent interest in the
552:
from Early
Dynastic Abu Salabikh, she is designated as the tutelary goddess of ĜEŠ.GI. The reading Ĝišgi has been proposed for this toponym. It is referred to with the epithet "good place" (
480:
In literary texts portraying her as a mourning goddess, Lisin could be equated with other similar deities. For example, Antoine
Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik note the existence of an
534:
was initially high. However, references to worship of her postdating the third millennium BCE are uncommon, and it is presumed that she lost her initial importance at some point in the
421:
states that praying to the star Lisin when it was visible in the sky could secure good luck as long as all members of the petitioner's household were woken up to partake. According to
575:, when Lisin evidently no longer had a specific cult center. The identification of ĜEŠ.GI as Abu Salabikh is also supported by Manfred Krebernik and Jan Lisman. They propose that the
667:
was located in Umma. Texts from Umma also document offerings made to Lisin. Furthermore, at one point a man bearing the theophoric name Ur-Lisin served as the governor of this city.
643:, was named after Lisin, but there is no indication that any festival dedicated to her took place at this time, which might mean it was borrowed from the calendar of another city. A
141:, whose gender also changed between periods. It was believed that they had eight children. The initial cult center of Lisin is uncertain, with locations such as
546:
Piotr
Michalowski states that the main cult center of Lisin is unknown, but Manfred Krebernik and Jan Lisman note that in the final, seventieth section of the
265:
250:
169:. Only a single literary text focused on Lisin is known, a lament in which she mourns the death of one of her sons, for which she blames her mother
898:
and Ereš'ugga. A fragment of another lament in which
Ninhursag apparently mourns Lisin, here presented as a male deity and her son, is also known.
129:, "mother," who later came to be regarded as a god and developed an association with fire. The name was also applied to a star associated with
835:
370:
presumed to depend on a similar invented etymology. In incantations, Lisin could be associated with a variety of other materials, including
951:
734:) of Nippur. Ryan D. Winters assumes that this attestation reflects the portrayals of Lisin as an attendant or deified weapon of Ninurta.
482:
279:, it should be understood as a title highlighting the protective nature of goddesses regarded as tutelary deities of specific cities.
711:
and in theophoric names such as Lisin-ummi and Lisin-bani. She is also present in the Nippur god list, in which she occurs between
1989:
993:
The name reflects the fact that it starts with a shortened version of the sequence of deities opening its better known namesake.
838:
naming system. It was most likely composed in the Old Babylonian period, and copies are known from various locations, including
348:, "fire". A third explanation of the name provided, "the handsome one, the burning one", relies on explaining the first sign as
2786:
2727:
2706:
2653:
2618:
2580:
2556:
2500:
2350:
2329:
2302:
2267:
2002:
327:
In various esoteric texts, an association between Lisin and fire and burning developed. An explanatory text, referred to as
600:
were among Lisin's primary cult centers. According to Marcos Such-Gutiérrez attestations of Lisin from Adab are limited to
473:
in early sources from Lagash, which might indicate a degree of interchange between the local pantheons of this state and
237:
2415:
2529:
2454:
2377:
2199:
2023:
2013:
659:, as well as other sources, also mention the existence of a temple of Lisin, Euršaba (possibly to be translated from
413:(α Scorpionis). Based on the fact that the star could also be referred to as "the breast of the scorpion" (GABA GIR
1991:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
224:
providing pronunciation glosses. The meaning of the name is unknown. Lisin's character also remains poorly known.
2933:
286:
being her most common epithet, Lisin came to be viewed as a male deity in later periods. In texts postdating the
2042:
319:, a corpus of incantations which remained in circulation until the end of the use of cuneiform in Mesopotamia.
496:
among the scribes from Abu Salabikh. Dina Katz additionally notes similarities in the portrayal of Lisin and
417:.TAB), Gabriella Spada argues that Lisin herself was at some point associated with scorpions. The compendium
246:
2938:
276:
2943:
940:
275:
and Jan Lisman this epithet does not necessarily indicate maternal characteristics. According to
406:
20:
792:
784:
572:
535:
531:
510:
In ritual texts from the first millennium BCE, Lisin appears as a member of the household of
287:
270:
216:
Geme-Lisina. Due to uncertainties about sign values, the spelling NE.GÙN was used in early
691:, but no details are provided in known texts, and while he assumes it might have involved
8:
507:, or alternatively as one of the members of his entourage or one of his deified weapons.
2948:
2911:
2864:
2825:
2659:
2273:
2172:
2114:
2106:
964:
815:
255:
122:
515:
2915:
2903:
2856:
2817:
2792:
2782:
2763:
2733:
2723:
2702:
2663:
2649:
2624:
2614:
2586:
2576:
2552:
2525:
2496:
2460:
2450:
2383:
2373:
2346:
2325:
2298:
2277:
2263:
2238:
2205:
2195:
2164:
2153:"The Name Nintinugga with a Note on the Possible Identification of Tell Abu Salābīkh"
2118:
2098:
2065:
2038:
2019:
1998:
708:
660:
332:
567:. He also noted that the toponym ĜEŠ.GI is otherwise chiefly attested in texts from
2895:
2755:
2694:
2641:
2569:
A reconstruction of the Assyro-Babylonian god lists, AN:A-nu-um and AN:Anu šá Ameli
2544:
2517:
2513:
The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
2427:
2317:
2290:
2255:
2234:
2230:
2090:
830:
Only a single literary composition focused on Lisin is known. It is referred to as
664:
492:
383:
814:. The tablets reflect late Babylonian conventions, and might come from either the
220:
literature, but it was possible to establish the correct reading based on ancient
112:
KU-anna, KU-kita, KU-ta-abzu, KU-kita-abzu, Irḫangul, Kituš-Keš, Lalanna, Urnuntae
2672:
2473:
2396:
2133:
788:
621:
605:
601:
454:
Lisin appears separately from the section dedicated to Ninhursag and her family.
213:
2079:"New Sumerian Literary Texts from Tell Haddad (Ancient Meturan): A First Survey"
858:, for it. The text states that her cries reached the cult center of the latter,
448:. However, for unknown reasons in the Old Babylonian forerunner of the god list
305:
goddess homophonous, but not identical, with Ninsikila, whose original name was
2600:
Mystical and Mythological Explanatory Works of Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars
724:
656:
422:
261:
217:
2548:
2521:
2431:
914:
She also suggested that Early Dynastic scribes might have used titles such as
592:
Authors such as Piotr Michalowski, Jeremy Black and Anthony Green assume that
153:
being often proposed. She is attested in texts from various cities, including
2927:
2907:
2860:
2821:
2767:
2737:
2628:
2590:
2242:
2168:
2102:
2069:
773:
692:
688:
648:
466:
221:
205:
173:. Both female and male version of Lisin also appears in other similar texts.
2796:
2464:
2387:
2209:
963:
It also occurs in Old Babylonian compositions describing the revolt against
644:
580:
2719:
God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia
811:
597:
527:
474:
409:
Lisin's name came to be used as the designation of the star known today as
150:
142:
46:
38:
2698:
2645:
2321:
2294:
2259:
2035:
Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary
758:
486:
composition which implicitly identifies her with Ninhursag, Dingirmaḫ and
309:
but who came to be referred to as Ninsikila in Mesopotamia, was a factor.
2759:
946:
934:
A copy has been discovered in the same room as multiple exemplars of the
859:
593:
146:
42:
2868:
2829:
356:, the value previously established for the second sign, as analogous to
2884:"A Late Babylonian Astral Commentary on Marduk's Address to the Demons"
2844:
2805:
2778:
Untersuchungen zur Götterwelt des altsumerischen Stadtstaates von Lagaš
2176:
2110:
2058:
KASKAL. Rivista di storia, ambienti e culture del Vicino Oriente Antico
887:
548:
450:
296:
241:
2152:
2078:
1205:
1014:
1012:
1010:
776:
with an inscription documenting the owner's personal devotion to her.
768:
Texts focused on Lisin have also been found during the excavations in
716:
707:
Lisin is attested in an offering list from Nippur from the end of the
526:
Oldest known attestations of Lisin have been identified in texts from
2855:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 1–44.
2816:(1/4). Fabrizio Serra Editore, Sapienza - Universita di Roma: 37–47.
2367:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
883:
855:
762:
458:
437:
291:
197:
170:
138:
102:
78:
2883:
2717:
2608:
2511:
2340:
2218:
2094:
2053:
1737:
1229:
954:
texts. It is possible that it served as the scriptorium of a temple.
695:, no primary sources directly supporting this theory are available.
441:
72:
2899:
2776:
1241:
1217:
1007:
977:
891:
847:
769:
742:
It has been suggested that in early periods Lisin was worshiped in
503:
The male form of Lisin could be sometimes treated as comparable to
470:
418:
365:
315:
306:
290:, and uncommonly also earlier, the genders of Lisin and her spouse
166:
1862:
1860:
1475:
1109:
1604:
1602:
920:
882:
text which might be a lament focused on a presently unidentified
819:
803:
754:
504:
410:
379:
134:
1638:
1589:
1587:
1562:
1560:
1547:
1545:
1518:
802:
A possible late reference to Lisin occurs in a ritual text from
2345:. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Departement Oriëntalistiek.
1857:
981:
976:
It has to be distinguished with the better attested Euršaba in
895:
878:
843:
807:
796:
743:
568:
511:
497:
487:
425:, despite the origin of its name, the star was associated with
302:
162:
158:
2781:(in German). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
2610:
LUMMA in the onomasticon and literature of Ancient Mesopotamia
1599:
1193:
810:
in her temple Euršaba who accompanied her during a journey to
200:. It is sometimes romanized as Lisi instead. The reading with
2748:
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie
1913:
1901:
1889:
1821:
1650:
1584:
1572:
1557:
1542:
1506:
1463:
1451:
864:
851:
779:
The copyist of one of the surviving examples of the god list
750:
445:
92:
1809:
1797:
1662:
1333:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
647:
dedicated to her is mentioned in one of the inscriptions of
579:
were originally composed to commemorate the foundation of a
2806:"Two New Loan Contracts from the Reign of Rīm-Sîn of Larsa"
2054:"The Scepter (ĝidru) in Early Mesopotamian Written Sources"
1439:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1027:
712:
426:
154:
130:
1930:
1928:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1427:
1345:
1253:
461:, and eight children are assigned to them in the god list
1321:
1309:
1270:
1268:
1626:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1153:
1039:
1024:
876:, which also describes her as a mourning goddess. In an
872:
Lisin is also referenced in a single line of the lament
1925:
1872:
1773:
1749:
1689:
1679:
1677:
1374:
1372:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
925:
given goddess, rather than association with motherhood.
839:
727:, Lisin is described as the divine "mayor" (EN URU.MU,
340:, "to burn," and the second one to represent the nouns
1964:
1785:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1265:
1087:
1085:
1083:
624:
has been used to argue this site corresponds to Kesh.
193:
2416:"The calendar of the funerary cult in ancient Lagash"
1987:
1952:
1940:
1833:
1743:
1725:
1713:
1280:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1128:
1018:
862:. Some of the discovered copies have the composition
663:
as "house, oracle of the heart"), which according to
2447:
The Image of the Netherworld in the Sumerian Sources
1674:
1369:
1357:
1134:
514:
of Euršaba alongside deities such as Qibi-dumqi and
2369:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
2163:(2). American Schools of Oriental Research: 82–92.
2131:
2089:. British Institute for the Study of Iraq: 91–105.
1988:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
1845:
1761:
1701:
1614:
1530:
1487:
1481:
1415:
1396:
1297:
1080:
787:as one of the deities he was devoted to, alongside
719:. In a different god list, referred to as "shorter
1384:
1170:
1097:
432:
2638:Sumerian Literary Texts in the Schøyen Collection
2076:
1866:
675:Early texts from the state of Lagash mention the
655:, most likely composed in the second half of the
125:initially regarded as a goddess and addressed as
2925:
2132:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998),
806:which lists various deities worshiped alongside
632:In the local calendar of Umma, the third month,
2845:"Untersuchungen zum Pantheon von Adab im 3. Jt"
2490:
2012:Biggs, Robert D.; Hansen, Donald Percy (1974).
1656:
1644:
1608:
1593:
1524:
1512:
1199:
2842:
2539:Lambert, Wilfred G.; Winters, Ryan D. (2023).
2538:
2491:Krebernik, Manfred; Lisman, Jan J. W. (2020).
2216:
1919:
1907:
1895:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1668:
1578:
1566:
1551:
1469:
1457:
1445:
331:by Alasdair Livingstone, includes an invented
2493:The Sumerian Zame Hymns from Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ
2192:The cultic calendars of the ancient Near East
2077:Cavigneaux, Antoine; Al-Rawi, Farouk (1993).
836:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
783:, Itti-Marduk-balātu, mentioned Lisin in its
834:in Assyriological literature, following the
791:and Nanaya. This text has been dated to the
400:
378:, both presumed to be minerals, horn of the
2894:(1). University of Chicago Press: 127–167.
2689:Miller, Douglas B.; Shipp, R. Mark (2014).
2688:
2670:
2597:
2229:(1). University of Chicago Press: 189–227.
2011:
1632:
1433:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1074:
1033:
260:, relying on this fact, describe her as a "
2217:Da Riva, Rocío; Galetti, Gianluca (2018).
2032:
1164:
886:, she appears alongside goddesses such as
294:were switched around, and in the god list
2575:. New Haven: Yale Babylonian Collection.
2471:
1259:
530:. It is assumed that her position in the
322:
2744:
2715:
2606:
2413:
2051:
2018:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1970:
1934:
1883:
1791:
1779:
1755:
1695:
869:inscribed on the reverse of the tablet.
2635:
2249:
1958:
1946:
1274:
1147:
2926:
2394:
2365:
2338:
2311:
2287:Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 B.C.)
2284:
2033:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992).
1839:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1378:
1363:
1303:
1291:
2803:
2565:
2189:
2150:
1851:
1767:
1683:
1620:
1500:
1409:
1103:
1091:
850:. It was a part of the curriculum of
352:, "to be beautiful", and on treating
176:
2774:
2509:
2444:
1536:
1421:
1187:
440:was regarded as Lisin's mother, and
2881:
2613:. Padova: S.A.R.G.O.N. Ed. e Libr.
2015:Inscriptions from Tell Abū Ṣalābīkh
1390:
938:, Abu Salabikh god list, the myths
363:According to Markham J. Geller, an
204:as the final consonant is based on
13:
723:" and most likely composed in the
14:
2960:
2219:"Two Temple Rituals from Babylon"
1744:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1248:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1236:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1224:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1212:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1129:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1019:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
208:forms in which the final sign is
753:, a certain Ṣālilum dedicated a
587:
2888:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2843:Such-Gutiérrez, Marcos (2005).
2693:. Penn State University Press.
2640:. Penn State University Press.
2474:"Meskilak, Mesikila, Ninsikila"
2289:. University of Toronto Press.
1980:
1482:Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998
987:
970:
957:
928:
908:
737:
444:as her father. Her brother was
433:Associations with other deities
405:In the first millennium BCE in
2598:Livingstone, Alasdair (1986).
2342:Babylonian Topographical Texts
2235:10.5615/jcunestud.70.2018.0189
2134:"Nin-muga, Nin-zed, Nin-zadim"
1:
2810:Rivista degli studi orientali
2754:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH.
2636:Metcalf, Christopher (2019).
2314:Healing Magic and Evil Demons
1867:Cavigneaux & Al-Rawi 1993
1000:
2677:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2478:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2401:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2372:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
2223:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2194:. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press.
2157:Journal of Cuneiform Studies
2138:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
2064:. Firenze: LoGisma editore.
2037:. The British Museum Press.
825:
620:, is attested in texts from
604:from the Early Dynastic and
181:Lisin's name was written as
133:, presumed to correspond to
56:initially female, later male
7:
2716:Peterson, Jeremiah (2009).
2671:Michalowski, Piotr (1987),
2541:An = Anum and Related Lists
2472:Krebernik, Manfred (1997),
2449:. Bethesda, MD: CDL Press.
2312:Geller, Markham J. (2015).
2252:How To Do Things With Tears
1657:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
1645:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
1609:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
1594:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
1525:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
1513:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
1200:Krebernik & Lisman 2020
10:
2965:
2849:Archiv für Orientforschung
2722:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag.
2602:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
2566:Litke, Richard L. (1998).
2366:George, Andrew R. (1993).
2339:George, Andrew R. (1992).
2052:Bramanti, Armando (2017).
1920:Da Riva & Galetti 2018
1908:Lambert & Winters 2023
1896:Lambert & Winters 2023
1828:Lambert & Winters 2023
1816:Lambert & Winters 2023
1804:Lambert & Winters 2023
1579:Da Riva & Galetti 2018
1567:Da Riva & Galetti 2018
1552:Lambert & Winters 2023
1470:Lambert & Winters 2023
1458:Lambert & Winters 2023
1446:Lambert & Winters 2023
521:
329:The Weapon Name Exposition
236:, "mother," in one of the
18:
2804:Spada, Gabriella (2016).
2607:Marchesi, Gianni (2006).
2549:10.1628/978-3-16-161383-8
2522:10.1163/9789004364943_004
2432:10.2143/BIOR.64.3.2023945
980:, which was dedicated to
702:
670:
541:
401:In Mesopotamian astronomy
264:". However, according to
227:
108:
98:
88:
65:
60:
52:
33:
28:
2395:Hunger, Hermann (1987),
2285:Frayne, Douglas (1990).
941:Lugalbanda and Ninsumuna
901:
795:, and likely comes from
277:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
2414:Jagersma, Bram (2007).
2190:Cohen, Mark E. (1993).
2151:Cohen, Mark E. (1976).
1633:Biggs & Hansen 1974
1434:Miller & Shipp 2014
627:
500:as mourning goddesses.
2934:Mesopotamian goddesses
2775:Selz, Gebhard (1995).
2420:Bibliotheca Orientalis
2250:Delnero, Paul (2020).
1165:Black & Green 1992
947:Ezina and her children
407:Mesopotamian astronomy
323:Later reinterpretation
232:Lisin is addressed as
21:Lisin (disambiguation)
2882:Wee, John Z. (2016).
2699:10.1515/9781575067162
2646:10.1515/9781646020119
2322:10.1515/9781614513094
2295:10.3138/9781442678033
2260:10.1515/9781501512650
793:Neo-Babylonian period
757:bowl for the life of
653:Canonical Temple List
573:Old Babylonian period
536:Old Babylonian period
532:Mesopotamian pantheon
288:Old Babylonian period
137:. Lisin's spouse was
2760:10.1515/za-2020-0025
2691:An Akkadian Handbook
2510:Krul, Julia (2018).
984:, rather than Lisin.
249:, Anthony Green and
19:For other uses, see
2445:Katz, Dina (2003).
1669:Such-Gutiérrez 2005
457:Lisin's spouse was
693:funerary offerings
245:. Authors such as
177:Name and character
123:Mesopotamian deity
16:Mesopotamian deity
2939:Mesopotamian gods
2788:978-0-924171-00-0
2729:978-3-86835-019-7
2708:978-1-57506-716-2
2655:978-1-64602-011-9
2620:978-88-901286-4-6
2582:978-0-9667495-0-2
2558:978-3-16-161383-8
2502:978-3-96327-034-5
2352:978-90-6831-410-6
2331:978-1-61451-309-4
2304:978-1-4426-7803-3
2269:978-1-5015-1265-0
2004:978-3-7278-1738-0
1647:, pp. 20–21.
1527:, pp. 11–12.
1342:, pp. 60–61.
1262:, pp. 93–94.
1214:, pp. 48–49.
709:Isin-Larsa period
266:Manfred Krebernik
116:
115:
37:ĜEŠ.GI (possibly
34:Major cult center
2956:
2919:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2800:
2771:
2741:
2712:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2667:
2632:
2603:
2594:
2574:
2562:
2543:. Mohr Siebeck.
2535:
2506:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2468:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2391:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2335:
2308:
2281:
2246:
2213:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2073:
2048:
2029:
2008:
1996:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1870:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1723:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1352:Livingstone 1986
1349:
1343:
1340:Livingstone 1986
1337:
1331:
1328:Livingstone 1986
1325:
1319:
1316:Livingstone 1986
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1168:
1162:
1151:
1145:
1132:
1126:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1078:
1075:Michalowski 1987
1072:
1037:
1034:Michalowski 1987
1031:
1022:
1016:
994:
991:
985:
974:
968:
961:
955:
932:
926:
912:
665:Andrew R. George
602:theophoric names
493:Kesh temple hymn
384:medicinal plants
274:
259:
195:
26:
25:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2873:
2871:
2834:
2832:
2789:
2730:
2709:
2681:
2679:
2656:
2621:
2583:
2572:
2559:
2532:
2503:
2483:
2481:
2457:
2436:
2434:
2406:
2404:
2380:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2332:
2305:
2270:
2202:
2181:
2179:
2143:
2141:
2123:
2121:
2095:10.2307/4200369
2045:
2026:
2005:
1994:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1882:
1873:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1766:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1499:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1290:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1171:
1163:
1154:
1146:
1135:
1127:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1040:
1032:
1025:
1017:
1008:
1003:
998:
997:
992:
988:
975:
971:
962:
958:
933:
929:
913:
909:
904:
874:Egime and Lulil
852:scribal schools
828:
740:
732:
705:
684:
680:
673:
641:
637:
630:
622:Tell al-Wilayah
618:
614:
590:
557:
544:
524:
435:
416:
403:
325:
268:
253:
251:Gebhard J. Selz
230:
214:theophoric name
190:
186:
179:
84:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2944:Fire goddesses
2941:
2936:
2921:
2920:
2900:10.1086/684845
2879:
2840:
2801:
2787:
2772:
2742:
2728:
2713:
2707:
2686:
2668:
2654:
2633:
2619:
2604:
2595:
2581:
2563:
2557:
2536:
2530:
2507:
2501:
2488:
2469:
2455:
2442:
2426:(3): 289–307.
2411:
2392:
2378:
2363:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2316:. De Gruyter.
2309:
2303:
2282:
2268:
2254:. De Gruyter.
2247:
2214:
2200:
2187:
2148:
2129:
2074:
2049:
2043:
2030:
2024:
2009:
2003:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1963:
1951:
1939:
1937:, p. 131.
1924:
1922:, p. 189.
1912:
1910:, p. 588.
1900:
1898:, p. 592.
1888:
1886:, p. 132.
1871:
1856:
1844:
1842:, p. 305.
1832:
1830:, p. 284.
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1782:, p. 303.
1772:
1760:
1758:, p. 307.
1748:
1746:, p. 202.
1736:
1734:, p. 282.
1724:
1722:, p. 157.
1712:
1700:
1698:, p. 130.
1688:
1686:, p. 208.
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1611:, p. 156.
1598:
1583:
1581:, p. 213.
1571:
1569:, p. 203.
1556:
1554:, p. 295.
1541:
1539:, p. 364.
1529:
1517:
1505:
1486:
1484:, p. 472.
1474:
1472:, p. 205.
1462:
1460:, p. 130.
1450:
1438:
1436:, p. 119.
1426:
1424:, p. 185.
1414:
1395:
1393:, p. 143.
1383:
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 183.
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1294:, p. 310.
1279:
1277:, p. 482.
1264:
1260:Krebernik 1997
1252:
1240:
1238:, p. 140.
1228:
1216:
1204:
1202:, p. 160.
1192:
1190:, p. 160.
1169:
1167:, p. 122.
1152:
1133:
1108:
1096:
1094:, p. 182.
1079:
1038:
1023:
1021:, p. 103.
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
986:
969:
956:
950:, and several
927:
906:
905:
903:
900:
827:
824:
739:
736:
730:
725:Kassite period
704:
701:
682:
678:
672:
669:
657:Kassite period
639:
635:
629:
626:
616:
612:
589:
586:
555:
543:
540:
523:
520:
434:
431:
423:Hermann Hunger
414:
402:
399:
324:
321:
262:mother goddess
238:Early Dynastic
229:
226:
218:Assyriological
212:, such as the
188:
184:
178:
175:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
83:
82:
76:
69:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2961:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:(in German).
2850:
2846:
2841:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2531:9789004364936
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2456:1-883053-77-3
2452:
2448:
2443:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2379:0-931464-80-3
2375:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2201:1-883053-00-5
2197:
2193:
2188:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2025:0-226-62202-9
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2000:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1973:, p. 45.
1972:
1971:Marchesi 2006
1967:
1961:, p. 78.
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 55.
1948:
1943:
1936:
1935:Peterson 2020
1931:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1884:Peterson 2020
1880:
1878:
1876:
1869:, p. 92.
1868:
1863:
1861:
1854:, p. 44.
1853:
1848:
1841:
1836:
1829:
1824:
1818:, p. 33.
1817:
1812:
1806:, p. 30.
1805:
1800:
1794:, p. 16.
1793:
1792:Peterson 2009
1788:
1781:
1780:Jagersma 2007
1776:
1770:, p. 51.
1769:
1764:
1757:
1756:Jagersma 2007
1752:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1696:Bramanti 2017
1692:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1671:, p. 22.
1670:
1665:
1659:, p. 21.
1658:
1653:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1623:, p. 91.
1622:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1596:, p. 14.
1595:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1515:, p. 13.
1514:
1509:
1503:, p. 92.
1502:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1412:, p. 45.
1411:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1381:, p. 32.
1380:
1375:
1373:
1366:, p. 24.
1365:
1360:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1330:, p. 60.
1329:
1324:
1318:, p. 58.
1317:
1312:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1256:
1250:, p. 18.
1249:
1244:
1237:
1232:
1226:, p. 48.
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1150:, p. 52.
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1131:, p. 57.
1130:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1106:, p. 75.
1105:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1077:, p. 32.
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1036:, p. 33.
1035:
1030:
1028:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1006:
990:
983:
979:
973:
966:
960:
953:
949:
948:
943:
942:
937:
931:
923:
922:
917:
911:
907:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
870:
868:
867:and Namzitara
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
777:
775:
771:
766:
764:
761:to Lisin and
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
735:
733:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
700:
696:
694:
690:
689:Ur III period
686:
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
625:
623:
619:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:Adab and Kesh
585:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
560:
558:
551:
550:
539:
537:
533:
529:
519:
517:
513:
508:
506:
501:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
452:
447:
443:
439:
430:
428:
424:
420:
412:
408:
398:
396:
392:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
330:
320:
318:
317:
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222:lexical lists
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36:
32:
27:
22:
2891:
2887:
2872:. Retrieved
2852:
2848:
2833:. Retrieved
2813:
2809:
2777:
2751:
2747:
2718:
2690:
2680:, retrieved
2676:
2637:
2609:
2599:
2568:
2540:
2512:
2492:
2482:, retrieved
2477:
2446:
2435:. Retrieved
2423:
2419:
2405:, retrieved
2400:
2368:
2356:. Retrieved
2341:
2313:
2286:
2251:
2226:
2222:
2191:
2180:. Retrieved
2160:
2156:
2142:, retrieved
2137:
2122:. Retrieved
2086:
2082:
2061:
2057:
2034:
2014:
1990:
1981:Bibliography
1966:
1959:Delnero 2020
1954:
1947:Metcalf 2019
1942:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1710:, p. 6.
1703:
1691:
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1640:
1635:, p. 5.
1628:
1616:
1574:
1532:
1520:
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1465:
1453:
1448:, p. 6.
1441:
1429:
1417:
1386:
1359:
1347:
1335:
1323:
1311:
1306:, p. 3.
1299:
1275:Delnero 2020
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1148:Metcalf 2019
1099:
989:
972:
959:
945:
939:
935:
930:
919:
915:
910:
877:
873:
871:
863:
831:
829:
801:
781:Anšar = Anum
780:
778:
767:
748:
741:
738:Other cities
728:
720:
706:
697:
676:
674:
652:
633:
631:
610:
606:Old Akkadian
591:
576:
564:
561:
553:
547:
545:
538:or earlier.
528:Abu Salabikh
525:
509:
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491:
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328:
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314:
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247:Jeremy Black
240:
233:
231:
209:
201:
182:
180:
143:Abu Salabikh
126:
118:
117:
41:), possibly
39:Abu Salabikh
2480:(in German)
2403:(in German)
2140:(in German)
1840:Frayne 1990
1732:George 1992
1720:George 1993
1708:George 1993
1379:Hunger 1987
1364:Geller 2015
1304:Geller 2015
1292:Geller 2015
816:Hellenistic
677:itu ezem Li
649:Lugalzagesi
516:Uṣur-amāssu
269: [
254: [
2928:Categories
2874:2022-09-24
2835:2022-09-25
2682:2022-09-25
2484:2022-09-24
2437:2022-09-25
2407:2022-09-25
2358:2022-09-25
2182:2024-06-25
2144:2022-09-25
2124:2022-09-25
2044:0714117056
1852:Spada 2016
1768:Cohen 1993
1684:Cohen 1993
1621:Cohen 1976
1501:Cohen 1976
1410:Spada 2016
1104:Litke 1998
1092:Cohen 1993
1001:References
952:UG.GAL.NUN
936:Zame Hymns
888:Nintinugga
729:bēl āli-ia
577:Zame Hymns
565:Zame Hymns
549:Zame Hymns
242:Zame Hymns
2949:Fire gods
2916:163333166
2908:0022-2968
2861:0066-6440
2822:0392-4866
2768:1613-1150
2738:460044951
2664:241160992
2629:237144973
2591:470337605
2516:. Brill.
2397:"Lisi(n)"
2278:229038550
2243:0022-0256
2169:0022-0256
2119:191399328
2103:0021-0889
2070:1971-8608
1537:Katz 2003
1422:Krul 2018
1188:Selz 1995
965:Naram-Sin
884:dying god
856:Ninhursag
826:Mythology
763:Ninsikila
759:Rim-Sîn I
721:An = Anum
463:An = Anum
459:Ninsikila
451:An = Anum
438:Ninhursag
303:Dilmunite
297:An = Anum
292:Ninsikila
198:cuneiform
171:Ninhursag
139:Ninsikila
103:Ninsikila
79:Ninhursag
61:Genealogy
2869:41670228
2830:45111745
2797:33334960
2465:51770219
2388:27813103
2210:27431674
1391:Wee 2016
978:Borsippa
892:Ninisina
822:period.
785:colophon
661:Sumerian
471:Ningirsu
419:MUL.APIN
366:Udug Hul
333:Akkadian
316:Udug Hul
307:Meskilak
282:Despite
206:genitive
109:Children
89:Siblings
81:(mother)
75:(father)
2673:"Lisin"
2177:1359496
2111:4200369
848:Meturan
832:Lisin A
820:Arsacid
804:Babylon
770:Meturan
755:diorite
717:Alammuš
611:ezem-li
609:Lisin,
522:Worship
505:Ninurta
483:eršemma
411:Antares
391:azupiru
380:gazelle
376:kibrītu
167:Meturan
135:Antares
66:Parents
2914:
2906:
2867:
2859:
2828:
2820:
2795:
2785:
2766:
2736:
2726:
2705:
2662:
2652:
2627:
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2241:
2208:
2198:
2175:
2167:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2068:
2041:
2022:
2001:
982:Nanaya
896:Ninmug
879:emesal
844:Nippur
808:Nanaya
797:Sippar
744:Sirara
703:Nippur
671:Lagash
651:. The
645:temple
634:iti Li
581:temple
569:Nippur
542:ĜEŠ.GI
512:Nanaya
498:Duttur
488:Ninmug
442:Šulpae
393:, and
382:, and
228:Gender
194:𒀭𒉈𒋜
163:Nippur
159:Lagash
121:was a
99:Spouse
73:Šulpae
53:Gender
2912:S2CID
2865:JSTOR
2826:JSTOR
2660:S2CID
2573:(PDF)
2274:S2CID
2173:JSTOR
2115:S2CID
2107:JSTOR
1995:(PDF)
921:lamma
902:Notes
865:Enlil
751:Larsa
685:(-na)
554:ki du
446:Ashgi
395:sahlû
346:išātu
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258:]
196:) in
119:Lisin
93:Ashgi
29:Lisin
2904:ISSN
2857:ISSN
2818:ISSN
2793:OCLC
2783:ISBN
2764:ISSN
2734:OCLC
2724:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2650:ISBN
2625:OCLC
2615:ISBN
2587:OCLC
2577:ISBN
2553:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2461:OCLC
2451:ISBN
2384:OCLC
2374:ISBN
2347:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2299:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2239:ISSN
2206:OCLC
2196:ISBN
2165:ISSN
2099:ISSN
2083:Iraq
2066:ISSN
2039:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1999:ISBN
944:and
918:and
860:Adab
846:and
812:Kish
774:seal
715:and
713:Uttu
628:Umma
598:Kesh
596:and
594:Adab
475:Kesh
469:and
427:Nabu
387:ninû
374:and
372:hūlu
358:qalû
350:banû
344:and
338:qalû
165:and
155:Umma
151:Kesh
149:and
147:Adab
131:Nabu
47:Kesh
45:and
43:Adab
2896:doi
2756:doi
2752:111
2695:doi
2642:doi
2545:doi
2518:doi
2428:doi
2318:doi
2291:doi
2256:doi
2231:doi
2091:doi
916:ama
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