616:
959:
694:
379:
85:
57:
78:
666:
50:
842:
725:
the main mound destroyed. They were able to use remains of the 900 meter long trench left by excavators in 1902 and 1903 to orient old excavation documents and aerial mapping with their geomagnetic results. Part of the site was inaccessible because of the spoil heaps from the excavations. A city wall was found (in Area A), which had been missed in the past. A harbor and quay were also found.
662:, a four hour walk to the north. Banks took photographs of the German trenches and noted a 20 foot in diameter well, constructed with plano-convex bricks, in the center of the larger mound as well as an arched sewer, similarly constructed. The latter was where tablets were found. Banks also noted that the smaller mound held a cemetery.
1323:
Rochberg, Francesca, "The
Babylonians and the Rational: Reasoning in Cuneiform Scribal Scholarship", In the Wake of the Compendia: Infrastructural Contexts and the Licensing of Empiricism in Ancient and Medieval Mesopotamia, edited by J. Cale Johnson, Berlin, München, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 209-246,
724:
led by
Adelheid Otto and Berthold Einwag. The initial work was under the regional QADIS survey. A drone was used to create a digital elevation model of the site. The researchers found thousands of robber holes left by looters which had disturbed surface in many places, with the top several meters of
648:
for eight months. They used a new "modern" system which involved excavating trenches 8 feet wide and 5 feet deep every few yards running across the entire width of the larger mound. If a building wall was found in a trench it was further explored. Preliminary identification of the site as
Suruppak
689:
being prompted by reports of illicit excavations in the area. They were able to stratify the major occupation levels as Jemdat Nasr (Fara I), Early
Dynastic (Fara II), and Ur III empire (Fara III). There was an "inundation event" between Fara I and Fara II. The excavation recovered 96 tablets and
653:
III period were collected, which ended up in the Berlin Museum and the
Istanbul Museum. They included administrative, legal, lexical, and literary texts. Over 100 of the tablets dealt with the disbursement of rations to workers. About a thousand Early Dynastic clay sealings and fragments (used to
623:
Tell Fara extends about a kilometer from north to south. The total area is about 120 hectares, with about 35 hectares of the mound being more than three meters above the surrounding plain, with a maximum of 9 meters. The site consists of two mounds, one larger than the other, separated by an old
1642:
Otto, A., & Einwag, B., "The survey at Fara - Šuruppak 2016-2018", In Otto, A., Herles, M., Kaniuth, K., Korn, L., & Heidenreich, A. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 11th
International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 2. Wiesbaden, pp. 293–306. Harrassowitz Verlag,
1210:
Marchetti, Nicolò, Al-Hussainy, Abbas, Benati, Giacomo, Luglio, Giampaolo, Scazzosi, Giulia, Valeri, Marco and Zaina, Federico, "The Rise of
Urbanized Landscapes in Mesopotamia: The QADIS Integrated Survey Results and the Interpretation of Multi-Layered Historical Landscapes", Zeitschrift für
1814:
Krebernik, Manfred, "Prä-Fara-zeitliche Texte aus Fara", Babel und Bibel 8: Studies in
Sumerian Language and Literature: Festschrift Joachim Krecher, edited by Natalia Koslova, E. Vizirova and Gabor Zólyomi, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 327-382,
649:
came from a Ur III period clay nail which mentioned "Haladda, son of Dada, the patesi of
Shuruppak (written SU.KUR.RU) repaired the ADUS of the Great Gate of the god Shuruppak (written SU.KUR.RU-da)". Among other finds, 847 cuneiform tablets and 133 tablet fragments of
1655:
Otto, A., Einwag, B., Al-Hussainy, A., Jawdat, J.A.H., Fink, C. and Maaß, H., "Destruction and
Looting of Archaeological Sites between Fāra / Šuruppak and Išān Bahrīyāt / Isin: Damage Assessment during the Fara Regional Survey Project FARSUP", Sumer 64, pp. 35−48,
509:. Like most cities on the Euphrates, it declined during the Akkadian Empire. A clay cone from the Akkadian Empire period found at Shurappak read "Dada, governor of Suruppak: Hala-adda, gover of Suruppak, his son, laid the ... of the city gate of the goddess Sud".
536:, next to last ruler of Ur III. A few governors of Shurappak under the Ur III Empire are known from contemporary epigraphic remains, Ku-Nanna, Lugal-hedu, Ur-nigin-gar, and Ur-Ninkura. In much later literary compositions several purported rulers are mentioned.
1760:
Cavigneaux, A., "Deux noveaux contrats de Fāra", in I. Arkhipov – L. Kogan – N. Koslova (eds), The Third Millennium. Studies in Early Mesopotamia and Syria in Honor of Walter Sommerfeld and Manfred Krebernik (Cuneiform Monographs 50), Leiden, pp. 240–258,
1168:
Jacobsen, Thorkild and Moran, William L., "Early Political Development in Mesopotamia", Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture, Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, pp. 132-156,
1632:
Marchetti, N., Einwag, B., Al-Hussainy, A., Luglio, G., Marchesi, G., Otto, A., Scazzosi, G., Leoni, E., Valeri, M. and Zaina, F., "QADIS. The Iraqi-Italian 2016 Survey Season in the South-Eastern Region of Qadisiyah", Sumer 63, pp. 63−92,
632:
conducted a brief survey in 1900. He found "copper goatheads; a copper, pre-Sargonid sword; a lamp in the shape of a bird; a very archaic seal cylinder; a number of pre-Sargonid tablets, and 60 incised plates of mother of pearl".
1786:
Edzard, D. O., "Die Archive von Šuruppag (FĀRA): Umfang und Grenzen der Auswertbarkeit", in E. Lipiñski, State and Temple Economy in the Ancient Near East. Vol. 1. OLA 5, Leuven: Department Oriëntalistiek, pp. 153-169,
1818:
Lambert, Maurice, "Quatres nouveaux contrats de l’époque de Shuruppak", in: Manfred Lurker (ed.), Beiträge zu Geschichte, Kultur und Religion des Alten Orients, In memoriam Eckhard Unger, Baden-Baden, pp. 27–40,
1750:
Andrae, W., "Aus einem Berichte W. Andrae's über seineExkursion von Fara nach den südbabylonischen Ruinenstätten(TellǏd, Jǒcha und Hamam)", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft,16, pp. 16–24, 1902 (in
1810:
Krebernik, M., "Die Texte aus Fāra und Tell Abū Ṣalābīḫ", In: J. Bauer, R. K. Englund and M. Krebernik (eds.), Mesopotamien. Späturuk-Zeit und Frühdynastische Zeit. OBO 160/1 (Freiburg–Göttingen), pp. 235−427,
1847:
Steible, H. – Yıldız, F., "Kupfer an ein Herdenmat in Šuruppak?", in Ö. Tunca – D. Deheselle (eds), Tablettes et images aux pays de Sumer et Akkad. Mélanges offerts à Monsieur H. Limet, Liège, pp. 149-159,
1851:
Steible, H. – Yıldız, F., "Lapislazuli-Zuteilungen an die “Prominenz” von Šuruppak", in S. Graziani (ed.), Studi sul Vicino Oriente Antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni, Napoli, pp.985–1031, 2000
468:
Cuneiform tablets from the Early Dynastic III period show a thriving, military oriented economy with links to cities throughout the region. It has been proposed that Fara was part of a "hexapolis" with
1854:
G. Visicato, "The Bureaucracy of Shuruppak : Administrative Centres, Central Offices, Intermediate Structures and Hierarchies in the Economic Documentation of Fara", Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 1995
701:
In 1973, a three-day surface survey of the site was conducted by Harriet P. Martin. Consisting mainly of pottery shard collection, the survey confirmed that Shuruppak dates at least as early as the
547:
A Isin-Larsa cylinder seal and several pottery plaques which may date to early in the second millennium BC were found at the site. Surface finds are predominantly Early Dynastic. In the 2nd year of
1757:
Andrae, W., "Ausgrabungen in Fara und Abu Hatab. Bericht über dieZeit vom 15. August 1902 bis 10. Januar 1903", Mitteilungen derDeutschen Orient-Gesellschaft,17, pp.4–35, 1903 (in german)
1754:
Andrae, W., "Die Umgebung von Fara und Abu Hatab (Fara,Bismaja, Abu Hatab, Hˇetime, Dschidr und Juba’i)", Mitteilungen derDeutschen Orient-Gesellschaft,16, pp. 24–30, 1902 (in german)
1913:
615:
1578:
Martin, Harriet P., "The Tablets of Shuruppak", in Le temple et le culte, Compte rendu de la vingtième Recontre Assyriologique Internationale, Leiden, pp. 173-182, 1975
1790:
Foster, B., "Shuruppak and the Sumerian City State", in L. Kogan, N. Kosolova et.al. (eds.), Babel and Bibel 2. Memoriae Igor M. Diakonoff Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, pp.71–88, 2005
958:
1780:
Anton Deimel, "Die Inschriften von Fara, Vol. III: Wirtschaftstexte aus Fara", Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, Berlin. Wissenschaftliche Ver6ffentlichungen, Vol. XLV, Leipzig, 1924
1908:
1777:
Anton Deimel, "Die Inschriften von Fara, Vol. II: Schultexte aus Fara", Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Wissenschaftliche Ver6ffentlichungen, Vol. XLIII, Leipzig, 1923
693:
1804:
Koldewey, R., "Acht Briefe Dr. Koldewey's (teilweise im Auszug)(Babylon, Fara und Abu Hatab)", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft,15, pp. 6–24, 1902 (in german)
1807:
Koldewey, R., "Auszug aus fünf Briefen Dr. Koldewey's (Babylon,Fara und Abu Hatab)", Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft,16, pp. 8–15, 1902 (in german)
1437:
Travels and researches in Chaldæa and Susiana; with an account of excavations at Warka, the Erech of Nimrod, and Shúsh, Shushan the Palace of Esther, in 1849–52
1512:
Bismya; or The lost city of Adab : a story of adventure, of exploration, and of excavation among the ruins of the oldest of the buried cities of Babylonia
690:
fragments—mostly from pre-Sargonic times—biconvex, and unbaked. The tablets included reference to Shuruppak enabling confirmation of the sites original name.
453:, son of Ubara-Tutu, is noted to be king of Shuruppak. This portion of Gilgamesh is thought to have been taken from another literary composition, the Myth of
1201:
Pomponio, Francesco & Visicato Giuseppe, "Early Dynastic Administrative Tablets of Šuruppak", Napoli: Istituto Universitario Orientalo di Napoli, 1994
1668:"Revisiting Fara: Comparison of merged prospection results of diverse magnetometers with the earliest excavations in ancient Šuruppak from 120 years ago"
1532:
Dougherty, Raymond P, "An Archæological Survey in Southern Babylonia I", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 23, pp. 15–28, 1926
1256:
Frayne, Douglas, "Table III: List of Ur III Period Governors", Ur III Period (2112-2004 BC), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. xli-xliv, 1997
1923:
1706:
1825:
H. P. Martin et al., "The Fara Tablets in the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology", Bethesda, MD: CDL Press, 2001
1795:
Gori, Fiammetta, "Numeracy in early syro-mesopotamia. A study of accounting practices from Fāra to Ebla", University of Verona Disertation, 2024
1364:"A review of Holocene avulsions of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and possible effects on the evolution of civilizations in lower Mesopotamia"
619:
List of titles of different occupations, clay tablet from Shuruppak, Iraq. 2nd half of the 3rd millennium BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
465:
The city expanded to its greatest extent at the end of the Early Dynastic III period (2600 BC to 2350 BC) when it covered about 100 hectares.
673:
In 1926 it was visited by Raymond P, Dougherty during his archaeological survey of the region. In March and April 1931, a joint team of the
1835:
Nöldeke, A., "Die Rückkehr unserer Expedition aus Fara", Mitteilun-gen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft,17, pp. 35–44, 1903 (in german)
1247:
Sharlach, Tonia, "Princely Employments in the Reign of Shulgi", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1-68, 2022
654:
secure doors and containers) were also found. Most from cylinder seals but 19 were from stamp seals. In 1903 the site was visited by
1938:
1918:
1544:
1134:
Maureen Gallery Kovacs, "TABLET XI", The Epic of Gilgamesh, edited by , Redwood City: Stanford University Press, pp. 95-108, 1989
1033:
720:
A surface survey and a full magnetometer survey of the site was completed was conducted between 2016 and 2018 by a team from the
721:
154:
1928:
1731:
1069:
674:
544:
In the 2020s BC, the Ur III Empire was hit by a major drought. It is thought to have been abandoned shortly around 2000 BC.
1295:
1857:
Visicato, Giuseppe, "Some Aspects of the Administrative Organization of Fara", Orientalia, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 94–99, 1992
697:
Pig-shaped rattle from Shuruppak, Iraq. Baked clay. Early Dynastic period, 2500-2350 BCE. Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
706:
650:
246:
1841:
Sallaberger, W., "Fara Notes, 1: Administrative lists identified as dub bar and dub gibil", NABU 2022/2, pp. 98–99, 2022
532:, first rulers of Ur III. One of the tablets found at the site is dated by a year name to the beginning of the reign of
1830:
1308:
1275:
1232:
1153:
1112:
604:
77:
378:
1435:
587:, and now at Fara, of inundation deposits, which accumulated on top of human inhabitation. There is finally “the
410:
The earliest excavated levels at Shuruppak date to the Jemdet Nasr period about 3000 BC. Several objects made of
1431:
1095:
625:
567:
period at Shuruppak. Shuruppak in Mesopotamian legend is one of the "antediluvian" cities and the home of King
1873:
682:
293:
1863:
Wencel, M. M., "New radiocarbon dates from southern Mesopotamia (Fara and Ur)", Iraq, 80, pp. 251-261, 2018
788:
645:
1793:
1666:
Hahn, Sandra E.; Fassbinder, Jörg W. E.; Otto, Adelheid; Einwag, Berthold; Al-Hussainy, Abbas Ali (2022).
1297:
Heartland of Cities: Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates
751:
352:
118:
1943:
1462:
49:
1291:
1222:
1059:
678:
555:
1860–1837 BC), ruler of Isin, a sage of Nippur is recorded as leaving an herbal medicine at Shurappak.
430:
The city rose in importance and size, exceeding 40 hectares(0.4km), during the Early Dynastic period.
1510:
1458:
1038:
995:
629:
367:
24:
1888:
1933:
1883:
1878:
1822:
M. Lambert, "La Periode pr6sargonique, la vie economique a Shuruppak", Sumer 9, pp. 202-205, 1953
926:"1 king; he ruled for 18,600 years. In 5 cities 8 kings; they ruled for 241,200 years. Then the
1085:
1413:
591:
story,” which may possibly symbolize the survival of the Sumerian culture and the end of the
579:
seems to be based on a very real event or a series of such, as suggested by the existence at
1716:. 15th International Conference on Archaeological Prospection. Kiel University Publishing.
1801:
Jestin, R., "Nouvelles tablettes sumériennes de Suruppak au musée d'Istanbul", Paris, 1957
1798:
R. Jestin, "Tablettes sumériennes de Shuruppak conserves au Musée de Stamboul" Paris, 1937
935:
8:
1766:
1484:
Fara, Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft in Fara und Abu Hatab
927:
714:
641:
521:
287:
191:
1363:
1180:
563:
The report of the 1930s excavation mentions a layer of flood deposits at the end of the
1903:
1783:
Edzard, D. O., "Fara und Abu Salabih. Die 'Wirtschaftstexte'", ZA 66, pp. 156-195, 1976
1687:
1615:
1607:
1561:
1391:
882:
825:
702:
686:
434:
415:
240:
1844:
Steible, H. and Yildiz, F., "Wirtschaftstexte aus Fara II", WVDOG 143, Wiesbaden, 2015
1826:
1727:
1691:
1619:
1506:
1395:
1383:
1304:
1271:
1228:
1149:
1108:
1091:
1065:
655:
446:
311:
20:
1722:
362:"Shuruppak" is sometimes also the name of a king of the city, legendary survivor of
1717:
1679:
1599:
1553:
1519:
1444:
1409:
1375:
1121:
768:
600:
411:
197:
1775:
1496:
R.J.Matthews, "Fragments of Officialdom from Fara", Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 1–15, 1991
1211:
Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 214-237, 2019
710:
637:
498:
281:
930:
swept over. After the flood had swept over, and the kingship had descended from
1838:
Pomponio, Francesco, "Notes on the Fara Texts", Orientalia 53.1, pp. 1-18, 1984
1590:
855:
441:, the last ruler "before the flood". In some versions he is followed by a son,
398:
1340:
811:
772:
1897:
1387:
665:
571:, who survives the flood by making a boat beforehand. Schmidt wrote that the
169:
156:
1270:. Birmingham, UK: Chris Martin & Assoc. p. 44, p. 117 and seal no. 579.
1860:
Visicato, G. – Westenholz, A., "A New Fara Contract", SEL 19, pp. 1–4, 2002
584:
1768:
Die Inschriften von Fara, Vol. I: Liste der archaischen Keilschriftzeichen
1667:
1408:
1010:
659:
572:
568:
564:
482:
450:
394:
363:
1707:"Prospecting in the marshland: the Sumerian city Fara— Šuruppak (Iraq)"
1611:
1468:
1303:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Fig. 33 compared with Fig. 21.
1006:
911:
847:
841:
548:
438:
419:
383:
1565:
1379:
1683:
454:
390:
344:
1714:
Advances in On– and Offshore Archaeological Prospection: Proceedings
1603:
1268:
FARA: A reconstruction of the Ancient Mesopotamian City of Shuruppak
1557:
964:
898:
505:
2334–2154 BC), Shuruppak was ruled by a governor holding the title
442:
1889:
Photographs from the University of Pennsylvania expedition to Fara
1712:. In Wunderlich, Tina; Hadler, Hanna; Blankenfeldt, Ruth (eds.).
592:
533:
1120:. Chicago Illinois: The University of Chicago Press – via
1588:
Martin, Harriet P. (1983). "Settlement Patterns at Shuruppak".
815:
636:
It was first excavated between 1902 and 1903 by Walter Andrae,
529:
474:
470:
356:
336:
890:
867:
387:
332:
140:
1014:
588:
486:
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348:
340:
126:
524:(c. 2112-2004 BC), the city was ruled by a governors (ensi
931:
1914:
Populated places disestablished in the 2nd millennium BC
1665:
681:
excavated Shuruppak for a further six week season, with
335:
city situated about 55 kilometres (35 mi) south of
580:
528:) appointed by Ur. One is known to be Ur-nigar, son of
733:
The following list should not be considered complete:
320:
316:
1909:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
1061:
The Harps that Once--: Sumerian Poetry in Translation
624:
canal bed as well as a lower town. It was visited by
359:, also called Sud, the goddess of grain and the air.
1705:
Fassbinder, Jörg; Hahn, Sandra; Wolf, Marco (2023).
1087:
Mesopotamian Civilization: The Material Foundations.
1542:Kramer, Samuel N. (1932). "New Tablets from Fara".
1704:
1057:
910:He has been compared with the Biblical patriarch
418:(c. 2900 BC). Similar objects were also found at
1895:
1227:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 5–218.
1482:Heinrich, Ernst; Andrae, Walter, eds. (1931).
1481:
1879:E Schmidt 1931 excavtion video at Archive.org
895:of not just Shuruppak; but, to have held the
1402:
1651:
1649:
1518:. New York: G. P Putnam's Sons – via
1345:University of Pennsylvania's Museum Journal
1224:The Sargonic and Gutian Periods (2334–2113)
1051:
414:were found in Shuruppak/Fara dating to the
1572:
1214:
327:, SU.KUR.RU, "the healing place"), modern
1721:
1457:
489:, possibly under the leadership of Kish.
1646:
1545:Journal of the American Oriental Society
1467:. Philadelphia: A.J. Holman – via
1464:The Excavations in Assyria and Babylonia
1361:
1107:
766:
692:
664:
614:
377:
1338:
1034:List of cities of the ancient Near East
397:. From Shuruppak, Iraq, circa 2500 BC.
1896:
1764:
1587:
1541:
1486:. Berlin: Staatliche Museen zu Berlin.
1430:
1265:
1220:
1178:
1146:Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City
922:
806:
722:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
599:The deposit is like that deposited by
386:of silver for the governor written in
271:1900, 1902-1903, 1931, 1973, 2016-2018
1874:FARA Regional Survey Project (FARSUP)
1505:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1290:
1143:
1058:Jacobsen, Thorkild (1 January 1987).
756:
675:American Schools of Oriental Research
460:
405:
1924:History of Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
1771:(in German). Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.
1221:Frayne, Douglas R. (1993). "Akkad".
425:
603:, a process that was common in the
339:and 30 kilometers north of ancient
13:
1744:
1327:
658:who was excavating at the site of
539:
492:
14:
1955:
1867:
1185:Cuneiform Digital Library Journal
728:
709:, and was also an element of the
685:as director and with epigraphist
84:
56:
1443:. J. Nisbet and Co. – via
1418:The Ancient Near East: A History
957:
840:
515:
83:
76:
55:
48:
1939:Former populated places in Iraq
1919:1900 archaeological discoveries
1884:Aramco article on Samuel Kramer
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1526:
1499:
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1259:
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1241:
1090:Cornell University Press, 1997
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1:
1723:10.38072/978-3-928794-83-1/p7
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792:
605:Tigris–Euphrates river system
558:
552:
502:
366:, and supposed author of the
355:. Shuruppak was dedicated to
1929:Archaeological sites in Iraq
1362:Morozova, Galina S. (2005).
512:Governors: Dada; Hala-adda;
321:
7:
1341:"Excavations at Fara, 1931"
1266:Martin, Harriet P. (1988).
1027:
887:to have held the title of,
761:
755:
750:
747:
744:
741:
735:
445:. In later versions of the
10:
1960:
1672:Archaeological Prospection
1459:Hilprecht, Hermann Vollrat
1181:"Messengers from Šuruppak"
1005:He has been compared with
705:, expanded greatly in the
679:University of Pennsylvania
669:Bill of sale Louvre AO3765
373:
315:
18:
1144:Leick, Gwendolyn (2002).
1064:. Yale University Press.
1039:Instructions of Shuruppak
996:Instructions of Shuruppak
787:
630:Hermann Volrath Hilprecht
368:Instructions of Shuruppak
353:Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
275:
267:
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234:
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205:
185:
148:
134:
119:Al-Qādisiyyah Governorate
112:
104:
42:
35:
25:Instructions of Shuruppak
19:For the archaic piece of
1179:Cripps, Eric L. (2013).
818:was taken to Shuruppak."
738:
1339:Schmidt, Erich (1931).
1292:Adams, Robert McCormick
769:Early Dynastic I period
646:German Oriental Society
1765:Deimel, Anton (1922).
1114:The Sumerian King List
983: c. 2800 BC
971:Son of Ubara-Tutu (?)
949:
934:, the kingship was in
832:
698:
670:
620:
597:
402:
1414:William Kelly Simpson
1019:Historicity uncertain
923:
916:Historicity uncertain
807:
707:Early Dynastic period
696:
668:
618:
577:
381:
268:Excavation dates
247:Early Dynastic period
170:31.77750°N 45.50972°E
105:Alternative name
95:Show map of Near East
92:Shuruppak (Near East)
16:Ancient Sumerian city
595:Jemdet Nasr culture.
343:on the banks of the
1148:. London: Penguin.
715:Third Dynasty of Ur
642:Friedrich Delitzsch
422:(levels XII-VIII).
288:Friedrich Delitzsch
192:archaeological site
166: /
32:
1944:Jemdet Nasr period
1507:Banks, Edgar James
1109:Jacobsen, Thorkild
883:Sumerian King List
826:Sumerian King List
703:Jemdet Nasr period
699:
687:Samuel Noah Kramer
671:
621:
461:Early Dynastic III
435:Sumerian King List
416:Jemdet Nasr period
406:Jemdet Nasr period
403:
241:Jemdet Nasr period
175:31.77750; 45.50972
30:
1733:978-3-928794-83-1
1380:10.1002/gea.20057
1084:Daniel T. Potts,
1071:978-0-300-07278-5
1025:
1024:
988:
875:
789:Predynastic Sumer
656:Edgar James Banks
447:Epic of Gilgamesh
426:Early Dynastic II
331:, was an ancient
305:
304:
299:Harriet P. Martin
64:Shown within Iraq
21:wisdom literature
1951:
1772:
1738:
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1711:
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1696:
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1684:10.1002/arp.1878
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1520:Internet Archive
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1445:Internet Archive
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1410:William W. Hallo
1406:
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1122:Internet Archive
1119:
1105:
1099:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1055:
986:
984:
982:
961:
947:
873:
871:
870: c. 2810 BC
844:
830:
801:
797:
794:
781:
777:
758:
736:
554:
504:
412:arsenical copper
326:
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258:
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67:Show map of Iraq
59:
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52:
33:
29:
1959:
1958:
1954:
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1950:
1949:
1948:
1934:Sumerian cities
1894:
1893:
1870:
1747:
1745:Further reading
1742:
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1709:
1703:
1699:
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1604:10.2307/4200173
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1527:
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1500:
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1432:Loftus, William
1429:
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1356:
1337:
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1106:
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1083:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
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1030:
993:Known from the
985:
979:
967:
948:
943:
872:
866:
850:
831:
823:
799:
795:
779:
775:
731:
711:Akkadian Empire
638:Robert Koldewey
613:
601:river avulsions
561:
542:
540:Middle Bronze I
527:
518:
499:Akkadian Period
495:
493:Akkadian period
463:
428:
408:
376:
298:
292:
286:
282:Robert Koldewey
280:
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38:
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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1868:External links
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1678:(4): 623–635.
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1558:10.2307/593166
1552:(2): 110–132.
1534:
1525:
1498:
1489:
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1374:(4): 401–423.
1368:Geoarchaeology
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987:(36,000 years)
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914:
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874:(18,600 years)
861:
859:
856:En-men-dur-ana
852:
845:
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834:
833:
821:
804:
803:
800: 2700 BC
785:
784:
780: 2700 BC
764:
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749:
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740:
730:
729:List of rulers
727:
651:Early Dynastic
626:William Loftus
612:
609:
575:of the Bible,
560:
557:
541:
538:
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517:
514:
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449:, a man named
427:
424:
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399:British Museum
375:
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1277:0-907695-02-7
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1234:0-8020-0593-4
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814:fell and the
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734:
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691:
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684:
683:Erich Schmidt
680:
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586:
582:
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570:
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531:
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522:Ur III period
516:Ur III period
513:
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294:Erich Schmidt
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256:Ur III period
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193:
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107:
103:
79:
51:
41:
34:
26:
22:
1767:
1713:
1700:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1638:
1628:
1598:(1): 24–31.
1595:
1589:
1583:
1574:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1528:
1511:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1463:
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1404:
1371:
1367:
1357:
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1319:
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1243:
1223:
1216:
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1139:
1130:
1113:
1103:
1086:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1000:
994:
976:
944:
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924:
904:
896:
888:
881:
880:Said on the
863:
824:
809:
808:
767:
732:
719:
700:
672:
635:
622:
598:
578:
562:
546:
543:
519:
511:
506:
496:
467:
464:
437:is a ruler,
432:
429:
409:
361:
328:
322:
307:
306:
252:Akkad period
1011:Utnapishtim
796: 2900
776: 2900
748:Succession
611:Archaeology
573:flood story
569:Utnapishtim
565:Jemdet Nasr
451:Utnapishtim
395:clay tablet
211:120 hectare
173: /
149:Coordinates
1898:Categories
1469:HathiTrust
1351:: 193–217.
1096:0801433398
1045:References
1007:Atra-Hasis
977:Uncertain,
912:Methuselah
864:Uncertain,
848:Ubara-Tutu
798: – c.
778: – c.
742:Depiction
559:Flood Myth
549:Enlil-bani
439:Ubara-Tutu
420:Tepe Gawra
263:Site notes
161:45°30′35″E
158:31°46′39″N
1904:Shuruppak
1692:252827382
1620:130046037
1396:129452555
1388:0883-6353
968:𒍣𒌓𒋤𒁺
628:in 1850.
455:Atrahasis
401:, London.
391:Cuneiform
364:the Flood
345:Euphrates
329:Tell Fara
308:Shuruppak
108:Tell Fara
31:Shuruppak
1509:(1912).
1461:(1904).
1434:(1857).
1416:(1971).
1294:(1981).
1111:(1939).
1028:See also
965:Ziusudra
942:—
907:of Sumer
899:Kingship
822:—
816:kingship
713:and the
677:and the
443:Ziusudra
388:Sumerian
382:Summary
333:Sumerian
323:Šuruppag
317:𒋢𒆳𒊒𒆠
312:Sumerian
113:Location
1751:german)
1612:4200173
868:reigned
854:Son of
851:𒂬𒁺𒁺
757:Approx.
752:Epithet
644:of the
593:Elamite
534:Shu-Sin
520:During
497:In the
433:In the
384:account
374:History
235:Periods
230:History
223:9 metre
37:{{{1}}}
1829:
1730:
1690:
1618:
1610:
1566:593166
1564:
1394:
1386:
1307:
1274:
1231:
1152:
1094:
1068:
1013:, and
932:heaven
812:Sippar
810:"Then
762:Notes
759:dates
745:Ruler
530:Shulgi
507:patesi
485:, and
475:Nippur
471:Lagash
357:Ninlil
337:Nippur
218:Height
135:Region
23:, see
1710:(PDF)
1688:S2CID
1616:S2CID
1608:JSTOR
1562:JSTOR
1516:(PDF)
1441:(PDF)
1392:S2CID
1301:(PDF)
1118:(PDF)
928:flood
903:over
885:(SKL)
828:(SKL)
583:, at
393:on a
141:Sumer
1848:1996
1827:ISBN
1819:1971
1815:2014
1811:1998
1787:1979
1761:2020
1728:ISBN
1656:2018
1643:2020
1633:2017
1591:Iraq
1412:and
1384:ISSN
1324:2015
1305:ISBN
1272:ISBN
1229:ISBN
1191:(3).
1189:2013
1169:1970
1150:ISBN
1098:p167
1092:ISBN
1066:ISBN
1015:Noah
999:and
936:Kish
891:King
858:(?)
660:Adab
640:and
589:Noah
585:Kish
487:Umma
483:Adab
479:Uruk
349:Iraq
341:Uruk
206:Area
186:Type
127:Iraq
1718:doi
1680:doi
1600:doi
1554:doi
1376:doi
1001:SKL
945:SKL
905:all
717:.
370:".
351:'s
347:in
1900::
1726:.
1686:.
1676:29
1674:.
1670:.
1648:^
1614:.
1606:.
1596:45
1594:.
1560:.
1550:52
1548:.
1390:.
1382:.
1372:20
1370:.
1366:.
1347:.
1343:.
1329:^
1187:.
1183:.
1009:,
981:r.
954:2
938:."
837:1
802:)
793:c.
773:c.
739:#
607:.
581:Ur
553:c.
503:c.
481:,
477:,
473:,
457:.
314::
297:,
291:,
285:,
254:,
250:,
244:,
195:,
123:,
1736:.
1720::
1694:.
1682::
1622:.
1602::
1568:.
1556::
1522:.
1471:.
1447:.
1420:.
1398:.
1378::
1349:2
1313:.
1280:.
1237:.
1158:.
1124:.
1074:.
901:"
897:"
893:"
889:"
791:(
782:)
771:(
551:(
526:2
501:(
310:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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