Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

2844: 3018: 3098: 2377: 10916: 3056: 3033: 2744: 2859: 2759: 2322: 2516:"When to the reeds of Enki a person has been brought, his beer will be 4 jugs, and his bread 420 loaves. 1 barig of barley shall the undertaker take away, and 3 ban of barley shall the persons of ... take away. 1 woman’s headband, and 1 sila of princely fragrance shall the eresh-dingir priestess take away. 420 loaves of bread that have sat are the bread duty, 40 loaves of hot bread are for eating, and 10 loaves of hot bread are the bread of the table. 5 loaves of bread are for the persons of the levy, 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the lamentation singers of Girsu. 490 loaves of bread, 2 mud vessels and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the lamentation singers of Lagash. 406 of bread, 2 mud vessels, and 1 sadug vessel of beer are for the other lamentation singers. 250 loaves of bread and 1 mud vessel of beer are for the old wailing women. 180 loaves of bread and one mud vessel of beer are for the men of Nigin." 2419: 2554: 1427: 2789: 178: 2299: 2828: 2998: 10353: 2974: 9493: 447: 8125: 2365: 9088: 12580: 8797: 12210: 1411: 2729: 10746: 8760: 8185: 2051: 830: 9339: 2875: 710: 12932: 1894: 10973: 652: 1743: 3087: 2290: 3137: 2774: 2962: 9667: 8535: 2145: 12922: 1055: 8160: 9938: 3145: 1368: 8745: 439:, which is increasingly less accepted by scholars. The ED was divided into the ED I, ED II, ED IIIa, and ED IIIb sub-periods. ED I–III were more or less contemporary with the Early Jezirah (EJ) I–III in Upper Mesopotamia. The exact dating of the ED sub-periods varies between scholars—with some abandoning ED II and using only Early ED and Late ED instead and others extending ED I while allowing ED III begin earlier so that ED III was to begin immediately after ED I with no gap between the two. 2032: 11794: 2499: 11685: 8368: 2178:. Rather, they governed together with councils of elders and councils of younger men, who were likely free men bearing arms. Kings would consult the councils on all major decisions, including whether to go to war. Jacobsen's definition of a democracy as a relationship between primitive monarchs and men of the noble classes has been questioned. Jacobsen conceded that the available evidence could not distinguish a "Mesopotamian democracy" from a "primitive oligarchy". 1641: 6729: 10007: 1625: 818: 3120:

period, seal designs included geometric motifs and stylized pictograms. Later on, combat scenes between real and mythological animals became the dominant theme, together with scenes of heroes fighting animals. Their exact meaning is unclear. Common mythological creatures include anthropomorphic bulls and scorpion-men. Real creatures include lions and eagles. Some anthropomorphic creatures are probably deities, as they wear a horned tiara, which was a

6739: 11001: 7015: 734:(c. 2500 BC) acted as arbitrator in a conflict between Lagash and Umma. However, it is not certain whether Kish held this elevated position during the entire period, as the situation seems to have been different during later conflicts between Lagash and Umma. Later, rulers from other cities would use the title 'King of Kish' to strengthen their hegemonic ambitions and possibly also because of the symbolic value of the city. 5609: 1482: 12027: 2538: 40: 9019: 6749: 1551:, fortresses such as Tell Gubba and Tell Maddhur were constructed. It has been suggested that these sites were established to protect the main trade route from the Mesopotamian lowlands to the Iranian plateau. The main Early Dynastic sites in this region are Tell Asmar and Khafajah. Their political structure is unknown, but these sites were culturally influenced by the larger cities in the Mesopotamian lowland. 10115: 6759: 8932: 8755: 1078: 10110: 9662: 9334: 8927: 8740: 1126: 1110: 1062: 1094: 10227: 9189: 8172: 3055: 3032: 414:

Mesopotamian chronology, resulting in the Early Jezirah (EJ) 0–V chronology that encompasses everything from 3000 to 2000 BC. The use of the ED I–III chronology is now generally limited to Lower Mesopotamia, with the ED II sometimes being further restricted to the Diyala river valley region or discredited altogether.

2442:. Although the actual Code of Urukagina text has yet to be discovered, much of its content may be surmised from other references to it that have been found. In the Code of Urukagina, Urukagina exempted widows and orphans from taxes, compelled the city to pay funeral expenses (including the ritual food and drink 2758: 2463:"Household of Goddess Bau". He gave it ownership of vast amounts of land confiscated from the former priesthood and placed it under the supervision of Urukagina's wife Shasha, or Shagshag. During the second year of Urukagina's reign, his wife presided over the lavish funeral of his predecessor's queen 2743: 1734:

way of life. Due to the absence of written evidence and a lack of archaeological excavations targeting this period, the socio-political situation of Proto-Elamite Iran is not well understood. Mesopotamian texts indicated that the Sumerian kings dealt with political entities in this area. For example,

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It is only for the later parts of the ED period that information on political events becomes available, either as echoes in later writings or from contemporary sources. Writings from the end of the third millennium, including several Sumerian heroic narratives and the Sumerian King List, seem to echo

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have been found at Ur, Tell Beydar, Tell Fara, Abu Salabikh, and Mari. They show that the Mesopotamian states were constantly involved in diplomatic contacts, leading to political and perhaps even religious alliances. Sometimes one state would gain hegemony over another, which foreshadows the rise of

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The contemporary sources from the Early Dynastic period do not allow the reconstruction of a political history. Royal inscriptions only offer a glimpse of the military conflicts and relations among the different city-states. Instead, rulers were more interested in glorifying their pious acts, such as

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Jacobsen made a distinction between a "lugal" as an elected war leader and "EN" as an elected governor concerned with internal issues. The functions of a lugal might include military defense, arbitration in border disputes, and ceremonial and ritualistic activities. At the death of the lugal, he was

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Starting in 2700 BC and accelerating after 2500, the main urban sites grew considerably in size and were surrounded by towns and villages that fell inside their political sphere of influence. This indicated that the area was home to many political entities. Many sites in Upper Mesopotamia, including

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dates to the early second millennium BC. It consists of a succession of royal dynasties from different Sumerian cities, ranging back into the Early Dynastic Period. Each dynasty rises to prominence and dominates the region, only to be replaced by the next. The document was used by later Mesopotamian

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Many historical periods in the Near East are named after the dominant political force at that time, such as the Akkadian or Ur III periods. This is not the case for the ED period. It is an archaeological division that does not reflect political developments, and it is based upon perceived changes in

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Similar mosaic elements were discovered at Mari, where a mother-of-pearl engraver's workshop was identified, and at Ebla where marble fragments were found from a 3-meter-high panel decorating a room of the royal palace. The scenes of the two sites have strong similarities in their style and themes.

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at the time of the Early Dynastic I period in Lower Mesopotamia. Mari was one of the main cities of the Middle East during this period, and it fought many wars against Ebla during the 24th century BC. The archives of Ebla, capital city of a powerful kingdom during the ED IIIb period, indicated that

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was also practiced, focusing on sheep and goats. This agricultural system was probably the most productive in the entire ancient Near East. It allowed the development of a highly urbanized society. It has been suggested that, in some areas of Sumer, the population of the urban centers during ED III

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Somewhat reliable information on then-contemporary political events in Mesopotamia is available only for the ED IIIb period. These texts come mainly from Lagash and detail the recurring conflict with Umma over control of irrigated land. The kings of Lagash are absent from the Sumerian King List, as

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The ED was divided into the sub-periods ED I, II, and III. This was primarily based on complete changes over time in the plan of the Abu Temple of Tell Asmar, which had been rebuilt multiple times on exactly the same spot. During the 20th century, many archaeologists also tried to impose the scheme

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The political history of Upper Mesopotamia and Syria is well known from the royal archives recovered at Ebla. Ebla, Mari, and Nagar were the dominant states for this period. The earliest texts indicate that Ebla paid tribute to Mari but was able to reduce it after it won a military victory. Cities

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league. Member cities of the alliance included Umma, Lagash, Uruk, Nippur, and Adab. Kish may have had a leading position, whereas Shuruppak may have been the administrative center. The members may have assembled in Nippur, but this is uncertain. This alliance seems to have focused on economic and

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of Ebla. Ebla exchanged gifts with Nagar, and a royal marriage was concluded between the daughter of a king of Ebla and the son of his counterpart at Nagar. The archives also contain letters from more distant kingdoms, such as Kish and possibly Hamazi, although it is also possible that there were

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of ED I–III upon archaeological remains excavated elsewhere in both Iraq and Syria, dated to 3000–2000 BC. However, evidence from sites elsewhere in Iraq has shown that the ED I–III periodization, as reconstructed for the Diyala river valley region, could not be directly applied to other regions.

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of the population of Lower Mesopotamia. This is due to the fact that texts from this period contained sufficient phonetic signs to distinguish separate languages. They also contained personal names, which can potentially be linked to an ethnic identity. The textual evidence suggested that Lower

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Scenes with cultic themes, including banquet scenes, became common during ED II. Another common ED III theme was the so-called god-boat, but its meaning is unclear. During the ED III period, ownership of seals was started to be registered. Glyptic development in Upper Mesopotamia and Syria was

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During the preceding Uruk period, a wide variety of scenes were engraved on cylinder seals. This variety disappeared at the start of the third millennium, to be replaced by an almost exclusive focus on mythological and cultural scenes in Lower Mesopotamia and the Diyala region. During the ED I

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and were placed in temples to pray on behalf of the spender. The Sumerian style clearly influenced neighbouring regions, as similar statues have been recovered from sites in Upper Mesopotamia, including Assur, Tell Chuera, and Mari. However, some statues showed greater originality and had less

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Uruk, which was one of Sumer's largest cities, has been estimated to have had a population of 50,000 – 80,000 at its peak. Given the other cities in Sumer and its large agricultural population, a rough estimate for Sumer's population might have been somewhere between 800,000 and 1,500,000. The

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Research in Syria has shown that developments there were quite different from those in the Diyala river valley region or southern Iraq, rendering the traditional Lower Mesopotamian chronology useless. During the 1990s and 2000s, attempts were made by various scholars to arrive at a local Upper

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The definition of "lugal" during the ED period of Mesopotamia is uncertain. The ruler of a city-state was usually referred to as "ensi". However, the ruler of a confederacy may have been referred to as "lugal". A lugal may have been "a young man of outstanding qualities from a rich landowning

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Despite these attempts to curb the excesses of the elite class, elite or royal women may have had even greater influence and prestige in Urukagina's reign than previously. Urukagina greatly expanded the royal "Household of Women" from about 50 persons to about 1,500 persons and renamed it to

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For the ED I and ED II periods, there are no contemporary documents shedding any light on warfare or diplomacy. Only for the end of the ED III period are contemporary texts available from which a political history can be reconstructed. The largest archives come from Lagash and Ebla. Smaller

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The ED III (2600–2350 BC) saw an expansion in the use of writing and increasing social inequality. Larger political entities developed in Upper Mesopotamia and southwestern Iran. ED III is usually further subdivided into the ED IIIa (2600–2500/2450 BC) and ED IIIb (2500/2450–2350 BC). The

2238:" (Sumerian: 𒑐𒋼𒋛, meaning "Lord of the Plowland") was a title associated with the ruler or prince of a city. The people understood that the ensi was a direct representative of the city's patron deity. Initially, the term "ensi" may have been specifically associated with rulers of 2654:

The cultural and trade connections of Ur are reflected by archaeological finds of imported items. In the ED III period, items from geographically distant places were found. These included gold, silver, lapis lazuli and carnelian. These types of items were not found in Mesopotamia.

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were used to authenticate documents like sales and to control access by sealing a lump of clay on doors of storage rooms. The use of cylinder seals increased significantly during the ED period, suggesting an expansion and increased the complexity of administrative activities.

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and built on ongoing conquests during the ED. The transition is much harder to pinpoint within an archaeological context. It is virtually impossible to date a particular site as being that of either ED III or Akkadian period using ceramic or architectural evidence alone.

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developed early state structures, as evidenced by the written documentation of Ebla. Substantial monumental architecture such as palaces, temples, and monumental tombs appeared in this period. There is also evidence for the existence of a rich and powerful local elite.

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defined a "primitive democracy" with reference to Sumerian epics, myths, and historical records. He described a form of government determined by a majority of men who were free citizens. There was little specialisation and only a loose power structure. Kings such as

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of Lagash, is remarkable in that it represents different scenes that together tell the narrative of the victory of Lagash over its rival Umma. Reliefs like these have been found in Lower Mesopotamia and the Diyala region but not in Upper Mesopotamia or Syria.

1885:. However, while Dilmun was mentioned in contemporary ED texts, no sites from this period have been excavated in this area. This may indicate that Dilmun may have referred to the coastal areas that served as a place of transit for the maritime trade network. 1546:

valley is another region for which the ED period is relatively well-known. Along with neighboring areas, this region was home to Scarlet Ware—a type of painted pottery characterized by geometric motifs representing natural and anthropomorphic figures. In the

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kings to legitimize their rule. While some of the information in the list can be checked against other texts such as economic documents, much of it is probably fictional, and its use as a historical document for the Early Dynastic period is limited to none.

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New artistic traditions developed in Lower Mesopotamia during the ED II (2750/2700–2600 BC). These traditions influenced the surrounding regions. According to later Mesopotamian historical tradition, this was the time when legendary mythical kings such as

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stone artifacts from the ED are commonly found. they include disc beads, ornaments, and stone vases. The vases rarely exceed 25 cm in height. They often have human and animal motifs and semiprecious stone inlays. They may have carried precious oils.

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the archaeological record, e.g. pottery and glyptics. This is because the political history of the ED is unknown for most of its duration. As with the archaeological subdivision, the reconstruction of political events is hotly debated among researchers.

3017: 2345:, two of the earliest cities, developed large temple complexes built of mud-brick. Developed as small shrines in the earliest settlements, by the ED the temples became the most imposing structures in their cities, each dedicated to its own deity. 813:

of Kish possibly date to ED II. These semi-legendary narratives seem to indicate an age dominated by two major powers: Uruk in Sumer and Kish in the Semitic country. However, the existence of the kings of this "heroic age" remains controversial.

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of the region. The period seems to have experienced a phase of decentralization, as reflected by the absence of large monumental buildings and complex administrative systems similar to what had existed at the end of the fourth millennium BC.

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The situation may have been different further north, where Semitic people seem to have been dominant. In this area, Kish was possibly the center of a large territorial state, competing with other powerful political entities such as Mari and

2973: 698:, Uruk, and Susa. Some impressions show exactly the same list of cities. It has been suggested that this represented a system in which specific cities were associated with delivering offerings to the major Sumerian temples, similar to the 2265:") referred to a high priest or priestess of the city's patron deity. It may also have been part of the title of the ruler of Uruk. "Ensi", "EN", and "Lugal" may have been local terms for the ruler of Lagash, Uruk, and Ur, respectively. 1510:

in which a large urban center dominated the surrounding rural settlements. The territories of these city-states were in turn delimited by other city-states that were organized along the same principles. The most important centers were

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owners and established measures against usury, burdensome controls, hunger, theft, murder, and seizure of people's property and persons—as Urukagina stated: "The widow and the orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful man."

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emerged in the third millennium BC, as evidenced by excavation and looting of archaeological sites. The areas further north and to the east were important participants in the international trade of this period due to the presence of

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The end of the ED is not defined archaeologically but rather politically. The conquests of Sargon and his successors upset the political equilibrium throughout Iraq, Syria, and Iran. The conquests lasted many years into the reign of

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The preceding Uruk period in Lower Mesopotamia saw the appearance of the first cities, early state structures, administrative practices, and writing. Evidence for these practices was attested to during the Early Dynastic period.

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cities with the same names closer to Ebla. In many ways, the diplomatic interactions in the wider Ancient Near East during this period resemble those from the second millennium BC, which are particularly well known from the

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period, during which, for the first time in history, large parts of Mesopotamia were united under a single ruler. The entirety of the ED is now generally dated to approximately 2900–2350 BC according to the widely accepted

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were highly developed. This is all the more remarkable for a region where metals had to be imported. Known metals included gold, silver, copper, bronze, lead, electrum, and tin. The use of binary, tertiary, and quaternary

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Gold items were located in graves at the Royal Cemetery of Ur, royal treasuries and temples, indicating prestigious and religious functions. Gold items discovered included personal ornaments, weapons, tools, sheet-metal

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Numerous metal objects have been excavated from temples and graves, including dishes, weapons, jewelry, statuettes, foundation nails, and various other objects of worship. The most remarkable gold objects come from the

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from Urukagina addressing penalties for adultery by men have survived. The discovery of these fragments has led some modern critics to assert that they provide "the first written evidence of the degradation of women."

1458:(the seemingly most powerful city during the ED period) instead. Political and socioeconomic structures in these two regions also differed, although Sumerian influence is unparalleled during the Early Dynastic period. 2553: 2803:

Bas-reliefs created from perforated stone slabs are another hallmark of Early Dynastic sculpture. They also served a votive purpose, but their exact function is unknown. Examples include the votive relief of king

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British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization"

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Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (XXVIII–XXVI century

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In March 2020, archaeologists announced the discovery of a 5,000-year-old cultic area filled with more than 300 broken ceremonial ceramic cups, bowls, jars, animal bones and ritual processions dedicated to

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writing and the state were well-developed, contrary to what had been believed about this area before its discovery. However, few buildings from this period have been excavated at the site of Ebla itself.

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Carved figure with feathers. The king-priest, wearing a net skirt and a hat with leaves or feathers, stands before the door of a temple, symbolized by two great maces. The inscription mentions the god

2513:"For a corpse being brought to the grave, his beer shall be 3 jugs and his bread 80 loaves. 1 bed and 1 lead goat shall the undertaker take away, and 3 ban of barley shall the person(s) take away." 2858: 2669:

was found as items such as belts, vessels, hair ornaments, pins, weapons, cockle shells, and sculptures. There are very few literary references or physical clues as to the sources of the silver.

873:, king of Uruk and Umma, was able to seize most of Lower Mesopotamia around 2358 B.C. This phase of warring city-states came to an end with the emergence of the Akkadian Empire under the rule of 2450:

when purchasing from the poor. If the poor did not wish to sell, the powerful man (the rich man or the priest) could not force him to do so. The Code of Urukagina limited the power of both the

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Westenholz, Aage (2002), Hansen, Morgens Herman (ed.), ""The Sumerian city-state" A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center",

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succeeded by his eldest son. The earliest rulers with the title "lugal" include Enmebaragesi and Mesilim of Kish and Meskalamdug, Mesannepada, and several of Mesannepada's successors at Ur.

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represents, as its name suggests, dairy activities (milking cows, cowsheds, preparing dairy products). It is our source of the most information on this practice in ancient Mesopotamia

2519:"The blind one who stands in ..., his bread for eating is 1 loaf, 5 loaves of bread are his at midnight, 1 loaf is his bread at midday, and 6 loaves are his bread in the evening." 255:: small states with a relatively simple structure that developed and solidified over time. This development ultimately led to the unification of much of Mesopotamia under the rule of 678:

There may have been a common or shared cultural identity among the Early Dynastic Sumerian city-states, despite their political fragmentation. This notion was expressed by the terms

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Winter, I. (1985), "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the beginning of Historical Narrative in the Ancient Near East", in Kessler, H.; Simpson, M.S. (eds.),

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The énsi Urukagina, of the city-state of Lagash, is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, and the Code of Urukagina is sometimes cited as the earliest known example of a

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for "king" in general. In the Sumerian language, "lugal" meant either an "owner" of property such as a boat or a field, or alternatively, the "head" of an entity or a family. The

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The royal inscriptions from Lagash also mention wars against other Lower Mesopotamian city-states, as well as against kingdoms farther away. Examples of the latter include Mari,

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The ED I (2900–2750/2700 BC) is poorly known, relative to the sub-periods that followed it. In Lower Mesopotamia, it shared characteristics with the final stretches of the Uruk (

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was used to attach the inlay in wooden frames, but these have not survived in the archaeological record. The inlay-panels usually showed mythological or historical scenes. Like

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In addition to such changes, two of Urukagina's other surviving decrees, first published and translated by Samuel Kramer in 1964, have attracted controversy in recent decades:

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ruled over Mesopotamia. Archaeologically, this sub-period has not been well-attested to in excavations of Lower Mesopotamia, leading some researchers to abandon it altogether.

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is a well-known example of Early Dynastic sculpture. It was recovered in a temple and consists of standing figures with their hands folded in prayer or holding a goblet for a

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Textual evidence indicated the existence of a Semitic population in the upper reaches of Lower Mesopotamia. The texts in question contained personal names and words from a

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Early Dynastic stone sculptures have mainly been recovered from excavated temples. They can be separated into two groups: three-dimensional prayer statues and perforated

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The two cities of Mari and Ebla dominate the historical record for this region. According to the excavator of Mari, the circular city on the middle Euphrates was founded

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The First Dynasty of Ur had enormous wealth as shown by the lavishness of its tombs. This was probably due to the fact that Ur acted as the main harbour for trade with

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Diplomacy by design: Luxury arts and an "international style" in the ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BC, Marian H. Feldman, University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 120-121

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was very important in Ebla. Sumerian influence was notable in Mari and Ebla. At the same time, these regions with a Semitic population shared characteristics with the

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Gibson, McGuire; McMahon, A. (1995), "Investigation of the Early Dynastic-Akkadian Transition: Report of the 18th and 19th Seasons of Excavation in Area WF, Nippur",

8001: 1990:. In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique developed by the 861:, and Elam. These conflicts show that already in this stage in history there was a trend toward stronger states dominating larger territories. For example, king 9448: 3140:

A Sumerian group of two separate shell inlay fragments forming the body and head of a sheep. Circa 27th - 24th Century BC. From a Mayfair gallery, London, UK.

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In Mari the scenes are military (a parade of prisoners) or religious (a ram's sacrifice). In Ebla, they show a military triumph and mythological animals.

2001:, which put her in a strategic position to import and trade vast quantities of gold, carnelian or lapis lazuli. In comparison, the burials of the kings of 1866:

settlement system. This system relied on irrigation agriculture in areas with perennial springs. Magan owed its good position in the trade network to its

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Gouin, Ph. (1993), "Bovins et laitages en Mesopotamie meridionale au 3eme millenaire. Quelques commentaires sur la "frise a la laiterie" de el-'obeid",

3200:, these panels allow the reconstruction of early forms of narrative art. However, this type of work seems to have been abandoned in subsequent periods. 2321: 9577: 9453: 7388: 6290: 2728: 7564: 4624:

Madjidzadeh, Y.; Pittman, H. (2008), "Excavations at Konar Sandal in the Region of Jiroft in the Halil Basin: First Preliminary Report (2007-2008)",

3211:. It represents two principal scenes on its two sides: a battle and a banquet that probably follows a military victory. The "dairy frieze" found at 9870: 5904: 5415:, 560 pages. London: Penguin (earlier printings may have different pagination: 1966, 480 pages, Pelican; 1964, 431 pages, London: Allen and Urwin). 3930:

Akkade is King: A collection of papers by friends and colleagues presented to Aage Westenholz on the occasion of his 70th birthday 15th of May 2009

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Marchesi, G. (2011), "Goods from the Queen of Tilmun", in Barjamovic, G.; Dahl, J.L.; Koch, U.S.; Sommerfeld, W.; Goodnick-Westenholz, J. (eds.),

2434:. The Code of Urukagina has also been widely hailed as the first recorded example of government reform, as it sought to achieve a higher level of 9308: 346:. These new findings revealed that Lower Mesopotamia shared many socio-cultural developments with neighboring areas and that the entirety of the 5133: 4681: 4585: 4430: 4277: 4238: 4196: 4110: 3976: 3914: 3854: 3818: 3780: 3598: 5521:, perhaps the oldest Sumerian website on the web (it dates back to 1996), features compiled lexicon, detailed FAQ, extensive links, and so on. 2675:

has been found in items such as jewelry, plaques, gaming boards, lyres, ostrich-egg vessels, and also in parts of a larger sculpture known as

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as either "king" or "ruler") was one of three possible titles affixed to a ruler of a Sumerian city-state. The others were "EN" and "ensi".

13126: 9526: 9522: 9230: 5545: 3550:, in M. Lebeau - P. de Miroschedji (eds), ARCANE Interregional Vol. I: Ceramics (ARCANE Interregional I), Turnhout (Brepols), 2014: 131-147 3273:. They are over 4,500 years old from ancient Mesopotamia during the ED III. The decorations on the lyres are fine examples of the court 2081:" (priest). It was understood that rulers were determined by the deity of the city and rule could be transferred from one city to another. 5235: 4975:

Harmansah, Ömür, The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Ceremonial centers, urbanization and state formation in Southern Mesopotamia, 2007, p.699

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before the emergence of the Akkadian Empire is problematic, and it has been proposed to refer to this Old Akkadian phase as being of the "

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military collaboration, as each city would dispatch soldiers to the league. The primacy of Kish is illustrated by the fact that its ruler

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Nissen, H. (1993). "Settlement Patterns and Material Culture in the Akkad Period: Continuity and Discontinuity". In Liverani, M. (ed.).

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events and military conflicts that may have occurred during the ED II period. For example, the reigns of legendary figures like king

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date back to ED IIIa. The ED IIIb is especially well known through the archives of Girsu (part of Lagash) in Iraq and Ebla in Syria.

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Steinkeller, P. (1993), "Early Political Development in Mesopotamia and the Origins of the Sargonic Empire", in Liverani, M. (ed.),

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Evans, Jean M. (2007). "The Square Temple at Tell Asmar and the Construction of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia, ca. 2900-2350 B.C.E.".

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located in Lower Mesopotamia were very powerful and influential. To the north and west stretched states centered on cities such as

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Biga, M.G. (1995), "I rapporti diplomatici nel Periodo Protosiriano", in Matthiae, P.; Pinnock, F.; Scandone-Matthiae, G. (eds.),

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Stratigraphies comparées au IIIe millénaire au pays de Sumer. Études de cas de Kish, Nippur et des cités de la vallée de la Diyala

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The texts of this period also reveal the first traces of a wide-ranging diplomatic network. For example, the peace treaty between

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a large corpus of Sumerian texts in transliteration, largely from the Early Dynastic and Ur III periods, accessible with images.

362:

coined the term Early Dynastic (ED) period for Mesopotamia, the naming convention having been borrowed from the similarly named

9380: 9134: 9114: 4999: 1938:

indicate that foreign trade was particularly active during this period, with many materials coming from foreign lands, such as

1854:

led to increased contacts between Lower Mesopotamia and other regions. Starting in the previous period, the area of modern-day

1531:. Available texts from this period point to recurring conflicts between neighboring kingdoms, notably between Umma and Lagash. 9087: 8796: 4845:

Isakhan, B. (2007). Engaging "Primitive Democracy," Mideast Roots of Collective Governance. Middle East Policy, 14(3), 97–117.

854:

are their rivals, the kings of Umma. This suggests that these states, while powerful in their own time, were later forgotten.

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Urbanization also increased in western Syria, notably in the second half of the third millennium BC. Sites like Tell Banat,

777:

The first recorded war in history took place in Mesopotamia in around 2700 B.C. during the ED period, between the forces of

6032: 5939: 5445: 5251: 2522:"60 loaves of bread, 1 mud vessel of beer, and 3 ban of barley are for the person who is to perform as the sagbur priest." 330:. As a result, this area was better known than neighboring regions, but the excavation and publication of the archives of 11336: 6781: 5934: 5267: 4974: 2713:

ritual. Other statues feature seated figures also in devotional postures. Male figures wear a plain or fringed dress, or

1746:

Map detailing the approximate locations of regions and kingdoms that are known from Mesopotamian written evidence of the

12006: 9685: 6285: 6201: 5924: 5889: 4415: 3961: 3473: 2478:

in his country, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with rocks upon which her crime was written.

2348:

Each city had at least one major deity. Sumer was divided into about thirteen independent cities which were divided by

6857: 6329: 5437: 5392: 5320: 4821: 4794: 4762: 4608: 4023: 3899: 3740: 3441: 3415: 2126: 1739:. As of 2017 Aratta had not been identified, but it is believed to have been located somewhere in southwestern Iran. 1722:

period. This period was characterized by indigenous art, a script that has not yet been deciphered, and an elaborate

10352: 1842:

served as local exchange and production centres but do not seem to have been capitals of larger political entities.

1766:(level IV) was a central place in Elam and an important gateway between southwestern Iran and southern Mesopotamia. 928:. One of the remains was a duck-shaped bronze figurine with eyes made from bark which is thought to be dedicated to 7550: 7521: 6417: 6402: 5998: 5986: 3525:

Une archéologie des peuples du Proche-Orient. Des peuples villageois aux cités-États (Xe-IIIe millénaire av. J.-C.)

2298: 12000: 6275: 6261: 6013: 5663: 4957: 2961: 12073: 11620: 11544: 7434: 7418: 5879: 5221:

A team of engineers at the University of Liverpool has helped reproduce an ancient Iraqi harp - the Lyre of Ur.

4944: 4914: 4391: 3340: 2679:. Some of the larger objects included a spouted cup, a dagger-hilt, and a whetstone. It indicates high status. 941: 446: 7756: 3794:

Steinkeller, P. (2002), "Archaic City Seals and the Question of Early Babylonian Unity", in Abusch, T. (ed.),

3680:

Gibson, McGuire; McMahon, A. (1995), "The Early Dynastic-Akkadian Transition Part II: The Authors' Response",

12925: 12905: 12187: 12094: 12079: 11917: 11787: 11588: 11287: 10972: 8356: 7460: 5021: 3121: 1698:

were more intensive. Towards the west, agriculture takes on more "Mediterranean" aspects: the cultivation of

363: 263:. Despite this political fragmentation, the ED city-states shared a relatively homogeneous material culture. 2364: 1994:. These materials were used in the manufacture of ornamental and ceremonial objects in the workshops of Ur. 1564:

At the beginning of the third millennium BC, the Ninevite V culture flourished in Upper Mesopotamia and the

13136: 13131: 12726: 12535: 12511: 11911: 10891: 7954: 7470: 7205: 6025: 4738: 3646:

Matthews, D. (1997), "The Early Dynastic-Akkadian Transition Part I: When Did the Akkadian Period Begin?",

4338:

Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates

12148: 11187: 10986: 10533: 10527: 8774: 8130: 7526: 7408: 7403: 7338: 7014: 6574: 6339: 6302: 6234: 6003: 5384: 2422:

Statuette of a man, Early Dynastic Period II, circa 2700 BC, Khafadje. Louvre Museum, reference AO 188886

1987: 1906: 12775: 12631: 12394: 12085: 11895: 11241: 10903: 10871: 10865: 9072: 7531: 7140: 6752: 6427: 6407: 6249: 6239: 6229: 5929: 5919: 5698: 4332: 1141: 189: 370:

was developed in the 1930s during excavations that were conducted by Henri Frankfort on behalf of the

12912: 12520: 12406: 12388: 12238: 11900: 11764: 11465: 11280: 10177: 7215: 7030: 6379: 6224: 5794: 5589: 3990:

Michalowski, P. (2003), "A Man Called Enmebaragesi", in Sallaberger, W.; Volk, K.; Zgoll, A. (eds.),

1920: 1910: 1874:, where copper workshops and monumental tombs testifying to the area's affluence has been excavated. 1730:

region. This culture disappeared toward the middle of the third millennium, to be replaced by a less

1410: 436: 12898: 12543: 12540: 12463: 12433: 12376: 12362: 11768: 10752: 10490: 9907: 9691: 8534: 7170: 6812: 6466: 6437: 6081: 2089:

priesthood moved between competing dynasties of the Sumerian cities. Traditionally, these included

1871: 10745: 5204: 306:

The study of Central and Lower Mesopotamia has long been given priority over neighboring regions.

12558: 12486: 12460: 12436: 12430: 12415: 12327: 12263: 12228: 12172: 12121: 11694: 10171: 9952: 9697: 9005: 8463: 7705: 7480: 7413: 7307: 7160: 7078: 7073: 6694: 6442: 6106: 5839: 5208: 2951:’s tomb. Metal vases have also been excavated at other sites in Lower Mesopotamia, including the 2932: 2439: 2390: 1901:

beads in this necklace from the Royal Tombs of Ur are thought to have come from the Indus Valley.

1691: 322:, Ur, and many others—have been excavated since the 19th century. These excavations have yielded 12721: 12711: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12451: 12442: 12385: 12365: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12341: 12269: 12266: 12257: 12157: 12136: 11750: 11524: 11456: 11366: 11110: 11104: 10585: 10040: 9899: 9464: 9245: 8785: 8759: 8719: 8362: 8135: 7511: 7363: 7122: 6397: 6256: 6126: 6101: 5971: 5723: 5232: 3733:

The Royal inscriptions of Mesopotamia. Early periods, vol. 1, Presargonic Period (2700–2350 BC)

1923:

flourished. This trade intensified during the third millennium and reached its peak during the

620: 327: 209: 13032: 9338: 8367: 4752: 829: 694:

impressions with signs representing other cities. Similar impressions have also been found at

13081:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

13002: 12965: 12887: 12764: 12424: 12400: 12356: 12344: 12338: 12335: 12290: 12284: 12260: 12225: 12181: 12169: 12166: 12163: 12151: 12145: 12133: 12127: 11946: 11856: 11853: 11844: 11407: 9484: 7872: 7180: 6762: 6501: 6369: 5981: 5854: 5833: 5753: 5713: 5604: 4784: 3294: 2813: 2050: 1893: 1176: 834: 709: 350:

participated in an exchange network in which material goods and ideas were being circulated.

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Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium BC

1645: 12332: 12281: 12190: 12184: 12154: 11756: 11709: 11697: 11521: 11462: 11086: 10980: 10803: 10330: 9478: 8999: 8416: 7398: 7358: 6837: 6596: 6478: 6412: 6374: 6270: 6196: 6191: 6116: 5964: 5582: 3796:

Riches Hidden in Secret Places. Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Memory of Thorkild Jacobsen

3250: 3228: 3208: 3024: 3008: 2940: 2546: 2481:

A statute that stated: "If a woman says to a man, her mouth is crushed with burnt bricks."

2435: 2369: 2193: 1859: 714: 587: 307: 240: 11793: 651: 8: 12837: 12692: 12397: 12347: 12272: 12222: 12175: 12160: 12139: 11838: 11824: 11712: 11645: 11468: 11359: 11301: 11065: 10738: 10578: 10297: 10102: 9919: 9732: 9048: 8259: 7908: 7853: 7767: 7674: 7652: 7485: 7393: 7368: 7175: 7150: 6538: 6496: 6422: 6297: 6219: 5748: 5718: 5703: 4150: 4125: 3461: 3266: 3242: 2596: 1935: 1928: 1916: 1747: 1419: 1187: 1149:

showing important sites that were occupied by the Early Dynastic kingdoms (clickable map)

703: 687: 3890:

Cooper, J. (2003), "International Law in the Third Millennium", in Westbrook, R. (ed.),

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for the journey of the dead into the lower world), and decreed that the rich had to use

1718:

In southwestern Iran, the first half of the Early Dynastic period corresponded with the

547: 450: 13063: 12877: 12754: 12315: 12254: 12248: 11776: 11740: 11653: 11634: 11530: 11527: 11480: 11446: 11443: 11398: 11089: 11074: 11059: 10735: 10732: 10723: 10482: 9657: 9385: 8658: 8511: 8428: 8231: 7616: 7475: 7444: 7343: 7190: 7107: 6669: 6664: 6649: 6611: 6586: 6523: 6384: 6319: 5954: 5763: 5678: 5473: 5446:"Radiocarbon Dating of Early Dynastic Mesopotamia: Results, Limitations, and Prospects" 5401: 5372: 5187: 5179: 4649: 4641: 4446:

The Origins of North Mesopotamian Civilization: Ninevite 5 Chronology, Economy, Society

4063: 4055: 3697: 3663: 3629: 3592: 3388: 3380: 3274: 2186: 1759: 1687: 1594: 1576:

in the west. Ninevite V was contemporary with ED I and marked an important step in the

1573: 962: 746: 667: 639: 603: 423: 236: 159: 11533: 6511: 5294:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

4539:

Art of the first cities. The Third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

3296:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

3136: 2510:"From the border territory of Ningirsu to the sea, no person shall serve as officers." 2289: 13085: 13038: 13008: 12301: 12275: 12251: 12233: 12033: 11954: 11862: 11731: 11703: 11518: 11486: 11477: 11419: 11416: 11413: 11401: 11389: 11304: 11225: 11077: 11071: 11038: 11032: 10603: 10476: 10340: 10162: 9888: 9487: 9481: 9289: 9257: 8802: 8011: 7899: 7889: 7465: 7322: 7317: 7302: 7237: 7155: 7112: 6832: 6827: 6738: 6689: 6654: 6491: 6432: 6334: 6244: 6214: 6209: 6076: 6071: 6055: 5944: 5884: 5804: 5799: 5708: 5477: 5465: 5433: 5388: 5377: 5316: 5191: 5127: 5116: 5015: 4817: 4790: 4758: 4700: 4675: 4653: 4604: 4579: 4497: 4473: 4449: 4424: 4411: 4387: 4360: 4315: 4271: 4260: 4232: 4221: 4190: 4179: 4104: 4067: 4019: 3995: 3970: 3957: 3933: 3908: 3895: 3848: 3837: 3812: 3799: 3774: 3761: 3736: 3580: 3528: 3469: 3437: 3431: 3411: 3392: 3336: 3300: 3212: 2795: 2779: 2413: 2274: 2201: 2166: 1758:

emerged as a powerful political entity in the area of southern Lorestan and northern

1727: 1707: 1598: 1451: 1443: 1439: 1404: 1371: 880: 432: 347: 335: 85: 10465: 4900:

John Allan Halloran: Sumerian Lexicon. Logogram Publishing, Los Angeles (Cal.) 2006.

3952:

Joannès, F.; Lafont, B (2001), "Sumériens archaïques (rois)", in Joannès, F. (ed.),

3101:

Cylinder seal and modern impression bull-man, bearded hero, and lion contest frieze,

3093:

from the ED III period with its impression representing a mythological combat scene.

2223:

in cuneiform texts, indicating that the following word would be the name of a king.

12961: 12873: 12819: 12750: 12737: 12716: 12681: 12530: 12318: 12287: 12142: 12118: 11886: 11883: 11877: 11832: 11725: 11706: 11700: 11656: 11639: 11483: 11474: 11471: 11395: 11392: 11230: 11115: 10702: 9792: 9726: 9714: 9407: 8954: 8244: 7949: 7378: 7373: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7257: 7252: 7242: 7058: 6915: 6900: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6852: 6581: 6516: 6506: 6180: 6161: 6156: 6151: 6091: 6066: 5457: 5333: 5330:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 5171: 4637: 4633: 4047: 3689: 3655: 3621: 3372: 2988: 2952: 2920: 2706: 2542: 2431: 2205: 2137:(in present-day Iran), and Mari (in present-day Syria but which is credited on the 1771: 1548: 1474: 1400: 1299: 616: 551: 334:

have changed this perspective by shedding more light on surrounding areas, such as

323: 7979: 1742: 686:. Numerous texts and cylinder seals seem to indicate the existence of a league or 12882: 12868: 12843: 12796: 12759: 12745: 12569: 12418: 12371: 12278: 12243: 12115: 12110: 12038: 12012: 11868: 11743: 11737: 11722: 11715: 11669: 11659: 11492: 11437: 11431: 11428: 11374: 11322: 11158: 11092: 11080: 11068: 11056: 11041: 11020: 10939: 10843: 10840: 10814: 10729: 10708: 10696: 10663: 10657: 10627: 10549: 10359: 9711: 9666: 9620: 9614: 9604: 9394: 8494: 8472: 8239: 7966: 7935: 7930: 7920: 7630: 7312: 7287: 7282: 7262: 7210: 7200: 7195: 7185: 7165: 7135: 7087: 7083: 7053: 6679: 6644: 6533: 6528: 6447: 6358: 6096: 5949: 5861: 5849: 5773: 5768: 5758: 5693: 5668: 5653: 5640: 5628: 5484: 5429: 5313:

Mesopotamia: Assyrians, Sumerians, Babylonians (Dictionaries of Civilizations; 1)

5239: 4811: 3246: 2353: 2148: 2144: 2078: 1924: 1835: 1669: 1565: 1495: 1396: 988: 874: 427: 398: 359: 260: 256: 169: 12921: 8159: 757:, represents the oldest known agreement of this kind. Tablets from Girsu record 13141: 12780: 12324: 12217: 12106: 12059: 12020: 11963: 11865: 11801: 11719: 11678: 11672: 11662: 11650: 11434: 11422: 11410: 11330: 11219: 11173: 11083: 11053: 11017: 10881: 10726: 10705: 10699: 10690: 10642: 10612: 10594: 10569: 10557: 10469: 10326: 10197: 10048: 9910: 9904: 9807: 9799: 9735: 9708: 9672: 9505: 9272: 9269: 9170: 8578: 8343: 8249: 8226: 8118: 7904: 7292: 6659: 6634: 5914: 5844: 5533:, while still in its initial stages, can be searched on-line, from August 2004. 5255: 4940: 4909: 4567: 3204: 3144: 2330: 2254: 1790: 1491: 1386:

The ED period is the first for which it is possible to say something about the

908: 822: 458: 248: 5359:

The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: From the Old Stone Age to the Persian Conquest

2246:. However, in Lagesh, "lugal" sometimes referred to the city's patron deity, " 2005:

were much less lavish. High-prowed Sumerian ships may have traveled as far as

1686:

The territories of these kingdoms were much larger than in Lower Mesopotamia.

1367: 13120: 13075: 12998: 12983: 12855: 12787: 12667: 12312: 12309: 12062: 12056: 12016: 11972: 11880: 11841: 11675: 11614: 11515: 11512: 11440: 11425: 11386: 11383: 11326: 11265: 11147: 10853: 10846: 10823: 10717: 10711: 10675: 10597: 10553: 10510: 10302: 10200: 10194: 10152: 10051: 9854: 9816: 9589: 9475: 9389: 9199: 9150: 8905: 8889: 8582: 8508: 8469: 8443: 8437: 8398: 8339: 8310: 8035: 7812: 7808: 7641: 7092: 6940: 6847: 6732: 6684: 6674: 6639: 6591: 6568: 6543: 6307: 6136: 6131: 6008: 5809: 5658: 5560: 5547: 5469: 5120: 4264: 3841: 3758:

Cities, Seals, and Writing. Archaic Seals Impressions from Jemdet Nasr and Ur

3584: 3112: 3090: 2660: 2564: 2532: 2402: 2250:". In later periods, the title "ensi" presupposed subordinance to a "lugal". 2220: 1719: 1407:). It is debated whether Sumerian was already in use during the Uruk period. 1349: 1270: 1237: 870: 866: 846: 691: 555: 367: 9937: 4319: 4225: 2812:. The latter showed mythological creatures such as a lion-headed eagle. The 13028: 12825: 12703: 12637: 12555: 12546: 12477: 12403: 12306: 12050: 11951: 11874: 11728: 11684: 11564: 11489: 11449: 11380: 11377: 11371: 11310: 11262: 11250: 11164: 11141: 11134: 11050: 11044: 11014: 10826: 10798: 10780: 10771: 10720: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10406: 10376: 10182: 10094: 9991: 9928: 9876: 9705: 9430: 9365: 9355: 9266: 9217: 9102: 9082: 9078: 8863: 8727: 8587: 8567: 8520: 8479: 8266: 8221: 8070: 8055: 7945: 7097: 6910: 6842: 6558: 6324: 6121: 5829: 5824: 5814: 5648: 4183: 3065: 3039: 2984: 2834: 2672: 2620: 2604: 2580: 2498: 2464: 2134: 2070: 2002: 1951: 1851: 1827: 1807: 1803: 1779: 1661: 1618: 1577: 1543: 1455: 1387: 1307: 1068: 1044: 1023: 806: 790: 786: 762: 595: 387: 288: 137: 7732: 7542: 4038:

Archi, A.; Biga, M.G. (2003), "A Victory over Mari and the Fall of Ebla",

3992:

Literatur, Politik und Recht in Mesopotamien, Festschrift fur Claus Wilcke

3410:, Case Studies in Early Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 3376: 2069:

Each city was centered around a temple that was dedicated to a particular

2031: 1605:, or "cup-and-saucer-hills". Among the important sites of this period are 12840: 12831: 12686: 12640: 12625: 12616: 12610: 12552: 12454: 12412: 12382: 12379: 12321: 12178: 12130: 12041: 11960: 11957: 11940: 11850: 11665: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11577: 11567: 11555: 11404: 11345: 11298: 11274: 11268: 11259: 11253: 11198: 11161: 11144: 11128: 11062: 11047: 11035: 11023: 10994: 10961: 10958: 10820: 10795: 10792: 10786: 10693: 10654: 10651: 10639: 10624: 10621: 10609: 10516: 10504: 10495: 10444: 10438: 10388: 10385: 10373: 10370: 10306: 10283: 10266: 10252: 10243: 10013: 9942: 9932: 9784: 9769: 9763: 9747: 9744: 9647: 9626: 9536: 9499: 9422: 9263: 9053: 8978: 8973: 8966: 8936: 8922: 8885: 8735: 8644: 8559: 8529: 8515: 8284: 8270: 8215: 8150: 8080: 8050: 7774: 7662: 7612: 7574: 7516: 7506: 7297: 7229: 7102: 6990: 6804: 6742: 6704: 6553: 6389: 6314: 6111: 5673: 4213: 4171: 3238: 3232: 2944: 2588: 2118: 2041: 1955: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1695: 1657: 1640: 1629: 1614: 1590: 1586: 1524: 1415: 1286: 1208: 1204: 1132: 947: 869:

of Uruk seized Kish and imprisoned its king Embi-Ishtar around 2350 B.C.

810: 695: 631: 579: 292: 252: 232: 213: 149: 145: 50: 10006: 5461: 4645: 3384: 12849: 12846: 12828: 12805: 12790: 12784: 12664: 12661: 12619: 12607: 12601: 12586: 12457: 12448: 12445: 12439: 12421: 12391: 12199: 12124: 12065: 11931: 11871: 11734: 11628: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11581: 11573: 11561: 11549: 11295: 11271: 11256: 11192: 11154: 11131: 11125: 11029: 10768: 10600: 10498: 10457: 10447: 10441: 10403: 10400: 10397: 10391: 10379: 10367: 10364: 10334: 10280: 10277: 10090: 10069: 10045: 10021: 9850: 9741: 9738: 9729: 9720: 9639: 9530: 9416: 9371: 9359: 9203: 9041: 9037: 8986: 8807: 8715: 8641: 8637: 8381: 8254: 8204: 8198: 7048: 7043: 5819: 5183: 4059: 3701: 3667: 3633: 3073: 2899: 2850: 2765: 2735: 2702: 2644: 2584: 2455: 2451: 2427: 2094: 1815: 1799: 1723: 1624: 1610: 1507: 1462: 825:

showing combatants engaged in military activities. Dated to c. 2600 BC.

817: 626:

the construction and restoration of temples and offerings to the gods.

567: 383: 379: 121: 103: 60: 39: 11000: 6773: 2808:

of Lagash and his family found at Girsu and that of Dudu, a priest of

2372:(items and positions in tomb PG 789), circa 2600 BCE (reconstitution). 12858: 12801: 12658: 12628: 12622: 12613: 12598: 12592: 12574: 12549: 12427: 12409: 12196: 12193: 12053: 11980: 11966: 11937: 11925: 11847: 11818: 11558: 11552: 11317: 11247: 11204: 11201: 11150: 10933: 10850: 10836: 10833: 10789: 10783: 10765: 10687: 10678: 10648: 10645: 10636: 10618: 10615: 10453: 10450: 10314: 10310: 10286: 10234: 10221: 10191: 10086: 10082: 9960: 9820: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9517: 9434: 9411: 9375: 9260: 9183: 9106: 9098: 9065: 8962: 8946: 8918: 8881: 8750: 8708: 8525: 8404: 8290: 7824: 7794: 7353: 7038: 6925: 6862: 6629: 6601: 6548: 6086: 5778: 5738: 5502: 3185: 3161: 3069: 3043: 2903: 2805: 2636: 2572: 2568: 2475: 2443: 2216: 2190: 2175: 2171: 2155: 2106: 2037: 1939: 1898: 1870:

deposits. These deposits were located in the mountains, notably near

1831: 1775: 1731: 1678: 1606: 1488: 1485: 1470: 1278: 1262: 1180: 802: 769:

of Lagash, exchanged gifts with her peers from Adab and even Dilmun.

766: 754: 722: 655: 591: 575: 296: 133: 94: 5326:

Bottéro, Jean, André Finet, Bertrand Lafont, and George Roux. 2001.

5175: 4051: 3693: 3659: 3625: 1735:

legends relating to the kings of Uruk referred to conflicts against

12808: 12634: 12595: 12589: 12466: 12047: 12044: 11989: 11986: 11928: 11859: 11809: 11772: 11625: 11167: 11026: 11008: 10991: 10929: 10856: 10830: 10777: 10759: 10669: 10544: 10435: 10426: 10414: 10382: 10346: 10322: 10272: 10240: 10216: 10188: 10158: 10146: 10139: 10125: 10119: 10054: 9964: 9946: 9858: 9836: 9832: 9717: 9643: 9472: 9426: 9403: 9398: 9329: 9324: 9293: 9110: 9034: 9030: 9023: 8901: 8822: 8667: 8499: 8489: 8484: 8475: 8411: 8394: 8165: 8112: 7818: 7803: 7799: 7783: 7749: 7737: 7725: 7700: 7490: 7145: 7068: 7063: 6970: 6955: 6950: 6905: 6146: 5976: 5959: 5733: 5728: 5527:

has complete translations of more than 400 Sumerian literary texts.

3547: 3241:(or Harps of Ur) are considered to be the world's oldest surviving 3047: 2928: 2881: 2865: 2817: 2809: 2750: 2717:. The statues usually represent notables or rulers. They served as 2714: 2710: 2682: 2624: 2576: 2557: 2381: 2308: 2247: 2212: 2082: 1839: 1274: 1266: 862: 838: 738: 659: 571: 454: 375: 319: 315: 107: 99: 13037:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 12026: 2663:, fluted bowls, goblets, imitation cockle shells, and sculptures. 1481: 393: 12861: 12689: 12670: 12655: 12649: 12643: 11977: 11922: 11815: 11812: 11760: 11611: 11353: 11292: 11213: 11207: 10948: 10942: 10714: 10684: 10539: 10429: 10394: 10185: 10128: 10029: 9998: 9702: 9251: 9194: 9123: 9018: 9010: 8875: 8810: 8617: 8614: 8599: 8595: 8407: 8401: 8385: 8263: 7877: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7720: 7688: 7667: 7247: 6975: 6965: 6930: 6920: 6606: 6563: 5743: 5688: 4468:

Matney, T. (2012), "Northern Mesopotamia", in Potts, D.T. (ed.),

3193: 3157: 2924: 2916: 2718: 2608: 2592: 2537: 2197: 2006: 1991: 1882: 1783: 1502:. This landscape has remained unchanged since earliest antiquity. 921: 899: 858: 842: 731: 10114: 5524: 5002:. History-world.org. Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 4216:(1992), "Mari and the Kish Civilization", in Young, G.D. (ed.), 2764:

Statue of a kneeling male figure holding a vase, recovered from

2235: 690:

of Sumerian city-states. For example, clay tablets from Ur bear

546:–2900 BC) periods. ED I is contemporary with the culture of the 12652: 12646: 12604: 12515: 11983: 11934: 11509:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

11307: 11210: 11195: 11179: 10924: 10909: 10774: 10681: 10672: 10606: 10563: 10432: 10423: 10420: 10417: 10318: 10290: 10231: 10122: 10017: 9844: 9723: 9635: 9623: 9254: 9211: 9176: 9157: 9129: 9026: 8958: 8896: 8839: 8791: 8700: 8671: 8627: 8624: 8574: 8504: 8422: 8375: 8325: 8300: 8295: 8274: 8091: 8065: 8040: 6995: 6945: 6867: 6486: 6141: 5530: 3197: 3189: 3169: 3165: 2912: 2666: 2616: 2447: 2393:

at this time has been estimated to have been about 27,000,000.

2349: 2262: 2239: 2159: 2151: 2130: 2122: 2102: 2086: 1975: 1959: 1881:, which in later periods corresponds to what is today known as 1878: 1867: 1767: 1736: 1536: 1520: 1466: 1324: 1245: 1084: 929: 903: 742: 663: 284: 276: 251:. The ED itself was characterized by the existence of multiple 244: 129: 10109: 9661: 9333: 8931: 8926: 8754: 8739: 5420:

Ancient Mesopotamia: The Sumerians, Babylonians, And Assyrians

4492:

Genz, H. (2012), "The Northern Levant", in Potts, D.T. (ed.),

4257:

Akkad, the first World Empire: structure, ideology, traditions

4174:(1981), "Ebla and the Kish Civilization", in Cagni, L. (ed.), 3577:

Akkad, the first World Empire: Structure, Ideology, Traditions

3331:

Pruß, Alexander (2004). Lebeau, Marc; Sauvage, Martin (eds.).

2979:

Vessel stand in the shape of an ibex. Copper-based alloy with

2502:

Sumerian cylinder seal, ca. 2500–2350 BC. Early Dynastic IIIb.

12852: 12834: 11349: 10955: 10936: 10002: 9913: 9884: 9811: 9543: 9207: 9094: 9013: 8941: 8818: 8814: 8696: 8634: 8630: 8591: 8378: 8320: 8315: 8305: 8278: 8060: 7683: 7348: 6985: 6980: 6960: 6699: 5683: 4355:

Ur, J. (2012), "Southern Mesopotamia", in Potts, D.T. (ed.),

4312:

Art et archéologie: les civilisations du Proche-Orient ancien

3433:

Early Mesopotamia. Society and Economy at the Dawn of History

3253:

between from 1922 and 1934. They discovered pieces of three

3181: 3177: 3153: 3149: 3061: 3004: 2980: 2948: 2908: 2885: 2722:

stylistic characteristics in common with Sumerian sculpture.

2648: 2640: 2628: 2600: 2506:

The following extracts are taken from the "Reform Document":

2338: 2312: 2182: 2098: 2090: 2074: 2010: 1998: 1971: 1967: 1943: 1863: 1703: 1699: 1665: 1431: 1392: 1212: 1040: 925: 778: 725:, dating to ED IIIa, also seem to confirm the existence of a 339: 311: 264: 125: 117: 10226: 9188: 5536: 3180:

have been found at several sites and used materials such as

865:

of Lagash was able to defeat Mari and Elam around 2450 B.C.

550:

typical of sites along the Diyala in Lower Mesopotamia, the

11806: 11570: 11497: 11341: 11097: 10208: 10063: 9985: 9826: 9754: 9583: 9469: 9300: 9275: 9163: 9144: 8913: 8871: 8826: 8766: 8704: 8651: 8620: 8549: 8449: 8391: 8388: 8335: 8179: 8171: 8141: 8101: 8085: 8075: 8045: 7679: 6935: 5894: 5871: 5614: 5608: 5518: 5345:

Pre-Sargonic Period: Early Periods, Volume 1 (2700–2350 BC)

4250: 4248: 3270: 3258: 3254: 2911:

was already present during the Uruk period. Sumerians used

2632: 2612: 2486: 2342: 2258: 2243: 2110: 1979: 1963: 1947: 1915:

The maritime trade in the Gulf extended as far east as the

1855: 1763: 1755: 1569: 1528: 1512: 1499: 1375: 1332: 1220: 1159: 1146: 1116: 895: 782: 750: 671: 559: 343: 331: 300: 280: 268: 217: 4552:

Margueron, J.-C. (2008), "Tell Hariri/Mari: Archéologie",

4384:

Mésopotamie. L'apparition de l'État, VIIe-IIIe millénaires

2833:

Bas-relief of a banquet and boating scene, 3000-2334 BCE,

1597:

surrounded by a circular lower town. German archaeologist

1391:

Mesopotamia during the ED period was largely dominated by

9803: 5252:

Queen's Lyre - From Ur, southern Iraq, about 2600-2400 BC

2141:

as having "exercised kingship" during the ED II period).

1795: 1710:

while also maintaining their own unique cultural traits.

12972:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 5525:

ETCSL: The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature

4245: 2467:, who had been an important personage in her own right. 2329:, with image of a temple (lower right). Circa 2500 BCE. 9440: 8096: 5087:"Ancient cultic area for warrior-god uncovered in Iraq" 4985:"Social Reform in Mesopotamia", Benjamin R. Foster, in 4697:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

4494:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

4470:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

4357:

A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East

4126:"Ancient cultic area for warrior-god uncovered in Iraq" 3875:

Briend, Jacques; Quesnel, Michel (1999–2002), "Sumer",

3262: 2326: 2114: 1983: 1516: 1100: 272: 181:

Man carrying a box, possibly for offerings. Metalwork,

141: 12951:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

5205:"Ancient Iraqi harp reproduced by Liverpool engineers" 4668:

L'âge des échanges inter-iraniens, 3500-1700 av. J.-C.

4080:

Charpin, D. (2008), "Tell Hariri/Mari : Textes",

2603:

have been found in Ur. Metals were imported. Sumerian

2474:

Urukagina seems to had abolished the former custom of

2200:" meaning "big" or "great" and "𒇽" meaning "man") (a 2057: 1789:

This is also the area where the still largely unknown

1559: 1430:

Ring of Gold, Carnelian, Lapis Lazuli, Tello, ancient

10472:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

4880:(27), Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 23-42.: 34–35 4695:

Thornton, C.P. (2012), "Iran", in Potts, D.T. (ed.),

1478:

represented three-quarters of the entire population.

1461:

Agriculture in Lower Mesopotamia relied on intensive

935: 9540:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

4406:

Sauvage, M. (2001), "Diyala", in Joannès, F. (ed.),

3548:'Scarlet Ware': Origins, Chronology and Developments 2915:, although the scarcity of tin meant that they used 2794:

Stone statue of Kurlil, Early Dynastic III, 2500 BC

8009: 5426:

Sumer: Cities of Eden (Timelife Lost Civilizations)

5379:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character

5371: 5113:

Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity to the Middle Ages

3466:

A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC

1774:to the north or east of Elam, possibly between the 397:A photograph from the 1930s of Dutch archaeologist 9343:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 5376: 4623: 3874: 1690:, however, was much lower than in the south where 761:between the royal court and foreign states. Thus, 4871: 4869: 3945: 3834:Early Dynastic Administrative Tablets of Šuruppak 2880:Votive relief of the priest Dudu, of the time of 2174:of the first dynasty of Uruk did not yet hold an 2056:Detail of the inscription with archaic cuneiform 1850:The further development of maritime trade in the 1621:in the Jezirah and Mari on the middle Euphrates. 13118: 5268:"Lyre with Bearded Bull's Head and Inlaid Panel" 4541:, New Haven: The Metropolitan Museum of New York 3831: 3299:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2003. p. 79. 2893: 5146: 4789:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 78–79. 4717: 4715: 4331: 3249:discovered the instruments when excavating the 1982:. Carnelian beads from the Indus were found in 457:. 2800-2600 BCE, Early Dynastic II-III, Sumer. 5368:. London and Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 5149:The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East 4866: 4809: 4408:Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne 3954:Dictionnaire de la civilisation mésopotamienne 3460: 2849:Bas-relief of a banquet scene, recovered from 1934:The artifacts found in the royal tombs of the 7995: 7558: 6789: 5590: 5245: 4699:, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 596–606, 4496:, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 613–621, 4472:, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 562–564, 4377: 4375: 4359:, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 540–544, 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 3951: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3710: 3679: 3611: 3456: 3454: 3452: 2162:, commemorating the construction of a temple. 946:The Early Dynastic period is preceded by the 717:, 26th century BC, Early Dynastic Period III. 12986:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 12960: 10464:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 9057:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 5315:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4989:, K. Irani and M. Silver eds., 1995, p. 169. 4712: 4532: 4314:, Manuels de l'école du Louvre, Paris: RMN, 3994:, Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz, pp. 195–208, 3408:Ancient Mesopotamia. The Eden that never was 1986:tombs dating to 2600–2450, in an example of 795:"carried away as spoils the weapons of Elam" 12996: 12213:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 7572: 7384:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 5296:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4254: 4208: 4206: 4166: 4164: 3989: 3793: 3423: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 2211:The sign for "lugal" became the understood 1422:, circa 2500 BC, Early Dynastic period III. 8002: 7988: 7609:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 7565: 7551: 6796: 6782: 5597: 5583: 5537:CDLI: Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative 5197: 5132:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4884: 4875: 4754:The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives 4680:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4584:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4429:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4372: 4284: 4276:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4237:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4195:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4109:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3975:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3913:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3853:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3817:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3779:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3707: 3597:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3449: 3399: 2919:instead. Metalworking techniques included 2749:Statue of a female figure, recovered from 1966:, and gold from several locations such as 1473:in combination with gardens and orchards. 38: 12913:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 9509:"King of the four quarters of the world" 5905:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 5531:PSD: The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 4782: 4603:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4551: 4443: 4037: 2380:Female statuette, with cup and bracelet, 2311:. Early Dynastic Period, circa 2700 BCE, 2257:" (Sumerian: 𒂗; Sumerian cuneiform for " 2125:. Other relevant cities from outside the 2016: 1506:The dominant political structure was the 845:. Dated to c. 2450 B.C. Currently in the 310:in Central and Lower Mesopotamia—notably 13084:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 5729:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 5340:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5140: 4750: 4694: 4572:Aux origines de la Syrie, Ebla retrouvée 4566: 4509: 4203: 4161: 3927: 3755: 3735:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3645: 3429: 3349: 3313: 3203:The best preserved inlaid object is the 3143: 3135: 3096: 3085: 2734:Statue of a male figure, recovered from 2552: 2536: 2497: 2417: 2375: 2363: 2320: 2143: 2073:. A city was governed by both/either a " 1892: 1741: 1639: 1623: 1480: 1425: 1409: 1366: 1048: 828: 816: 793:, defeated the Elamites and is recorded 708: 650: 445: 392: 372:University of Chicago Oriental Institute 176: 12929: 6803: 4929:Kulturgeschichte des alten Vorderasiens 4803: 4405: 4097:Ebla, Alle origini della civiltà urbana 4079: 3559: 3499: 3405: 3333:Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia 1877:Further to the west was an area called 1862:—had seen the development of the 1357: 658:commemorating the peace treaty between 13119: 13058: 13056: 13054: 12794: 12024: 11822: 9602: 9593:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 9497: 8421: 5443: 5110: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4724:Photograph of the necklace in question 4554:Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible 4467: 4381: 4309: 4082:Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible 4013: 3889: 3877:Supplément au Dictionnaire de la Bible 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3730: 3574: 3184:(mother of pearl), white and coloured 1554: 785:. The Sumerians, under the command of 353: 13074: 12919: 12886: 12881: 12872: 12824: 12763: 12758: 12749: 12744: 12735: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12701: 12567: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12519: 12510: 12500: 12495: 12484: 12475: 12369: 12104: 12011: 11909: 11899: 11785: 11633: 11542: 11364: 11357: 11315: 11239: 11217: 11185: 11171: 11140: 11124: 10998: 10970: 10946: 10901: 10862: 10807: 10743: 10576: 10561: 10538: 10525: 10488: 10338: 10295: 10169: 10145: 10137: 10100: 10038: 10027: 9997: 9981: 9950: 9917: 9897: 9875: 9842: 9751: 9683: 9671: 9630: 9542: 9534: 9462: 9243: 8997: 8990: 8952: 8879: 8861: 8830: 8783: 8749: 8734: 8726: 8713: 8694: 8682: 8665: 8649: 8612: 8565: 8539: 8461: 8426: 8354: 8178: 8147: 8140: 8129: 8110: 7983: 7965: 7944: 7934: 7852: 7823: 7755: 7731: 7546: 6777: 6464: 6356: 6178: 6053: 5626: 5578: 5161: 5084: 4733: 4731: 4665: 4598: 4123: 3892:A History of Ancient Near Eastern Law 3362: 3128:strongly influenced by Sumerian art. 914: 16:Archaeological culture of Mesopotamia 13027: 6758: 6700:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 5328:Everyday Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 5291: 5064:From Eve to Dawn: A History of Women 4536: 4491: 4212: 4170: 4094: 3932:, Istanbul: NINO, pp. 189–199, 3522: 3330: 2407: 1362: 888: 13127:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) 13051: 6748: 5285: 5260: 4987:Social Justice in the Ancient World 4771: 4744: 4344:, Chicago: Chicago University Press 3861: 3832:Pomponio, F.; Visicato, G. (1994), 2282:Early religious relief (c.2700 BCE) 1754:In the middle third millennium BC, 1560:Upper Mesopotamia and Central Syria 13: 13007:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 12926:Chronology of the Neolithic period 12578: 12208: 12025: 12007:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 11792: 11683: 10999: 10971: 10914: 10744: 10351: 10005: 8366: 5352:Mesopotamia: Invention of the City 5304: 5292:Aruz, J. & Wallenfels (2003). 4813:A History of the Ancient Near East 4728: 4354: 3245:. In 1929, archaeologists led by 2493: 1713: 1593:, shared a similar layout: a main 936:Early Dynastic kingdoms and rulers 14: 13153: 12583:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 10919:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 8730:("made the land of Elam submit") 5496: 5366:Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia 4220:, Winona Lake, pp. 121–202, 3798:, Winona Lake, pp. 249–257, 3081: 2021: 1858:—known in ancient texts as 987:) is followed by the rise of the 435:or 2800–2230 BC according to the 13004:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 12930: 12920: 10225: 10113: 10108: 9936: 9665: 9660: 9491: 9337: 9332: 9187: 9086: 9017: 8930: 8925: 8795: 8758: 8753: 8743: 8738: 8533: 8183: 8170: 8158: 8123: 7522:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 7013: 6757: 6747: 6737: 6728: 6727: 6033:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 5607: 4958:"Louvre Museum Official Website" 3054: 3038:Animal-shaped pendants of gold, 3031: 3016: 2996: 2972: 2960: 2873: 2857: 2842: 2826: 2787: 2772: 2757: 2742: 2727: 2297: 2288: 2049: 2030: 1124: 1108: 1092: 1076: 1060: 1053: 417: 13068: 13021: 12990: 12976: 12954: 12945: 12001:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 6512:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 5935:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 5925:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 5664:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 5444:Wencel, Maciej Mateusz (2017). 5364:Nemet-Nejat, Karen Rhea. 1998. 5354:. London and New York: Penguin. 5226: 5155: 5104: 5078: 5069: 5056: 5041: 5028: 4992: 4979: 4968: 4950: 4934: 4931:. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 1989. 4921: 4903: 4894: 4857: 4848: 4839: 4830: 4688: 4659: 4617: 4592: 4560: 4545: 4485: 4461: 4437: 4399: 4348: 4325: 4143: 4117: 4088: 4073: 4031: 4016:The Lagash-Umma Border Conflict 4007: 3983: 3921: 3883: 3825: 3787: 3749: 3673: 3639: 3605: 3568: 3553: 3365:American Journal of Archaeology 2782:, recovered from Mari (ED IIIb) 2595:, and seals inscribed with the 1888: 1845: 1446:. However, the use of the term 713:Gold objects from tomb PG 580, 374:at the archaeological sites of 243:and the formation of the first 12936:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 12074:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 11621:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 11545:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 10107:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 7079:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 7074:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 5795:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 5347:, University of Toronto Press. 5115:, Washington, pp. 11–32, 4945:The Greatness That Was Babylon 4915:The Greatness That Was Babylon 4878:Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter 4757:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–190. 4638:10.1080/05786967.2008.11864738 3540: 3481: 3287: 2947:and the complete inventory of 1395:and primarily occupied by the 1374:, 2900-2700 BC. Probably from 1077: 976:). The Early Dynastic period ( 942:List of Mesopotamian dynasties 554:in Upper Mesopotamia, and the 1: 12906:Muslim conquest of the Levant 12152:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 12095:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 12080:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 11918:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 11788:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 11589:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 11288:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 7461:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 6858:Tigris–Euphrates river system 6054: 4810:Van De Mieroop, Marc (2004). 4386:, Paris: Paris-Méditerranée, 3280: 3156:, inscribed with the name of 3102: 2894:Metalworking and goldsmithing 2359: 2219:sign for "lugal" serves as a 2127:Tigris–Euphrates river system 1337: 1312: 1291: 1250: 1225: 1192: 1164: 1028: 992: 977: 966: 951: 540: 533: 221: 220:) that is generally dated to 182: 73: 24: 11455:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 8189:(Uruk influence or control) 6291:in ISIL-controlled territory 6179: 5361:. London: Thames and Hudson. 4854:Bailkey, 1967, pp. 1211–1236 4444:Weiss, H.; Rova, E. (2003), 4382:Forest, Jean-Daniel (1996), 4040:Journal of Cuneiform Studies 3894:, Boston, pp. 241–251, 2696: 1348: 1336: 1323: 1311: 1298: 1290: 1261: 1249: 1236: 1224: 1203: 1191: 1175: 1163: 1125: 1109: 1061: 1039: 1027: 805:of Uruk and his adversaries 646: 525: 522: 514: 511: 503: 500: 492: 489: 7: 12149:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 11188:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10987:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10534:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10528:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9788:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 8775:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 8176:(Anonymous "King-priests") 8131:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 7527:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 7409:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 7404:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 6465: 6357: 6202:Council of Representatives 5940:Weapons of mass destruction 5627: 5385:University of Chicago Press 4836:Jacobsen, 1943, pp. 159–172 4410:, Paris, pp. 242–244, 4259:, Padua, pp. 107–129, 3956:, Paris, pp. 801–803, 1988:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 1907:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 898:on the Upper Euphrates and 539:–3100 BC) and Jemdet Nasr ( 422:The ED was preceded by the 259:, the first monarch of the 10: 13158: 12941: 12776:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 12203: 12086:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 11970: 11944: 11896:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 11242:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 11007:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 10904:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10866:Second Intermediate Period 9676:(vassal of the Akkadians) 9064: 8209:Early or legendary kings: 7532:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 5930:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 5491:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5000:"The Reforms of Urukagina" 4124:Jarus, Owen (March 2020). 3579:. Padua. pp. 91–106. 3226: 3003:Reconstructed headgear of 2691: 2530: 2411: 2400: 2368:Funeral procession at the 2272: 2268: 1904: 1399:, who spoke a non-Semitic 1093: 939: 614: 610: 426:and then succeeded by the 364:Early Dynastic (ED) period 190:Metropolitan Museum of Art 12910: 12903: 12896: 12867: 12817: 12814: 12773: 12732: 12698: 12679: 12521:Parthamaspates of Parthia 12507: 12472: 12331: 12299: 12092: 12071: 11998: 11995: 11901:Assyrian conquest of Elam 11894: 11782: 11748: 11682: 11643: 11507: 11496: 11453: 11281:Third Intermediate Period 11096: 10967: 10811:Second Babylonian dynasty 10756:("Old Babylonian Period") 10522: 10474: 10238: 10206: 10178:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 10150: 10134: 10081: 10078: 10061: 9983: 9968: 9927: 9894: 9840: 9824: 9798: 9790: 9761: 9686:First Intermediate Period 9680: 9656: 9612: 9597: 9581: 9556: 9547: 9521: 9516: 9328: 9307: 9288: 9279: 9240: 9215: 9198: 9174: 9161: 9156: 9142: 9127: 9118: 9070: 9046: 8971: 8911: 8894: 8859: 8838: 8832:Early Dynastic Period III 8780: 8764: 8692: 8690: 8679: 8606: 8557: 8547: 8458: 8435: 8351: 8282: 8213: 8196: 8193: 8134: 8107: 8034: 8018: 7962: 7941: 7929: 7926: 7919: 7916: 7898: 7888: 7871: 7864: 7862: 7828: 7816: 7807: 7798: 7793: 7765: 7748: 7719: 7704: 7699: 7678: 7673: 7661: 7651: 7639: 7629: 7611: 7608: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7581: 7499: 7453: 7427: 7331: 7228: 7121: 7029: 7022: 7011: 6893: 6820: 6811: 6723: 6622: 6477: 6473: 6460: 6365: 6352: 6187: 6174: 6062: 6049: 5870: 5787: 5639: 5635: 5622: 5020:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4816:. Blackwell. p. 41. 4783:Diakonoff, I. M. (2013). 4670:, Paris, pp. 121–139 4178:, Naples, pp. 9–72, 4099:, Milan, pp. 140–147 3523:Huot, Jean-Louis (2004), 3335:. Subartu. Vol. 13. 3131: 2987:inlays, created with the 2967:Statue of a bull (ED III) 2647:was found in the tomb of 2549:contains traded materials 1921:Indus Valley civilisation 1911:Indus Valley civilisation 1568:region. It extended from 1498:, in modern-day Southern 326:and many other important 165: 155: 113: 93: 66: 56: 46: 37: 12899:Muslim conquest of Egypt 12363:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 12194:Cleopatra VII Philopator 11691:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 10753:First Babylonian dynasty 10491:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 9995:(vassal of the Gutians) 9692:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 8684:Early Dynastic Period II 7590:Northwestern Mesopotamia 6281:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 6192:Administrative divisions 5350:Leick, Gwendolyn. 2002. 5311:Ascalone, Enrico. 2007. 3756:Matthews, Roger (1993), 3731:Frayne, Douglas (2008). 3222: 3209:royal tombs of this city 2526: 1434:, mid-3rd millennium BC. 902:(location unknown) were 231:and was preceded by the 12984:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 12727:Province of Mesopotamia 12536:Province of Mesopotamia 12512:Province of Mesopotamia 12487:Roman conquest of Egypt 12328:Antigonus II Mattathias 12122:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 11695:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 10172:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 9698:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 9006:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 8541:Early Dynastic Period I 8464:Second Dynasty of Egypt 5840:Mandate for Mesopotamia 5714:First Babylonian Empire 5343:Frayne, Douglas. 2008. 5338:Sumer and the Sumerians 5334:Crawford, Harriet E. W. 5209:University of Liverpool 5091:Most Interesting Things 5085:Gavin (11 April 2020). 4751:McIntosh, Jane (2008). 4737:British Museum notice " 4601:The Archaeology of Elam 4574:, Paris, pp. 48–99 4333:McCormick Adams, Robert 3430:Postgate, J.N. (1992), 3406:Pollock, Susan (1999), 2391:global human population 1942:likely coming from the 1814:). Settlements such as 1692:subsistence agriculture 1494:along the banks of the 821:The "War" panel of the 12584: 12366:Philip II Philoromaeus 12360:Antiochus XII Dionysus 12354:Demetrius III Eucaerus 12351:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 12342:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 12214: 12182:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 12137:Arsinoe III Philopator 12030: 11798: 11688: 11525:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 11457:Second Dynasty of Isin 11004: 10977: 10920: 10749: 10632:(Non-dynastic usurpers 10356: 10041:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 10010: 9900:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 9465:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 9246:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 9073:Second kingdom of Mari 8786:Third Dynasty of Egypt 8720:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 8372: 8363:First Dynasty of Egypt 7750:Middle Hittite Kingdom 7364:Babylonian mathematics 5999:Insurgency (2011–2013) 5920:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5724:Middle Assyrian Empire 5519:Sumerian Language Page 4310:Benoit, Agnès (2003), 3173: 3141: 3109: 3094: 3072:and silver beads from 3023:Gold objects from the 2561: 2550: 2545:" statue found at the 2503: 2423: 2396: 2385: 2373: 2334: 2204:title translated into 2163: 2017:Government and economy 1902: 1798:(central Iran and the 1751: 1653: 1646:Second Mariote Kingdom 1637: 1566:Middle Euphrates River 1503: 1435: 1423: 1379: 850: 826: 772: 718: 675: 621:History of Mesopotamia 462: 406: 401:, who coined the term 241:development of writing 210:archaeological culture 193: 12970:The Ancient Near East 12888:Byzantine Mesopotamia 12802:Province of Asoristan 12765:Byzantine Mesopotamia 12582: 12575:Province of Asoristan 12357:Philip I Philadelphus 12345:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 12339:Antiochus VIII Grypus 12336:Seleucus V Philometor 12291:Antiochus VII Sidetes 12285:Antiochus VI Dionysus 12212: 12185:Berenice IV Epiphanea 12146:Ptolemy VI Philometor 12134:Ptolemy IV Philopator 12131:Berenice II Euergetis 12128:Ptolemy III Euergetes 12029: 11947:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11857:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11854:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 11845:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11796: 11751:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 11687: 11408:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 11098:Middle Elamite period 11003: 10975: 10918: 10748: 10355: 10009: 9764:Third kingdom of Mari 9485:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 8560:First kingdom of Mari 8370: 8357:Early Dynastic Period 8199:Proto-Dynastic period 7873:Neo-Babylonian Empire 7706:Old Babylonian Empire 7621:Early Dynastic period 6286:in post-invasion Iraq 5992:U.S. troop withdrawal 5754:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5411:Roux, Georges. 1992. 5272:With Art Philadelphia 5147:Richard J. Dumbrill. 5036:Archaeology and Women 5034:Katherine I. Wright, 4927:Horst Klengel (ed.): 4863:Robinson, 1997, p. 20 4448:, Turnhout: Brepols, 3546:Francesco Del Bravo, 3468:, Malden: Blackwell, 3436:, London: Routledge, 3377:10.3764/aja.111.4.599 3147: 3139: 3106: 2600–2350 B.C. 3100: 3089: 2814:Stele of the Vultures 2556: 2540: 2531:Further information: 2501: 2421: 2412:Further information: 2401:Further information: 2379: 2367: 2324: 2147: 1896: 1745: 1643: 1630:First Eblaite Kingdom 1627: 1484: 1465:. Cultivars included 1429: 1413: 1370: 1177:Dumuzid the Fisherman 835:Stele of the Vultures 832: 820: 712: 654: 635:the Akkadian Empire. 615:Further information: 556:Proto-Elamite culture 449: 403:Early Dynastic period 396: 198:Early Dynastic period 180: 22:Early Dynastic Period 12333:Alexander II Zabinas 12197:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 12173:Ptolemy XI Alexander 12155:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 11710:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 11698:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 11522:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 11463:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 11087:Marduk-apla-iddina I 10981:New Kingdom of Egypt 10804:Early Kassite rulers 10098:(Vassals of Ur III) 10079:(Vassals of UR III) 9479:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 9449:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 9000:Old Kingdom of Egypt 7600:Southern Mesopotamia 7595:Northern Mesopotamia 7359:Babylonian astronomy 6838:Mesopotamian Marshes 6235:Council of Ministers 6117:Mesopotamian Marshes 5357:Lloyd, Seton. 1978. 5053:by Walter Wink, 1992 4599:Potts, D.T. (1999). 3560:Lormier, M. (2008), 3265:located in what was 3251:Royal Cemetery of Ur 3243:stringed instruments 3229:Music of Mesopotamia 3207:found in one of the 3188:, lapis lazuli, and 3025:Royal Cemetery at Ur 3009:Royal Cemetery at Ur 2941:Royal Cemetery at Ur 2547:Royal Cemetery of Ur 2370:Royal Cemetery of Ur 2077:" (king) and/or an " 2009:, thought to be the 1358:Geographical context 1142:class=notpageimage| 833:One fragment of the 715:Royal Cemetery at Ur 590:and the archives of 588:Royal Cemetery at Ur 548:Scarlet Ware pottery 451:Scarlet Ware Pottery 358:Dutch archaeologist 308:Archaeological sites 239:periods. It saw the 186: 2900–2600 BCE 13137:Archaeology of Iraq 13132:Ancient Mesopotamia 12838:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 12348:Antiochus X Eusebes 12176:Ptolemy XII Auletes 12167:Ptolemy X Alexander 12161:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 12140:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 11825:Neo-Assyrian Empire 11713:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 11646:Neo-Assyrian Empire 11469:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 11360:Syro-Hittite states 11066:Shagarakti-Shuriash 10739:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 9733:Neferkare Pepiseneb 9632:Akkadian Governors: 8136:Pre-Dynastic period 7854:Neo-Assyrian Empire 7768:Bronze Age Collapse 7701:Old Hittite Kingdom 7675:Old Assyrian period 7653:Third Dynasty of Ur 7440:Destruction by ISIL 7394:Sumerian literature 7369:Akkadian literature 6805:Ancient Mesopotamia 6497:Mesopotamian Arabic 6303:Freedom of religion 5749:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5719:Old Assyrian Period 5704:Neo-Sumerian Empire 5557: / 5503:Iraq’s Ancient Past 5485:Woolley, C. Leonard 5462:10.1017/RDC.2016.60 5432:, 1993 (hardcover, 5402:Kramer, Samuel Noah 5373:Kramer, Samuel Noah 4739:Grave goods from Ur 4537:Aruz, Joan (2003), 4151:"Stele of Ushumgal" 4014:Cooper, J. (1983), 3527:, Paris: Errances, 3267:Ancient Mesopotamia 2945:musical instruments 2597:Indus Valley script 2013:region, for trade. 1936:First Dynasty of Ur 1917:Indian subcontinent 1770:was located in the 1748:third millennium BC 1572:in the east to the 1555:Neighboring regions 1420:First Dynasty of Ur 354:History of research 342:, and southwestern 34: 13064:Sumerian King List 12878:Palaestina Secunda 12755:Palaestina Secunda 12585: 12316:Alexander Jannaeus 12215: 12205:Hellenistic Period 12031: 11799: 11777:Humban-haltash III 11741:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 11689: 11654:Tukulti-Ninurta II 11635:Kingdom of Samaria 11531:Mar-biti-apla-usur 11528:Shirikti-shuqamuna 11498:Neo-Elamite period 11481:Marduk-shapik-zeri 11466:Itti-Marduk-balatu 11447:Tiglath-Pileser II 11444:Ashur-resh-ishi II 11399:Enlil-kudurri-usur 11090:Zababa-shuma-iddin 11075:Kadashman-Harbe II 11060:Kadashman-Enlil II 11005: 10978: 10921: 10750: 10736:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 10733:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 10724:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 10483:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 10357: 10011: 9386:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 8767:Old Elamite period 8659:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 8512:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 8429:Jemdet Nasr period 8373: 7710:Southern Akkadians 7617:Jemdet Nasr period 7476:Mesopotamian myths 6428:Telecommunications 6403:Foreign Investment 6340:Wars and conflicts 6276:in pre-Saddam Iraq 6240:Presidency Council 6026:2019–2021 protests 5955:Invasion of Kuwait 5779:Sassanid Asorestan 5774:Parthian Babylonia 5769:Seleucid Babylonia 5764:Achaemenid Assyria 5679:Jemdet Nasr period 5428:. Alexandria, VA: 5418:Schomp, Virginia. 5238:2011-06-11 at the 4962:cartelen.louvre.fr 4666:Amiet, P. (1986), 4218:Mari in Retrospect 4018:, Malibu: Undena, 3462:van de Mieroop, M. 3275:Art of Mesopotamia 3174: 3168:(currently in the 3142: 3122:symbol of divinity 3110: 3108:Early Dynastic III 3095: 2562: 2551: 2504: 2424: 2386: 2374: 2335: 2164: 1903: 1752: 1688:Population density 1654: 1644:Map detailing the 1638: 1628:Map detailing the 1504: 1436: 1424: 1388:ethnic composition 1380: 1271:En-anna-tum I 963:Jemdet Nasr period 915:Recent discoveries 851: 827: 747:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 719: 676: 668:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 640:Sumerian King List 604:Naram-Sin of Akkad 552:Ninevite V culture 463: 407: 194: 160:Jemdet Nasr Period 47:Geographical range 21: 13114: 13113: 13108: 13107: 13104: 13103: 13091:978-1-62564-606-4 13076:Unger, Merrill F. 13044:978-0-14-193825-7 13014:978-1-60606-649-2 12781:Province of Egypt 12712:Province of Egypt 12492:Province of Egypt 12234:Antigonid dynasty 12034:Achaemenid Empire 11955:Nebuchadnezzar II 11863:Ashur-nadin-shumi 11732:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 11704:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 11519:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 11487:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 11478:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 11420:Asharid-apal-Ekur 11417:Tiglath-Pileser I 11414:Ashur-resh-ishi I 11402:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 11390:Tukulti-Ninurta I 11337:Kingdom of Israel 11305:Osorkon the Elder 11226:Shutrukid dynasty 11111:Igehalkid dynasty 11078:Adad-shuma-iddina 11072:Enlil-nadin-shumi 11039:Kadashman-Enlil I 11033:Kadashman-harbe I 10477:Sukkalmah dynasty 10341:Isin-Larsa period 10163:Shimashki Dynasty 9889:Puzur-Inshushinak 9488:Netjerkare Siptah 9258:Neferirkare Kakai 8803:Egyptian pyramids 8012:Ancient Near East 7977: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7900:Macedonian Empire 7890:Achaemenid Empire 7763:c. 1200–1150 BCE 7746:c. 1400–1200 BCE 7717:c. 1600–1400 BCE 7697:c. 1800–1600 BCE 7659:c. 2000–1800 BCE 7649:c. 2100–2000 BCE 7637:c. 2200–2100 BCE 7627:c. 2350–2200 BCE 7606:c. 3500–2350 BCE 7540: 7539: 7491:Ziggurat (Temple) 7466:Sumerian religion 7224: 7223: 7171:Middle Babylonian 7113:Kish civilization 7009: 7008: 6833:Lower Mesopotamia 6828:Upper Mesopotamia 6771: 6770: 6719: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6705:Mandaean New Year 6456: 6455: 6348: 6347: 6330:Political parties 6225:Foreign relations 6170: 6169: 6077:Lower Mesopotamia 6072:Upper Mesopotamia 6045: 6044: 6041: 6040: 5805:Abbasid Caliphate 5800:Umayyad Caliphate 5709:Isin-Larsa period 5233:Golden Lyre of Ur 4947:(revised edition) 4918:(revised edition) 4706:978-1-4051-8988-0 4503:978-1-4051-8988-0 4479:978-1-4051-8988-0 4455:978-2-503-99119-1 4366:978-1-4051-8988-0 4176:La Lingua di Ebla 4155:www.metmuseum.org 4001:978-3-447-04659-6 3939:978-90-6258-329-4 3805:978-1-57506-061-3 3767:978-3-7861-1686-8 3534:978-2-87772-268-1 3306:978-1-58839-043-1 2884:, recovered from 2780:Statue of Ebih-Il 2560:vase from Khafaje 2414:Code of Urukagina 2408:Code of Urukagina 2325:Wall plaque from 2275:Sumerian religion 2202:Sumerian language 2167:Thorkild Jacobsen 1708:Kish civilization 1599:Max von Oppenheim 1452:Kish civilization 1372:Stele of Ushumgal 1363:Lower Mesopotamia 1355: 1354: 1188:1st Dynasty of Ur 889:Neighboring areas 884: 530: 529: 482: 475: 471:Middle Chronology 433:middle chronology 348:ancient Near East 336:Upper Mesopotamia 175: 174: 118:Tell Abu Shahrain 89: 13149: 13096: 13095: 13072: 13066: 13060: 13049: 13048: 13025: 13019: 13018: 12997:Thomas, Ariane; 12994: 12988: 12987: 12980: 12974: 12973: 12958: 12952: 12949: 12934: 12924: 12874:Palaestina Prima 12820:Byzantine Empire 12751:Palaestina Prima 12738:Byzantine Empire 12717:Syria Palaestina 12682:Palmyrene Empire 12668:Bahram VI Chobin 12531:Syria Palaestina 12319:Salome Alexandra 12302:Kingdom of Judea 12288:Diodotus Tryphon 12143:Cleopatra I Syra 12119:Ptolemy Keraunos 11887:Ashur-uballit II 11884:Sin-shumu-lishir 11878:Ashur-etil-ilani 11833:Sargonid dynasty 11726:Marduk-apla-usur 11707:Nabu-apla-iddina 11701:Shamash-mudammiq 11657:Ashurnasirpal II 11640:Kingdom of Judah 11484:Adad-apla-iddina 11475:Enlil-nadin-apli 11472:Nebuchadnezzar I 11396:Ashur-nirari III 11393:Ashur-nadin-apli 11231:Shutruk-Nakhunte 11116:Untash-Napirisha 11105:Kidinuid dynasty 10703:Shamshi-Adad III 10411:Dynasty of Larsa 10229: 10117: 10112: 9940: 9793:Shar-Kali-Sharri 9727:Neferkare Tereru 9715:Neferkare Khendu 9669: 9664: 9495: 9454:Kiku-siwe-tempti 9341: 9336: 9191: 9120:Kish III dynasty 9090: 9021: 8934: 8929: 8834:(2600–2340 BCE) 8799: 8762: 8757: 8747: 8742: 8686:(2700–2600 BCE) 8543:(2900–2700 BCE) 8537: 8454:(3100–2700 BCE) 8433:(3100–2900 BCE) 8187: 8174: 8162: 8138:(4000–2900 BCE) 8127: 8026: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8004: 7997: 7990: 7981: 7980: 7950:Byzantine Empire 7825:Middle Babylonia 7791:c. 1150–911 BCE 7584: 7583: 7567: 7560: 7553: 7544: 7543: 7389:Sumerian cuisine 7379:Warfare in Sumer 7374:Economy of Sumer 7027: 7026: 7017: 6901:Fertile Crescent 6885:Sinjar Mountains 6880:Hamrin Mountains 6875:Zagros Mountains 6853:Taurus Mountains 6818: 6817: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6775: 6774: 6761: 6760: 6751: 6750: 6741: 6731: 6730: 6475: 6474: 6462: 6461: 6393: 6354: 6353: 6205: 6176: 6175: 6162:Sinjar Mountains 6152:Zagros Mountains 6092:Hamrin Mountains 6051: 6050: 6014:Mosul liberation 5987:Iraqi insurgency 5909:National Command 5898: 5734:Simurrum culture 5637: 5636: 5624: 5623: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5599: 5592: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5550: 5481: 5398: 5382: 5298: 5297: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5264: 5258: 5249: 5243: 5230: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5216: 5201: 5195: 5194: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5131: 5123: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5082: 5076: 5073: 5067: 5062:Marilyn French, 5060: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5011: 5009: 5007: 4996: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4954: 4948: 4938: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4864: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4780: 4769: 4768: 4748: 4742: 4735: 4726: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4679: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4656: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4575: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4507: 4506: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4428: 4420: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4379: 4370: 4369: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4307: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4267: 4252: 4243: 4242: 4236: 4228: 4210: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4186: 4168: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4084:, 77–78: 223–224 4077: 4071: 4070: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3912: 3904: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3872: 3859: 3858: 3852: 3844: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3816: 3808: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3728: 3705: 3704: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3588: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3520: 3497: 3496: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3458: 3447: 3446: 3427: 3421: 3420: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3360: 3347: 3346: 3328: 3311: 3310: 3291: 3107: 3104: 3058: 3035: 3020: 3000: 2976: 2964: 2953:Vase of Entemena 2921:lost-wax casting 2888:. Circa 2400 BCE 2877: 2861: 2846: 2830: 2791: 2776: 2761: 2746: 2731: 2707:Tell Asmar Hoard 2705:. The so-called 2677:Ram in a Thicket 2575:. Goods such as 2543:Ram in a Thicket 2432:recorded history 2301: 2292: 2059: 2053: 2044:, circa 2500 BCE 2034: 1772:Zagros Mountains 1475:Animal husbandry 1442:, identified as 1440:Semitic language 1401:language isolate 1346: 1342: 1339: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1300:Lugal-Anne-Mundu 1296: 1293: 1259: 1255: 1252: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1128: 1127: 1112: 1111: 1096: 1095: 1080: 1079: 1064: 1063: 1057: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1005: 1004: 1001: 997: 994: 986: 982: 979: 975: 971: 968: 960: 956: 953: 878: 759:reciprocal gifts 753:, recorded on a 617:History of Sumer 558:in southwestern 545: 542: 538: 535: 480: 478:Short Chronology 473: 465: 464: 437:short chronology 230: 226: 223: 187: 184: 142:Tell al-Muqayyar 126:Tell as-Senkereh 83: 82: 78: 75: 72: 42: 35: 33: 29: 26: 20: 13157: 13156: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13148: 13147: 13146: 13117: 13116: 13115: 13110: 13109: 13100: 13099: 13092: 13073: 13069: 13061: 13052: 13045: 13026: 13022: 13015: 12995: 12991: 12982: 12981: 12977: 12959: 12955: 12950: 12946: 12883:Byzantine Syria 12869:Byzantine Egypt 12844:Farrukh Hormizd 12804: 12800: 12797:Sasanian Empire 12783: 12779: 12760:Byzantine Syria 12746:Byzantine Egypt 12685: 12577: 12573: 12570:Sasanian Empire 12490: 12395:Mithridates III 12375: 12372:Parthian Empire 12305: 12244:Seleucid Empire 12241: 12231: 12207: 12116:Ptolemy I Soter 12114: 12111:Ptolemaic Egypt 12083: 12077: 12037: 12019: 12015: 12013:Kings of Byblos 12004: 11976: 11950: 11921: 11915: 11889: 11869:Mushezib-Marduk 11839:Tiglath-Pileser 11837: 11828: 11805: 11791: 11775: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11746: 11744:Nabu-mukin-zeri 11738:Nabu-nadin-zeri 11723:Marduk-bel-zeri 11716:Baba-aha-iddina 11693: 11670:Adad-nirari III 11660:Shalmaneser III 11649: 11638: 11637: 11624: 11618: 11617: 11615:Menkheperre Ini 11592: 11585: 11584: 11548: 11534:Nabû-mukin-apli 11511: 11500:(1100–540 BCE) 11493:Nabu-shum-libur 11461: 11438:Ashur-nirari IV 11432:Ashurnasirpal I 11429:Shamshi-Adad IV 11375:Ashur-uballit I 11370: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11323:Kings of Byblos 11321: 11291: 11284: 11278: 11277: 11246: 11245: 11229: 11223: 11191: 11178: 11177: 11159:Neferneferuaten 11119: 11118: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11101:(1500–1100 BCE) 11093:Enlil-nadin-ahi 11081:Adad-shuma-usur 11069:Kashtiliashu IV 11057:Kadashman-Turgu 11042:Burnaburiash II 11021:Kashtiliash III 11013: 10990: 10984: 10954: 10953:(1600–1260 BCE) 10952: 10922: 10913: 10907: 10895: 10889: 10885: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10849: 10844:Peshgaldaramesh 10839: 10829: 10819: 10815:Sealand Dynasty 10812: 10809: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10764: 10757: 10755: 10730:Ashur-nirari II 10709:Puzur-Ashur III 10697:Shamshi-Adad II 10668: 10666: 10664:Adaside dynasty 10661: 10660: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10630: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10582: 10573: 10567: 10556: 10552: 10550:Kings of Byblos 10548: 10542: 10531: 10494: 10481: 10480: 10462:Uruk VI dynasty 10460: 10409: 10360:Dynasty of Isin 10350: 10344: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10301: 10276: 10270: 10263: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10230: 10224: 10220: 10214: 10211: 10181: 10175: 10157: 10118: 10106: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10085: 10068: 10058: 10044: 10028: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10001: 9994: 9990: 9976: 9972: 9963: 9959: 9958: 9956: 9945: 9941: 9935: 9931: 9922:(2150–2000 BCE) 9903: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9869: 9865: 9861: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9835: 9831: 9819: 9815: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9757: 9712:Djedkare Shemai 9701: 9695: 9689: 9675: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9621:Sargon of Akkad 9619: 9618: 9615:Akkadian Empire 9607:(2340–2150 BCE) 9605:Akkadian Period 9592: 9588: 9576: 9572: 9551: 9539: 9529: 9525: 9508: 9504: 9490: 9468: 9447: 9445: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9397: 9388: 9374: 9370: 9358: 9354: 9342: 9313: 9310: 9304: 9292: 9283: 9250: 9249: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9221: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9186: 9182: 9181: 9169: 9168: 9152: 9149: 9137: 9133: 9122: 9113: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9085: 9081: 9077: 9076: 9068:(2500-539 BCE) 9056: 9052: 9022: 9016: 9009: 9003: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8945: 8939: 8935: 8921: 8917: 8907: 8904: 8900: 8888: 8884: 8874: 8870: 8868: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8806: 8800: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8773: 8772: 8771:(2700–1500 BCE) 8770: 8718: 8707: 8670:("conqueror of 8656: 8640: 8633: 8623: 8609: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8572: 8563: 8555: 8552: 8532: 8468: 8467: 8453: 8447: 8441: 8432: 8374: 8360: 8347: 8288: 8219: 8208: 8202: 8188: 8182: 8175: 8169: 8163: 8157: 8156: 8155:(4000–3100 BCE) 8154: 8148: 8122: 8116: 8088: 8069: 8059: 8032: 8030: 8014: 8008: 7978: 7973: 7967:Sassanid Empire 7936:Parthian Empire 7931:Seleucid Empire 7921:Seleucid Empire 7840: 7834: 7811: 7802: 7631:Akkadian Empire 7577: 7571: 7541: 7536: 7495: 7449: 7423: 7332:Culture/society 7327: 7220: 7216:Muslim conquest 7186:Fall of Babylon 7117: 7018: 7005: 6889: 6807: 6802: 6772: 6767: 6711: 6695:Public holidays 6618: 6469: 6452: 6391: 6361: 6344: 6203: 6183: 6166: 6097:Iraqi Kurdistan 6087:Euphrates river 6058: 6037: 6004:War (2014–2017) 5950:Operation Opera 5896: 5866: 5862:Arab Federation 5850:Kingdom of Iraq 5783: 5759:Fall of Babylon 5694:Akkadian Empire 5669:Samarra culture 5654:Hassuna culture 5631: 5618: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5556: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5499: 5494: 5430:Time-Life Books 5395: 5307: 5305:Further reading 5302: 5301: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5261: 5250: 5246: 5240:Wayback Machine 5231: 5227: 5214: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5176:10.2307/4200372 5160: 5156: 5145: 5141: 5125: 5124: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5057: 5046: 5042: 5033: 5029: 5013: 5012: 5005: 5003: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4941:Saggs, H. W. F. 4939: 4935: 4926: 4922: 4910:Saggs, H. W. F. 4908: 4904: 4899: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4874: 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4824: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4786:Early Antiquity 4781: 4772: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4729: 4720: 4713: 4707: 4693: 4689: 4673: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4597: 4593: 4577: 4576: 4565: 4561: 4550: 4546: 4535: 4510: 4504: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4442: 4438: 4422: 4421: 4418: 4404: 4400: 4394: 4380: 4373: 4367: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4330: 4326: 4308: 4285: 4269: 4268: 4253: 4246: 4230: 4229: 4211: 4204: 4188: 4187: 4169: 4162: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4134: 4132: 4130:livescience.com 4122: 4118: 4102: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4078: 4074: 4052:10.2307/3515951 4036: 4032: 4026: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3988: 3984: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3926: 3922: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3888: 3884: 3879:, 72–73: 77–359 3873: 3862: 3846: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3810: 3809: 3806: 3792: 3788: 3772: 3771: 3768: 3754: 3750: 3743: 3729: 3708: 3694:10.2307/4200434 3678: 3674: 3660:10.2307/4200433 3644: 3640: 3626:10.2307/4200399 3610: 3606: 3590: 3589: 3573: 3569: 3558: 3554: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3521: 3500: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3476: 3459: 3450: 3444: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3404: 3400: 3361: 3350: 3343: 3329: 3314: 3307: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3277:of the period. 3247:Leonard Woolley 3235: 3225: 3134: 3105: 3084: 3077: 3059: 3050: 3036: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3007:, found in the 3001: 2992: 2989:lost-wax method 2977: 2968: 2965: 2896: 2889: 2878: 2869: 2868:, 2650-2550 BCE 2864:Banquet scene, 2862: 2853: 2847: 2838: 2831: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2747: 2738: 2732: 2699: 2694: 2535: 2529: 2496: 2494:Reform Document 2416: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2384:, 2650-2550 BCE 2362: 2356:during the ED. 2354:boundary stones 2337:The centers of 2319: 2318: 2317: 2316: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2196:of two signs: " 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2054: 2046: 2045: 2035: 2024: 2019: 1913: 1891: 1848: 1836:Shahr-e Sukhteh 1716: 1714:Iranian Plateau 1574:Khabur Triangle 1562: 1557: 1496:Euphrates River 1418:, ruler of the 1414:Gold helmet of 1397:Sumerian people 1365: 1360: 1345: 2300 BCE 1344: 1340: 1331:3rd Dynasty of 1320: 2350 BCE 1319: 1315: 1306:3rd Dynasty of 1295: 2350 BCE 1294: 1258: 2350 BCE 1257: 1253: 1244:1st Dynasty of 1233: 2350 BCE 1232: 1228: 1219:2nd Dynasty of 1200: 2300 BCE 1199: 1195: 1172: 2500 BCE 1171: 1167: 1158:1st Dynasty of 1153: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1129: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1036: 2500 BCE 1035: 1031: 1022:1st Dynasty of 1000: 2154 BCE 999: 995: 989:Akkadian Empire 985: 2350 BCE 984: 980: 974: 2900 BCE 973: 969: 959: 3100 BCE 958: 954: 944: 938: 924:at the site of 917: 891: 875:Sargon of Akkad 775: 765:, wife of king 721:The texts from 656:Foundation nail 649: 638:The well-known 630:collections of 623: 613: 543: 536: 523:2500/2450–2350 512:2600–2500/2450 501:2750/2700–2600 490:2900–2750/2700 479: 472: 420: 399:Henri Frankfort 366:for Egypt. The 360:Henri Frankfort 356: 324:cuneiform texts 267:cities such as 261:Akkadian Empire 228: 224: 185: 170:Akkadian Period 130:Tell Abu Habbah 80: 76: 31: 27: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13155: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13098: 13097: 13090: 13067: 13050: 13043: 13020: 13013: 12999:Potts, Timothy 12989: 12975: 12953: 12943: 12942: 12939: 12938: 12928: 12917: 12916: 12909: 12902: 12895: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12823: 12816: 12812: 12811: 12793: 12772: 12768: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12748: 12742: 12741: 12734: 12730: 12729: 12724: 12719: 12714: 12708: 12707: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12678: 12674: 12673: 12566: 12562: 12561: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12524: 12523: 12518: 12509: 12505: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12482: 12481: 12474: 12473:30 BCE–116 CE 12470: 12469: 12407:Mithridates IV 12389:Mithridates II 12368: 12330: 12325:Aristobulus II 12298: 12294: 12293: 12218:Argead dynasty 12202: 12107:Argead dynasty 12103: 12099: 12098: 12090: 12089: 12069: 12068: 12060:Artaxerxes III 12023: 12021:Kings of Sidon 12010: 11997: 11993: 11992: 11969: 11964:Labashi-Marduk 11943: 11908: 11904: 11903: 11898: 11892: 11891: 11866:Nergal-ushezib 11821: 11802:Black Pharaohs 11784: 11780: 11779: 11747: 11720:Ninurta-apla-X 11681: 11679:Ashur-nirari V 11673:Shalmaneser IV 11663:Shamshi-Adad V 11651:Adad-nirari II 11642: 11632: 11541: 11537: 11536: 11506: 11502: 11501: 11495: 11452: 11435:Shalmaneser II 11423:Ashur-bel-kala 11411:Mutakkil-Nusku 11367:Middle Assyria 11363: 11356: 11331:Kings of Sidon 11314: 11238: 11237:1155–1025 BCE 11234: 11233: 11220:Elamite Empire 11216: 11183: 11182: 11174:Hittite Empire 11170: 11138: 11137: 11122: 11121: 11095: 11084:Meli-Shipak II 11054:Nazi-Maruttash 11018:Burnaburiash I 10997: 10969: 10968:1531–1155 BCE 10965: 10964: 10945: 10900: 10860: 10859: 10806: 10742: 10727:Enlil-Nasir II 10706:Ashur-nirari I 10700:Ishme-Dagan II 10691:Sharma-Adad II 10643:Ashur-apla-idi 10634:1735–1701 BCE) 10613:Ashur-apla-idi 10595:Shamshi-Adad I 10590:1808–1736 BCE) 10575: 10570:Yamhad dynasty 10560: 10558:Kings of Sidon 10537: 10524: 10523:1800–1595 BCE 10520: 10519: 10486: 10485: 10473: 10337: 10327:Puzur-Ashur II 10294: 10237: 10204: 10203: 10198:Mentuhotep III 10167: 10166: 10149: 10144: 10136: 10135:2025-1763 BCE 10132: 10131: 10103:Ur III dynasty 10099: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10060: 10049:Neferkare VIII 10037: 10033: 10032: 10025: 10024: 9996: 9982: 9980: 9967: 9953:Gutian dynasty 9949: 9925: 9924: 9916: 9911:Nebkaure Khety 9905:Meryibre Khety 9896: 9892: 9891: 9874: 9841: 9839: 9823: 9796: 9795: 9789: 9760: 9750: 9736:Neferkamin Anu 9709:Neferkare Neby 9682: 9678: 9677: 9673:Lugal-ushumgal 9670: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9629: 9610: 9609: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9594: 9580: 9567: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9546: 9541: 9533: 9520: 9515: 9511: 9510: 9506:Lugalannemundu 9496: 9461: 9457: 9456: 9451: 9437: 9420: 9401: 9392: 9383: 9378: 9362: 9349: 9345: 9344: 9327: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9306: 9297: 9296: 9287: 9278: 9273:Djedkare Isesi 9270:Menkauhor Kaiu 9242: 9238: 9237: 9214: 9197: 9173: 9171:Pabilgagaltuku 9160: 9155: 9141: 9130:Akshak dynasty 9126: 9117: 9069: 9063: 9059: 9058: 9045: 8996: 8992: 8991: 8989: 8970: 8955:Enun-dara-anna 8950: 8949: 8910: 8893: 8878: 8860: 8858: 8836: 8835: 8829: 8782: 8778: 8777: 8763: 8748: 8732: 8731: 8724: 8723: 8712: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8681: 8677: 8676: 8663: 8662: 8648: 8611: 8604: 8603: 8579:Kullassina-bel 8564: 8556: 8545: 8544: 8538: 8460: 8456: 8455: 8434: 8425: 8420: 8371:Narmer Palette 8353: 8352:3100–2900 BCE 8349: 8348: 8281: 8211: 8210: 8195: 8194:3200–3100 BCE 8191: 8190: 8177: 8145: 8144: 8139: 8133: 8128: 8109: 8108:4000–3200 BCE 8105: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8063: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8020: 8019: 8016: 8015: 8010:Rulers of the 8007: 8006: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7975: 7974: 7970: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7943: 7942:63 BCE–224 CE 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7918: 7914: 7913: 7905:Ancient Greeks 7897: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7856: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7806: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7780: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7757:Middle Assyria 7754: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7730: 7718: 7714: 7713: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7693: 7677: 7672: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7634: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7623: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7570: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7512:Assyriologists 7509: 7503: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7422: 7421: 7419:List of rulers 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7308:Proto-Armenian 7305: 7300: 7295: 7293:Middle Persian 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7234: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7181:Neo-Babylonian 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7161:Old Babylonian 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7131:Early Dynastic 7127: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7035: 7033: 7024: 7020: 7019: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7006: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6897: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6870: 6865: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6801: 6800: 6793: 6786: 6778: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6755: 6745: 6735: 6724: 6721: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6702: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6483: 6481: 6471: 6470: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6433:Transportation 6430: 6425: 6423:Stock Exchange 6420: 6418:Reconstruction 6415: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6398:Infrastructure 6395: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6283: 6278: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6257:Prime Minister 6254: 6253: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6207: 6199: 6194: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6172: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6165: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6047: 6046: 6043: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6011: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5967: 5965:1991 uprisings 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5915:Saddam Hussein 5912: 5901: 5900: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5876: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5847: 5845:Mandatory Iraq 5842: 5837: 5834:Mamluk dynasty 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5699:Gutian dynasty 5696: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5620: 5619: 5602: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5579: 5541: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5498: 5497:External links 5495: 5493: 5492: 5482: 5456:(2): 635–645. 5441: 5423: 5416: 5409: 5399: 5393: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5341: 5331: 5324: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5284: 5259: 5256:British Museum 5244: 5225: 5211:. 28 July 2005 5196: 5154: 5151:. p. 188. 5139: 5103: 5077: 5068: 5066:, 2008, p.100. 5055: 5040: 5038:, 2007, p.206. 5027: 4991: 4978: 4967: 4949: 4933: 4920: 4902: 4893: 4883: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4822: 4802: 4795: 4770: 4763: 4743: 4727: 4711: 4705: 4687: 4658: 4616: 4609: 4591: 4559: 4556:, 77–78: 35–48 4544: 4508: 4502: 4484: 4478: 4460: 4454: 4436: 4417:978-2702866573 4416: 4398: 4392: 4371: 4365: 4347: 4324: 4283: 4244: 4202: 4160: 4142: 4116: 4087: 4072: 4030: 4024: 4006: 4000: 3982: 3963:978-2702866573 3962: 3944: 3938: 3920: 3900: 3882: 3860: 3824: 3804: 3786: 3766: 3748: 3741: 3706: 3672: 3638: 3604: 3567: 3552: 3539: 3533: 3498: 3493:British Museum 3489:"Khafajeh jar" 3480: 3475:978-0631225522 3474: 3448: 3442: 3422: 3416: 3398: 3371:(4): 599–632. 3348: 3341: 3312: 3305: 3285: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3224: 3221: 3213:Tell al-'Ubaid 3205:Standard of Ur 3133: 3130: 3113:Cylinder seals 3083: 3082:Cylinder seals 3080: 3079: 3078: 3060: 3053: 3051: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3015: 3013: 3002: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2959: 2895: 2892: 2891: 2890: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2863: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2839: 2832: 2825: 2801: 2800: 2796:Tell Al-'Ubaid 2793: 2786: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2756: 2754: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2733: 2726: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2661:cylinder seals 2567:came from the 2528: 2525: 2524: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2495: 2492: 2485:No comparable 2483: 2482: 2479: 2456:large property 2409: 2406: 2398: 2395: 2361: 2358: 2331:British Museum 2306: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2270: 2267: 2055: 2048: 2047: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2022:Administration 2020: 2018: 2015: 1962:, copper from 1958:, silver from 1890: 1887: 1847: 1844: 1791:Jiroft culture 1715: 1712: 1648:at its height 1632:at its height 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1454:" named after 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1347: 1335: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1310: 1303: 1302: 1297: 1289: 1282: 1281: 1260: 1248: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1202: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1174: 1162: 1155: 1154: 1140: 1139: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1122: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1106: 1099: 1098: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1082: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1047: 1038: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 937: 934: 916: 913: 909:Amarna letters 890: 887: 841:as a military 823:Standard of Ur 774: 771: 702:system of the 648: 645: 612: 609: 528: 527: 524: 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 506: 505: 502: 499: 495: 494: 491: 488: 484: 483: 476: 469: 459:British Museum 419: 416: 355: 352: 229: 2350 BC 173: 172: 167: 163: 162: 157: 153: 152: 122:Tell al-Madain 115: 111: 110: 97: 91: 90: 81: 2350 BC 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 48: 44: 43: 32: 2350 BC 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13154: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13093: 13087: 13083: 13082: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13059: 13057: 13055: 13046: 13040: 13036: 13035: 13030: 13029:Roux, Georges 13024: 13016: 13010: 13006: 13005: 13000: 12993: 12985: 12979: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12957: 12948: 12944: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12927: 12923: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12901: 12900: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12875: 12870: 12866: 12863: 12860: 12857: 12856:Yazdegerd III 12854: 12851: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12830: 12827: 12822: 12821: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12798: 12792: 12789: 12788:Sahralanyozan 12786: 12782: 12777: 12770: 12769: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12752: 12747: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12731: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12697: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12684: 12683: 12676: 12675: 12672: 12669: 12666: 12663: 12660: 12657: 12654: 12651: 12648: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12581: 12576: 12572: 12571: 12564: 12563: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12544:Mithridates V 12542: 12541:Sinatruces II 12537: 12532: 12526: 12525: 12522: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12464:Artabanus III 12462: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12434:Tiridates III 12432: 12429: 12426: 12423: 12420: 12417: 12414: 12411: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12399: 12396: 12393: 12390: 12387: 12384: 12381: 12378: 12377:Mithridates I 12374: 12373: 12367: 12364: 12361: 12358: 12355: 12352: 12349: 12346: 12343: 12340: 12337: 12334: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12313:Aristobulus I 12311: 12310:John Hyrcanus 12308: 12304: 12303: 12296: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12279:Alexander III 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12265: 12264:Antiochus III 12262: 12259: 12256: 12253: 12250: 12246: 12245: 12240: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12223:Alexander III 12220: 12219: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12198: 12195: 12192: 12189: 12186: 12183: 12180: 12177: 12174: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12159: 12158:Cleopatra III 12156: 12153: 12150: 12147: 12144: 12141: 12138: 12135: 12132: 12129: 12126: 12123: 12120: 12117: 12113: 12112: 12108: 12101: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12091: 12088: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12075: 12070: 12067: 12064: 12063:Artaxerxes IV 12061: 12058: 12057:Artaxerxes II 12055: 12052: 12049: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12036: 12035: 12028: 12022: 12018: 12017:Kings of Tyre 12014: 12008: 12003: 12002: 11994: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11982: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11973:Median Empire 11968: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11956: 11953: 11949: 11948: 11942: 11939: 11936: 11933: 11930: 11927: 11924: 11920: 11919: 11914: 11913: 11906: 11905: 11902: 11897: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11882: 11881:Sinsharishkun 11879: 11876: 11873: 11870: 11867: 11864: 11861: 11858: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11840: 11836: 11834: 11827: 11826: 11820: 11817: 11814: 11811: 11808: 11803: 11795: 11790: 11789: 11781: 11778: 11774: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11745: 11742: 11739: 11736: 11733: 11730: 11727: 11724: 11721: 11718:(five kings) 11717: 11714: 11711: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11699: 11696: 11692: 11686: 11680: 11677: 11676:Ashur-Dan III 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11661: 11658: 11655: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11630: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11607: 11604: 11601: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11547: 11546: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11529: 11526: 11523: 11520: 11517: 11516:Ea-mukin-zeri 11514: 11513:Simbar-shipak 11510: 11505:1025–934 BCE 11504: 11503: 11499: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11485: 11482: 11479: 11476: 11473: 11470: 11467: 11464: 11460: 11458: 11451: 11448: 11445: 11442: 11441:Ashur-rabi II 11439: 11436: 11433: 11430: 11427: 11426:Eriba-Adad II 11424: 11421: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11409: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11394: 11391: 11388: 11387:Shalmaneser I 11385: 11384:Adad-nirari I 11382: 11379: 11376: 11373: 11369: 11368: 11362: 11361: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11339: 11338: 11332: 11328: 11327:Kings of Tyre 11324: 11320: 11319: 11313: 11312: 11309: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11289: 11283: 11282: 11276: 11273: 11270: 11267: 11266:Ramesses VIII 11264: 11261: 11258: 11255: 11252: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11221: 11215: 11212: 11209: 11206: 11203: 11200: 11197: 11194: 11190: 11189: 11184: 11181: 11176: 11175: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11149: 11148:Amenhotep III 11146: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11106: 11099: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11025: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11012: 11010: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10983: 10982: 10974: 10966: 10963: 10960: 10957: 10951: 10950: 10944: 10941: 10938: 10935: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10926: 10917: 10911: 10906: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10893: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10868: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10855: 10854:Melamkurkurra 10852: 10848: 10847:Ayadaragalama 10845: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10832: 10828: 10825: 10824:Itti-ili-nibi 10822: 10818: 10816: 10805: 10800: 10797: 10794: 10791: 10788: 10785: 10782: 10779: 10776: 10773: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10741: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10731: 10728: 10725: 10722: 10719: 10718:Ashur-shaduni 10716: 10713: 10712:Enlil-nasir I 10710: 10707: 10704: 10701: 10698: 10695: 10692: 10689: 10686: 10683: 10680: 10677: 10676:Sharma-Adad I 10674: 10671: 10667:1700–722 BCE) 10665: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10641: 10638: 10629: 10626: 10623: 10620: 10617: 10614: 10611: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10599: 10598:Ishme-Dagan I 10596: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10571: 10566: 10565: 10559: 10555: 10554:Kings of Tyre 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10530: 10529: 10521: 10518: 10515: 10512: 10511:Amenemhat III 10509: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10484: 10479: 10478: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10402: 10399: 10396: 10393: 10390: 10387: 10384: 10381: 10378: 10375: 10372: 10369: 10366: 10362: 10361: 10354: 10348: 10343: 10342: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10312: 10308: 10304: 10303:Puzur-Ashur I 10300: 10299: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10279: 10274: 10269: 10268: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10245: 10242: 10236: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10213: 10210: 10209:Third Eblaite 10205: 10202: 10201:Mentuhotep IV 10199: 10196: 10195:Mentuhotep II 10193: 10190: 10187: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10154: 10148: 10143: 10141: 10133: 10130: 10127: 10124: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10071: 10067: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10053: 10052:Wahkare Khety 10050: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10035: 10034: 10031: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10008: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9989: 9987: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9955: 9954: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9920:Ur III period 9915: 9912: 9909: 9908:Neferkare VII 9906: 9902: 9901: 9893: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9872: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9855:Ur-Ningirsu I 9852: 9848: 9846: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9828: 9822: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9766: 9765: 9759: 9756: 9749: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9737: 9734: 9731: 9728: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9716: 9713: 9710: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9699: 9694: 9693: 9688: 9687: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9663: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9600: 9596: 9591: 9587: 9585: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9562: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9545: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9512: 9507: 9503: 9501: 9494: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9459: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9390:Lugal-kisalsi 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9340: 9335: 9331: 9326: 9323: 9320: 9319: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9248: 9247: 9239: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9201: 9196: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9178: 9172: 9167: 9165: 9159: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9131: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9089: 9084: 9080: 9075: 9074: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9002: 9001: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8833: 8828: 8825: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8809: 8804: 8798: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8779: 8776: 8769: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8689: 8685: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8669: 8664: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8647: 8646: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8610: 8605: 8602: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8584: 8583:Nangishlishma 8580: 8576: 8571: 8569: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8551: 8550:First Eblaite 8546: 8542: 8536: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8509:Seth-Peribsen 8507: 8506: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8470:Hotepsekhemwy 8466: 8465: 8457: 8451: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8438:Proto-Elamite 8431: 8430: 8424: 8419: 8418: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8350: 8346: 8345: 8341: 8340:Double Falcon 8338: 8337: 8333: 8332: 8328: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8307: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8287: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8256: 8252: 8251: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8237: 8234: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8206: 8201: 8200: 8192: 8186: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8153: 8152: 8146: 8143: 8137: 8132: 8126: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8028: 8027: 8024: 8023: 8017: 8013: 8005: 8000: 7998: 7993: 7991: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7968: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7922: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7891: 7885: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7867: 7859: 7858: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7838: 7833: 7832: 7826: 7821: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7786: 7785: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7770: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7753: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7669: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7636: 7635: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7585: 7580: 7576: 7568: 7563: 7561: 7556: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7227: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7021: 7016: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6896: 6892: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6848:Syrian Desert 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6764: 6756: 6754: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6734: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6570: 6569:Iraqi Turkmen 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6204:(legislative) 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6137:Syrian Desert 6135: 6133: 6132:Shatt al-Arab 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067:Faw peninsula 6065: 6064: 6061: 6057: 6052: 6048: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6009:Fall of Mosul 6007: 6006: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5982:U.S. invasion 5980: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5945:Iran–Iraq War 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5810:Buyid dynasty 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5659:Halaf culture 5657: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5630: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5610: 5600: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5561:32.0°N 45.5°E 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5490: 5489:The Sumerians 5486: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5442: 5439: 5438:0-8094-9887-1 5435: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5394:0-226-45238-7 5390: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5342: 5339: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321:0-520-25266-7 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5295: 5288: 5273: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5253: 5248: 5242:, Bill Taylor 5241: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5158: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5107: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5072: 5065: 5059: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5037: 5031: 5023: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4971: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4897: 4887: 4879: 4872: 4870: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4825: 4823:0-631-22552-8 4819: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4796:9780226144672 4792: 4788: 4787: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4766: 4764:9781576079072 4760: 4756: 4755: 4747: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4683: 4677: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4610:0-521-56496-4 4606: 4602: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4555: 4548: 4540: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4440: 4432: 4426: 4419: 4413: 4409: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4376: 4368: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4240: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4209: 4207: 4198: 4192: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4167: 4165: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4027: 4025:9780890030592 4021: 4017: 4010: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3959: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3901:9789004129955 3897: 3893: 3886: 3878: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3850: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3782: 3776: 3769: 3763: 3759: 3752: 3744: 3742:9780802035868 3738: 3734: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3600: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3549: 3543: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3445: 3443:9780415110327 3439: 3435: 3434: 3426: 3419: 3417:9780521575683 3413: 3409: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3297: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3216: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3125: 3123: 3117: 3114: 3099: 3092: 3091:Cylinder seal 3088: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2887: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2852: 2845: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2822: 2819: 2816:, created by 2815: 2811: 2807: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2662: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591:, beads from 2590: 2586: 2582: 2579:from Turkey, 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2565:Imports to Ur 2559: 2555: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2533:Imports to Ur 2521: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2491: 2488: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2420: 2415: 2404: 2403:Cuneiform law 2394: 2392: 2383: 2378: 2371: 2366: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2310: 2300: 2291: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2221:determinative 2218: 2214: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2161: 2157: 2154:for the king 2153: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2062: 2052: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1895: 1886: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1810:and northern 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Proto-Elamite 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1635: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1552: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1428: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1351: 1350:Lugal-zage-si 1334: 1330: 1329: 1326: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1238:Enshakushanna 1222: 1218: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1178: 1161: 1157: 1156: 1148: 1143: 1134: 1118: 1102: 1086: 1070: 1056: 1046: 1042: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 990: 964: 949: 943: 933: 931: 927: 923: 912: 910: 905: 901: 897: 886: 882: 877:in 2334 B.C. 876: 872: 871:Lugal-zage-si 868: 867:Enshakushanna 864: 860: 855: 848: 847:Louvre Museum 844: 840: 837:showing king 836: 831: 824: 819: 815: 812: 808: 804: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 735: 733: 728: 724: 716: 711: 707: 705: 704:Ur III period 701: 697: 693: 692:cylinder seal 689: 685: 681: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 644: 641: 636: 633: 627: 622: 618: 608: 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 519: 518: 508: 507: 497: 496: 486: 485: 477: 470: 467: 466: 460: 456: 453:excavated in 452: 448: 444: 440: 438: 434: 429: 425: 418:Periodization 415: 411: 404: 400: 395: 391: 389: 388:Diyala Region 385: 381: 377: 376:Tell Khafajah 373: 369: 368:periodization 365: 361: 351: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 200:(abbreviated 199: 191: 179: 171: 168: 164: 161: 158: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 116: 112: 109: 105: 101: 100:Tell Khafajah 98: 96: 92: 87: 69: 65: 62: 59: 55: 52: 49: 45: 41: 36: 19: 13080: 13070: 13034:Ancient Iraq 13033: 13023: 13003: 12992: 12978: 12969: 12956: 12947: 12911: 12904: 12897: 12826:Ardashir III 12818: 12795: 12736: 12704:Roman Empire 12702: 12680: 12638:Yazdegerd II 12568: 12559:Artabanus IV 12556:Vologases VI 12547:Vologases IV 12478:Roman Empire 12476: 12461:Vologases II 12437:Artabanus II 12431:Artabanus II 12416:Tiridates II 12404:Phraates III 12370: 12307:Simon Thassi 12300: 12282:Demetrius II 12270:Antiochus IV 12261:Seleucus III 12255:Antiochus II 12242: 12232: 12229:Alexander IV 12216: 12204: 12188:Ptolemy XIII 12170:Berenice III 12164:Cleopatra IV 12105: 12102:331–141 BCE 12093: 12084: 12078: 12072: 12051:Artaxerxes I 12032: 11999: 11996:539–331 BCE 11971: 11952:Nabopolassar 11945: 11916: 11910: 11907:626–539 BCE 11875:Ashurbanipal 11830: 11829: 11823: 11786: 11783:745–609 BCE 11749: 11729:Eriba-Marduk 11690: 11644: 11619: 11587: 11586: 11576: 11565:Shoshenq III 11543: 11540:911–745 BCE 11508: 11490:Marduk-zer-X 11454: 11450:Ashur-dan II 11381:Arik-den-ili 11378:Enlil-nirari 11372:Eriba-Adad I 11365: 11358: 11335: 11316: 11311:Psusennes II 11286: 11285: 11279: 11263:Ramesses VII 11251:Ramesses III 11240: 11224: 11218: 11186: 11172: 11153: 11142:Amenhotep II 11135:Thutmose III 11109: 11103: 11100: 11051:Kurigalzu II 11045:Kara-hardash 11015:Agum-Kakrime 11006: 10985: 10979: 10947: 10930:'Aper-'Anati 10928: 10923: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10886: 10880: 10876: 10870: 10864: 10863: 10827:Damqi-ilishu 10810: 10799:Samsu-Ditana 10781:Sin-muballit 10772:Sin-muballit 10751: 10721:Ashur-rabi I 10586:Shamshi-Adad 10583: 10577: 10562: 10532: 10526: 10514:Amenemhat IV 10508:Senusret III 10502:Amenemhat II 10489: 10475: 10461: 10410: 10407:Damiq-ilishu 10377:Lipit-Eshtar 10358: 10339: 10296: 10264: 10260: 10244:Shakkanakkus 10207: 10183:Mentuhotep I 10176: 10170: 10151: 10138: 10101: 10095:Puzur-Ishtar 10062: 10057: 10039: 9992:Lugalannatum 9984: 9951: 9918: 9898: 9877:Hishep-Ratep 9843: 9825: 9762: 9752: 9706:Neferkare II 9696: 9690: 9684: 9631: 9613: 9603: 9582: 9535:Invasion by 9498: 9463: 9439: 9431:Enannatum II 9395:E-iginimpa'e 9364: 9356:Igrish-Halam 9267:Nyuserre Ini 9244: 9218:Awan dynasty 9216: 9175: 9162: 9143: 9128: 9119: 9103:Ishtup-Ishar 9083:Iku-Shamagan 9079:Ikun-Shamash 9071: 9049:Ur I dynasty 9047: 9040: 9029: 9004: 8998: 8972: 8953: 8912: 8895: 8880: 8862: 8831: 8821: 8813: 8784: 8765: 8728:Enmebaragesi 8714: 8695: 8683: 8666: 8657: 8650: 8613: 8608: 8588:En-tarah-ana 8573: 8566: 8558: 8548: 8540: 8524: 8521:Neferkasokar 8519: 8514: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8462: 8442: 8436: 8427: 8415: 8410: 8361: 8355: 8342: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8283: 8269: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8222:Finger Snail 8220: 8214: 8197: 8166:Anu Ziggurat 8149: 8117: 8111: 8029:Territories/ 7953: 7946:Ancient Rome 7917:311–129 BCE 7903: 7896:336–301 BCE 7886:539–331 BCE 7876: 7869:626–539 BCE 7860:729–609 BCE 7850:911–729 BCE 7841: 7835: 7829: 7817: 7782: 7772: 7766: 7736: 7724: 7709: 7686: 7665: 7640: 7620: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7573:Timeline of 7414:Royal titles 7339:Architecture 7176:Neo-Assyrian 7130: 7023:(Pre)history 6843:Persian Gulf 6597:Christianity 6479:Demographics 6413:Oil reserves 6408:Oil Industry 6375:Central Bank 6271:Human rights 6197:Constitution 6142:Tigris river 6122:Persian Gulf 5830:Ottoman Iraq 5815:Qara Qoyunlu 5649:Ubaid period 5542: 5488: 5453: 5449: 5425: 5419: 5413:Ancient Iraq 5412: 5405: 5378: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5327: 5323:(paperback). 5312: 5293: 5287: 5277:26 September 5275:. 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1685: 1677: 1675: 1668:, Ebla, and 1662:Umm el-Marra 1655: 1649: 1633: 1619:Chagar Bazar 1602: 1601:called them 1583: 1578:urbanization 1570:Yorghan Tepe 1563: 1549:Jebel Hamrin 1544:Diyala River 1541: 1533: 1505: 1460: 1447: 1444:Old Akkadian 1437: 1385: 1381: 1045:Enmebaragesi 1014:Main rulers 945: 918: 892: 856: 852: 807:Enmebaragesi 799: 794: 791:King of Kish 787:Enmebaragesi 776: 763:Baranamtarra 736: 726: 720: 699: 683: 679: 677: 674:(c. 2500 BC) 637: 632:clay tablets 628: 624: 600: 596:Abu Salabikh 584: 564: 531: 481:All dates BC 474:All dates BC 441: 421: 412: 408: 402: 357: 305: 216:(modern-day 205: 201: 197: 195: 146:Tell Bismaya 138:Tell Uheimir 18: 12966:Simpson, W. 12894:639–651 CE 12841:Azarmidokht 12832:Khosrow III 12815:628–641 CE 12771:618–628 CE 12733:395–618 CE 12699:273–395 CE 12687:Vaballathus 12677:270–273 CE 12641:Hormizd III 12626:Yazdegerd I 12617:Ardashir II 12611:Adur Narseh 12565:224–270 CE 12553:Vologases V 12527:117–224 CE 12508:116–117 CE 12455:Vardanes II 12452:Vologases I 12443:Gotarzes II 12413:Phraates IV 12383:Hyspaosines 12322:Hyrcanus II 12297:141–30 BCE 12276:Demetrius I 12273:Antiochus V 12267:Seleucus IV 12258:Seleucus II 12252:Antiochus I 12239:Antigonus I 12191:Ptolemy XIV 12179:Cleopatra V 11961:Neriglissar 11958:Amel-Marduk 11941:Psamtik III 11912:Late Period 11851:Sennacherib 11842:Shalmaneser 11769:Tammaritu I 11666:Shammuramat 11609:Takelot III 11606:Osorkon III 11603:Shoshenq VI 11578:Pedubast II 11568:Shoshenq IV 11556:Shoshenq II 11405:Ashur-dan I 11346:Ish-bosheth 11299:Psusennes I 11275:Ramesses XI 11269:Ramesses IX 11260:Ramesses VI 11254:Ramesses IV 11199:Ramesses II 11162:Tutankhamun 11145:Thutmose IV 11129:Thutmose II 11063:Kudur-Enlil 11048:Nazi-Bugash 11036:Kurigalzu I 11024:Ulamburiash 10995:Amenhotep I 10976:Tutankhamun 10962:Parshatatar 10959:Shuttarna I 10892:Seventeenth 10821:Ilum-ma-ili 10796:Ammi-saduqa 10793:Ammi-ditana 10787:Samsu-iluna 10694:Erishum III 10655:Adad-salulu 10652:Ipqi-Ishtar 10640:Ashur-dugul 10625:Adad-salulu 10622:Ipqi-Ishtar 10610:Ashur-dugul 10579:Old Assyria 10574:(Amorites) 10517:Sobekneferu 10505:Senusret II 10496:Amenemhat I 10468:Sîn-iribam 10445:Sin-Iqisham 10439:Sin-Iddinam 10389:Erra-imitti 10386:Lipit-Enlil 10374:Ishme-Dagan 10371:Iddin-Dagan 10307:Shalim-ahum 10298:Old Assyria 10284:Yasmah-Adad 10261:Lim Dynasty 10253:Hanun-Dagan 10249:Hitial-Erra 10014:Ur-Ningirsu 9970:Kuda (Uruk) 9943:Ishgum-Addu 9933:Ishtup-Ilum 9785:Ishma-Dagan 9770:Shakkanakku 9748:Neferirkare 9745:Neferkauhor 9648:Ili-ishmani 9627:Manishtushu 9590:Lugalzagesi 9586:III dynasty 9570:Puzur-Nirah 9285:Ishar-Malik 9264:Shepseskare 9054:Mesannepada 8979:Nin-kisalsi 8967:Lugal-kitun 8937:Meskalamdug 8923:Ur-Pabilsag 8736:Aga of Kish 8645:Barsal-nuna 8530:Khasekhemwy 8516:Neferkara I 8495:Weneg-Nebty 8473:Nebra/Raneb 8285:Lower Egypt 8271:Scorpion II 8216:Upper Egypt 8168:, 4000 BCE) 8151:Uruk period 7963:224–mid 7C 7927:129–63 BCE 7909:Macedonians 7804:city-states 7800:Neo-Hittite 7775:Sea Peoples 7691:city-states 7670:city-states 7613:Uruk period 7575:Mesopotamia 7517:Hittitology 7507:Assyriology 7428:Archaeology 7298:Old Persian 7108:Jemdet Nasr 6753:WikiProject 6554:Marsh Arabs 6539:Circassians 6220:Foreign aid 6112:Mesopotamia 5674:Uruk period 5564: / 5507:Penn Museum 5450:Radiocarbon 5215:23 November 5170:: 135–145, 5096:1 September 5006:17 February 4135:1 September 3269:and now is 3239:Lyres of Ur 3233:Lyres of Ur 3198:bas-reliefs 2955:at Lagash. 2933:granulation 2703:bas-reliefs 2649:Queen Puabi 2605:stonemasons 2589:Afghanistan 1956:Afghanistan 1824:Tepe Hissar 1820:Tureng Tepe 1812:Afghanistan 1696:pastoralism 1658:Tell Hadidi 1615:Tell Leilan 1591:Tell Beydar 1587:Tell Chuera 1416:Meskalamdug 1341: 2350 1316: 2400 1285:Dynasty of 1254: 2500 1229: 2500 1209:Mesannepada 1205:Meskalamdug 1196: 2700 1168: 2900 1032: 2900 996: 2350 981: 2900 970: 3100 955: 4000 948:Uruk period 696:Jemdet Nasr 688:amphictyony 544: 3100 537: 3300 424:Jemdet Nasr 253:city-states 237:Jemdet Nasr 225: 2900 214:Mesopotamia 166:Followed by 156:Preceded by 150:Tell Hariri 114:Major sites 77: 2900 51:Mesopotamia 28: 2900 13121:Categories 12850:Khosrow IV 12847:Hormizd VI 12829:Shahrbaraz 12806:Khosrow II 12791:Shahrbaraz 12785:Shahrbaraz 12665:Khosrow II 12662:Hormizd IV 12620:Shapur III 12608:Hormizd II 12602:Bahram III 12587:Ardashir I 12458:Pacorus II 12449:Vonones II 12446:Meherdates 12440:Vardanes I 12425:Orodes III 12422:Phraates V 12401:Sinatruces 12249:Seleucus I 12226:Philip III 12200:Arsinoe IV 12125:Arsinoe II 12066:Darius III 11932:Psamtik II 11872:Esarhaddon 11765:Ummanigash 11735:Nabonassar 11629:Bakenranef 11600:Pedubast I 11597:Takelot II 11594:Harsiese A 11582:Osorkon IV 11574:Shoshenq V 11562:Osorkon II 11550:Shoshenq I 11296:Amenemnisu 11272:Ramesses X 11257:Ramesses V 11205:Amenmesses 11193:Ramesses I 11155:Smenkhkare 11132:Hatshepsut 11126:Thutmose I 11030:Karaindash 10769:Sumu-la-El 10601:Mut-Ashkur 10592:(Amorites) 10499:Senusret I 10458:Rim-Sin II 10448:Silli-Adad 10442:Sin-Eribam 10404:Suen-magir 10401:Ur-du-kuga 10398:Iter-pisha 10392:Enlil-bani 10380:Ur-Ninurta 10368:Shu-Ilishu 10365:Ishbi-Erra 10335:Erishum II 10281:Yahdun-Lim 10278:Yaggid-Lim 10091:Tura-Dagan 10070:Utu-hengal 10046:Meryhathor 10022:Nam-mahani 9988:II dynasty 9957:(21 kings) 9851:Puzer-Mama 9847:II dynasty 9829:IV dynasty 9742:Neferkaure 9739:Qakare Ibi 9730:Neferkahor 9721:Neferkamin 9640:Ilshu-rabi 9531:Ishqi-Mari 9527:Ikun-Ishar 9523:Enna-Dagan 9443:II dynasty 9417:Bara-irnun 9372:Puzur-Suen 9368:IV dynasty 9360:Irkab-Damu 9305:(3 kings) 9231:Ukkutahesh 9204:Meskiagnun 9200:A'annepada 9147:II dynasty 9042:Thamphthis 9038:Shepseskaf 8987:Lugal-dalu 8886:Udulkalama 8866:II dynasty 8808:Sekhemkhet 8716:Lugalbanda 8642:Melem-Kish 8638:En-me-nuna 8423:Canaanites 8417:Horus Bird 8382:Neithhotep 8255:Scorpion I 8205:Naqada III 7687:and other 7666:and other 7481:Divination 7191:Achaemenid 7156:Isin-Larsa 7049:Trialetian 7044:Mousterian 7031:Prehistory 6670:Television 6650:Literature 6612:Irreligion 6587:Secularism 6524:Minorities 6392:(currency) 6385:Corruption 6230:Government 6021:Insurgency 5820:Aq Qoyunlu 5641:Chronology 5566:32.0; 45.5 5049:The Powers 4632:: 69–103, 4393:2842720075 3836:, Naples, 3760:, Berlin, 3342:2503991203 3281:References 3227:See also: 3074:Tell Agrab 2900:metallurgy 2851:Tell Agrab 2766:Tell Agrab 2736:Tell Asmar 2645:Mozambique 2585:Badakhshan 2452:priesthood 2428:legal code 2360:Population 2273:See also: 2191:Sumerogram 2095:Bad-tibira 2040:, king of 1905:See also: 1816:Tepe Sialk 1800:Hindu Kush 1724:metallurgy 1611:Tell Mozan 1603:Kranzhügel 1529:Umma-Gisha 1508:city-state 1471:date palms 1463:irrigation 1343: – c. 1318: – c. 1256: – c. 1231: – c. 1198: – c. 1170: – c. 1034: – c. 1008:Dynasties 998: – c. 983: – c. 972: – c. 961:) and the 957: – c. 940:See also: 843:charioteer 568:Lugalbanda 526:2375–2230 515:2500–2375 504:2600–2500 493:2800–2600 384:Tell Asmar 380:Tell Agrab 338:, western 227: – c. 108:Tell Asmar 104:Tell Agrab 79: – c. 61:Bronze Age 30: – c. 12962:Hallo, W. 12859:Peroz III 12693:Antiochus 12659:Khosrow I 12629:Shapur IV 12623:Bahram IV 12614:Shapur II 12599:Bahram II 12593:Hormizd I 12550:Osroes II 12428:Vonones I 12410:Orodes II 12386:Artabanus 12054:Darius II 11981:Phraortes 11967:Nabonidus 11938:Ahmose II 11926:Psamtik I 11819:Tanutamun 11668:(regent) 11559:Takelot I 11553:Osorkon I 11318:Phoenicia 11302:Amenemope 11248:Setnakhte 11202:Merneptah 11151:Akhenaten 10934:Sakir-Har 10872:Sixteenth 10851:Akurduana 10837:Gulkishar 10834:Shushushi 10790:Abi-eshuh 10784:Hammurabi 10766:Sumu-abum 10688:Shu-Ninua 10679:Iptar-Sin 10649:Sin-namir 10646:Nasir-Sin 10637:Puzur-Sin 10619:Sin-namir 10616:Nasir-Sin 10470:Sîn-gāmil 10466:Sîn-kāšid 10454:Rim-Sin I 10451:Warad-Sin 10331:Naram-Sin 10315:Erishum I 10311:Ilu-shuma 10287:Zimri-Lim 10235:Indilimma 10222:Ibbit-Lim 10192:Intef III 10155:invasions 10142:invasions 10087:Ili-Ishar 10083:Iddi-ilum 10076:2100 BCE 10066:V dynasty 10036:2125 BCE 9974:Puzur-ili 9961:La-erabum 9895:2150 BCE 9821:Shu-turul 9814:(3 years) 9781:Shu-Dagan 9681:2200 BCE 9658:Naram-Sin 9654:2250 BCE 9598:2340 BCE 9564:2350 BCE 9558:Luh-ishan 9553:Urukagina 9549:Lugalanda 9518:Isar-Damu 9514:2370 BCE 9460:2380 BCE 9435:Enentarzi 9423:Enannatum 9412:Gishakidu 9376:Ur-Zababa 9352:Adub-Damu 9348:2400 BCE 9321:2425 BCE 9315:Napilhush 9303:invasions 9281:Enar-Damu 9261:Neferefre 9241:2450 BCE 9184:Ur-Nanshe 9179:I dynasty 9166:I dynasty 9107:Ikun-Mari 9066:Phoenicia 9062:2500 BCE 8995:2575 BCE 8963:Melamanna 8947:Akalamdug 8919:A-Imdugud 8882:Ur-Nungal 8869:(5 kings) 8856:Baba-Damu 8852:Ibbi-Damu 8781:2600 BCE 8751:Gilgamesh 8709:Iltasadum 8680:2700 BCE 8654:I dynasty 8607:2800 BCE 8570:I dynasty 8526:Hudjefa I 8459:2900 BCE 8405:Semerkhet 8397:(regent) 8384:(regent) 8291:Hedju Hor 8119:Naqada II 7878:Chaldeans 7795:Phoenicia 7733:Karduniaš 7354:Cuneiform 7230:Languages 7039:Acheulean 6926:Babylonia 6863:Euphrates 6813:Geography 6690:Squatting 6655:Education 6602:Mandaeism 6571:/Turkoman 6549:Mandaeans 6534:Assyrians 6529:Armenians 6492:Languages 6380:Companies 6335:Judiciary 6245:President 6215:Elections 6210:Democracy 6056:Geography 5972:Sanctions 5890:2003–2011 5885:1968–2003 5880:1958–1968 5739:Babylonia 5478:133337438 5470:0033-8222 5192:163758744 5121:159848552 4654:194883051 4265:718254288 4068:164002885 3842:751015763 3593:cite book 3585:718254288 3393:161832908 3186:limestone 3162:Ur-Nanshe 3160:, son of 3148:Piece of 3070:carnelian 3044:carnelian 2898:Sumerian 2806:Ur-Nanshe 2697:Sculpting 2637:carnelian 2573:Old World 2569:Near East 2476:polyandry 2444:libations 2227:family". 2217:cuneiform 2213:logograph 2176:autocracy 2172:Gilgamesh 2156:Ur-Nanshe 2129:included 2107:Shuruppak 2085:from the 2061:Lugaldalu 2038:Lugaldalu 1992:Harappans 1940:Carnelian 1931:periods. 1899:carnelian 1832:Altyndepe 1776:Great Zab 1760:Khuzestan 1732:sedentary 1679:ex nihilo 1609:(Nagar), 1607:Tell Brak 1486:Irrigated 1279:Urukagina 1263:Ur-Nanshe 1181:Gilgamesh 803:Gilgamesh 767:Lugalanda 755:clay nail 723:Shuruppak 647:Diplomacy 576:Gilgamesh 390:of Iraq. 328:artifacts 314:but also 202:ED period 188:, Sumer. 134:Tell Fara 95:Type site 13078:(2014). 13031:(1992). 13001:(2020). 12968:(1971). 12809:Kavad II 12635:Bahram V 12596:Bahram I 12590:Shapur I 12467:Osroes I 12398:Orodes I 12392:Gotarzes 12380:Phraates 12045:Darius I 12042:Cambyses 11990:Astyages 11987:Cyaxares 11929:Necho II 11860:Bel-ibni 11810:Shebitku 11773:Indabibi 11626:Tefnakht 11168:Horemheb 11027:Agum III 11009:Kassites 10992:Ahmose I 10857:Ea-gamil 10841:DIŠ+U-EN 10831:Ishkibal 10778:Apil-Sin 10760:Amorites 10670:Bel-bani 10545:Biblical 10436:Nur-Adad 10427:Gungunum 10415:Naplanum 10383:Bur-Suen 10347:Amorites 10323:Sargon I 10273:Amorites 10217:Amorites 10189:Intef II 10159:Kindattu 10147:Ibbi-Sin 10126:Amar-Sin 10120:Ur-Nammu 10055:Merykare 9947:Apil-kin 9859:Pirig-me 9837:Ur-gigir 9833:Ur-nigin 9773:dynasty) 9718:Merenhor 9644:Epirmupi 9473:Userkare 9427:Entemena 9404:Ur-Lumma 9399:Meskigal 9330:Eannatum 9325:Kun-Damu 9309:Shushun- 9294:Enakalle 9153:kushanna 9139:Undalulu 9111:Iblul-Il 9035:Menkaure 9031:Bikheris 9024:Djedefre 8983:Me-durba 8908:shaengur 8902:En-hegal 8890:Labashum 8848:Agur-lim 8844:Abur-lim 8823:Qahedjet 8668:Enmerkar 8500:Wadjenes 8490:Horus Sa 8485:Nubnefer 8476:Nynetjer 8450:Susa III 8412:Sneferka 8395:Merneith 8113:Naqada I 7819:Arameans 7813:Damascus 7784:Arameans 7738:Kassites 7726:Hurrians 7500:Academia 7454:Religion 7323:Urartian 7318:Sumerian 7303:Parthian 7238:Akkadian 7211:Sasanian 7201:Parthian 7196:Seleucid 7146:Simurrum 7136:Akkadian 7069:Khiamian 7059:Natufian 6971:Simurrum 6956:Kassites 6951:Hittites 6906:Adiabene 6733:Category 6582:Religion 6559:Persians 6443:Railways 6438:Airlines 6320:Military 6181:Politics 6157:Wildlife 6147:Umm Qasr 5977:Iraq War 5960:Gulf War 5872:Republic 5825:Safavids 5788:638–1958 5513:Language 5505: — 5487:. 1929. 5375:(1963). 5236:Archived 5128:citation 5016:cite web 4676:citation 4646:25651436 4580:citation 4570:(1996), 4425:citation 4335:(1981), 4320:53096453 4272:citation 4233:citation 4226:24626515 4214:Gelb, I. 4191:citation 4172:Gelb, I. 4105:citation 4046:: 1–44, 3971:citation 3909:citation 3849:citation 3813:citation 3775:citation 3688:: 9–14, 3620:: 1–39, 3464:(2007), 3385:40025265 3257:and one 3152:made of 3048:Eshnunna 3011:(ED III) 2991:(ED III) 2929:filigree 2882:Entemena 2866:Khafajah 2818:Eannatum 2810:Ningirsu 2751:Khafajah 2719:ex-votos 2715:kaunakes 2711:libation 2683:Chlorite 2625:chlorite 2609:jewelers 2577:obsidian 2571:and the 2558:Chlorite 2440:equality 2382:Khafajah 2309:Ningirsu 2248:Ningirsu 2194:ligature 2189:: 𒈗, a 2187:Sumerian 2109:, Kish, 2083:Hegemony 1925:Akkadian 1840:Mundigak 1778:and the 1728:Lorestan 1670:Al-Rawda 1652:2290 BC. 1636:2340 BC. 1448:Akkadian 1405:Sumerian 1275:Entemena 1267:Eannatum 922:Ningirsu 863:Eannatum 839:Eannatum 739:Entemena 727:ki-engir 684:ki-engir 660:Entemena 572:Enmerkar 520:ED IIIb 509:ED IIIa 455:Khafajah 428:Akkadian 320:Khafajah 316:Eshnunna 265:Sumerian 208:) is an 12862:Narsieh 12690:Zenobia 12671:Vistahm 12656:Kavad I 12650:Kavad I 12644:Peroz I 12632:Khosrow 11978:Deioces 11935:Wahibre 11923:Necho I 11816:Taharqa 11813:Shabaka 11797:Taharqa 11761:Teumman 11612:Rudamun 11354:Solomon 11293:Smendes 11214:Twosret 11208:Seti II 10949:Mitanni 10943:Khamudi 10897:Dynasty 10887:Dynasty 10877:Dynasty 10715:Nur-ili 10685:Lullaya 10588:dynasty 10540:Abraham 10430:Abisare 10395:Zambiya 10289:(Queen 10241:Amorite 10212:Kingdom 10186:Intef I 10153:Elamite 10140:Amorite 10129:Shu-Sin 10030:Tirigan 9999:Ur-Baba 9929:Nûr-Mêr 9867:Lu-gula 9863:Lu-Baba 9777:Ididish 9758:Kingdom 9755:Eblaite 9753:Second 9703:Menkare 9578:Shu-Sin 9574:Ishu-Il 9502:dynasty 9482:Pepi II 9415:(Queen 9301:Elamite 9252:Userkaf 9195:Akurgal 9124:Ku-Baba 8940:(Queen 8876:Mesilim 8811:Sanakht 8801:(First 8618:Zuqaqip 8615:Kalumum 8600:Kalibum 8596:Puannum 8553:Kingdom 8402:Anedjib 8386:Hor-Aha 8331:Nat-Hor 8264:Iry-Hor 8260:Shendjw 8232:Pen-Abu 8180:Susa II 7721:Mitanni 7689:Amorite 7668:Amorite 7642:Gutians 7486:Prayers 7471:Deities 7435:Looting 7278:Kassite 7273:Hurrian 7268:Hittite 7258:Elamite 7253:Eblaite 7248:Aramaic 7243:Amorite 7166:Kassite 7141:Gutians 7123:History 7088:Samarra 7084:Hassuna 7054:Zarzian 6976:Subartu 6966:Mitanni 6931:Chaldea 6921:Assyria 6894:Ancient 6763:Commons 6680:Smoking 6645:Culture 6640:Cuisine 6623:General 6607:Yazidis 6564:Solluba 6517:Persian 6507:Kurdish 6502:Aramaic 6467:Society 6448:Tourism 6359:Economy 6107:Islands 6082:Borders 5907: ( 5897:present 5832:(incl. 5744:Assyria 5689:Subartu 5629:History 5552:45°30′E 5549:32°00′N 5184:4200372 4184:8567807 4060:3515951 3702:4200434 3668:4200433 3654:: 1–7, 3634:4200399 3194:Bitumen 3158:Akurgal 2925:plating 2917:arsenic 2692:Culture 2651:at Ur. 2593:Bahrain 2436:freedom 2269:Temples 2206:English 2007:Meluhha 1883:Bahrain 1784:Halabja 1782:, near 1726:in the 1145:Map of 1017:Cities 904:vassals 900:Abarsal 859:Subartu 732:Mesilim 611:History 468:Period 386:in the 13088: 13041: 13011: 12653:Jamasp 12647:Balash 12605:Narseh 12516:Trajan 12514:under 12048:Xerxes 11984:Madyes 11848:Sargon 11308:Siamun 11211:Siptah 11196:Seti I 11180:Ugarit 10925:Semqen 10910:Hyksos 10882:Abydos 10775:Sabium 10682:Bazaya 10673:Libaya 10607:Asinum 10604:Rimush 10564:Yamhad 10456:(...) 10433:Sumuel 10424:Zabaia 10421:Samium 10418:Emisum 10319:Ikunum 10291:Shibtu 10232:Immeya 10123:Shulgi 10018:Ur-gar 9978:Ur-Utu 9845:Lagash 9724:Nikare 9636:Eshpum 9624:Rimush 9476:Pepi I 9311:tarana 9255:Sahure 9235:Hishur 9212:Balulu 9177:Lagash 9158:Mug-si 9151:Ensha- 9099:Sa'umu 9027:Khafre 9011:Snefru 8959:Mes-he 8906:Lugal- 8897:Lagash 8840:Sagisu 8792:Djoser 8701:Tizqar 8672:Aratta 8628:Arwium 8625:Mashda 8575:Jushur 8505:Senedj 8444:period 8376:Narmer 8326:Wazner 8301:Hsekiu 8296:Ny-Hor 8275:Narmer 8245:Canide 8236:Animal 8142:Susa I 8092:Lagash 8066:Akshak 8041:Canaan 7313:Sutean 7288:Median 7283:Luwian 7263:Gutian 7151:Ur III 7064:Nemrik 7001:Cities 6996:Urartu 6946:Hamazi 6941:Gutium 6916:Armani 6868:Tigris 6821:Modern 6743:Portal 6685:Sports 6660:Health 6635:Cinema 6487:Iraqis 6390:Dinar 6325:Police 6127:Places 5617:topics 5476: 5468: 5436: 5391: 5336:2004. 5319: 5190: 5182: 5119: 4943:1988, 4912:1988, 4820: 4793: 4761: 4703: 4652: 4644: 4607: 4500: 4476: 4452: 4414: 4390: 4363: 4318: 4263: 4224: 4182: 4066: 4058: 4022: 3998: 3960: 3936: 3898: 3840: 3802: 3764: 3739: 3700: 3666: 3632: 3583: 3564:, UVSQ 3531: 3472: 3440: 3414: 3391: 3383: 3339: 3303: 3190:marble 3170:Louvre 3166:Lagash 3132:Inlays 3076:(ED I) 2931:, and 2913:bronze 2909:alloys 2667:Silver 2635:, and 2617:silver 2448:silver 2350:canals 2263:priest 2261:" or " 2240:Lagash 2160:Lagash 2152:relief 2149:Votive 2131:Hamazi 2123:Akshak 2121:, and 2103:Sippar 2087:Nippur 2058:𒈗𒁕𒇻 1976:Turkey 1960:Turkey 1929:Ur III 1879:Dilmun 1868:copper 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Knowledge

Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)

Index