390:
516:
385:" commanded his army to attack them briskly; but not to kill any of the Salii, or prevent them from entering the Roman territories, because they came not as enemies, but were forced there As soon as the Salii heard of the kindness of emperor Julian the Apostate, some of them went with their king into the Roman territory, and others fled to the extremity of their country, but all humbly committed their lives and fortunes to Caesar's gracious protection."
70:
36:
370:
claimed that the
Salians had once lived under the same name outside the Roman Empire, saying that they had been forced away by Saxons, and had come to share control of Batavia with the Romans. Whatever their origins, Zosimus says they were being pushed out of Batavia by a Saxon group known as the "Kouadoi", a Greek spelling of "
357:
against Saxon and
Frankish pirates. In the time of Probus there is also record of a large group who decided to hijack some Roman ships and return with them from the Black Sea – reaching the Atlantic after causing chaos through Greece, Sicily and Gibraltar. It has been proposed that the meaning
704:
Before the
Merovingian takeover, the Salian tribes apparently constituted a loose confederacy that only occasionally banded together, for example to negotiate with Roman authority. Each tribe consisted of extended family groups centered on a particularly renowned or noble family. The importance of
369:
In the later period when the
Salians first appear in the record, the term Frank was not associated with seafaring or coastal tribes. Their origins before they lived in Batavia are uncertain. Much later, it was only Zosimus, and not Ammianus Marcellinus whose work he possibly partly followed, who
397:
The
Salians were then brought into Roman units defending the empire from other Frankish raiders. Ammianus Marcellinus (late 4th century), on the other hand, mentions the Chamavi, normally considered Frankish, as the Germanic tribe who had entered the empire in this area at this time. Unlike the
635:
The division of the
Frankish kingdom among Clovis’s four sons (511) was an event that would repeat in Frankish history over more than four centuries. By then, the Salic Law had established the exclusive right to succession of male descendants. This principle turned out to be an exercise in
409:'s pacification of the Germani using names of people which may only be poetic: "Salian now tills his fields, the Sygambrian beats his straight sword into a curved sickle". (The Sugambri had apparently long ago been defeated and moved by the Romans.)
208:
meaning friend or comrade, indicating that the term initially implied an alliance. In that case, the name may have originated in the empire itself, or the river and/or region might be named after the inhabitants (rather than the reverse).
636:
interpretation, rather than the simple implementation of a new model of succession. No trace of an established practice of territorial division can be discovered among
Germanic peoples other than the Franks.
446:). According to Lanting & van der Plicht (2010), this probably happened in the period 445–450. Chlodio is never referred to as Salian, only Frankish, and his origins unclear. He is said by
217:
The
Salians, unlike other Franks, first appear living inside the Roman Empire, living in the Rhine delta in the modern Netherlands. Although often treated as a tribe it has also been argued by
377:
According to
Zosimus, these Saxons had used boats on the Rhine to get around other Frankish tribes who effectively protected the Roman frontier, and into the Roman river delta. The emperor
366:, the term "Saxon" came to refer to coastal Germanic groups specialised in raiding Roman territories by boat, whereas the Franks were strongly associated with the inland Rhine region.
716:
had been at least partly converted to
Christianity since the mid-4th century, polytheistic beliefs are thought to have flourished among the Salian Franks until the conversion of
270:
The account of Zosimus, that the Salians had been pushed into the empire as a single tribe, is still often accepted. In this case, their homeland may have been between the
632:, the Salians adopted Catholic Christianity early on; giving them a relationship with the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and their subjects in conquered territories.
309:
In 358, the Salians came to some form of agreement with the Romans, which allowed them to keep settlements south of the delta in Toxandria, between the rivers
775:"De C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovingische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische schema's"
601:. After 250 years of this dynasty, marked by internecine struggles, a gradual decline occurred. The position in society of the Merovingians was taken over by
971:"De 14C-chronologie van de Nederlandse Pre- en Protohistorie VI: Romeinse tijd en Merovische periode, deel A: historische bronnen en chronologische thema's"
720:
to Catholicism shortly before or after 500, after which paganism diminished gradually. On the other hand it is possible many Salians in Gaul were already
581:. Clovis became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Galloroman-Germanic population in 486. He consolidated his rule with victories over the
577:, whose birth was associated with supernatural elements. Childeric and Clovis were described as Kings of the Franks, and rulers of the Roman province of
218:
45:
689:
Apart from some isolated fragments, there is no record of the Salian Frankish language but it is presumed to be ancestral to the modern family of
865:
172:. In line with theories that the Salians already existed as a tribe outside the Roman Empire, the name may have derived from the name of the
1185:
1042:
1013:
G. Salaün, A. McGregor & P. Périn, "Empreintes inédites de l'anneau sigillaire de Childéric Ier : état des connaissances",
609:
412:
From the first half of the fifth century onwards, a group of Franks pushed south west through the boundary of the Roman inhabited
955:
812:
168:
Various etymologies are proposed. The ethnonym is unrelated to the name for the dancing priests of Mars, who were also called
608:
In Gaul, a fusion of Roman and Germanic societies was occurring. During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks began to
458:, which was in "Thuringia". The most common interpretations of these names are neither in Salian Batavia nor in Toxandria.
381:
took the opportunity to allow the Salii to settle in Toxandria, south of Batavia, where they had previously been expelled:
526:, king of the Salian Franks from 457 to 481. Inscription CHILDIRICI REGIS ("of Childeric the king"). Found in his tomb at
1165:
Dierkens, Alain; PĂ©rin, Patrick (2003). "The 5th-century advance of the Franks in Belgica II: history and archaeology".
221:
that this might represent a misunderstanding. All of the classical mentions of them seem to derive from one mention by
612:
following the baptism of Clovis I in 496, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the
1224:
1206:
982:
786:
374:" which some authors believe might be a misunderstanding for the Frankish Chamavi, who were mentioned by Ammianus.
1259:
757:
605:, who came from a northern area around the river Meuse in what is now Belgium and the southern Netherlands.
398:
Salii, these Chamavi were expelled from Roman lands. Their grain was disappointingly unready for Roman use.
1150:
Anderson, Thomas. 1995. "Roman Military Colonies in Gaul, Salian Ethnogenesis and the Forgotten Meaning of
894:
803:
279:
156:
The traditional historiography sees the Salians as one of the main divisions of the Franks alongside the
306:. (The difference between Saxons and Franks in the earliest records which mention them is not clear.)
833:
829:
1264:
1194:
665:
originated about 630 and has been described as a later development of the Frankish laws known from
160:. Recent scholarship, however, has often questioned the ethnic significance of both these terms.
346:
263:. The first historian to say that the Salians had been pushed into the empire from outside was
126:
943:
137:
who appear in the historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries. They lived west of the
970:
858:
774:
613:
1083:
The laws of the Salian Franks. Translated and with an Introduction by Katherine Fischer Drew
1032:
1230:
1103:
753:
470:
222:
8:
1126:
890:
659:, although they also clearly had connections with the Rhineland or Ripuarian Franks. The
393:
Movement of the Salian Franks from the Rhine–Meuse area to the Scheldt delta in c.400–450
378:
264:
78:
1134:
927:
880:
709:, which ordained that an individual had no right to protection if not part of a family.
684:
493:
482:
54:
1179:
345:
The first mention of Franks in the area was about 286 AD, during the reign of emperor
1220:
1202:
1138:
978:
782:
550:
330:
196:
50:
647:
are thought to have had Salian ancestry, because they applied so-called Salian law (
462:
1112:
656:
558:
531:
515:
451:
447:
413:
354:
334:
234:
1235:
389:
885:
578:
473:, called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by
1201:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford, UK; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Basil Blackwell.
694:
690:
358:
of the term Frank changed over time and that these pirate Franks were actually
267:, but his description of events seems to be confused and derived from others.
20:
1253:
1236:
The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin
1174:
1046:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 172–172.
1037:
759:
The Franks, from their first appearance in history to the death of King Pepin
417:
326:
1189:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36.
977:(in Dutch). Groningen: Groningen Institute of Archaeology. pp. 46–47.
661:
602:
570:
142:
438:
188:, which may be the Salians' original residence. Today this area is called
640:
621:
598:
594:
582:
538:
523:
519:
146:
138:
667:
546:
287:
157:
69:
706:
698:
566:
486:
350:
298:
might have been one of the peoples making up the large nation of the
248:
83:
74:
1031:
721:
717:
629:
625:
590:
574:
562:
549:
were said to be related, and the legal code they published for the
542:
501:
406:
402:
260:
244:
671:. On the other hand, following the interpretation of Springer the
956:"LacusCurtius • Claudian — on the Consulship of Stilicho, Book 1"
713:
585:
and all the other Frankish tribes and established his capital in
527:
443:
433:
425:
363:
322:
310:
291:
252:
239:
229:". Ammianus, who served in the Roman military, reported that the
189:
150:
19:"Salians" redirects here. For the eleventh-century dynasty, see
734:
489:, which temporarily ended the Hunnic threat to Western Europe.
474:
421:
359:
303:
299:
283:
275:
173:
134:
1121:
Ten Books of Histories, better known as the Historia Francorum
1178:
652:
617:
586:
554:
496:
listing Roman military units in the 5th century mentions the
371:
318:
314:
271:
169:
118:
24:
16:
4th and 5th century Franks in today's Netherlands and Belgium
644:
481:. Franks answered the call and fought in the battle of the
478:
450:(II.9) to have launched his attack on Tournai through the
201:
1217:
The Germanic Invasions: The Making of Europe, AD 400–600
826:
Francos, eos videlicet quos consuetudo Salios appellavit
593:, his sons drove the Visigoths to Spain and subdued the
302:
during the Roman Empire, most of whom apparently became
762:. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts.
290:, and they may have given their name to the region of
968:
772:
362:, or some other coastal people. Centuries before the
675:may simply have meant something like "Common Law".
651:) in their Roman-populated territories between the
195:Alternatively, the name may derive from a proposed
537:While their relationship to Chlodio is uncertain,
329:, and adjacent parts of the two bordering Belgian
724:Christians, like contemporary Germanic kingdoms.
353:was put in charge of defending the coasts of the
255:. The account implies that they entered into the
1251:
1070:Barbarian Migrations and the Roman West, 376-568
225:of "Franks, those namely whom custom calls the
914:Lanting; van der Plicht (2010) p.69; Nonn p.26
589:. After he had defeated the Visigoths and the
325:, which contains the modern Dutch province of
1164:
740:
133:), were a northwestern subgroup of the early
969:Lanting, J. N.; van der Plicht, J. (2010).
905:Lanting; van der Plicht (2010) pp.67&73
251:(both within the empire), by the non-Roman
1064:
1062:
1025:
1023:
799:
797:
693:dialects, which are represented today by
508:based in Gaul. There is also record of a
1173:
514:
485:in a temporary alliance with Romans and
388:
68:
1059:
1029:
104: Germanic tribes east of the Rhine
1252:
1020:
870:
813:Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed
794:
705:the family bond was made clear by the
643:kings responsible for the conquest of
573:, were named after Childeric's father
1244:The Merovingian Kingdoms, 450–751 AD.
1193:
766:
752:
294:. It has also been proposed that the
1144:
1133:, London, Green and Chaplin. Book 1.
1072:(Cambridge University Press), p. 308
1017:, 39 (2008), pp. 217–224 (esp. 218).
424:. These Franks, headed by a certain
416:and expanded their territory to the
29:
561:, a region the Franks later called
428:, conquered an area which included
13:
1108:History of the Later Roman Empire.
1097:
14:
1276:
975:Palaeohistoria 51/52 (2009/2010)
773:Lanting; van der Plicht (2010),
34:
1092:
1075:
1050:
1007:
998:
962:
948:
932:
917:
908:
233:were pushed from their home in
1239:. Longman, Brown, Green: 1857.
899:
852:
839:
818:
746:
60:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
1169:. Barkhuis. pp. 165–193.
553:speaking country between the
23:. For the Roman priests, see
863:Abridgement of Roman History
432:(the modern Belgian city of
163:
7:
1056:See for example James p.58.
1030:Pfister, Christian (1911).
461:In 451, Chlodio's opponent
442:(the modern French city of
43:It has been suggested that
10:
1281:
1167:Essays on the Early Franks
682:
678:
628:counterparts, who adopted
545:, who gained control over
340:
321:, roughly the area of the
212:
18:
741:Dierkens & PĂ©rin 2003
727:
498:Salii iuniores Gallicani
184:, and in ancient times,
1186:Encyclopædia Britannica
1117:Decem Libri Historiarum
1043:Encyclopædia Britannica
712:While the Goths or the
203:
176:river, formerly called
1260:Early Germanic peoples
1215:Musset, Lucien :
938:Ammianus Marcellinus,
534:
394:
387:
106:
1231:Perry, Walter Copland
1156:Early Medieval Europe
1015:Antiquités Nationales
804:Naam regio: Salland (
754:Perry, Walter Copland
614:Roman Catholic Church
569:. Their dynasty, the
518:
392:
383:
141:in what was then the
73:Salian settlement in
72:
1152:Pactus Legis Salicae
1104:Ammianus Marcellinus
1033:"Merovingians"
471:Western Roman Empire
401:In a poem from 400,
223:Ammianus Marcellinus
53:into this article. (
891:Constantius Chlorus
743:, pp. 166–167.
379:Julian the Apostate
98: Salian Franks
79:Julian the Apostate
685:Frankish mythology
610:adopt Christianity
535:
494:Notitia dignitatum
483:Catalaunian Fields
454:from a fort named
395:
278:in the modern day
113:, also called the
107:
92: Roman Empire
1145:Secondary sources
1139:Panegyrici Latini
1081:K. Fischer Drew,
695:Dutch and Flemish
565:, was called the
335:Antwerp Provinces
219:Matthias Springer
67:
66:
62:
1272:
1212:
1190:
1182:
1170:
1113:Gregory of Tours
1086:
1079:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1035:
1027:
1018:
1011:
1005:
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996:
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770:
764:
763:
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738:
657:Silva Carbonaria
559:Silva Carbonaria
532:Monnaie de Paris
510:numerus Saliorum
452:Carbonaria Silva
448:Gregory of Tours
414:Silva Carbonaria
355:Straits of Dover
349:(276–282), when
206:
103:
97:
91:
58:
38:
37:
30:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
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1265:Frankish people
1250:
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1209:
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1100:
1098:Primary sources
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922:
918:
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886:Latin Panegyric
875:
871:
857:
853:
844:
840:
823:
819:
802:
795:
789:
771:
767:
751:
747:
739:
735:
730:
687:
681:
616:. Unlike their
597:, Alemanni and
579:Belgica Secunda
343:
215:
166:
105:
101:
99:
95:
93:
89:
63:
39:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1248:
1247:
1240:
1228:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1180:"Franks"
1177:, ed. (1911).
1175:Chisholm, Hugh
1171:
1162:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1124:
1110:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
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1038:Chisholm, Hugh
1019:
1006:
997:
983:
961:
947:
931:
916:
907:
898:
869:
851:
838:
817:
793:
787:
779:Palaeohistoria
765:
745:
732:
731:
729:
726:
697:dialects, and
691:Low Franconian
680:
677:
506:Salii seniores
463:Flavius AĂ«tius
342:
339:
282:region of the
214:
211:
165:
162:
145:and today the
100:
94:
88:
65:
64:
46:Salian kingdom
42:
40:
33:
21:Salian dynasty
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1277:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1227:, p. 68.
1226:
1225:1-56619-326-5
1222:
1218:
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1210:
1208:0-631-17936-4
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1195:James, Edward
1192:
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986:
984:9789077922736
980:
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945:
941:
935:
929:
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925:Nova Historia
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892:
888:
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882:
879:
878:Nova Historia
873:
867:
864:
860:
855:
848:
845:Ulrich Nonn,
842:
835:
831:
827:
821:
815:
814:
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807:
800:
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790:
788:9789077922736
784:
781:, 51/52: 69,
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560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
530:, now in the
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
469:ruler of the
468:
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382:
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327:North Brabant
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111:Salian Franks
86:
85:
80:
77:in 358 where
76:
71:
61:
56:
52:
48:
47:
41:
32:
31:
26:
22:
1243:
1234:
1216:
1198:
1184:
1166:
1161:(2): 129–44.
1158:
1155:
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1130:
1120:
1116:
1107:
1093:Bibliography
1082:
1077:
1069:
1052:
1041:
1014:
1009:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
974:
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825:
820:
811:
805:
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758:
748:
736:
711:
703:
688:
672:
666:
662:Lex Ripuaria
660:
648:
638:
634:
607:
603:Carolingians
583:Gallo-Romans
571:Merovingians
541:and his son
536:
509:
505:
497:
491:
466:
460:
455:
437:
429:
420:in northern
411:
400:
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167:
155:
143:Roman Empire
130:
122:
114:
110:
108:
82:
59:
44:
1242:Wood, Ian,
1131:New History
944:Book XVII-8
847:Die Franken
641:Merovingian
599:Thuringians
595:Burgundians
539:Childeric I
524:Childeric I
520:Signet ring
405:celebrates
147:Netherlands
139:Lower Rhine
1254:Categories
1199:The Franks
940:Res Gestae
866:Book IX:21
683:See also:
673:Lex Salica
668:Lex Salica
649:Lex Salica
639:The later
547:Roman Gaul
288:Gelderland
158:Ripuarians
129:: Σάλιοι,
81:made them
1085:(1991), 6
1068:Halsall,
1004:Nonn p.26
859:Eutropius
707:Salic Law
699:Afrikaans
626:Lombardic
622:Burgundic
567:Salic law
500:based in
487:Visigoths
456:Dispargum
439:Cameracum
351:Carausius
249:Toxandria
164:Etymology
84:dediticii
75:Toxandria
1233:(1857).
1197:(1988).
1129:(1814):
928:Book III
923:Zosimus
876:Zosimus
806:in Dutch
756:(1857).
630:Arianism
591:Alemanni
575:Merovech
563:Neustria
557:and the
543:Clovis I
502:Hispania
467:de facto
430:Turnacum
407:Stilicho
403:Claudian
274:and the
261:Tongeren
247:), into
245:Nijmegen
197:Germanic
1219:,1975,
1154:59.5".
1127:Zosimus
1040:(ed.).
834:English
824:Latin:
810:, p.6,
714:Vandals
679:Culture
551:Romance
528:Tournai
444:Cambrai
434:Tournai
426:Chlodio
364:Vikings
341:History
331:Limburg
323:Campine
311:Scheldt
292:Salland
265:Zosimus
257:civitas
253:Chamavi
240:civitas
235:Batavia
213:Origins
190:Salland
151:Belgium
115:Salians
55:Discuss
1223:
1205:
990:8 July
981:
881:Book I
849:, p.82
785:
718:Clovis
618:Gothic
504:, the
475:Attila
436:) and
422:France
360:Frisii
347:Probus
317:, and
304:Saxons
300:Chauci
284:Veluwe
276:IJssel
204:saljon
178:Hisloa
174:IJssel
135:Franks
131:Salioi
102:
96:
90:
51:merged
1246:1994.
1036:. In
830:Latin
728:Notes
722:Arian
653:Loire
587:Paris
555:Loire
418:Somme
372:Quadi
319:Demer
315:Meuse
296:Salii
280:Dutch
272:Rhine
237:(the
231:Salii
227:Salii
202:*
199:word
182:Hisla
170:Salii
127:Greek
123:Salii
119:Latin
25:Salii
1221:ISBN
1203:ISBN
992:2020
979:ISBN
883:and
783:ISBN
655:and
645:Gaul
624:and
492:The
479:Huns
333:and
186:Sala
149:and
109:The
889:to
522:of
477:'s
259:of
243:of
192:.
180:or
49:be
1256::
1183:.
1123:).
1115:,
1106:,
1061:^
1022:^
973:.
942:,
893:,
861:,
828:.
796:^
777:,
701:.
620:,
512:.
465:,
337:.
313:,
286:,
153:.
125:;
121::
87:.
1211:.
1159:4
1119:(
994:.
958:.
896:.
836:.
832:,
808:)
117:(
57:)
27:.
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