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country. More specifically, socioeconomic status, educational background, and gender all affect levels of mental illness. A 2005 Lancet review found that 9% (99% CI 8â10%) of refugees in western countries had post-traumatic stress disorder and 5% (4â6%) had major depression In 2015, a study focused on the impacts of traumatic events on displaced persons from Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, and Jordan. It revealed that 54% of the population studied suffered from a severe emotional disorder. Of the children who participated in the study, 44% revealed depressive symptoms, and 45% showed signs of PTSD. Compared to other children around the globe, these statistics show a 10-fold increase in mental health disorders. Similarly to topics surrounding menstrual health, mental health is considered to be another taboo topic amongst certain cultures. This prevents people from seeking psychiatric help. Currently, there is only one functioning mental health hospital in Syria that tends to psychiatric needs. In 2016, a Syrian-American doctor named M.K. Hamza coined a new term to more accurately describe the effects felt by nearly all refugees affected by the ongoing crisisâhuman devastation syndrome. There is a severe lack of, and a dire need for, mental health attention and care. These traumatic events typically worsen and amplify progressively in the years following.
606:, clinic structure and hours often overlap with working hours and require long waiting times that exceed what refugees can set aside, which can serve as a structural barrier to healthcare. Overall, immigrants have higher rates of occupational morbidity and mortality than those who are native born, including higher rates of fatal and non-fatal injury. Evidence from Southern Europe points to higher rates of occupational risks such as working many hours per day and extreme temperatures and greater exposure to poor employment conditions and job precariousness. Health prevention and training programs related to occupational safety and health may not reach immigrants due to language, cultural and/or economic barriers. However, interventions tailored to their needs have been shown to be effective. Developing partnerships with institutions in the immigrant communities is one way of improving access to information and resources to immigrant workers. Improving work conditions can also improve other aspects of immigrant health however the work is often underutilized in efforts to promote migrant health. An emerging occupational health issue for immigrants relates to the health risks faced by people who are trafficked into situations of forced labor and
275:
Infectious
Hepatitis, and is caused by the Hepatitis A Virus (HAV). HAV can be spread directly or indirectly via fecal contact, causal contact, sexual contact, and foodborne or waterborne pathways. Because of this, refugee populations are more susceptible to this infection. According to a 2016 study conducted in Greece, the rate of Infectious Hepatitis amongst Syrian refugees in certain Greek facilities is 152 per 1,000 people; rates in refugees from Afghanistan and Iraq were much lower, at 8 per 1,000 and 9 per 1,000 people, respectively. The disproportionately higher rate in Syrian refugees can be attributed to the higher proportion of Syrian refugees in the camps, as compared to refugees from other countries of origin. There is no treatment for HAV infections, so hygienic intervention measures and vaccinations are of the highest priority in preventative measures. However, health care is often not prioritized in refugee populations and resources are limited, thus making it difficult to properly control the rate and spread of infection.
511:, immigrants were mainly driven from their countries by forces such as unemployment, famine and poverty, often combined with various forms of prejudice and oppression whilst war and ethnopolitical conflict were less common causes for emigration. They have known social oppression, including inadequate education, lack of job opportunities, inability to practice their faith or marry whom they wished, and inability to live where they want. Beginning with World War II, however, civilians were increasingly targeted as a strategy of warfare, and since then most newcomers (especially refugees) have been victims of war and/or political repression. Many of them have also experienced or witnessed government-sponsored torture and/or terror. That said, refugees are often survivors who possess amazing resiliency, strength and resourcefulness. An assessment of mental health may be included in a refugee's domestic health screening.
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internal organs). In 2012, there was an outbreak of
Leishmaniasis amongst Syrians. Leishmaniasis is of major concern in the eastern Mediterranean, which is home to the majority of the globe's prevalence (â57%). Leishmaniasis is most common in this region, as well as in Afghanistan, Iraq, and the Syrian Arab Republic. Thus, refugees coming from these regions, which is the majority of all refugees, are highly susceptible to becoming infected by this parasite. Additionally, refugees from other countries are put at a high risk of contraction, as they often share temporary settlements with refugees from Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. As a preventative measure, refugees are administered, when available, albendazole and ivermectin prior to their asylum seeking journey to other countries like the United States. Upon arrival, refugees are typically screened for these infections in order to prevent spread and fatality.
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issues be addressed in the screening process. Leaving behind all that is familiar and starting a new life in a new country with a different language and culture in addition to previous trauma and dislocation produces an immediate challenge that can have long-term effects. This is true whether an individual is coming from Europe, sub-Saharan Africa, Central
America, or elsewhere in the world. Many refugees will not share a Western perspective or vocabulary, so questions will need to be explained through specific examples or re-framed in culturally congruent terms with the assistance of an interpreter or bicultural worker. One option is to administer an efficient and valid screener for emotional distress, such as the Refugee Health Screener - 15, in the context of the overall health screening.
472:. It is estimated that 300 to 500 million people are infected each year with malaria, and over one million people die every year from the disease, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa. Based on the high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in sub-Saharan Africa, the CDC recommends that US-bound refugee populations from this region undergo presumptive treatment prior to departure to the US. For those refugee arrivals from sub-Saharan Africa with no pre-departure treatment documentation, the CDC recommends either they receive presumptive treatment on arrival (preferred) or have laboratory screening to detect
306:. According to the CDC, the rate of chronic infection among persons emigrating to the US from these areas is between 5% and 15%. Many states require or recommend that all refugees be screened for hepatitis B, and proceed with immunizations for all who are susceptible to this infection. In regions where the Hepatitis vaccine is not regulated, new infections occur predominately among infant and young children. As a result, 25% of people who become chronically infected as infants and 15% of people who become chronically infected at an older age die of Hepatitis B related health conditions.
362:(SARS-CoV-2). Due to social and economic conditions, resettled refugees face many of the same challenges that lead to poorer health for some racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States and in other countries. Refugees also face the challenges of a new healthcare system and finding health information they can understand. The density in population of refugee camps, in addition to lack of clean water, social distancing, and sanitation may impact exposure to COVID-19.
31:
95:, these diseases lead to an estimated 40 million deaths per year, 70% of deaths worldwide. Development and control of these conditions is directly linked with nutrition and healthy behaviors. Non-communicable diseases have accounted for 19-46% of mortality from the top five refugee-producing countries in 2015. Reports indicate that more than half of Syrian refugee households (resettled in Lebanon) have a member suffering from a non-communicable disease.
661:, there needs to be a more epidemiological approach to assessing prevalence of NCDs to ensure a better understanding of the local needs and risks. After such assessment is made, those new understandings must be targeted to create novel, innovative approaches to mitigate risks and promote healthy behaviorsâin an infectious manner. Finally, in order to adequately provide such resources, there must be strong guidance and
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that health literacy should be taken into consideration when assessing refugee health and that more research is needed to assess the current dynamics and develop strategies to overcome the gaps in health literacy amongst refugees. Through the provision of targeted, adequate health literacy tool kits, populations are more likely to adhere to treatment plans and prevention effortsâparticularly in the realm of
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important the
Tibetan religion of Buddhism is in helping the refugees cope with their situation. The religion provides them with an explanation for their situation and hope for a better future. In some cases, indigenous methods of coping and psychological therapy can be integrated with Western methods of therapy to provide a wide spectrum of mental help to refugees.
682:'s (WHO) Expanded Program on Immunizations (EPI) are generally followed by countries worldwide with minor variations in vaccine schedules, spacing of vaccine doses, and documentation. The majority of vaccines used worldwide are from reliable local or international manufacturers, and no potency problems have been detected, with the occasional exception of
258:, followed by a chest X-ray when necessary, and laboratory testing depending on those results. Anyone between the ages of 2 and 14, living in a country with a tuberculosis incidence rate of 20 or more cases per 100,000 people (as identified by the WHO), is required to have a tuberculin skin test. Those aged 15 and older must have a chest x-ray.
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infections. Menstruation requires attentive care and proper hygienic supplies. Thus, it is no wonder that while in the high income countries, menstrual health is not a major public health concern, but in developing countries or in times of crises, menstruation can pose a distinct problem for women in vulnerable populations.
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successful adjustment to the society of the host country. Mental health problems are one of the key barriers to the labor market integration of refugees in host societies. The influence of these traumatic and stressful events may be temporary and manageable with straightforward solutions or may be disabling and enduring.
118:. Causes of Type 1 diabetes are unknown and are currently, not preventable. It is typically onset at an early age. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to properly utilize insulin. Type 2 diabetes is typically onset in adults and is linked with unhealthy behaviors. Another common form of diabetes is
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agencies from outside the refugees' and asylum seekers' communities in line with local informal and formal structures and networks. One model for such support was proposed by
British authors in 2014, the WAMBA process, in which five essential components of support for refugees and asylum seekers were identified:
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Ultimately, COVID-19 is affecting minorities and low income communities disproportionately. This is especially true for refugees. Evidence shows that an inclusive approach to COVID-19 response is required. Important factors for COVID-19 planning for refugees include creating sanitary and less crowded
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The evidence supporting different interventions to try and improve symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder in and other trauma related to their symptoms in refugees, asylum seekers, and people who are dislaced within their own country is weak. It is not clear if interventions that are based in the
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Methods of treatment for refugees with mental health issues must also be culturally congruent. Western psychiatric methods may not applicable to individuals who do not conceive of the body and mind in the same way as people in the United States. For example, studies of
Tibetan refugees have shown how
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Giardiasis is an intestinal parasitic infection, where the protozoa is in its flagellate mode of movement. It is most commonly spread through contaminated water and food in developing countries. Symptoms are rather mild, and include abdominal pain, flatulence, and loose stool. Studies have found that
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Another obstacle that refugee women face in maintaining their menstrual health is limited to no access to an adequate amount of sanitary supplies. Many refugees do not have the luxury of changing their pads every few hours per day, so a buildup of bacteria is common. Other studies have revealed that
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Leishmaniasis is another parasitic infection with a high burden of disease amongst refugee populations. It is a vector-borne parasite, commonly spread by the bite of an infected sand flies. There are two common types of manifestation: cutaneous (skin lesions) and visceral leishmaniasis (infection of
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infection. For refugees from other areas of the world where asymptomatic malaria is not prevalent, the CDC recommends that any refugee with signs or symptoms of malaria should receive diagnostic testing for
Plasmodium, and subsequent treatment for confirmed infections, but not presumptive treatment.
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Over 2 billion people are infected with TB worldwide. Specifically amongst refugee populations, the risk of contracting TB are higher than in the general population, as overcrowding and international travel is higher and more frequent. According to the WHO, as of 2016, the TB incidence rate in Syria
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saw a 3% prevalence and
Congolese refugees faced less than 1%. A literary analysis on diabetes risk amongst refugee populations suggests that increased diabetes risk among adult refugees may be associated with longer migration histories. The analysis also links increased diabetes prevalence with the
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needs. While refugees may have had vaccinations in their country of origin, often they lack documentation because they were forced to depart their home country in haste. Some may have received immunizations as part of their overseas exam, and some may have received no immunizations. Recommendations
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There are multiple types of hepatitis, which most broadly can be described as viral infections of the liver. The most common types are viral
Hepatitis A, B, and C. Hepatitis B and C can result in chronic infections, while Hepatitis A is solely infectious. As such, Hepatitis A is also referred to as
78:
In general, people who come from other countries to more wealthier or developed countries are less likely to use general health services but are at greater risk of poor mental health and dying prematurely compared with native populations. People who are refugees are at a higher risk for contracting
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includes washing oneself with soap on a daily basis, and changing menstrual supplies (such as pads or tampons) multiple times per day. Improper care can cause progressive infections, such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) or reproductive tract infection (RTI). With limited access to clean, running water
503:
As mental illnesses are not necessarily tangible or easily quantifiable, it is easy to disregard the real ramifications that poor mental health can have on a person. These repercussions can materialize in any aspect of a person's life, whether that be physical, social, financial, etc. Further, the
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and poor hygienic conditions in camps. Since 1999, the CDC has recommended that US-bound refugee populations from Africa and
Southeast Asia undergo presumptive treatment for parasitic infections prior to departure. The US Protocol includes a single dose of albendazole. In many states, the domestic
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is a crucial component to preventative healthcare and improved public health. A cross-sectional study conducted amongst refugees in Sweden, found that 60% of those assessed had inadequate functioning health literacy and 27% of them had inadequate comprehensive health literacy. The study concluded
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As such, studies have been conducted in various refugee camps to assess the degree of burden that menstruation has on women. Refugees staying in temporary settlements in Myanmar reported poor latrine conditions, describing them as unsafe and dirty, with locks on the doors being a rare occurrence.
542:
Refugees do not access mental health services even when resettled in developed countries, with one study finding that refugees are less likely to utilise mental health services than the national population except for a few specific conditions such as PTSD Hence, it is critical that mental health
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But unlike the rest of the world, measures like physical distancing are difficult in refugee camps. Most refugee camps are more densely populated than the Diamond Princess, a cruise ship where an outbreak of COVID-19 led to transmission four times faster than in Wuhan. Additionally, low literacy
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In some countries, e.g. EU and OECD countries, information about the host society is offered to refugee migrants in connection with applying for or obtaining a residence permit. Civic orientation usually include information about the country's history, political system, laws, health, culture and
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is an area in which immigrants face disparities. Many migrant or foreign-born workers fill low-wage, temporary or seasonal work in industries and jobs that may pose greater risks for worker health and safety such as agriculture, construction and services. In the United States, agriculture sector
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dvocacy: The professional helping relationship between worker and client can potentially diminish the isolation brought about by the circumstances within which some asylum seekers may live by giving time to hear the voice of the individual and providing support that attends to the individual's
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Social support can be very helpful in preventing mental health issues and for coping with living in a new land, so refugees from the same areas should be able to live close to each other. However, even in this case, it may be necessary for social support to be offered by statutory or voluntary
246:
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that mainly affects the lungs. As an airborne disease, TB is spread via inhalation of the bacteria, which subsequently travel to the lungs and other body parts to manifest infection. Once a person is infected, TB can either become latent or active. If
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Every woman from every country experiences her own menstrual process. However, some countries are more adept than others at providing proper resources and accessibility for women to easily maintain good hygiene. Menstrual health requires constant and proper upkeep in order to avoid subsequent
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among newly arrived refugees. Variations reported in the prevalence of PTSD and depression may be ascribed to a number of factors, including prior life in their homeland, the experience of flight from that homeland, life in refugee camps, and stressors during and after resettlement in a third
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and integration into a new society are exquisitely interwoven. Traumatic experiences that occurred in the home country or during the resulting flight from that country are common. These experiences, in addition to the stresses of resettling in the host country, increase the chances of a less
261:
In the US, refugee individuals identified as having active tuberculosis must complete treatment before being permitted to enter. Upon arriving in the US, the CDC recommends that all refugees be screened for tuberculosis using a tuberculin skin test. A follow-up chest x-ray is required if the
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now tests over 500 samples for COVID-19 a day. Just like any other healthcare facility, infection prevention and control measures are now especially important in refugee health centers. These measures contribute to the prevention of COVID-19 transmission in refugee camps.
697:, entering refugees are not required to have vaccinations. However, it is mandated that at the time of applying for adjustment of status from legal temporary resident to legal permanent resident, a refugee must be fully vaccinated in accordance with recommendations of the
631:. These health literacy tools must be relevant to the communities, administered in familiar language and vocabulary, and must truly take into account the competencies and limitations of the target audience. Within health literacy initiatives, collaborative learning and
588:
In addition to limited supplies and sanitary facilities, cultural attitudes towards menstruation create a difficult, taboo environment surrounding the topic. Thus, women and girls may feel too uncomfortable to seek help or advice on tending to their personal needs.
761:
Disease surveillance in refugee camps was already a major part of outbreak response. Contact tracing in refugee camps has become especially important to minimize COVID-19 transmission. In places like Cox's Bazar, the largest refugee settlement in the world, the
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efriending: Befriending is another side to the relationship of accompaniment and which seeks to mitigate the political reality within which asylum seekers find themselves and which is distinctly unfriendly: tightly controlled, suspicious, rebarbative and highly
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ccompaniment: the availability of social support in an asylum-seeking client's life (amongst other presences such as an exilic community and intimate attachments) may foster assurance that moments of crisis can be negotiated by asylum seeker and support worker
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reports that the prevalence for children under 5 years old is 30% in El Salvador, 47% in Guatemala, and 40% in Honduras. In Guatemala, 22% of pregnant women are also anemic. These cases are mostly credited to poor nutrition or a chronic parasitic infection.
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Hollifield M, Verbillis-Kolp S, Farmer B, Toolson EC, Woldehaimanot T, Yamazaki J, Holland A, St Clair J, SooHoo J (2013). "The Refugee Health Screener-15 (RHS-15): development and validation of an instrument for anxiety, depression, and PTSD in refugees".
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everyday life. Most countries combine the civic orientation with other introduction activities such as language courses. Civics and language courses are commonly test based, meaning that a pass grade is required to obtain a residency or citizenship status.
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health screening exam recommends that all refugees be screened for parasitic infections whether or not they appear symptomatic. Screening often includes two stool specimens obtained more than 24 hours apart and/or a CBC with differential for evaluation of
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is a condition in which an individual does not have enough healthy red blood cells. This will consequently lead to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs. Most commonly, this is caused by not consuming enough iron. Anemia is used as a marker for overall
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Additionally, many young girls reported dark, unlit paths at nighttime causing unwarranted assaults by intruders in the camps. Thus, girls reportedly would not use the bathroom once it was dark outside, even if in need of a shower or a fresh pad.
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is addressing these challenges using Community Outreach Members and recorded voice messages sent to mobile phones. Both of these platforms allow the communication of information about mask usage, contact tracing, and quarantine and isolation.
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could contribute to people's understanding and ability to judge, sift and use health information. Consequently, adding these practices to the definition of critical health literacy could prove to be hugely beneficial to patient communities.
45:
is the field of study on the health effects experienced by people who have been displaced into another country or even to another part of the world, as a result of unsafe circumstances such as war or persecution. People who have been
247:
latent, the disease is asymptomatic and non-contagious; however, latent TB can become active at any point. Active TB is symptomatic and contagious. Either way, TB should be treated immediately, as untreated infections can be fatal.
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manifestations of poor mental health are deeply rooted when trauma is experienced at a young age. Thus, populations vulnerable to traumatic experiences are at a concerningly high risk of mental illnesses and poor mental health.
254:. This high incidence necessitates that those conducting the overseas exam (Panel Physicians) screen all refugees for TB and further test anyone suspected of having active TB. Screening for tuberculosis generally involves a
1891:
Stoecklin-Marois MT, Bigham CW, Bennett D, Tancredi DJ, Schenker MB (February 2015). "Occupational exposures and migration factors associated with respiratory health in California Latino farm workers: the MICASA study".
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Ronda E, Agudelo-SuĂĄrez AA, GarcĂa AM, LĂłpez-Jacob MJ, Ruiz-Frutos C, Benavides FG (February 2013). "Differences in exposure to occupational health risks in Spanish and foreign-born workers in Spain (ITSAL Project)".
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is high blood pressureâthis is usually defined as blood pressure over 130/80. Cardiovascular disease and hypertension are associated with poor nutrition/diet, sedentary lifestyles, and genetic risk factors.
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are a major health problem for many groups, including refugees, and the presence of pathogenic parasites requires medical attention. "Over one billion persons worldwide are estimated to be carriers of
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is an important consideration and can greatly impact people who are displaced. The health status of refugee's can be tied to factors such as the person who migrated's geographic origin, conditions of
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where they lived, and personal, physical, and psychological conditions of the person, either pre-existing or acquired while traveling from their homeland to a camp or eventually to their new home.
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Berkowitz SA, Fabreau GE, Raghavan S, Kentoffio K, Chang Y, He W, Atlas SJ, Percac-Lima S (December 2016). "Risk of Developing Diabetes Among Refugees and Immigrants: A Longitudinal Analysis".
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Giardiasis is common amongst refugee populations, specifically those coming from Afghanistan. However, the parasite is not particularly adept at sustaining infection within children.
217:, 4.1% of adults suffered from cardiovascular disease and 10.7% suffered from hypertension. There is also substantial risk amongst Congolese refugees. According to the CDC, amongst
1707:"An overview of systematic reviews on mental health promotion, prevention, and treatment of common mental disorders for refugees, asylum seekers, and internally displaced persons"
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Wagner J, Berthold SM, Buckley T, Kong S, Kuoch T, Scully M (August 2015). "Diabetes among refugee populations: what newly arriving refugees can learn from resettled Cambodians".
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Palinkas LA, Pickwell SM, Brandstein K, Clark TJ, Hill LL, Moser RJ, Osman A (January 2003). "The journey to wellness: stages of refugee health promotion and disease prevention".
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Porter M, Haslam N (August 2005). "Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis".
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Sachs E, Rosenfeld B, Lhewa D, Rasmussen A, Keller A (April 2008). "Entering exile: trauma, mental health, and coping among Tibetan refugees arriving in Dharamsala, India".
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and surrounding areas showed that 48.4% of children younger than 5 years of age, and 44.8% of women 15-49 years of age suffered from anemiaâ. Amongst Congolese refugees,
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when desperate, women will resort to using leaves or old pads to absorb the discharged blood, according to a report by Sommer's team in the journal Conflict and Health.
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Mercer SW, Ager A, Ruwanpura E (January 2005). "Psychosocial distress of Tibetans in exile: integrating western interventions with traditional beliefs and practice".
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tuberculin skin test is positive, or if the refugee was identified as having TB (either Class A or Class B) in their overseas exam, or if they are infected with HIV.
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Additionally, refugee children face unique barriers to adequate psychological health support due to significant trauma during their vulnerable developmental years.
177:(SCD) is of a much larger concern. In Central America, refugees coming from El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras show the highest incidence of anemia cases. The
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Soltan, Fatima; Cristofalo, Doriana; Marshall, David; Purgato, Marianna; Taddese, Henock; Vanderbloemen, Laura; Barbui, Corrado; Uphoff, Eleonora (May 2022).
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Uphoff, Eleonora; Robertson, Lindsay; Cabieses, Baltica; VillalĂłn, Francisco J.; Purgato, Marianna; Churchill, Rachel; Barbui, Corrado (September 4, 2020).
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ediation: offering a type of humanitarian solidarity and care which will offset some of the negative consequences of the asylum-seeking process and the
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because of a lack of access to protection and/or treatment, as well as the circumstances of war and flight, making them subject to higher incidences of
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transition from traditional, agricultural lifestyles with potentially protective foods, to urbanized, westernized lifestyles that come with migration.
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elcome: a person-centred and benign enquiry as to the asylum seeker's history in a friendly setting and with the use of interpreters if necessary.
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154:. Symptoms usually involve overall fatigue and tiredness, as a result of reduced oxygen flow. There are various treatments for anemia, including
1127:
91:
is a medical condition that is not transmissible and not infectious. It is caused by individual and environmental behaviors. According to the
772:
125:
Refugees are at an increased risk of developing diabetes because of the tendency towards inadequate nutritional behaviors. According to the
698:
597:
Demand for labor is an important reason for migration. Despite the difficulty in researching immigrant populations, there is evidence that
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certain diseases or having other health problems due to factors such as poor nutrition, poor sanitation and lack of adequate medical care.
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Kemp C. and Rasbridge, L.A. (Eds), Refugee and Immigrant Health. A Handbook for Health Professionals. Cambridge University Press, 2004.
178:
166:
126:
2982:"Intestinal parasites among African refugees resettled in Massachusetts and the impact of an overseas pre-departure treatment program"
1181:"Screening for Viral Hepatitis During the Domestic Medical Examination of Newly Arrived Refugees | Immigrant and Refugee Health | CDC"
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1180:
17:
1986:
Salvatore MA, Baglio G, Cacciani L, Spagnolo A, Rosano A (February 2013). "Work-related injuries among immigrant workers in Italy".
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1988:
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Maroushek SR, Aguilar EF, Stauffer W, Abd-Alla MD (May 2005). "Malaria among refugee children at arrival in the United States".
2436:"Community-based initiatives improving critical health literacy: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence"
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order which it represents and mediating between the individual asylum seeker and the systemic constraints of the asylum process.
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Geltman PL, Brown MJ, Cochran J (July 2001). "Lead poisoning among refugee children resettled in Massachusetts, 1995 to 1999".
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and hygienic supplies (soap, pads, tampons) within refugee camps, monthly periods create health problems for women and girls.
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High rates of mental health concerns have been documented in various refugee populations. Most studies reveal high rates of
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Mazumdar, Soumya; Chong, Shanley; Eagar, Sandy; Fletcher-Lartey, Stephanie; Jalaludin, Bin; Smith, Mitchell (2022-06-02).
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is a group of chronic metabolic diseases that affect the body's use of blood sugar. There are two main forms of diabetes:
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694:
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1764:"Community-based interventions for improving mental health in refugee children and adolescents in high-income countries"
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Bigot A, Blok L, Boelaert M, Chartier Y, Corijn P, Davis A, Deguerry M, Dusauchoit T, Fermon F, Griekspoor A (1997).
214:
130:
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Stauffer WM, Kamat D, Walker PF (December 2002). "Screening of international immigrants, refugees, and adoptees".
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3063:"Prevalence of tuberculosis, hepatitis B virus, and intestinal parasitic infections among refugees to Minnesota"
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Matlin, Stephen A.; Depoux, Anneliese; SchĂŒtte, Stefanie; Flahault, Antoine; Saso, Luciano (24 September 2018).
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person's new community that are aimed to help children and adolescents are effective and should be implemented.
598:
523:
1207:"Planning STI/HIV prevention among refugees and mobile populations: situation assessment of Sudanese refugees"
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1495:"Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review"
3017:"A private-sector preferred provider network model for public health screening of newly resettled refugees"
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Kluge, Hans Henri P.; Jakab, Zsuzsanna; Bartovic, Jozef; D'Anna, Veronika; Severoni, Santino (2020-04-18).
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living conditions, as well as ensuring that refugees are not trapped by states of emergency and lockdowns.
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species and it is estimated that more than 20 million persons throughout the world are infected with
2487:"When the state takes over: civic integration programmes and the role of cities in immigrant integration"
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Schenker M (November 2008). "Work-related injuries among immigrants: a growing global health disparity".
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122:. This occurs in pregnant women and does not necessarily lead to Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes permanently.
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Fell B, Fell P (July 2014). "Welfare across borders: a social work process with adult asylum seekers".
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251:
2238:"Improving occupational safety and health among Mexican immigrant workers: a binational collaboration"
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Baggio S, Gonçalves L, Heeren A, Heller P, Gétaz L, Graf M, Rossegger A, Endrass J, Wolff H (2020).
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Fell B, Fell P (2014). "Welfare Across Borders - A Social Work process with Adult Asylum Seekers".
1536:"Exploring the Use of Hospital and Community Mental Health Services Among Newly Resettled Refugees"
1392:"The Mental Health Burden of Immigration Detention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
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2609:"Information Sheet - Observed Rate of Vaccine Reactions - Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus Vaccines"
867:"Effects of non-health-targeted policies on migrant health: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
114:. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency and requires daily administered doses of
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412:, invasive disease, and death. Refugees are particularly at risk given the likelihood of poor or
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levels make distribution of health and safety information difficult. In some refugee camps, the
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de Wit L, Fenenga C, Giammarchi C, di Furia L, Hutter I, de Winter A, Meijering L (July 2017).
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190:
1422:
1354:"Differences in labour market outcomes between natives, refugees and other migrants in the UK"
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2122:"[Scoping review about working conditions and health of immigrant workers in Spain]"
2385:"Health literacy: a concept with potential to greatly impact the infectious diseases field"
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2691:"WHO & Partners Enhance Support to COVID-19 response in Rohingya Camps in Cox's Bazar"
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225:, 33% of those over 15 years of age had hypertension. Another 42% were pre-hypertensive.
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2309:
2282:
2258:
2237:
2213:
2188:
2102:
2056:
2013:
1971:
1936:
1917:
1873:
1848:
Schenker MB (April 2010). "A global perspective of migration and occupational health".
1796:
1763:
1739:
1706:
1687:
1599:
1570:
1552:
1535:
1475:
1236:
1078:
1010:
961:
938:
913:
888:
848:
413:
409:
266:
is 17 per 100,000 people. Compare this to 3.1 per 100,000 people in the United States.
226:
51:
35:
3154:
2799:
2534:"Three Steps to Improve Management of Noncommunicable Diseases in Humanitarian Crises"
1511:
1494:
3265:
3238:
3187:
3170:
Stauffer WM, Maroushek S, Kamat D (2003). "Medical screening of immigrant children".
3158:
3121:
3092:
3046:
3003:
2960:
2902:
2867:
2822:
2804:
2588:
2565:
2518:
2506:
2467:
2416:
2411:
2365:
2314:
2263:
2218:
2144:
2094:
2048:
2005:
1958:
1909:
1865:
1828:
1820:
1801:
1783:
1744:
1726:
1691:
1679:
1641:
1603:
1557:
1527:
1516:
1467:
1430:
1407:
1334:
1228:
1070:
1002:
943:
840:
531:
351:
159:
103:
3199:
3133:
2914:
2140:
2060:
2017:
1921:
1877:
1637:
1479:
1423:"Chapter 47: Mental Health and Illness in Immigrants: Epidemiology and Risk Factors"
1240:
1082:
1014:
852:
3228:
3220:
3179:
3150:
3113:
3082:
3074:
3036:
3028:
2993:
2972:
2952:
2931:
2892:
2857:
2812:
2794:
2665:
2555:
2545:
2498:
2457:
2447:
2406:
2396:
2355:
2345:
2304:
2294:
2253:
2245:
2208:
2200:
2189:"Occupational safety and health education and training for underserved populations"
2136:
2106:
2086:
2040:
1997:
1966:
1948:
1901:
1857:
1791:
1779:
1775:
1734:
1722:
1718:
1671:
1633:
1595:
1565:
1547:
1506:
1459:
1403:
1365:
1324:
1218:
1062:
994:
933:
925:
832:
804:
702:
662:
602:
occupational risks such as asthma are more likely to affect immigrant workers. For
573:
558:
392:
218:
202:
134:
55:
2502:
2120:
Ronda-PĂ©rez E, Agudelo-SuĂĄrez AA, LĂłpez-Jacob MJ, GarcĂa AM, Benavides FG (2014).
386:. At present, 200 to 300 million people are infected with one or more of the
2550:
1905:
623:
303:
155:
2486:
3224:
3183:
2401:
2384:
2249:
1258:"WHO | Refugees and COVID-19: achieving a comprehensive public health response"
1205:
Holt BY, Effler P, Brady W, Friday J, Belay E, Parker K, Toole M (March 2003).
632:
354:
advances across the world, refugees are among the most vulnerable populations.
291:
198:
2998:
2981:
2452:
2350:
2090:
2001:
1953:
1311:
Swanson SJ, Phares CR, Mamo B, Smith KE, Cetron MS, Stauffer WM (April 2012).
1066:
998:
836:
3254:
3032:
2808:
2510:
1962:
1787:
1730:
1561:
1520:
914:"Community-Based Noncommunicable Disease Care for Syrian Refugees in Lebanon"
687:
515:
299:
67:
59:
2044:
1223:
1206:
929:
3242:
3191:
3162:
3125:
3096:
3078:
3050:
3007:
2964:
2956:
2906:
2871:
2826:
2569:
2471:
2420:
2369:
2318:
2299:
2267:
2222:
2148:
2098:
2052:
2009:
1913:
1869:
1805:
1748:
1683:
1645:
1607:
1471:
1463:
1338:
1313:"Albendazole therapy and enteric parasites in United States-bound refugees"
1232:
1074:
1006:
947:
844:
674:
607:
535:
508:
453:
418:
405:
323:
206:
63:
3209:"Implementation of CDC refugee blood lead testing guidelines in Minnesota"
2935:
2846:"Infectious disease screening for refugees resettled in the United States"
2669:
2119:
1329:
1312:
1152:
2742:"WHO: 336 Rohingyas infected with Covid-19 in refugee camps till October"
1369:
387:
283:
2768:
Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region
2193:
New Solutions: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy
229:
adults had a 3% prevalence of hypertension, and nearly 1% prevalence of
30:
1861:
1486:
473:
2204:
1675:
1890:
1584:
735:
465:
441:
383:
331:
295:
2334:"Health literacy among refugees in Sweden - a cross-sectional study"
2073:
358:
is a highly-contagious respiratory and vascular disease, caused by
2897:
2880:
2862:
2845:
327:
1421:
Jaranson JM, Ekblad S, Kroupin GV, Eisenman DP (25 October 2007).
701:(ACIP). A list of required vaccines in the US can be found on the
58:
that are uncommon in the country in which they eventually settle.
2331:
2287:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
1821:"Chapter 20: Occupational Health Research with Immigrant Workers"
1533:
984:
683:
527:
469:
429:
375:
115:
3103:
2332:
WĂ„ngdahl J, Lytsy P, MĂ„rtensson L, Westerling R (October 2014).
2186:
1937:"Migrants' and refugees' health: towards an agenda of solutions"
2881:"Seroprevalence of measles, rubella, and varicella in refugees"
2433:
2163:"CDC - NIOSH Science Blog â Immigrant Worker Safety and Health"
1985:
1761:
1704:
822:
461:
445:
437:
397:
287:
222:
146:
250:
An estimated third of the world's population is infected with
1420:
449:
2780:
2532:
Jobanputra K, Boulle P, Roberts B, Perel P (November 2016).
2531:
1661:
1425:. In Walker PF, Barnett ED, Stauffer W, Jaranson JM (eds.).
27:
Health effects experienced by people who have been displaced
3060:
2878:
1934:
1389:
457:
319:
378:. Approximately 480 million people are infected with
185:
2765:
2582:
2382:
2283:"Leveraging the Domain of Work to Improve Migrant Health"
1823:. In Schenker MB, Castañeda X, Rodriguez-Lainz A (eds.).
1657:
1655:
1052:
673:
Refugees arrive in their new countries with a variety of
339:
3061:
Lifson AR, Thai D, O'Fallon A, Mills WA, Hang K (2002).
2236:
Flynn MA, Check P, Eggerth DE, Tonda J (November 2013).
1100:"Refugee Health Profiles | Immigrant and Refugee Health"
2979:
1351:
1102:. United States Centers for Disease Control. 2017-04-19
912:
Sethi S, Jonsson R, Skaff R, Tyler F (September 2017).
193:
is a general term for various heart conditions such as
3206:
3169:
2879:
Barnett ED, Christiansen D, Figueira M (August 2002).
2383:
Osborne RH, Beauchamp A, Batterham R (February 2016).
2235:
1652:
1310:
911:
133:, there is a 6.1% prevalence of adult-onset diabetes.
2986:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2783:"Refugee and migrant health in the COVID-19 response"
2630:"Immunization Schedules for Healthcare Professionals"
1204:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
2980:
Geltman PL, Cochran J, Hedgecock C (December 2003).
1827:. University of California Press. pp. 377â395.
1094:
1092:
1029:"Non-Communicable Disease Error processing SSI file"
3140:
2942:
2585:
Refugee health: an approach to emergency situations
2187:O'Connor T, Flynn M, Weinstock D, Zanoni J (2014).
1623:
1546:(6). American Medical Association (AMA): e2212449.
1493:Fazel, Mina; Wheeler, Jeremy; Danesh, John (2005).
396:". Consequences of parasitic infection can include
1894:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1492:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1113:
309:
1825:Migration and Health: A Research Methods Handbook
1089:
314:Refugees can be at a higher risk for contracting
3252:
1130:. Minnesota Department of Health. Archived from
2280:
1578:
1376:
360:Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
3014:
1619:
1617:
1429:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 627â628.
648:
978:
169:, âan evaluation of anemia prevalence in the
162:may also be used if blood production is low.
2389:International Journal of Infectious Diseases
2180:
1818:
1449:
1443:
1304:
816:
699:Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
82:
3207:Zabel EW, Smith ME, O'Fallon A (Mar 2008).
2632:. United States Centers for Disease Control
1711:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1614:
2229:
1292:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1252:
1250:
1175:
1173:
3232:
3086:
3040:
2997:
2896:
2861:
2816:
2798:
2559:
2549:
2461:
2451:
2410:
2400:
2359:
2349:
2308:
2298:
2257:
2212:
1970:
1952:
1795:
1738:
1569:
1551:
1510:
1328:
1222:
1198:
1128:"Minnesota Refugee Health Provider Guide"
937:
905:
34:A hospital in a camp for refugees of the
3106:The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
2921:
2649:
2484:
2078:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
2030:
1989:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
1847:
1345:
236:
73:
29:
3015:Geltman PL, Cochran J (February 2005).
2843:
2491:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
2281:Flynn MA, Wickramage K (October 2017).
2033:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
1850:American Journal of Industrial Medicine
1768:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1247:
1170:
365:
269:
186:Cardiovascular disease and hypertension
14:
3253:
592:
326:. Refugees are regularly screened for
231:chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder
2736:
2734:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
1288:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
436:in the Americas from as far north as
2719:International Rescue Committee (IRC)
756:
639:
1928:
1317:The New England Journal of Medicine
1285:
1153:"Division of Viral Hepatitis | CDC"
918:Global Health: Science and Practice
790:Refugee health in the United States
604:refugee health in the United States
24:
3118:10.1097/01.inf.0000160948.22407.0d
2836:
2766:World Health Organization (2018).
2731:
2715:"COVID-19 threatens refugee camps"
2676:
2653:The British Journal of Social Work
1600:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.12.002
1553:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.12449
1352:Ruiz, I.; C. Vargas-Silva (2018).
618:
382:. At least 500 million carry
25:
3277:
3021:American Journal of Public Health
2770:. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
2129:Revista Espanola de Salud Publica
708:
563:
2244:. 128 Suppl 3 (6_suppl3): 33â8.
1505:(9467). Elsevier BV: 1309â1314.
668:
613:
498:
489:
2774:
2759:
2707:
2643:
2622:
2601:
2587:. London: Macmillan Education.
2576:
2525:
2478:
2427:
2376:
2325:
2274:
2155:
2141:10.4321/S1135-57272014000600004
2113:
2067:
2024:
1979:
1884:
1841:
1812:
1755:
1698:
1638:10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.04.025
1414:
1279:
1145:
316:sexually transmitted infections
310:Sexually transmitted infections
241:
2924:British Journal of Social Work
1780:10.1002/14651858.cd013657.pub2
1723:10.1002/14651858.CD013458.pub2
1046:
1021:
954:
881:
859:
524:post-traumatic stress disorder
278:
13:
1:
3155:10.1016/s0095-4543(02)00035-0
2844:Barnett ED (September 2004).
2800:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30791-1
2503:10.1080/1369183X.2015.1111132
2485:Gebhardt, Dirk (2016-04-08).
1626:Social Science & Medicine
1512:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61027-6
1358:Journal of Economic Geography
810:
800:Refugee health care in Canada
653:When addressing the needs of
480:
2885:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2850:Clinical Infectious Diseases
2551:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002180
1906:10.1097/jom.0000000000000325
1408:10.18716/ojs/krimoj/2020.2.7
7:
1819:Flynn M, Eggerth D (2014).
1664:Journal of Traumatic Stress
1588:General Hospital Psychiatry
987:Journal of Community Health
889:"Non communicable diseases"
825:Journal of Immigrant Health
783:
345:
158:and vitamin B supplements.
98:
36:Nigerian-Biagfran Civil War
10:
3282:
3225:10.1177/003335490812300203
3184:10.1177/000992280304200902
2402:10.1016/j.ijid.2015.12.012
2250:10.1177/00333549131286S306
556:
424:
252:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3261:Health effects by subject
2999:10.4269/ajtmh.2003.69.657
2616:World Health Organization
2453:10.1186/s12889-017-4570-7
2351:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1030
2091:10.1007/s10903-012-9664-9
2002:10.1007/s10903-012-9673-8
1954:10.1186/s40985-018-0104-9
1067:10.1007/s11892-015-0618-1
999:10.1007/s10900-016-0216-4
966:World Health Organization
893:World Health Organization
764:World Health Organization
680:World Health Organization
649:Non-Communicable Diseases
141:
83:Non-communicable diseases
18:Mental health of refugees
3033:10.2105/ajph.2004.040311
1055:Current Diabetes Reports
795:Refugee health in Uganda
665:continuously available.
468:, and in the islands of
356:Coronavirus disease 2019
286:infection is endemic in
152:micronutrient deficiency
89:non-communicable disease
2045:10.1136/oem.2008.040907
1224:10.1111/1467-7717.00216
930:10.9745/GHSP-D-17-00043
837:10.1023/A:1021048112073
195:coronary artery disease
2957:10.1542/peds.108.1.158
2300:10.3390/ijerph14101248
1464:10.1001/jama.294.5.602
869:. Lancet. 6 March 2019
400:due to blood loss and
191:Cardiovascular disease
39:
3213:Public Health Reports
3067:Public Health Reports
2412:10536/DRO/DU:30080590
2242:Public Health Reports
1941:Public Health Reviews
1330:10.1056/NEJMoa1103360
380:Entamoeba histolytica
237:Communicable diseases
74:Major health concerns
33:
3079:10.1093/phr/117.1.69
2793:(10232): 1237â1239.
686:toxoid and the oral
371:Intestinal parasites
366:Parasitic infections
342:when they relocate.
270:Infectious hepatitis
256:tuberculin skin test
171:Zaatari refugee camp
120:gestational diabetes
3172:Clinical Pediatrics
2936:10.1093/bjsw/bct003
2670:10.1093/bjsw/bct003
1268:on January 25, 2021
659:humanitarian crises
599:occupational health
593:Occupational health
440:to as far south as
52:infectious diseases
50:can be affected by
1862:10.1002/ajim.20834
1427:Immigrant Medicine
1370:10.1093/jeg/lby027
1286:CDC (2020-02-11).
629:infectious disease
414:contaminated water
410:growth retardation
302:, and most of the
175:Sickle Cell Anemia
160:Blood transfusions
40:
38:, late 1960s (CDC)
2594:978-0-333-72210-7
2440:BMC Public Health
2338:BMC Public Health
2205:10.2190/NS.24.1.d
2169:. 27 October 2008
1834:978-0-520-27795-3
1676:10.1002/jts.20324
1540:JAMA Network Open
1436:978-0-323-07057-7
757:COVID-19 Response
640:Civic orientation
352:COVID-19 pandemic
227:Bhutanese refugee
205:, and many more.
165:According to the
16:(Redirected from
3273:
3246:
3236:
3203:
3166:
3137:
3100:
3090:
3054:
3044:
3011:
3001:
2976:
2939:
2930:(5): 1322â1339.
2918:
2900:
2875:
2865:
2831:
2830:
2820:
2802:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2544:(11): e1002180.
2529:
2523:
2522:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2363:
2353:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2302:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2261:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2028:
2022:
2021:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1956:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1799:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1555:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1514:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1332:
1323:(16): 1498â507.
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1264:. Archived from
1254:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1177:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1040:
1025:
1019:
1018:
993:(6): 1274â1281.
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
958:
952:
951:
941:
909:
903:
902:
900:
899:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
863:
857:
856:
820:
805:Refugee children
703:vaccine schedule
657:patients within
559:Refugee Children
393:Hymenolepis nana
156:iron supplements
56:chronic diseases
21:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3251:
3250:
3249:
2839:
2837:Further reading
2834:
2779:
2775:
2764:
2760:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2662:Oxford Journals
2648:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2581:
2577:
2530:
2526:
2483:
2479:
2432:
2428:
2381:
2377:
2330:
2326:
2279:
2275:
2234:
2230:
2185:
2181:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2072:
2068:
2029:
2025:
1984:
1980:
1933:
1929:
1889:
1885:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1817:
1813:
1774:(5): CD013657.
1760:
1756:
1717:(9): CD013458.
1703:
1699:
1660:
1653:
1622:
1615:
1583:
1579:
1532:
1528:
1491:
1487:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1419:
1415:
1388:
1377:
1350:
1346:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1248:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1137:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1026:
1022:
983:
979:
970:
968:
960:
959:
955:
910:
906:
897:
895:
887:
886:
882:
872:
870:
865:
864:
860:
821:
817:
813:
786:
759:
711:
671:
651:
642:
624:Health literacy
621:
619:Health Literacy
616:
595:
566:
561:
501:
492:
483:
427:
402:iron deficiency
368:
348:
312:
304:Pacific Islands
281:
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239:
215:Syrian refugees
188:
144:
131:Syrian refugees
101:
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76:
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23:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
3279:
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3204:
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3101:
3058:
3055:
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2863:10.1086/423179
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2497:(5): 742â758.
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2228:
2179:
2154:
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1978:
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1670:(2): 199â208.
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1402:(2): 219â233.
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812:
809:
808:
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709:Social support
707:
670:
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650:
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633:social support
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617:
615:
612:
594:
591:
574:menstrual care
565:
564:Women's health
562:
500:
497:
491:
488:
482:
479:
432:is considered
426:
423:
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364:
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344:
311:
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292:Southeast Asia
280:
277:
271:
268:
243:
240:
238:
235:
219:Iraqi refugees
199:cardiac arrest
187:
184:
143:
140:
135:Iraqi refugees
100:
97:
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75:
72:
68:urban settings
43:Refugee health
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3278:
3267:
3264:
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3230:
3226:
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3197:
3193:
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3185:
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3178:(9): 763â73.
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3173:
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3148:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
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3098:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
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3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
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3026:
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3009:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2992:(6): 657â62.
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2951:(1): 158â62.
2950:
2946:
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2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
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2856:(6): 833â41.
2855:
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2814:
2810:
2806:
2801:
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2777:
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2747:
2746:Dhaka Tribune
2743:
2737:
2735:
2720:
2716:
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2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2671:
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2664:: 1322â1339.
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2631:
2625:
2617:
2610:
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2596:
2590:
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2539:
2538:PLOS Medicine
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2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
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2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
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2390:
2386:
2379:
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2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
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2311:
2306:
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2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
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2206:
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2199:(1): 83â106.
2198:
2194:
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2164:
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2135:(6): 703â14.
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2130:
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2100:
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2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
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2039:(11): 717â8.
2038:
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2027:
2019:
2015:
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1995:
1991:
1990:
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1973:
1968:
1964:
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1955:
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1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1923:
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1895:
1887:
1879:
1875:
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1856:(4): 329â37.
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1134:on 2018-12-20
1133:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1101:
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733:
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726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
706:
704:
700:
696:
695:United States
691:
689:
688:polio vaccine
685:
681:
676:
669:Immunizations
666:
664:
660:
656:
646:
637:
634:
630:
625:
614:Interventions
611:
609:
605:
600:
590:
586:
582:
578:
575:
570:
560:
555:
552:
548:
544:
540:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
517:
516:mental health
512:
510:
505:
499:Mental health
496:
490:Leishmaniasis
487:
478:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
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443:
439:
435:
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363:
361:
357:
353:
343:
341:
340:HIV infection
337:
333:
329:
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321:
317:
307:
305:
301:
300:Northern Asia
297:
293:
289:
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128:
123:
121:
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109:
105:
96:
94:
90:
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71:
69:
65:
64:refugee camps
61:
60:Mental health
57:
53:
49:
44:
37:
32:
19:
3219:(2): 111â6.
3216:
3212:
3175:
3171:
3146:
3143:Primary Care
3142:
3112:(5): 450â2.
3109:
3105:
3073:(1): 69â77.
3070:
3066:
3027:(2): 196â9.
3024:
3020:
2989:
2985:
2948:
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2927:
2923:
2891:(4): 403â8.
2888:
2884:
2853:
2849:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2767:
2761:
2750:. Retrieved
2748:. 2020-11-18
2745:
2722:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2634:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2603:
2584:
2578:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2443:
2439:
2429:
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2337:
2327:
2293:(10): 1248.
2290:
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2241:
2231:
2196:
2192:
2182:
2171:. Retrieved
2166:
2157:
2132:
2128:
2115:
2082:
2076:
2069:
2036:
2032:
2026:
1996:(1): 182â7.
1993:
1987:
1981:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1900:(2): 152â8.
1897:
1893:
1886:
1853:
1849:
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1757:
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1629:
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1594:(2): 202â9.
1591:
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1539:
1529:
1502:
1498:
1488:
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1445:
1426:
1416:
1399:
1396:Kriminologie
1395:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:
1281:
1270:. Retrieved
1266:the original
1261:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1189:. Retrieved
1187:. 2019-03-26
1184:
1161:. Retrieved
1159:. 2020-10-27
1156:
1147:
1136:. Retrieved
1132:the original
1104:. Retrieved
1058:
1054:
1048:
1037:. Retrieved
1035:. 2017-04-21
1032:
1023:
990:
986:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:
956:
921:
917:
907:
896:. Retrieved
892:
883:
871:. Retrieved
861:
831:(1): 19â28.
828:
824:
818:
778:
769:
760:
748:
741:
731:
724:
718:
712:
692:
675:immunization
672:
652:
643:
622:
608:debt bondage
596:
587:
583:
579:
571:
567:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:somatization
521:
513:
509:World War II
506:
502:
493:
484:
454:South Africa
428:
419:eosinophilia
406:malnutrition
391:
369:
349:
324:sexual abuse
313:
282:
273:
264:
260:
249:
245:
242:Tuberculosis
212:
207:Hypertension
189:
164:
145:
124:
102:
86:
77:
42:
41:
2695:www.who.int
2618:. May 2014.
2395:: 101â102.
1217:(1): 1â15.
1185:www.cdc.gov
1157:www.cdc.gov
1033:www.cdc.gov
388:Schistosoma
284:Hepatitis B
279:Hepatitis B
203:arrhythmias
3255:Categories
2945:Pediatrics
2787:The Lancet
2752:2020-11-20
2724:2020-11-20
2700:2020-11-20
2636:2017-04-08
2173:2016-05-10
1947:(27): 27.
1499:The Lancet
1297:2020-11-09
1272:2020-11-09
1191:2020-11-08
1163:2020-11-08
1138:2018-05-12
1106:2018-05-09
1039:2018-04-07
971:2018-04-07
962:"Diabetes"
898:2018-04-07
811:References
557:See also:
532:depression
481:Giardiasis
474:Plasmodium
129:, amongst
2809:0140-6736
2519:146293363
2511:1369-183X
2446:(1): 40.
1963:0301-0422
1788:1465-1858
1731:1469-493X
1692:206192053
1562:2574-3805
1521:0140-6736
1211:Disasters
1061:(8): 56.
736:hegemonic
728:together.
663:education
507:Prior to
466:Indonesia
442:Argentina
384:Trichuris
336:chlamydia
332:gonorrhea
296:East Asia
48:displaced
3266:Refugees
3243:18457063
3200:37877750
3192:14686548
3163:12687898
3134:12229274
3126:15876946
3097:12297684
3051:15671449
3008:14740885
2965:11433069
2915:20516177
2907:12145723
2872:15472816
2827:32243777
2570:27824879
2472:28728547
2421:26724772
2370:25278109
2344:: 1030.
2319:29048386
2268:24179277
2223:25053607
2149:25418562
2099:22739799
2061:27166341
2053:18940954
2018:20063652
2010:22752688
1922:28993865
1914:25654515
1878:28709483
1870:20196095
1806:35532139
1749:32885850
1684:18404641
1646:15482877
1608:23347455
1480:40671543
1472:16077055
1339:22512482
1241:32858472
1233:12703149
1083:23048039
1075:26143533
1015:36512636
1007:27363825
948:28928227
873:15 April
853:31832913
845:14512755
784:See also
745:hostile.
526:(PTSD),
514:Refugee
346:COVID-19
328:syphilis
213:Amongst
104:Diabetes
99:Diabetes
54:or some
3234:2239320
3088:1497409
3042:1449151
2973:2156475
2818:7270965
2561:5100924
2463:5520348
2361:4195944
2310:5664749
2259:3945447
2214:4540323
2107:7455778
1972:6182765
1797:9083014
1740:8572368
1571:9163998
939:5620345
693:In the
690:(OPV).
684:tetanus
678:by the
572:Proper
528:anxiety
470:Oceania
434:endemic
430:Malaria
425:Malaria
376:Ascaris
350:As the
116:insulin
3241:
3231:
3198:
3190:
3161:
3132:
3124:
3095:
3085:
3049:
3039:
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2971:
2963:
2913:
2905:
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2460:
2419:
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2358:
2317:
2307:
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2221:
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2147:
2105:
2097:
2059:
2051:
2016:
2008:
1969:
1961:
1920:
1912:
1876:
1868:
1831:
1804:
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1005:
946:
936:
851:
843:
752:needs.
705:page.
534:, and
462:Turkey
446:Africa
438:Mexico
398:anemia
338:, and
288:Africa
223:Jordan
147:Anemia
142:Anemia
112:type 2
108:type 1
3196:S2CID
3130:S2CID
2969:S2CID
2911:S2CID
2660:(5).
2612:(PDF)
2515:S2CID
2125:(PDF)
2103:S2CID
2057:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1918:S2CID
1874:S2CID
1688:S2CID
1476:S2CID
1237:S2CID
1079:S2CID
1011:S2CID
849:S2CID
773:UNHCR
460:from
456:, in
450:Egypt
448:from
444:, in
3239:PMID
3188:PMID
3159:PMID
3122:PMID
3093:PMID
3047:PMID
3004:PMID
2961:PMID
2903:PMID
2868:PMID
2823:PMID
2805:ISSN
2589:ISBN
2566:PMID
2507:ISSN
2468:PMID
2417:PMID
2366:PMID
2315:PMID
2264:PMID
2219:PMID
2145:PMID
2095:PMID
2049:PMID
2006:PMID
1959:ISSN
1910:PMID
1866:PMID
1829:ISBN
1802:PMID
1784:ISSN
1772:2022
1745:PMID
1727:ISSN
1715:2020
1680:PMID
1642:PMID
1604:PMID
1558:ISSN
1517:ISSN
1468:PMID
1452:JAMA
1431:ISBN
1335:PMID
1229:PMID
1071:PMID
1003:PMID
944:PMID
875:2019
841:PMID
458:Asia
322:and
320:rape
110:and
3229:PMC
3221:doi
3217:123
3180:doi
3151:doi
3114:doi
3083:PMC
3075:doi
3071:117
3037:PMC
3029:doi
2994:doi
2953:doi
2949:108
2932:doi
2893:doi
2858:doi
2813:PMC
2795:doi
2791:395
2666:doi
2556:PMC
2546:doi
2499:doi
2458:PMC
2448:doi
2407:hdl
2397:doi
2356:PMC
2346:doi
2305:PMC
2295:doi
2254:PMC
2246:doi
2209:PMC
2201:doi
2137:doi
2087:doi
2041:doi
1998:doi
1967:PMC
1949:doi
1902:doi
1858:doi
1792:PMC
1776:doi
1735:PMC
1719:doi
1672:doi
1634:doi
1596:doi
1566:PMC
1548:doi
1507:doi
1503:365
1460:doi
1456:294
1404:doi
1366:doi
1325:doi
1321:366
1262:WHO
1219:doi
1063:doi
995:doi
934:PMC
926:doi
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