6193:
944:
423:
990:
7801:
350:
960:
8026:
975:
1009:
688:
439:
57:
6727:
6742:
503:—was conceived of as a single entity ruled collectively by these several kings (each ruling one section much as the late Roman Empire had been divided between up to four emperors). The death of one or more of these kings could result in the reunification of the whole kingdom under a single ruler. Even when divided under different kings, the kingdom maintained unity and conquered Burgundy in 534.
6808:, elected as king of France by the tribe of the Franks, who gave their name to France. Before Clovis, we have Gallo-Roman and Gaulish prehistory. The decisive element, for me, is that Clovis was the first king to have been baptized a Christian. My country is a Christian country and I reckon the history of France beginning with the accession of a Christian king who bore the name of the Franks".
290:, united the Franks and conquered most of Gaul. The Merovingians treated their kingdom as single yet divisible. Clovis's four sons divided the kingdom among themselves, and it remained divided until 679 with the exception of four short periods (558–561, 613–623, 629–634, 673–675). After that it was divided again only once (717–718). The main divisions of the kingdom were
848:
738:, governmental documents were recognizably Roman, it is by then written in Latin on imported papyrus similar to Roman bureaucratic norms and where it also made use of the old legal formulae. While laymen made up most of the administrators, there was a gradual shift to a clerical presence from the reign of Clotaire II.
7449:
Pour moi, l'histoire de France commence avec Clovis, choisi comme roi de France par la tribu des Francs, qui donnèrent leur nom à la France. Avant Clovis, nous avons la Préhistoire gallo-romaine et gauloise. L'élément décisif pour moi, c'est que Clovis fut le premier roi à être baptisé chrétien. Mon
1077:
did not set out to reconstruct a biography in the Roman or the modern sense, but to attract and hold popular devotion by the formulas of elaborate literary exercises, through which the
Frankish Church channeled popular piety within orthodox channels, defined the nature of sanctity and retained some
1042:
and episcopal seats were shrewdly awarded to elites who supported the dynasty. Extensive parcels of land were donated to monasteries to exempt those lands from royal taxation and to preserve them within the family. The family-maintained dominance over the monastery by appointing family members as
745:
and endowing them with land in return. These armies were subject to the king's call for military support. Annual national assemblies of the nobles and their armed retainers decided major policies of war making. The army also acclaimed new kings by raising them on its shields continuing an ancient
382:
It is said that while
Chlodio was staying at the seaside with his wife one summer, his wife went into the sea at midday to bathe, and a beast of Neptune rather like a Quinotaur found her. In the event she was made pregnant, either by the beast or by her husband, and she gave birth to a son called
1093:
were an essential element of
Merovingian hagiography, were read aloud on saints' feast days. Many Merovingian saints, and the majority of female saints, were local ones, venerated only within strictly circumscribed regions; their cults were revived in the High Middle Ages, when the population of
702:
The
Merovingian king redistributed conquered wealth among his followers, both material wealth and the land including its indentured peasantry, though these powers were not absolute. As Rouche points out, "When he died his property was divided equally among his heirs as though it were private
546:
Internally, the kingdom was divided among Clovis's sons and later among his grandsons and frequently saw war between the different kings, who allied amongst themselves and against one another. The death of one king created conflict between the surviving brothers and the deceased's sons, with
607:, were not the main agents of political conflicts, leaving this role to their mayors of the palace, who increasingly substituted their own interest for their king's. Many kings came to the throne at a young age and died in the prime of life, weakening royal power further.
1462:
Finally, archaeological evidence cannot be ignored as a source for information, at the very least, on the
Frankish mode of life. Among the greatest discoveries of lost objects was the 1653 accidental uncovering of Childeric I's tomb in the church of Saint Brice in
566:
The frequent wars had weakened royal power, while the aristocracy had made great gains and procured enormous concessions from the kings in return for their support. These concessions saw the very considerable power of the king parcelled out and retained by leading
1058:
and monasteries, were rewarded with sainthood. The outstanding handful of
Frankish saints who were not of the Merovingian kinship nor the family alliances that provided Merovingian counts and dukes, deserve a closer inspection for that fact alone: like
1047:. Extra sons and daughters who could not be married off were sent to monasteries so that they would not threaten the inheritance of older Merovingian children. This pragmatic use of monasteries ensured close ties between elites and monastic properties.
498:
in 507. After Clovis's death, his kingdom was partitioned among his four sons. This tradition of partition continued over the next century. Even when several
Merovingian kings simultaneously ruled their own realms, the kingdom—not unlike the late
623:. After this, Pepin, though not a king, was the political ruler of the Frankish kingdom and left this position as a heritage to his sons. It was now the sons of the mayor that divided the realm among each other under the rule of a single king.
870:
began minting his own money at the start of his reign. He was the first to issue distinctly
Merovingian coinage. On gold coins struck in his royal workshop, Theudebert is shown in the pearl-studded regalia of the Byzantine emperor;
1377:
A limited number of contemporary sources describe the history of the
Merovingian Franks, but those that survive cover the entire period from Clovis's succession to Childeric's deposition. First among chroniclers of the age is the
6821:: "The Merovingians are important to Proust because, as the oldest French dynasty, they are the most romantic and their descendants the most aristocratic." The word "Merovingian" is used as an adjective at least five times in
1451:, mentioned above. From the reign of Clotaire II and Dagobert I survive many examples of the royal position as the supreme justice and final arbiter. There also survive biographies of saints of the period, for instance
1487:. The funerary clothing and jewellery were reasonably well-preserved, giving us a look into the costume of the time. Beyond these royal individuals, the Merovingian period is associated with the archaeological
6192:
1395:
is a primary source for the reigns of the sons of
Clotaire II and their descendants until Gregory's own death in 594, but must be read with account of the pro-church point of view of its author.
630:
assumed power, fighting against nobles and his own stepmother. His reputation for ruthlessness further undermined the king's position. Under Charles Martel's leadership, the Franks defeated the
657:
at Tours limited its expansion onto the west of the European continent. During the last years of his life, he even ruled without a king, though he did not assume royal dignity. His sons
1412:
patronage, extended it to 768, after the close of the Merovingian era. It is the only primary narrative source for much of its period. The only other major contemporary source is the
1106:
of six late Merovingian saints that illustrate the political history of the era have been translated and edited by Paul Fouracre and Richard A. Gerberding, and presented with
815:
era. In this the Franks lagged behind the Burgundians and the Visigoths, that they had no universal Roman-based law. In Merovingian times, law was handled by officials called
7089:
Probably among this confederacy should be included the Marvingi* of Ptolemy, to the south of the Catti, ... who seem to have given the Merving family to rule the Franks
669:) to stem rebellion on the kingdom's periphery. However, in 751, Pepin finally displaced the last Merovingian and, with the support of the nobility and the blessing of
1333:
stated that it seems certain that the Gallo-Roman population was far greater than the Frankish population in Merovingian Gaul, especially in regions south of the
682:
793:
Merovingian law was not universal law equally applicable to all; it was applied to each man according to his origin: Ripuarian Franks were subject to their own
595:(died 639), who sent troops to Spain and pagan Slavic territories in the east, is commonly seen as the last powerful Merovingian King. Later kings are known as
395:
and the royal dynasty of supernatural origin. Today, it is more commonly seen as an attempt to explain the meaning of the name Merovech (sea-bull): "Unlike the
583:). Very little is in fact known about the course of the 7th century due to a scarcity of sources, but Merovingians remained in power until the 8th century.
1099:
819:, who memorised the set of legal precedents which formed the basis for their society's laws, for Merovingian society did not allow the concept of creating
309:
During the final century of Merovingian rule, the kings were increasingly pushed into a ceremonial role. Actual power was increasingly in the hands of the
6770:
399:
rulers the Merovingians—if they ever themselves acknowledged the quinotaur tale, which is by no means certain—made no claim to be descended from a god".
1345:. The further south in Gaul one traveled, the weaker the Frankish influence became. Hen finds hardly any evidence for Frankish settlements south of the
194:
accepted their lordship. The Merovingian realm was the largest and most powerful of the states of western Europe following the breakup of the empire of
746:
practice that made the king leader of the warrior-band. Furthermore, the king was expected to support himself with the products of his private domain (
263:
distinguished them among the Franks, who commonly cut their hair short. Contemporaries sometimes referred to them as the "long-haired kings" (Latin
9309:
551:. However, yearly warfare often did not constitute general devastation but took on an almost ritual character, with established 'rules' and norms.
321:
on the throne in Austrasia. Grimoald was arrested and executed; but his son ruled until 662, when the Merovingian dynasty was restored. When King
734:, the Franks having taken over administration as they gradually penetrated into the thoroughly Romanised west and south of Gaul. By the time of
1078:
control over the posthumous cults that developed spontaneously at burial sites, where the life-force of the saint lingered, to do good for the
7450:
pays est un pays chrétien et je commence à compter l'histoire de France à partir de l'accession d'un roi chrétien qui porte le nom des Francs.
6593:
9451:
1067:
aristocracy in regions south and west of Merovingian control. The most characteristic form of Merovingian literature is represented by the
8057:
1439:
Aside from these chronicles, the only surviving reservoirs of historiography are documentary sources (letters, charters, laws, etc.) and
6954:
1357:
remained the spoken language in Gaul throughout the Merovingian period and remained so even well in to the Carolingian period. However,
943:
9461:
7102:
1467:. The grave objects included a golden bull's head and the famous golden insects (perhaps bees, cicadas, aphids, or flies) on which
1447:
were letter-writers, though relatively few letters survive. Edicts, grants, and judicial decisions survive, as well as the famous
9446:
8088:
6763:
7752:
1428:
work, and its biases cause it to mislead (for instance, concerning the two decades between the controversies surrounding mayors
1420:, an anonymous adaptation of Gregory's work apparently ignorant of Fredegar's chronicle: its author(s) ends with a reference to
7780:
1038:(d 615), an Irish monk. Merovingian kings and queens used the newly forming ecclesiastical power structure to their advantage.
166:. By 509 they had united all the Franks and northern Gallo-Romans under their rule. They conquered most of Gaul, defeating the
8779:
1369:
as late as the 850s, and that it completely disappeared as a spoken language from these regions only during the 10th century.
162:
from around the middle of the 5th century until 751. They first appear as "Kings of the Franks" in the Roman army of northern
9456:
8785:
7724:
7705:
7677:
7642:
7615:
7589:
7542:
7471:
7433:
7369:
7186:
7040:
6413:
9436:
9426:
9421:
9302:
1353:
was forgotten rather rapidly after the early stage of the dynasty. Hen believes that for Neustria, Burgundy and Aquitania,
726:, and the judgment of disputes. This happened against the backdrop of a newly isolated Europe without its Roman systems of
703:
property: the kingdom was a form of patrimony." Some scholars have attributed this to the Merovingians' lacking a sense of
9431:
7666:
Rouche, Michel (1987). "Private life conquers State and Society". In Ariès, Philippe; Veyne, Paul; Duby, Georges (eds.).
6531:
599:("do-nothing kings"), despite the fact that only the last two kings did nothing. The kings, even strong-willed men like
329:
continued to rule the kingdoms until his death in 741. The dynasty was restored again in 743, but in 751 Charles's son,
9441:
9199:
6756:
9242:
7740:
7513:
7403:
7295:
7112:
7011:
6832:
6692:
839:. The few surviving Merovingian edicts are almost entirely concerned with settling divisions of estates among heirs.
1002:
422:
271:
and sent to a monastery. The Merovingians also used a distinct name stock. One of their names, Clovis, evolved into
7800:
7672:. A History of Private Life. Vol. 1 (5th ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 419–.
6909:
6645:
5169:
989:
9295:
8933:
8050:
6860:
was the most successful. The "Priory of Sion" material has given rise to later works in popular fiction, notably
6714:
6432:
4090:
934:
658:
9416:
9411:
8871:
788:
811:) of the Salian clans, first tentatively codified in 511 was invoked under medieval exigencies as late as the
267:). A Merovingian whose hair was cut could not rule, and a rival could be removed from the succession by being
8667:
6709:
6702:
6687:
6675:
6660:
6462:
249:
7033:
After Rome's Fall: Narrators and Sources of Early Medieval History : Essays Presented to Walter Goffart
9396:
8579:
8025:
6919:
4396:
771:, and agricultural estates were mostly self-sufficient. The remaining international trade was dominated by
31:
17:
6385:
1094:
women in religious orders increased enormously. Judith Oliver noted five Merovingian female saints in the
9401:
7361:
6682:
723:
1471:
modelled his coronation cloak. In 1957, the sepulchre of a Merovingian woman at the time believed to be
9172:
8043:
7773:
6697:
6665:
6640:
6200:
6172:
1408:
but continued by unknown authors. It covers the period from 584 to 641, though its continuators, under
462:, a Roman military leader who competed with the Merovingians for power in northern France. He won the
252:, the Merovingians never claimed descent from a god, nor is there evidence that they were regarded as
8761:
6266:
6209:
1415:
1109:
918:
903:
and various non-royals around 673–675. A Carolingian denarius replaced the Merovingian one, and the
9223:
6891:
6870:
6228:
2145:
828:
650:
1175:
1012:
968:
922:
9322:
7607:
7207:
6970:
6873:" (also known as "the Frenchman") is used as the name for a fictional character and a supporting
6670:
6650:
6343:
4831:
1794:
1480:
938:
6375:
1488:
1361:
estimated that a Germanic language was spoken as a second tongue by public officials in western
7942:
7930:
6904:
6885:
6813:
6655:
6603:
6482:
5260:
4891:
4155:
4079:
1187:
1128:
639:
548:
318:
7028:
6995:
7766:
7687:
7279:
7056:
6975:
6797:
6785:
6613:
6540:
6502:
6442:
2626:
1400:
761:
370:
7532:
7355:
6944:
4114:
1424:'s sixth year, which would be 727. It was widely read; though it was undoubtedly a piece of
9406:
7419:
6492:
6218:
5640:
1358:
1255:
646:
495:
8:
9338:
8585:
7559:
6879:
6452:
6361:
6300:
5945:
5823:
5649:
5622:
5243:
4944:
4661:
2988:
2609:
2176:
1444:
983:
338:
310:
299:
287:
195:
9368:
7000:
The Construction of Communities in the Early Middle Ages: Texts, Resources and Artefacts
1095:
383:
Merovech, from whom the kings of the Franks have subsequently been called Merovingians.
27:
Frankish aristocratic family that ruled from around the middle of the 5th century to 751
9375:
7336:
7328:
7202:
7153:
7145:
7080:
6914:
6789:
4935:
3896:
1429:
1213:
719:
642:
388:
314:
272:
234:
9272:
9267:
9205:
8810:
8066:
7720:
7701:
7673:
7638:
7611:
7585:
7581:
7538:
7519:
7509:
7467:
7429:
7399:
7365:
7340:
7291:
7182:
7157:
7108:
7036:
7007:
6862:
6801:
6422:
6321:
6181:
1350:
859:
616:
507:
463:
217:
9260:
7553:
7128:
Lewis, Archibald R. (July 1976). "The Dukes in the Regnum Francorum, A.D. 550–751".
6804:
is on record as stating his opinion that "For me, the history of France begins with
847:
9363:
9348:
9146:
8080:
7758:
7604:
Before France and Germany: The Creation and Transformation of the Merovingian World
7599:
7320:
7137:
7072:
7003:
6395:
5236:
1386:
1060:
914:
836:
824:
620:
471:
431:
361:
349:
111:
7700:]. Geschichte Frankreichs (in German). Vol. 1. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
6562:
6367:
547:
differing outcomes. Later, conflicts were intensified by the personal feud around
9358:
8677:
8076:
7691:
7667:
7571:
7423:
7287:
7172:
6845:
6837:
6551:
4654:
1382:
964:
959:
812:
662:
635:
403:
330:
7746:
6971:
Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged
6513:
506:
Upon Clovis's death in 511, the Merovingian kingdom included all of Gaul except
9353:
9101:
7984:
6841:
6823:
6746:
6332:
5615:
5580:
4633:
4101:
1269:
1079:
884:
654:
627:
511:
447:
326:
202:
6793:
653:
prevented the attempts of Islam to expand into eastern Europe, the victory of
9390:
9131:
9089:
9047:
8014:
7966:
7888:
7882:
7523:
6958:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 172–172.
6949:
6853:
6818:
6731:
6472:
6067:
5214:
4678:
4418:
1452:
1302:
1279:
896:
747:
666:
334:
241:
7555:
The Merovingian Kingdoms and the Mediterranean World: Revisiting the Sources
974:
9125:
9113:
9107:
9083:
9077:
9011:
8659:
8597:
8565:
8505:
8493:
8356:
8312:
8008:
7996:
7990:
7960:
7954:
7936:
7924:
7894:
7846:
7828:
7652:
7534:
Caring for Body and Soul: Burial and the Afterlife in the Merovingian World
6998:. In Corradini, Richard; Diesenberger, Maximilian; Reimitz, Helmut (eds.).
6580:
6311:
6104:
5907:
5534:
5197:
5180:
4842:
4696:
4616:
3623:
3597:
1421:
1354:
1342:
1314:
1239:
1209:
1031:
1019:
1008:
900:
872:
867:
852:
796:
768:
709:, but other historians have criticized this view as an oversimplification.
670:
604:
500:
483:
479:
322:
947:
Frankish gold Tremissis with Christian cross, issued by minter Madelinus,
9287:
9254:
9154:
9119:
9065:
9053:
9035:
9023:
8999:
8753:
8499:
8463:
8403:
8344:
8002:
7972:
7912:
7906:
7900:
7864:
7840:
7816:
7656:
7065:
The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
6991:
6575:
5888:
5151:
4969:
4407:
4354:
3845:
3819:
3027:
2189:
1440:
1409:
1338:
1330:
1233:
1181:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1039:
998:
994:
952:
832:
772:
731:
705:
600:
560:
490:. He subsequently went on to decisively defeat the Visigothic kingdom of
443:
396:
392:
357:
353:
279:
253:
221:
171:
7311:
Oliver, Judith (1993). ""Gothic" Women and Merovingian Desert Mothers".
7029:"7. Post vocantur Merohingii: Fredegar, Merovech, and 'Sacral Kingship'"
1026:
by their contact with Gallo-Romanic culture and later further spread by
687:
9215:
9059:
9041:
9017:
8957:
8939:
8919:
8730:
8724:
8556:
8433:
8415:
8350:
8289:
8276:
8247:
8202:
8159:
8136:
7918:
7876:
7858:
7852:
7634:
7567:
7149:
7084:
6874:
6248:
5555:
4584:
4137:
3920:
3537:
2531:
2520:
1472:
1295:
1219:
1161:
1151:
1035:
735:
592:
535:
519:
438:
374:
implies that the Merovingians were descended from a sea-beast called a
237:
7332:
1398:
The next major source, far less organised than Gregory's work, is the
56:
9095:
9071:
8913:
8883:
8865:
8853:
8700:
8682:
8603:
8591:
8535:
8427:
8368:
8303:
8284:
8266:
8258:
7978:
7948:
7834:
7580:]. Kohlhammer Urban-Taschenbücher (in German). Vol. 392. W.
7178:
6849:
5950:
5940:
5895:
5627:
5597:
5562:
5248:
5157:
4975:
4949:
4908:
4861:
4849:
4684:
4666:
4425:
4161:
4143:
3808:
3584:
2943:
2602:
2584:
1425:
1379:
1362:
1308:
1265:
1199:
1193:
1171:
1139:
808:
776:
757:
696:
427:
375:
303:
291:
260:
167:
8035:
7633:]. Enzyklopädie deutscher Geschichte (in German). Vol. 26.
7141:
7076:
7060:
9343:
9182:
9164:
9005:
8993:
8925:
8907:
8901:
8889:
8877:
8859:
8829:
8771:
8736:
8712:
8706:
8672:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8451:
8445:
8439:
8380:
8320:
8212:
8207:
8175:
8169:
8125:
8101:
7822:
7810:
7324:
6943:
6852:
sold the story as non-fiction, giving rise to a number of works of
6805:
5654:
4878:
4601:
3834:
3573:
3507:
3000:
2555:
2544:
2239:
1837:
1468:
1456:
1405:
1366:
1285:
1275:
1243:
1229:
1165:
1157:
1145:
948:
904:
892:
727:
531:
523:
491:
487:
475:
467:
459:
455:
295:
283:
275:
and remained common among French royalty down to the 19th century.
245:
183:
179:
391:
and was often taken as evidence that the Merovingian kingship was
9318:
9247:
9029:
8987:
8951:
8945:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8823:
8817:
8742:
8718:
8692:
8626:
8620:
8573:
8529:
8523:
8457:
8421:
8409:
8397:
8374:
8332:
8326:
8228:
8222:
8115:
7870:
6275:
4329:
3869:
3520:
2964:
2160:
1807:
1548:
1527:
1476:
1464:
1318:
1090:
979:
907:
863:
615:
The conflict between mayors was ended when the Austrasians under
407:
313:, the highest-ranking official under the king. In 656, the mayor
268:
187:
1337:, with most of the Frankish settlements being located along the
224:
9234:
8968:
8895:
8797:
8791:
8638:
8632:
8338:
7753:
Merovingian Archaeology at the Museum of the Dark Ages (France)
7104:
Mediterranean Beaches and Bluffs: A Bicycle Your France E-guide
6792:, although their importance was partly overshadowed by that of
6279:
3903:
3560:
1433:
1349:. The absence of Frankish literature sources suggests that the
1098:
who appeared in a long list of saints in the late 13th-century
1051:
1023:
888:
880:
515:
191:
175:
159:
760:, and expectations of royal self-sufficiency lasted until the
9191:
8803:
8517:
8511:
8487:
8362:
8239:
8194:
4924:
1484:
1346:
1334:
1249:
1055:
1044:
714:
631:
576:
527:
411:
387:
In the past, this tale was regarded as an authentic piece of
563:
in 613 reunited the entire Frankish realm under one ruler.
8644:
8541:
6238:
1223:
1203:
1027:
876:
752:
692:
580:
163:
147:
144:
126:
120:
7248:
141:
7357:
Late Merovingian France: History and Hagiography, 640–720
691:
The Merovingian Basilica of Saint-Pierre-aux-Nonnains in
135:
6866:(2003), which mentions the Merovingians in chapter 60.
683:
Royal household under the Merovingians and Carolingians
7464:
Marcel Proust's Search For Lost Time: A Reader's Guide
7396:
Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, A.D. 481–751
8976:
7260:
7244:. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. p. 88.
7221:
150:
138:
114:
7788:
875:
is shown in profile in the ancient style, wearing a
211:
205:
132:
123:
248:, who is at the center of many legends. Unlike the
129:
117:
7353:
1288:, queen of the Franks (died ca 680), presented in
917:in Paris; there are Merovingian gold coins at the
741:The counts had to provide armies, enlisting their
486:at a time when other Germanic tribes were largely
30:"Merovingian" redirects here. For other uses, see
7174:Warfare and Society in the Barbarian West 450–900
7035:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 121–152.
7031:. In Goffart, Walter; Goffart, Walter A. (eds.).
216:("sons of Merovech"), derives from an unattested
9388:
7452:cited in the biography by David Schœnbrun, 1965.
6561:
891:were minted in Francia between 534 and 679. The
823:law, only of maintaining tradition. Nor did its
7354:Fouracre, Paul; Gerberding, Richard A. (1996).
7278:
7055:
801:, codified at a late date, while the so-called
554:
414:were the ancestors of the Merovingian dynasty.
7503:
7254:
1063:, they were almost without exception from the
835:caused to be assembled and promulgated in the
9303:
8051:
7774:
7631:The Roman Heritage and the Merovingian Empire
7508:(in Latin). Hannover: Hahnsche Buchhandlung.
6764:
1459:, written soon after their subjects' deaths.
1372:
1290:The Life of Lady Bathild, Queen of the Franks
1258:, abbess of Nivelles (died 658) presented in
7418:
7693:Die Ursprünge Frankreichs bis zum Jahr 1000
7466:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 248.
7239:
7061:"Migrations. (The Huxley Lecture for 1906)"
1413:
1390:
1107:
802:
794:
586:
9317:
9310:
9296:
8058:
8044:
7781:
7767:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7286:. Oxford history of the Christian Church.
6830:The Merovingians are featured in the book
6784:The Merovingians play a prominent role in
6771:
6757:
1184:, abbess of St Jean of Arles (died c. 550)
1117:
665:again appointed a Merovingian figurehead (
541:
337:, and had himself crowned, initiating the
278:The first well-known Merovingian king was
7698:The origins of France up to the year 1000
7627:Das römische Erbe und das Merowingerreich
7461:
174:(534), and also extended their rule into
7578:The Merovingians and the Frankish Empire
7203:"Merovingian dynasty | Frankish dynasty"
6937:
6935:
1007:
988:
973:
958:
942:
913:Merovingian coins are on display at the
910:, in Gaul from 755 to the 11th century.
846:
686:
638:in 732. After the victory of 718 of the
437:
421:
406:suggested that the Marvingi recorded by
348:
8780:List of legendary kings of the Lombards
7378:
7170:
6996:"Deconstructing the Merovingian Family"
6941:
831:required of urbanised society, such as
14:
9389:
7686:
7665:
7624:
7551:
7530:
7310:
7266:
7240:James, Edward; Holmes, George (1988).
7227:
7026:
6811:The Merovingians feature in the novel
1133:
1114:, to provide some historical context.
9291:
8065:
8039:
7762:
7598:
7282:(1983). "V. The Merovingian Saints".
7242:The Oxford History of Medieval Europe
7127:
7100:
6986:
6984:
6932:
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6146:
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1965:
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1539:
1537:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1054:and abbots, or who generously funded
756:. This system developed in time into
9268:List of legendary kings of the Geats
7747:Genealogy of the Merovingian dynasty
7714:
7651:
7566:
6990:
1164:princess who founded a monastery at
1050:Numerous Merovingians who served as
767:Trade declined with the fall of the
673:, became one of the Frankish kings.
344:
9452:Medieval history of the Netherlands
7573:Die Merowinger und das Frankenreich
7393:
7101:Moore, Walter Judson (2015-08-27).
1443:. Clerical men such as Gregory and
712:The kings appointed magnates to be
24:
9200:List of legendary kings of Denmark
7497:
7428:. Biblo & Tannen. p. 29.
7233:
6981:
6836:(1982) where they are depicted as
1311:, abbess of Laon (died before 709)
610:
402:In 1906, the British Egyptologist
25:
9473:
9243:List of legendary kings of Sweden
7734:
7717:The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751
7504:Beyerle, F; Buchner, R. (1997) .
6858:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail
6833:The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail
1292:(in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996)
1262:(in Fouracre and Gerberding 1996)
899:) appeared later, in the name of
626:After Pepin's long rule, his son
458:, the son of Childeric, defeated
8024:
7799:
7425:A History of the French Language
7171:Halsall, Guy (28 January 2008).
6910:Merovingian art and architecture
6740:
6725:
6191:
1148:, queen of the Franks (died 545)
526:. After this their borders with
110:
55:
9462:Medieval history of Switzerland
7480:
7455:
7442:
7412:
7347:
7304:
7272:
1190:, queen of Austrasia (died 613)
935:List of Merovingian monasteries
158:) was the ruling family of the
9447:Medieval history of Luxembourg
7195:
7164:
7121:
7094:
7049:
7020:
6962:
1494:
1252:, abbess of Andenne (died 693)
1196:, queen of Neustria (died 597)
1003:Musée de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
789:Slavery in Merovingian Francia
240:suffix. The name derives from
13:
1:
8216:
8183:
8179:
8163:
8150:
8146:
8141:
8119:
8106:
8092:
8084:
6925:
827:traditions offer any code of
718:(counts), charging them with
676:
645:and the Emperor of Byzantium
250:Anglo-Saxon royal genealogies
81:
47:
9457:Medieval history of Slovenia
7669:From pagan Rome to Byzantium
7552:Esders, Stefan, ed. (2019).
6920:Pillar of Yzeures-sur-Creuse
555:Reunification of the kingdom
522:, the Franks also conquered
32:Merovingian (disambiguation)
7:
9437:Medieval history of Germany
9427:Medieval history of Belgium
9422:Former monarchies of Europe
7741:The Oxford Merovingian Page
7661:(3rd ed.). Rivingtons.
7462:Alexander, Patrick (2007).
7362:Manchester University Press
6942:Pfister, Christian (1911).
6898:
1325:
1073:of the saints. Merovingian
1030:. The most famous of these
928:
434:Tremissis, mid-6th century.
220:form, akin to the attested
10:
9478:
9432:Medieval history of France
9173:List of monarchs of Frisia
7490:, (self-published) p. 175.
7255:Beyerle & Buchner 1954
1373:Historiography and sources
1126:
932:
842:
786:
680:
534:since 568) and Visigothic
474:, Clovis adopted his wife
417:
29:
9442:Medieval history of Italy
9329:
9233:
9214:
9190:
9181:
9163:
9145:
8967:
8770:
8762:List of kings of Burgundy
8752:
8691:
8658:
8613:
8564:
8555:
8390:
8311:
8302:
8275:
8257:
8238:
8193:
8135:
8100:
8073:
8022:
7806:
7797:
7625:Kaiser, Reinhold (2004).
7398:. Brill. pp. 24–25.
6014:
6012:
5839:
5837:
5808:
5806:
5749:
5747:
5739:
5737:
5721:
5719:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5505:
5503:
5491:
5489:
5481:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5463:
5461:
5459:
5432:
5430:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5348:
5346:
5334:
5332:
5320:
5318:
5228:
5177:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5048:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5030:
5018:
5014:
5008:
4921:
4875:
4839:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4810:
4808:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4772:
4770:
4762:
4760:
4744:
4742:
4734:
4732:
4598:
4581:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4498:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4474:
4472:
4454:
4404:
4368:
4351:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4272:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4186:
4152:
4111:
4076:
4074:
4062:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4016:
4014:
3994:
3990:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3960:
3958:
3948:
3900:
3889:
3887:
3857:
3831:
3816:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3761:
3751:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3699:
3683:
3679:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3609:
3581:
3557:
3555:
3530:
3528:
3517:
3500:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3442:
3434:
3432:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3378:
3370:
3368:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3314:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3120:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3039:
3024:
2996:
2985:
2983:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2860:
2858:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2686:
2678:
2676:
2658:
2606:
2569:
2552:
2541:
2539:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2453:
2451:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2409:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2365:
2347:
2345:
2309:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2263:
2186:
2173:
2120:
2118:
2102:
2100:
2092:
2090:
2057:
2055:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1640:
1638:
1622:
1620:
1416:Liber Historiae Francorum
1260:The Life of St. Geretrude
1110:Liber Historiae Francorum
333:, deposed the last king,
98:
88:
75:
71:
63:
54:
46:
39:
9224:Petty kingdoms of Norway
7531:Effros, Bonnie (2010) .
7486:Stephen Andrew Missick,
6892:The Matrix Resurrections
6550:
6512:
6342:
6331:
6310:
1122:
1100:Lardanchet psalter–hours
775:merchants, often Jewish
750:), which was called the
651:Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
619:triumphed in 687 in the
587:Weakening of the kingdom
538:remained fairly stable.
518:. After the fall of the
286:(died 511) converted to
8079:(ca. 3,000 BC–500 AD),
7608:Oxford University Press
7422:; Schutz, A.H. (1938).
7208:Encyclopedia Britannica
6955:Encyclopædia Britannica
6848:in the 1960s. Plantard
1392:Decem Libri Historiarum
1118:Significant individuals
939:List of Frankish synods
542:Division of the kingdom
325:died in 737, the mayor
317:tried to place his son
225:
7943:Childebert the Adopted
7688:Werner, Karl Ferdinand
7658:The Dark Ages, 476–918
7071:: 189–232 see p. 205.
6968:Babcock, Philip (ed).
6905:List of Frankish kings
6886:The Matrix Revolutions
6814:In Search of Lost Time
6386:Valois-Angoulême kings
1414:
1391:
1129:List of Frankish kings
1108:
1022:was introduced to the
1016:
1005:
986:
971:
956:
919:Bibliothèque Nationale
856:
803:
795:
782:
699:
649:over the Arabs led by
451:
435:
385:
365:
212:
206:
90:• Disestablished
9417:7th century in Europe
9412:6th century in Europe
9250:(9th–12th centuries)
8087:300–538 AD), and the
7715:Wood, Ian N. (1994).
7280:Wallace-Hadrill, J.M.
7057:Flinders Petrie, W.M.
7027:Murray, A.C. (1998).
6976:Merriam-Webster, Inc.
6844:" story developed by
6786:French historiography
1401:Chronicle of Fredegar
1242:, founding abbess of
1232:, founding abbess of
1013:Baptistry of St. Jean
1011:
993:Cover of Merovingian
992:
977:
969:Cabinet des Médailles
962:
946:
923:Cabinet des Médailles
850:
690:
470:in 496, according to
441:
425:
380:
371:Chronicle of Fredegar
352:
9202:(7th–10th centuries)
7537:. Penn State Press.
6945:"Merovingians"
6838:descendants of Jesus
6594:Provisional Republic
6376:Valois-Orléans kings
1502:Merovingian dynasty
1489:Reihengräber culture
1481:Saint Denis Basilica
1479:, was discovered in
1301:Bertilla, abbess of
1256:Gertrude of Nivelles
647:Leo III the Isaurian
282:(died 481). His son
41:Merovingian Kingdoms
9397:Merovingian dynasty
8788:(5th-6th centuries)
8782:(3rd-4th centuries)
8586:Theodoric the Great
7790:Merovingian dynasty
7560:Bloomsbury Academic
7284:The Frankish Church
6974:. Springfield, MA:
6880:The Matrix Reloaded
6840:, inspired by the "
1445:Sulpitius the Pious
1134:Queens and abbesses
984:Treasure of Gourdon
410:as living near the
339:Carolingian dynasty
311:mayor of the palace
288:Nicene Christianity
201:The dynastic name,
196:Theodoric the Great
106:Merovingian dynasty
77:• Established
9402:Merovingian period
7290:. pp. 75–94.
6915:Merovingian script
6747:History portal
6243: until 50 BC
6163:In popular culture
1430:Grimoald the Elder
1017:
1006:
987:
972:
957:
857:
762:Hundred Years' War
700:
478:'s Orthodox—i.e.,
452:
436:
389:Germanic mythology
366:
259:The Merovingians'
229:, with the final -
9384:
9383:
9285:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9273:King of the Goths
9226:(6th–9th century)
9206:King of the Wends
9141:
9140:
8654:
8653:
8551:
8550:
8298:
8297:
8089:Germanic Iron Age
8067:Germanic monarchs
8033:
8032:
7726:978-0-582-49372-8
7707:978-3-421-06451-6
7679:978-0-674-39975-4
7644:978-3-486-56722-9
7617:978-0-19-504458-4
7600:Geary, Patrick J.
7591:978-3-17-019473-1
7582:Kohlhammer Verlag
7544:978-0-271-04532-0
7488:The Hammer of God
7473:978-0-307-47232-8
7435:978-0-8196-0191-9
7371:978-0-7190-4791-6
7188:978-1-134-55387-7
7042:978-0-8020-0779-7
7006:. pp. 149–.
6863:The Da Vinci Code
6802:Charles de Gaulle
6790:national identity
6781:
6780:
6732:France portal
6625:
6624:
6522:
6521:
6433:Kingdom of France
6423:French Revolution
6414:Long 19th century
6404:
6403:
6352:
6351:
6322:Kingdom of France
6257:
6256:
6160:
6159:
6156:
6155:
6116:
6079:
5957:
5919:
5902:
5830:
5661:
5645:
5634:
5609:
5592:
5567:
5546:
5272:
5269:King of Austrasia
5265:
5255:
5226:
5209:
5192:
5175:
5164:
4984:
4956:
4940:
4930:
4919:
4903:
4886:
4873:
4856:
4837:
4706:
4691:
4673:
4641:
4628:
4607:
4596:
4432:
4413:
4402:
4375:
4366:
4349:
4340:
4166:
4150:
4124:
4109:
4096:
4085:
3930:
3915:
3881:
3864:
3855:
3840:
3829:
3814:
3633:
3618:
3607:
3592:
3579:
3566:
3549:
3526:
3513:
3048:
3037:
3022:
3012:
2994:
2981:
2972:
2969:King of Thuringia
2959:
2948:King of Thuringia
2638:
2621:
2596:
2578:
2567:
2550:
2537:
2526:
2251:
2226:
2215:
2201:
2184:
2171:
2165:King of Thuringia
2155:
2084:
1843:
1835:
1820:
1802:
1556:
1535:
1351:Frankish language
1089:, for impressive
1087:vitae et miracula
955:, mid-7th century
860:Byzantine coinage
496:Battle of Vouillé
464:Battle of Tolbiac
345:Legendary origins
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
9469:
9312:
9305:
9298:
9289:
9288:
9188:
9187:
8974:
8973:
8562:
8561:
8309:
8308:
8255:
8254:
8218:
8185:
8181:
8165:
8152:
8148:
8143:
8121:
8108:
8094:
8086:
8081:Migration Period
8060:
8053:
8046:
8037:
8036:
8028:
7803:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7760:
7759:
7730:
7711:
7683:
7662:
7648:
7621:
7595:
7563:
7548:
7527:
7491:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7459:
7453:
7446:
7440:
7439:
7416:
7410:
7409:
7394:Hen, Y. (1995).
7391:
7376:
7375:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7308:
7302:
7301:
7276:
7270:
7264:
7258:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7237:
7231:
7225:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7199:
7193:
7192:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7125:
7119:
7118:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7053:
7047:
7046:
7024:
7018:
7017:
6988:
6979:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6947:
6939:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6745:
6744:
6743:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6621:
6537:
6536:
6419:
6418:
6372:
6371:
6333:Direct Capetians
6272:
6271:
6215:
6214:
6195:
6185:
6167:
6166:
6108:
6071:
5944:
5911:
5892:
5824:
5648:
5643:
5635:
5621:
5601:
5584:
5559:
5538:
5268:
5263:
5240:
5218:
5201:
5184:
5173:
5155:
4973:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4912:
4895:
4884:
4866:King of Neustria
4865:
4846:
4835:
4701:King of Burgundy
4700:
4682:
4658:
4637:
4620:
4605:
4588:
4422:
4411:
4400:
4373:
4358:
4347:
4333:
4159:
4141:
4118:
4105:
4094:
4083:
3924:
3907:
3873:
3862:
3849:
3838:
3824:King of Neustria
3823:
3812:
3627:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3577:
3564:
3541:
3524:
3511:
3044:
3031:
3020:
3013:
3004:
2992:
2979:
2968:
2947:
2630:
2613:
2597:
2588:
2576:
2559:
2548:
2535:
2524:
2243:
2222:
2208:
2193:
2180:
2164:
2150:King of Burgundy
2149:
2080:
1841:
1833:
1812:King of Burgundy
1811:
1799:King of Burgundy
1798:
1552:
1532:King of Burgundy
1531:
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1475:'s second wife,
1419:
1394:
1387:Gregory of Tours
1113:
1096:diocese of Liège
1061:Gregory of Tours
915:Monnaie de Paris
837:Byzantine Empire
806:
800:
621:Battle of Tertry
617:Pepin the Middle
472:Gregory of Tours
368:The 7th-century
362:Monnaie de Paris
233:being a typical
228:
215:
209:
157:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
116:
83:
59:
49:
37:
36:
21:
9477:
9476:
9472:
9471:
9470:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9387:
9386:
9385:
9380:
9325:
9316:
9286:
9277:
9229:
9210:
9177:
9159:
9137:
8980:
8963:
8786:Lething Dynasty
8766:
8748:
8687:
8650:
8609:
8547:
8386:
8294:
8271:
8253:
8234:
8189:
8145:
8139:
8131:
8104:
8096:
8069:
8064:
8034:
8029:
8020:
8005:(717–720)
7975:(675–679)
7963:(662–675)
7945:(656–661)
7939:(634–656)
7927:(629–632)
7921:(623–634)
7915:(584–623)
7909:(561–584)
7897:(612–613)
7891:(595–612)
7885:(575–595)
7879:(561–575)
7873:(561–592)
7867:(561–567)
7861:(511–561)
7855:(548–555)
7849:(533–548)
7843:(511–533)
7837:(511–524)
7831:(511–558)
7825:(481–511)
7819:(457–481)
7813:(450–458)
7804:
7793:
7787:
7749:at Genealogy.eu
7737:
7727:
7708:
7680:
7645:
7618:
7592:
7545:
7516:
7500:
7498:Further reading
7495:
7494:
7485:
7481:
7474:
7460:
7456:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7417:
7413:
7406:
7392:
7379:
7372:
7352:
7348:
7309:
7305:
7298:
7288:Clarendon Press
7277:
7273:
7265:
7261:
7253:
7249:
7238:
7234:
7226:
7222:
7213:
7211:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7189:
7169:
7165:
7142:10.2307/2851704
7126:
7122:
7115:
7099:
7095:
7077:10.2307/1193258
7054:
7050:
7043:
7025:
7021:
7014:
6989:
6982:
6967:
6963:
6940:
6933:
6928:
6901:
6846:Pierre Plantard
6783:
6777:
6741:
6739:
6726:
6724:
6719:
6627:
6626:
6619:
6604:Fourth Republic
6585:
6552:Interwar period
6534:
6524:
6523:
6483:Second Republic
6416:
6406:
6405:
6364:
6354:
6353:
6269:
6259:
6258:
6212:
6183:
6176:
6165:
6114:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6077:
6075:
6073:
6070:
5985:? ? ?
5955:
5953:
5949:
5943:
5917:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5827:
5799:? ? ?
5659:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5630:
5626:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5444:? ? ?
5270:
5267:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5242:
5239:
5224:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5172:
5162:
5160:
5154:
4982:
4980:
4978:
4972:
4954:
4952:
4948:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4914:
4911:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4883:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4834:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4689:
4687:
4681:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4639:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4604:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4410:
4399:
4372:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4346:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4164:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4140:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4107:
4104:
4093:
4082:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3861:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3811:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3616:
3613:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3590:
3589:King of Orléans
3587:
3576:
3563:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3523:
3510:
3046:
3043:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3019:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2978:
2970:
2967:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2575:
2573:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2547:
2534:
2523:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2224:
2221:
2213:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2182:
2179:
2166:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2082:? ? ?
1840:
1836:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1726:? ? ?
1554:
1551:
1533:
1530:
1497:
1383:bishop of Tours
1375:
1359:Urban T. Holmes
1328:
1136:
1131:
1125:
1120:
997:with Christian
941:
931:
845:
791:
785:
685:
679:
636:Battle of Tours
613:
611:Return to power
591:Clotaire's son
589:
557:
544:
484:Christian faith
430:, imitation of
420:
404:Flinders Petrie
347:
331:Pepin the Short
113:
109:
91:
78:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9475:
9465:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9372:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9315:
9314:
9307:
9300:
9292:
9283:
9282:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9264:
9263:
9261:House of Munsö
9258:
9245:
9239:
9237:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9220:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9203:
9196:
9194:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9176:
9175:
9169:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9157:
9151:
9149:
9143:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9136:
9135:
9129:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9102:Childebert III
9099:
9093:
9087:
9081:
9075:
9069:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9045:
9039:
9033:
9027:
9021:
9015:
9009:
9003:
8997:
8991:
8984:
8982:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8962:
8961:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8923:
8917:
8911:
8905:
8899:
8893:
8887:
8881:
8875:
8869:
8863:
8857:
8851:
8845:
8839:
8833:
8827:
8821:
8815:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8789:
8783:
8776:
8774:
8768:
8767:
8765:
8764:
8758:
8756:
8750:
8749:
8747:
8746:
8740:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8716:
8710:
8704:
8697:
8695:
8689:
8688:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8664:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8610:
8608:
8607:
8601:
8595:
8589:
8583:
8577:
8570:
8568:
8559:
8553:
8552:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8539:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8515:
8509:
8503:
8497:
8491:
8485:
8479:
8473:
8467:
8461:
8455:
8449:
8443:
8437:
8431:
8425:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8394:
8392:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8336:
8330:
8324:
8317:
8315:
8306:
8300:
8299:
8296:
8295:
8293:
8292:
8287:
8281:
8279:
8273:
8272:
8270:
8269:
8263:
8261:
8252:
8251:
8244:
8242:
8236:
8235:
8233:
8232:
8226:
8220:
8210:
8205:
8199:
8197:
8191:
8190:
8188:
8187:
8173:
8167:
8156:
8154:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8129:
8123:
8112:
8110:
8098:
8097:
8074:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8062:
8055:
8048:
8040:
8031:
8030:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8012:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7988:
7985:Childebert III
7982:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7807:
7805:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7786:
7785:
7778:
7771:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7736:
7735:External links
7733:
7732:
7731:
7725:
7712:
7706:
7684:
7678:
7663:
7649:
7643:
7622:
7616:
7596:
7590:
7564:
7549:
7543:
7528:
7514:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7492:
7479:
7472:
7454:
7441:
7434:
7411:
7404:
7377:
7370:
7346:
7325:10.2307/767170
7319:(2): 124–134.
7303:
7296:
7271:
7269:, p. 423.
7259:
7247:
7232:
7230:, p. 420.
7220:
7194:
7187:
7163:
7136:(3): 381–410.
7120:
7113:
7107:. Lulu Press.
7093:
7048:
7041:
7019:
7012:
6980:
6961:
6950:Chisholm, Hugh
6930:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6900:
6897:
6869:The title of "
6842:Priory of Sion
6798:Third Republic
6779:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6685:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6623:
6622:
6616:
6614:Fifth Republic
6610:
6609:
6606:
6600:
6599:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6541:Third Republic
6535:
6530:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6520:
6519:
6516:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:Third Republic
6499:
6498:
6495:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6455:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6443:First Republic
6439:
6438:
6435:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6417:
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6401:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6365:
6360:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6328:
6327:
6324:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6270:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6254:
6253:50 BC – 486 AD
6251:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6233:600 BC – 49 BC
6231:
6229:Greek colonies
6225:
6224:
6221:
6213:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6188:
6187:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6129:
6127:
6125:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6117:
6102:
6100:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6009:
6007:
6005:
6003:
6001:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5993:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5938:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5905:
5903:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5878:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5850:
5848:
5846:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5832:
5821:
5819:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5796:
5794:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5638:
5636:
5612:
5610:
5595:
5593:
5581:Childebert III
5578:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5361:
5359:
5357:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5299:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5258:
5256:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5212:
5210:
5195:
5193:
5178:
5176:
5167:
5165:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4957:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4920:
4906:
4904:
4889:
4887:
4876:
4874:
4859:
4857:
4840:
4838:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4789:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4694:
4692:
4676:
4674:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:Bishop of Metz
4631:
4629:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4416:
4414:
4405:
4403:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4350:
4343:
4341:
4336:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4153:
4151:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4110:
4099:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4003:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3925:King of Rheims
3918:
3916:
3914:r.≈560/565–572
3901:
3899:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3867:
3865:
3858:
3856:
3843:
3841:
3832:
3830:
3817:
3815:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
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1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
930:
927:
862:was in use in
844:
841:
784:
781:
773:Middle Eastern
724:administration
678:
675:
655:Charles Martel
628:Charles Martel
612:
609:
597:rois fainéants
588:
585:
556:
553:
543:
540:
530:(ruled by the
512:Germania magna
448:British Museum
426:Frankish gold
419:
416:
346:
343:
327:Charles Martel
203:medieval Latin
170:(507) and the
100:
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
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73:
72:
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52:
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44:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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9170:
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9144:
9133:
9132:Childeric III
9130:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9109:
9106:
9103:
9100:
9097:
9094:
9091:
9090:Theuderic III
9088:
9085:
9082:
9079:
9076:
9073:
9070:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9048:Childebert II
9046:
9043:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9031:
9028:
9025:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9010:
9008:(481/482–511)
9007:
9004:
9002:(457–481/482)
9001:
8998:
8996:(445/448–457)
8995:
8992:
8990:(428–445/448)
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8082:
8078:
8072:
8068:
8061:
8056:
8054:
8049:
8047:
8042:
8041:
8038:
8027:
8016:
8015:Childeric III
8013:
8010:
8007:
8004:
8001:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7986:
7983:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7967:Theuderic III
7965:
7962:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7950:
7947:
7944:
7941:
7938:
7935:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7923:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7911:
7908:
7905:
7902:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7890:
7889:Theudebert II
7887:
7884:
7883:Childebert II
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
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7812:
7809:
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7796:
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7695:
7694:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7654:
7653:Oman, Charles
7650:
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7515:9783775250528
7511:
7507:
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7465:
7458:
7451:
7445:
7437:
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7421:
7415:
7407:
7405:90-04-10347-3
7401:
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7299:
7297:9780198269069
7293:
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7251:
7243:
7236:
7229:
7224:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7175:
7167:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7124:
7116:
7114:9781329514553
7110:
7106:
7105:
7097:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7052:
7044:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7023:
7015:
7013:90-04-11862-4
7009:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6987:
6985:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6965:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6938:
6936:
6931:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6881:
6877:of the films
6876:
6872:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6859:
6855:
6854:pseudohistory
6851:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6825:
6820:
6819:Marcel Proust
6816:
6815:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6791:
6787:
6774:
6769:
6767:
6762:
6760:
6755:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6737:
6733:
6723:
6722:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6638:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6601:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6571:
6570:
6566:
6564:
6563:Années folles
6560:
6559:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6506:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6493:Second Empire
6491:
6490:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6473:July Monarchy
6471:
6470:
6466:
6464:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6399:
6397:
6396:Bourbon kings
6394:
6393:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6370:
6369:
6368:Ancien Régime
6363:
6358:
6357:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6340:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6329:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6262:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6168:
6153:
6106:
6069:
6068:Childeric III
6053:
6051:
5986:
5970:
5968:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5909:
5897:
5890:
5854:
5852:
5831:
5829:
5800:
5764:
5762:
5676:
5674:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5599:
5582:
5564:
5557:
5536:
5520:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5502:
5469:
5457:
5455:
5445:
5415:
5412:
5404:
5402:
5393:
5378:
5362:
5360:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5266:
5250:
5245:
5238:
5216:
5215:Theuderic III
5199:
5182:
5171:
5159:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5126:
5124:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5104:
5102:
5101:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5056:
5046:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4971:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4926:
4917:
4910:
4893:
4880:
4863:
4851:
4844:
4833:
4829:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4790:
4782:
4780:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4711:
4698:
4686:
4680:
4679:Theudebert II
4668:
4663:
4656:
4635:
4618:
4603:
4586:
4573:
4570:
4562:
4560:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4496:
4484:
4482:
4457:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4427:
4420:
4419:Childebert II
4409:
4398:
4356:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4270:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4216:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4163:
4157:
4145:
4139:
4116:
4103:
4092:
4081:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4046:
4045:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3922:
3905:
3898:
3871:
3850:King of Paris
3847:
3836:
3821:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3795:
3793:
3785:
3783:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3731:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3695:
3681:
3677:
3675:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3632:r.534–547/548
3625:
3602:King of Paris
3599:
3586:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3553:
3551:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3505:
3502:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3404:
3402:
3390:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3362:
3354:
3352:
3336:
3334:
3322:
3321:
3296:
3272:
3270:
3258:
3229:
3226:
3196:
3184:
3182:
3170:
3169:
3162:
3134:
3132:
3118:
3106:
3104:
3092:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3029:
3002:
2990:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2892:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2848:
2840:
2838:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2740:
2732:
2730:
2712:
2704:
2702:
2661:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2628:
2611:
2604:
2586:
2557:
2546:
2533:
2522:
2518:
2515:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2433:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2395:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2383:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2241:
2212:
2200:r.457–481/482
2196:Salian Franks
2191:
2178:
2169:
2162:
2147:
2135:
2133:
2083:
2044:
2041:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2013:
2005:
2003:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1961:
1929:
1927:
1911:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1888:
1886:
1839:
1818:
1809:
1796:
1784:
1781:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1727:
1708:
1700:
1698:
1687:
1685:
1601:
1599:
1550:
1529:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:Saint Eligius
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1305:(died c. 700)
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:(died c. 688)
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:(died c. 684)
1271:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:(died c. 600)
1205:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
985:
981:
976:
970:
966:
961:
954:
950:
945:
940:
936:
926:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
869:
865:
861:
854:
849:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
799:
798:
790:
780:
778:
774:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
754:
749:
748:royal demesne
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:
710:
708:
707:
698:
695:, capital of
694:
689:
684:
674:
672:
668:
667:Childeric III
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
564:
562:
552:
550:
539:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
440:
433:
429:
424:
415:
413:
409:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
384:
379:
377:
373:
372:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
340:
336:
335:Childeric III
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
265:reges criniti
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
232:
227:
223:
219:
214:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
155:
107:
97:
93:
87:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
53:
45:
38:
33:
19:
9333:
9319:Royal houses
9253:
9126:Theuderic IV
9114:Chilperic II
9108:Dagobert III
9084:Childeric II
9078:Chlothar III
9012:Childebert I
8978:Merovingians
8977:
8928:
8809:
8660:Anglo-Saxons
8598:Amalasuintha
8494:Chindasuinth
8357:Theodoric II
8166:9 BCE–18 CE)
8144:9 BCE–37 CE,
8109:9 BCE–21 CE)
8075:Attested in
8009:Theuderic IV
7997:Chilperic II
7991:Dagobert III
7961:Childeric II
7955:Chlothar III
7937:Sigebert III
7925:Charibert II
7895:Theuderic II
7847:Theudebert I
7829:Childebert I
7792:(400–751 AD)
7789:
7716:
7697:
7692:
7668:
7657:
7630:
7626:
7603:
7577:
7572:
7554:
7533:
7506:Lex Ribvaria
7505:
7487:
7482:
7463:
7457:
7448:
7444:
7424:
7420:Holmes, U.T.
7414:
7395:
7356:
7349:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7283:
7274:
7262:
7250:
7241:
7235:
7223:
7212:. Retrieved
7206:
7197:
7173:
7166:
7133:
7129:
7123:
7103:
7096:
7088:
7068:
7064:
7051:
7032:
7022:
6999:
6992:Wood, Ian N.
6978:, 1993: 1415
6969:
6964:
6953:
6890:
6884:
6878:
6868:
6861:
6857:
6856:among which
6831:
6829:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6782:
6735:
6693:Christianity
6581:Vichy France
6532:20th century
6514:Belle Époque
6453:First Empire
6366:
6362:Early modern
6312:West Francia
6301:Carolingians
6291:Merovingians
6290:
6105:Theuderic IV
5984:
5908:Dagobert III
5826:Carolingian
5825:
5798:
5631:≈686/680–741
5535:Chilperic II
5443:
5198:Chlothar III
5181:Childeric II
4979:and Burgundy
4915:
4885:~626/627–680
4868:and Burgundy
4843:Sigebert III
4697:Theuderic II
4617:Charibert II
4119:King of Kent
4080:Theudebert I
3910:the Lombards
3630:≈500–547/548
3624:Theudebert I
3598:Childebert I
3525:≈515/520–580
3032:King of Metz
3005:King of the
2956:
2951:
2593:≈458/466–507
2210:
2181:of Thuringia
2170:≈460–506/510
2167:
2146:Chilperic II
2081:
1816:
1725:
1461:
1448:
1438:
1436:: 652–673).
1422:Theuderic IV
1399:
1397:
1376:
1355:Vulgar Latin
1343:Middle Rhine
1329:
1317:, abbess of
1289:
1278:, abbess of
1268:, abbess of
1259:
1222:, abbess of
1212:, abbess of
1210:Burgundofara
1202:, abbess in
1174:, abbess of
1103:
1086:
1084:
1068:
1049:
1032:missionaries
1020:Christianity
1018:
963:Merovingian
912:
901:Childeric II
873:Childebert I
868:Theudebert I
858:
853:Theudebert I
820:
816:
797:Lex Ripuaria
792:
769:Roman Empire
766:
751:
742:
740:
713:
711:
704:
701:
671:Pope Zachary
625:
614:
605:Chilperic II
596:
590:
572:
568:
565:
559:Eventually,
558:
545:
505:
501:Roman Empire
466:against the
453:
401:
386:
381:
369:
367:
323:Theuderic IV
308:
277:
264:
258:
230:
200:
105:
103:
18:Merovingians
9407:5th century
9339:Carolingian
9334:Merovingian
9255:Ynglingatal
9155:Agilolfings
9120:Chlothar IV
9066:Sigebert II
9054:Chlothar II
9036:Chilperic I
9024:Charibert I
9000:Childeric I
8811:Interregnum
8754:Burgundians
8703:(until 406)
8500:Recceswinth
8464:Reccared II
8404:Theudigisel
8345:Theodoric I
8122:9 BCE–9 CE)
8003:Chlothar IV
7973:Dagobert II
7913:Chlothar II
7907:Chilperic I
7901:Sigebert II
7865:Charibert I
7841:Theuderic I
7817:Childeric I
7719:. Longman.
7568:Ewig, Eugen
7267:Rouche 1987
7228:Rouche 1987
6871:Merovingian
6824:Swann's Way
6796:during the
6646:Health care
6576:Free France
6463:Restoration
6267:Middle Ages
6239:Celtic Gaul
6182:History of
5954:707/708–741
5889:Chlothar IV
5644:the Younger
5641:Grimoald II
5589:670/683–711
5264:the Adopted
5152:Dagobert II
4970:Sigebert II
4936:Grimoald I
4836:of Burgundy
4832:Chimnechild
4625:607/617–632
4408:Hermenegild
4401:568/567–585
4355:Chlothar II
4084:of Soissons
3846:Charibert I
3820:Chilperic I
3045:of Burgundy
3036:r.511–533/4
3028:Theuderic I
2633:Burgundians
2631:King of the
2614:King of the
2589:King of the
2246:Burgundians
2244:King of the
2198:440–481/482
2194:King of the
2190:Childeric I
1801:r.≈ 473–480
1795:Chilperic I
1495:Family tree
1441:hagiography
1410:Carolingian
1404:, begun by
1331:Yitzhak Hen
1315:Austreberta
1234:Marchiennes
1182:Caesaria II
1075:hagiography
1065:Gallo-Roman
1040:Monasteries
999:IX monogram
995:sarcophagus
953:Netherlands
833:Justinian I
817:rachimburgs
732:bureaucracy
706:res publica
643:Khan Tervel
601:Dagobert II
561:Clotaire II
510:and all of
446:, 584–628.
444:Clotaire II
397:Anglo-Saxon
358:Childeric I
354:Signet ring
280:Childeric I
226:Merewīowing
222:Old English
172:Burgundians
9391:Categories
9216:Norwegians
9060:Dagobert I
9042:Sigebert I
9018:Chlothar I
8958:Desiderius
8940:Hildeprand
8920:Aripert II
8731:Thrasamund
8725:Gunthamund
8557:Ostrogoths
8454:( 610-612)
8434:Reccared I
8416:Athanagild
8391:Post-Balti
8351:Thorismund
8290:Vithimiris
8277:Greuthungi
8248:Radagaisus
8203:Ariovistus
8160:Maroboduus
8137:Marcomanni
7919:Dagobert I
7877:Sigebert I
7859:Chlothar I
7853:Theudebald
7635:De Gruyter
7214:2017-09-22
6926:References
6875:antagonist
6282:settlement
6249:Roman Gaul
6219:Prehistory
6111:the Franks
6074:the Franks
5914:the Franks
5604:the Franks
5587:the Franks
5556:Clovis III
5541:the Franks
5261:Childebert
5241:of Herstal
5221:the Franks
5204:the Franks
5187:the Franks
4882:of Ascania
4591:the Franks
4585:Dagobert I
4579:Ragnetrude
4361:the Franks
4345:Haldetrude
4149:r.561–≈575
4138:Sigebert I
4123:r.≈590–616
4115:Æthelberht
4108:≈565– ~601
3921:Theudebald
3897:Chlothsind
3612:Ultragotha
3544:the Franks
3538:Chlothar I
3042:Suavegothe
2955:r.≈500–529
2616:Ostrogoths
2577:of Cologne
2574:Evochildis
2562:the Franks
2532:Lantechild
2521:Albofledis
1473:Clotaire I
1449:Lex Salica
1321:(died 703)
1298:(died 684)
1296:Eustadiola
1246:(died 652)
1236:(died 688)
1226:(died 670)
1220:Sadalberga
1216:(died 645)
1178:(died 632)
1168:(died 587)
1162:Thuringian
1154:(died 544)
1142:(died 502)
1036:Columbanus
1015:, Poitiers
933:See also:
804:Lex Salica
787:See also:
777:Radhanites
736:Dagobert I
681:See also:
677:Government
593:Dagobert I
536:Septimania
520:Ostrogoths
319:Childebert
315:Grimoald I
238:patronymic
213:Merohingii
178:(537). In
9376:Bonaparte
9134:(737–751)
9128:(721–737)
9122:(717–719)
9116:(715–721)
9110:(711–715)
9104:(695–711)
9098:(691–695)
9096:Clovis IV
9092:(675–691)
9086:(673–675)
9080:(657–673)
9074:(639–657)
9072:Clovis II
9068:(639–656)
9062:(623–639)
9056:(584–629)
9050:(575–595)
9044:(561–575)
9038:(561–584)
9032:(561–593)
9026:(561–567)
9020:(511–561)
9014:(511–558)
8981:(428–751)
8960:(756–774)
8954:(749–756)
8948:(744–749)
8936:(712–744)
8934:Liutprand
8922:(702–712)
8914:Raginpert
8910:(700–702)
8904:(689–700)
8892:(688–689)
8886:(671–688)
8884:Perctarit
8874:(662–671)
8868:(661–662)
8866:Perctarit
8862:(661–662)
8856:(653–661)
8854:Aripert I
8850:(652–653)
8844:(636-652)
8838:(626–636)
8832:(616–626)
8826:(590–616)
8820:(584–590)
8814:(574–584)
8806:(572–574)
8800:(568–572)
8794:(546–565)
8745:(530–534)
8739:(523–530)
8733:(496–523)
8727:(484–496)
8721:(477–484)
8715:(428–477)
8709:(407–428)
8701:Godigisel
8683:Wuffingas
8668:Genealogy
8647:(551-553)
8641:(541-552)
8629:(540-541)
8623:(536-540)
8614:Post-Amal
8606:(534-536)
8604:Theodahad
8600:(534-535)
8594:(526-534)
8592:Athalaric
8588:(475-526)
8582:(469-475)
8580:Theodemir
8576:(447-469)
8544:(714-721)
8538:(711-714)
8536:Achila II
8532:(710-712)
8526:(694-710)
8520:(687-702)
8514:(680-687)
8508:(672-680)
8502:(649-672)
8496:(642-653)
8490:(639-642)
8484:(636-639)
8478:(631-636)
8472:(621-631)
8460:(612-621)
8448:(603-610)
8442:(601-603)
8436:(586-601)
8430:(568-586)
8428:Liuvigild
8424:(567-572)
8418:(554-567)
8412:(549-554)
8406:(548-549)
8400:(531-548)
8383:(522-531)
8377:(507-513)
8371:(484-507)
8369:Alaric II
8365:(466-484)
8359:(453-466)
8353:(451-453)
8347:(418-451)
8341:(415-418)
8329:(410-415)
8323:(395-410)
8304:Visigoths
8285:Ermanaric
8267:Athanaric
8259:Thervingi
8231:(448-456)
8225:(438-448)
8116:Segimerus
8077:Antiquity
8017:(743–751)
8011:(721–737)
7999:(715–721)
7993:(711–715)
7987:(695–711)
7981:(691–695)
7979:Clovis IV
7969:(675–691)
7957:(657–673)
7951:(639–657)
7949:Clovis II
7931:Chilperic
7835:Chlodomer
7558:. et al.
7524:849259009
7341:163623643
7179:Routledge
7158:162248053
6850:playfully
6794:the Gauls
6715:Territory
6608:1946–1958
6598:1944–1946
6588:1940–1944
6567:1920–1929
6556:1919–1939
6545:1870–1940
6518:1871–1914
6507:1870–1940
6497:1852–1870
6487:1848–1852
6477:1830–1848
6467:1814–1830
6457:1804–1814
6447:1792–1804
6437:1791–1792
6427:1789–1799
6400:1589–1792
6390:1515–1589
6380:1498–1515
6348:1328–1498
6115:r.721–737
6078:r.743–751
5956:r.714-716
5951:Austrasia
5941:Theudoald
5918:r.711–715
5901:r.717–718
5896:Austrasia
5660:r.695–714
5633:r.717–741
5628:Austrasia
5608:r.691–695
5598:Clovis IV
5591:r.695–711
5566:r.675–676
5563:Austrasia
5545:r.715–721
5271:r.656–662
5254:r.680–714
5249:Austrasia
5225:r.673–691
5208:r.657–673
5191:r.662–675
5170:Bilichild
5163:r.676–679
5158:Austrasia
4976:Austrasia
4955:r.643–656
4950:Austrasia
4939:the Elder
4913:≈602/610–
4909:Ansegisel
4898:Aquitaine
4892:Chilperic
4872:r.639–657
4862:Clovis II
4855:r.634–656
4850:Austrasia
4705:r.595–613
4690:r.595–612
4685:Austrasia
4672:r.639–640
4667:Austrasia
4659:of Landen
4627:r.629–632
4623:Aquitaine
4595:r.629–639
4431:r.575–595
4426:Austrasia
4365:r.613–629
4162:Austrasia
4156:Brunhilda
4147:≈535–≈575
4144:Austrasia
3929:r.548–555
3880:r.561–592
3860:Ingoburga
3854:r.561–567
3828:r.561–584
3809:Fredegund
3606:r.511–558
3585:Chlodomer
3548:r.511–561
3034:485–533/4
3011:r.511–531
3007:Visigoths
2944:Bertachar
2637:r.516–523
2627:Sigismund
2620:r.474–526
2610:Theoderic
2603:Audofleda
2595:r.484–507
2591:Visigoths
2585:Alaric II
2566:r.509–511
2250:r.473–516
2225:r.473–486
2214:r.473–500
2206:Godegisel
2154:r.473–493
1842:?–453/457
1553:≈392/395–
1426:Arnulfing
1380:canonised
1363:Austrasia
1270:Mauberges
1266:Aldegonde
1200:Glodesind
1194:Fredegund
1188:Brunhilda
1172:Rusticula
1146:Clothilde
982:from the
855:, 534–548
829:civil law
809:Salic Law
758:feudalism
697:Austrasia
640:Bulgarian
549:Brunhilda
432:Byzantine
428:Tremissis
376:quinotaur
304:Aquitaine
292:Austrasia
261:long hair
207:Merovingi
168:Visigoths
9349:Capetian
9165:Frisians
9006:Clovis I
8994:Merovech
8926:Ansprand
8908:Liutpert
8902:Cunipert
8890:Cunipert
8878:Garibald
8872:Grimoald
8860:Godepert
8830:Adaloald
8772:Lombards
8737:Hilderic
8713:Gaiseric
8707:Gunderic
8673:Iclingas
8482:Chintila
8476:Sisenand
8470:Suintila
8452:Gundemar
8446:Witteric
8440:Liuva II
8381:Amalaric
8321:Alaric I
8219:419-438)
8213:Hermeric
8208:Hunimund
8176:Ballomar
8172:(18 CE-)
8170:Catualda
8126:Arminius
8102:Cherusci
8095:476–793)
7823:Clovis I
7811:Merovech
7690:(1989).
7655:(1898).
7602:(1988).
7570:(2006).
7130:Speculum
7059:(1906).
6994:(2003).
6899:See also
6710:Taxation
6688:Religion
6683:Politics
6676:Consorts
6671:Monarchs
6666:Military
6661:Medicine
6337:987–1328
6326:987–1792
6280:Frankish
6278:and the
6201:Timeline
6173:a series
6171:Part of
6113:≈712–737
6076:≈717–754
6072:King of
5912:King of
5658:≈680–714
5655:Neustria
5602:King of
5585:King of
5560:King of
5543:≈672–721
5539:King of
5252:≈635–714
5231:Clotilda
5202:King of
5189:≈653–675
5185:King of
5161:≈650–679
5156:King of
4974:King of
4900:630s–632
4879:Balthild
4853:≈630–656
4683:King of
4670:≈580–640
4640:≈582–640
4606:≈610–642
4602:Nanthild
4593:≈603–639
4374:≈590–627
4371:Sichilde
4348:≈575–604
4165:≈543–613
4142:King of
4121:≈560–616
4095:~560–620
3927:≈535–555
3912:530s–572
3908:King of
3878:≈532–592
3876:Burgundy
3863:≈539–589
3852:≈517–567
3839:~530–580
3835:Audovera
3826:≈539–584
3813:≈545–597
3604:≈496–558
3591:≈495–524
3578:495–≈532
3574:Guntheuc
3512:≈520–587
3508:Radegund
3047:495/96–?
3021:494?–521
3001:Amalaric
2993:≈500–531
2989:Clotilde
2971:≈480–529
2950:≈485–530
2556:Clovis I
2545:Clotilde
2525:470–≈500
2248:≈452–516
2240:Gundobad
2152:≈450–493
1838:Merovech
1469:Napoleon
1457:Leodegar
1406:Fredegar
1367:Neustria
1326:Language
1309:Anstrude
1286:Balthild
1276:Waltrude
1244:Nivelles
1230:Rictrude
1214:Moutiers
1166:Poitiers
1158:Radegund
1152:Monegund
1140:Genovefa
1091:miracles
949:Dorestad
929:Religion
893:denarius
851:Coin of
825:Germanic
728:taxation
659:Carloman
532:Lombards
524:Provence
508:Burgundy
492:Toulouse
476:Clotilda
468:Alemanni
460:Syagrius
456:Clovis I
442:Coin of
300:Burgundy
296:Neustria
284:Clovis I
269:tonsured
246:Merovech
235:Germanic
218:Frankish
184:Alemanni
180:Germania
9369:Orléans
9364:Bourbon
9344:Bosonid
9248:Yngling
9147:Bavaria
9030:Guntram
8988:Chlodio
8952:Aistulf
8946:Ratchis
8848:Rodoald
8842:Rothari
8836:Arioald
8824:Agilulf
8818:Authari
8743:Gelimer
8719:Huneric
8693:Vandals
8627:Ildibad
8621:Vitiges
8574:Valamir
8530:Roderic
8524:Wittiza
8458:Sisebut
8422:Liuva I
8398:Theudis
8375:Gesalec
8333:Sigeric
8327:Athaulf
8229:Rechiar
8223:Rechila
7871:Guntram
7150:2851704
7085:1193258
6952:(ed.).
6703:Judaism
6641:Economy
6620:present
6316:843–987
6305:751–987
6295:481–751
6276:Francia
6210:Ancient
6109:King of
5916:699–715
5893:King of
5828:dynasty
5616:Charles
5606:682–695
5223:654–691
5219:King of
5206:652–673
5174:654–675
4981:602–613
4953:616–657
4929:615–693
4918:679/662
4896:King of
4870:637–657
4847:King of
4703:587–613
4688:586–612
4621:King of
4589:King of
4429:570–595
4423:King of
4412:564–585
4363:584–629
4359:King of
4330:Rigunth
4106:of Kent
3874:King of
3870:Guntram
3617:566/567
3546:497–561
3542:King of
3521:Aregund
3018:Eustere
3009:502–531
2977:Ingomer
2965:Baderic
2618:454–526
2564:466–511
2560:King of
2549:475–545
2220:Godomar
2183:438–477
2161:Bisinus
1819:437–473
1808:Gondioc
1555:445/448
1549:Chlodio
1534:r.?–437
1528:Gunther
1477:Aregund
1465:Tournai
1319:Pavilly
1303:Chelles
1052:bishops
1034:is St.
980:chalice
978:A gold
965:fibulae
908:penning
905:Frisian
885:solidus
866:before
864:Francia
843:Coinage
743:milites
720:defense
715:comites
634:at the
569:comites
514:except
494:in the
454:In 486
418:History
408:Ptolemy
188:Bavarii
64:History
50:481–751
9359:Valois
9323:France
9235:Swedes
8969:Franks
8896:Alahis
8798:Alboin
8792:Audoin
8678:Wessex
8639:Totila
8633:Eraric
8339:Wallia
8250:(-406)
8128:(9–21)
7723:
7704:
7676:
7641:
7614:
7588:
7541:
7522:
7512:
7470:
7432:
7402:
7368:
7339:
7333:767170
7331:
7294:
7185:
7156:
7148:
7111:
7083:
7039:
7010:
6806:Clovis
6736:·
6734:
6632:Topics
6344:Valois
6285:
6223:
6184:France
6175:on the
5618:Martel
4634:Arnulf
4397:Ingund
4102:Bertha
4091:Basina
3904:Alboin
3565:b.≈499
3561:Ingund
2635:?–≈524
2177:Basina
1434:Ebroin
1389:. His
1102:. The
1080:votary
1056:abbeys
1045:abbots
1024:Franks
897:denier
889:triens
883:. The
881:diadem
879:and a
813:Valois
577:counts
516:Saxony
480:Nicene
393:sacral
254:sacred
242:Salian
192:Saxons
182:, the
176:Raetia
160:Franks
67:
9354:Capet
9192:Danes
9183:Norse
8942:(744)
8929:(712)
8916:(701)
8898:(689)
8880:(671)
8804:Cleph
8635:(541)
8518:Egica
8512:Erwig
8506:Wamba
8488:Tulga
8466:(621)
8410:Agila
8363:Euric
8335:(415)
8313:Balti
8240:Goths
8195:Suebi
7933:(632)
7903:(613)
7696:[
7629:[
7576:[
7337:S2CID
7329:JSTOR
7313:Gesta
7154:S2CID
7146:JSTOR
7081:JSTOR
7004:Brill
6948:. In
6738:
6698:Islam
6618:1958–
5946:Mayor
5899:?–719
5650:Mayor
5623:Mayor
5244:Mayor
5237:Pepin
4983:r.613
4945:Mayor
4925:Begga
4902:r.632
4662:Mayor
4655:Pepin
4337:after
4334:≈569–
2536:468–?
2209:?–500
1814:?–473
1485:Paris
1347:Loire
1339:Lower
1335:Seine
1250:Begga
1176:Arles
1123:Kings
1104:vitae
1070:Lives
1028:monks
663:Pepin
632:Moors
581:dukes
573:duces
528:Italy
488:Arian
412:Rhine
273:Louis
244:King
8645:Teia
8566:Amal
8542:Ardo
8186:172)
8182:166–
8153:172)
8149:166–
7721:ISBN
7702:ISBN
7674:ISBN
7639:ISBN
7612:ISBN
7586:ISBN
7539:ISBN
7520:OCLC
7510:ISBN
7468:ISBN
7430:ISBN
7400:ISBN
7366:ISBN
7292:ISBN
7183:ISBN
7109:ISBN
7037:ISBN
7008:ISBN
6889:and
6788:and
6656:LGBT
4916:bef.
1455:and
1432:and
1365:and
1341:and
1280:Mons
1240:Itta
1224:Laon
1204:Metz
1085:The
937:and
895:(or
887:and
877:toga
753:fisc
730:and
693:Metz
661:and
603:and
579:and
571:and
302:and
190:and
164:Gaul
104:The
9321:of
7321:doi
7138:doi
7073:doi
6817:by
6651:Law
5948:of
5246:of
4947:of
4664:of
4339:589
4160:of
3615:510
2980:494
2223:?–?
2168:fl.
1483:in
821:new
783:Law
356:of
231:ing
210:or
94:751
84:481
9393::
8217:c.
8184:c.
8180:c.
8164:c.
8151:c.
8147:c.
8142:c.
8120:c.
8107:c.
8093:c.
8085:c.
7637:.
7610:.
7606:.
7584:.
7518:.
7380:^
7364:.
7360:.
7335:.
7327:.
7317:32
7315:.
7205:.
7181:.
7177:.
7152:.
7144:.
7134:51
7132:.
7087:.
7079:.
7069:36
7067:.
7063:.
7002:.
6983:^
6934:^
6895:.
6883:,
6827:.
6800:.
5652:of
5625:of
1491:.
1385:,
1160:,
1082:.
1001:,
967:.
951:,
925:.
921:,
779:.
764:.
722:,
378::
360:.
341:.
306:.
298:,
294:,
256:.
198:.
186:,
142:dʒ
82:c.
48:c.
9311:e
9304:t
9297:v
8215:(
8178:(
8162:(
8140:(
8118:(
8105:(
8091:(
8083:(
8059:e
8052:t
8045:v
7782:e
7775:t
7768:v
7755:.
7743:.
7729:.
7710:.
7682:.
7647:.
7620:.
7594:.
7562:.
7547:.
7526:.
7476:.
7438:.
7408:.
7374:.
7343:.
7323::
7300:.
7257:.
7217:.
7191:.
7160:.
7140::
7117:.
7075::
7045:.
7016:.
6772:e
6765:t
6758:v
2957:?
2952:?
2572:?
2211:?
1834:?
1817:?
807:(
575:(
482:—
450:.
364:.
154:/
151:n
148:ə
145:i
139:n
136:ɪ
133:v
130:ˈ
127:ə
124:r
121:ɛ
118:m
115:ˌ
112:/
108:(
34:.
20:)
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