144:
major contributors to impaired growth and neurodevelopment, perinatal complications and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. It has also been associated with 10% of all children's deaths, and are therefore of special concern to those involved with child welfare. Early childhood micronutrient deficiency leads to stunted growth and impaired cognitive development, which in turn can translate into reduced work capacity, productivity and overall well-being during adulthood.
172:
29:
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McDonald, Christine M.; Mei, Zuguo; Osendarp, Saskia; Paciorek, Christopher J.; Petry, Nicolai; Pfeiffer, Christine M.; Ramirez-Luzuriaga, Maria J.; Rogers, Lisa M.; Rohner, Fabian; Sethi, Vani; Suchdev, Parminder S.; Tessema, Masresha; Villapando, Salvador; Wieringa, Frank T.; Williams, Anne M.; Woldeyahannes, Meseret; Young, Melissa F. (1 November 2022).
906:
Adair, L. S., Fall, C. H., Osmond, C., Stein, A. D., Martorell, R., Ramirez-Zea, M., et al. (2013). Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: Findings from five birth cohort studies. Lancet, 382,
69:
Women of reproductive age (including pregnant and lactating) as well as children and adolescents are at higher risk of micronutrient deficiencies due to their higher demands. Similarly, the elderly are among the most vulnerable populations, associated to reduced absorption and utilization, as well as
143:
Micronutrient deficiencies are associated to short- and long-term consequences as clinical symptoms and signs will manifest in relation to the body stores for the specific micronutrient and the magnitude of the deficiency. Nonetheless, it has been well established that micronutrient deficiencies are
789:
occurs most commonly in the diet. Yet there is evidence of marginal intakes of this vitamin: e.g. using a biochemical measure of pyridoxal phosphate status there was a subgroup of about 10% of
British school children who were deficient . In young British adults 27.7% of males and 36.6% of females
485:
Stevens, Gretchen A.; Beal, Ty; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.; Luo, Hanqi; Neufeld, Lynnette M.; Addo, O. Yaw; Adu-Afarwuah, Seth; Alayón, Silvia; Bhutta, Zulfiqar; Brown, Kenneth H.; Jefferds, Maria Elena; Engle-Stone, Reina; Fawzi, Wafaie; Hess, Sonja Y.; Johnston, Robert; Katz, Joanne; Krasevec, Julia;
65:
deficiencies are considered a public health problem worldwide. For over 30 years it has been estimated that more than two billion people of all ages are affected by this burden, while a recently published study based on individual-level biomarker data estimated that there are 372 million children
53:
is defined as the sustained insufficient supply of vitamins and minerals needed for growth and development, as well as to maintain optimal health. Since some of these compounds are considered essentials (we need to obtain them from the diet), micronutrient deficiencies are often the result of an
1127:
James, Philip T; Ali, Zakari; Armitage, Andrew E; Bonell, Ana; Cerami, Carla; Drakesmith, Hal; Jobe, Modou; Jones, Kerry S; Liew, Zara; Moore, Sophie E; Morales-Berstein, Fernanda; Nabwera, Helen M; Nadjm, Behzad; Pasricha, Sant-Rayn; Scheelbeek, Pauline; Silver, Matt J; Teh, Megan R; Prentice,
1233:
Campos Ponce, M., Polman, K., Roos, N., Wieringa, F., Berger, J. and Doak, C., 2018. What
Approaches are Most Effective at Addressing Micronutrient Deficiency in Children 0–5 Years? A Review of Systematic Reviews. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 23(S1),
850:
Despite the high prevalence of vitamin B-12 insufficiency and associated risk of adverse cognitive outcomes in children, to our knowledge, no studies to date have been conducted to examine the effects of vitamin B-12 supplementation on cognition in
552:
Hwalla, N., Al
Dhaheri, A., Radwan, H., Alfawaz, H., Fouda, M., Al‐Daghri, N., Zaghloul, S. and Blumberg, J., 2017. The Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies and Inadequacies in the Middle East and Approaches to Interventions. Nutrients, 9(3),
301:
A number of elements are known to be needed in these small amounts for proper plant growth and development. Nutrient deficiencies in these areas can adversely affect plant growth and development. Some of the best known
1243:
Bhutta, Z. A., Das, J. K., Rizvi, A., Gaffey, M. F., Walker, N., Horton, S., et al. (2013). Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: What can be done and at what cost? Lancet, 382,
155:) development and compromise health in various ways. Beyond dangerous health conditions, they can also lead to less clinically notable reductions in energy level, mental clarity and overall capacity. They not only
639:
Bakaloudi, Dimitra
Rafailia; Halloran, Afton; Rippin, Holly L.; Oikonomidou, Artemis Christina; Dardavesis, Theodoros I.; Williams, Julianne; Wickramasinghe, Kremlin; Breda, Joao; Chourdakis, Michail (May 2021).
1177:
863:
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aged 5 years and younger, and 1.2 billion non-pregnant women of reproductive age with one or more micronutrient deficiencies globally, affecting greatly Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
488:"Micronutrient deficiencies among preschool-aged children and women of reproductive age worldwide: a pooled analysis of individual-level data from population-representative surveys"
1050:
Enderami, Athena; Zarghami, Mehran; Darvishi-Khezri, Hadi (1 October 2018). "The effects and potential mechanisms of folic acid on cognitive function: a comprehensive review".
74:
and people reducing animal-source foods in their diets, as recommended by many scientific studies and experts, are also at greater risk of some micronutrient deficiencies
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882:
202:
Deficiencies of essential vitamins or minerals such as
Vitamin A, iron, and zinc may be caused by long-term shortages of nutritious food or by infections such as
759:
Benton, David (January 2013). "To establish the parameters of optimal nutrition do we need to consider psychological in addition to physiological parameters?".
159:
of elderly and children but also that of adults. Micronutrients help to resist or to recover from infectious diseases which can have extensive health impacts.
345:
is believed to be involved in carbohydrate transport in plants; it also assists in metabolic regulation. Boron deficiency will often result in bud dieback.
75:
54:
inadequate intake. However, it can also be associated to poor intestinal absorption, presence of certain chronic illnesses and elevated requirements.
206:. They may also be caused or exacerbated when illnesses (such as diarrhoea or malaria) cause rapid loss of nutrients through feces or vomit.
152:
1208:
1371:
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and treatment of underlying infections. Implementation of appropriate micronutrient interventions has several benefits, including
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is a component of some enzymes and of vitamin A. Symptoms of copper deficiency include browning of leaf tips and chlorosis.
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WHO. National strategies for overcoming micronutrient malnutrition. Geneva: World Health
Organization, 1991.
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1392:
319:
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Barr, Susan I; Rideout, Candice A (1 July 2004). "Nutritional considerations for vegetarian athletes".
228:
There are several interventions to improve the micronutrient status including fortification of foods,
802:
Venkatramanan, Sudha; Armata, Ilianna E; Strupp, Barbara J; Finkelstein, Julia L (1 September 2016).
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1357:
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between the veins of its leaves. The availability of manganese is partially dependent on soil pH.
156:
81:
The most commonly analyzed micronutrient deficiencies, and therefore the most prevalent, include
76:
if they don't adequately consume supplements or foods substituting animal-sourced micronutrients
1130:"The Role of Nutrition in COVID-19 Susceptibility and Severity of Disease: A Systematic Review"
117:
1476:
1435:
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Wade Berry, UCLA. Topic 5.1 Symptoms of
Deficiency In Essential Minerals. Sinauer Publishing.
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The decarboyxlase enzymes have pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme, the form in which vitamin B
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993:"The Impact of Nutrients on Mental Health and Well-Being: Insights From the Literature"
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participates in chlorophyll formation, and also activates many enzymes. Symptoms of
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is essential for chlorophyll synthesis, which is why an iron deficiency results in
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642:"Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence"
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236:, increased child survival, and reduced prevalence of low birth weight.
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Nutrition in the first 1,000 days: State of the world's mothers 2012
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1302:(3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 191.
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is essential to plant health. Molybdenum is used by plants to
325:
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71:
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403:, thus it may need to be added to some soils before seeding
720:"Micronutrient Deficiency Conditions: Global Health Issues"
424:
368:
263:
135:, with large variations between countries and populations.
298:) by the relatively low quantities needed by the plant.
1224:, Journal of Nutrition, 132:2117S-2122S, July 1, 2002.
1126:
856:
871:. Westport, CT: Save the Children. 2012. p. 16.
717:
234:
improved cognitive development or enhanced cognition
563:Parlasca, Martin C.; Qaim, Matin (5 October 2022).
484:
385:formation. Manganese deficient plants will develop
917:Mattei, Davide; Pietrobelli, Angelo (June 2019).
916:
1622:
1379:
1286:A Companion to Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition.
713:
711:
1300:Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants
1259:"Chapter 2: Bioavailability of Micronutrients"
1365:
708:
381:activates some important enzymes involved in
270:grows. Micronutrients are distinguished from
790:were deficient as judged by the same measure
562:
1222:The Development of Concepts of Malnutrition
990:
595:
355:and ionic balance; it also plays a role in
326:List of essential trace minerals for plants
1372:
1358:
1343:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1106:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
399:into usable forms. Some plants use it for
27:
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250:In plants a micronutrient deficiency (or
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804:"Vitamin B-12 and Cognition in Children"
761:Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
691:"Is a vegan diet healthy for children?"
688:
1623:
1207:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
919:"Micronutrients and Brain Development"
758:
730:. BioMed Central (Springer): 243–255.
582:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340
1353:
565:"Meat Consumption and Sustainability"
431:include chlorosis and stunted growth.
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569:Annual Review of Resource Economics
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421:that is required to process urea.
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413:is essential for activation of
1298:Marschner, Petra, ed. (2012).
1261:. In Malcolm E. Sumner (ed.).
991:Muscaritoli, Maurizio (2021).
752:
718:Theodore H Tulchinsky (2010).
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1:
1631:Physiological plant disorders
505:10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00367-9
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256:physiological plant disorder
7:
1416:Magnesium deficiency#Plants
435:
10:
1652:
1327:"Micronutrient Deficiency"
659:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
417:, an enzyme involved with
243:
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1064:10.1007/s10072-018-3473-4
936:10.1007/s13668-019-0268-z
923:Current Nutrition Reports
610:10.1016/j.nut.2004.04.015
239:
162:
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35:
26:
21:
1605:Algal nutrient solutions
1451:Micronutrient deficiency
1263:Handbook of Soil Science
1134:The Journal of Nutrition
1128:Andrew M (1 July 2021).
1010:10.3389/fnut.2021.656290
492:The Lancet Global Health
252:trace mineral deficiency
51:Micronutrient deficiency
22:Micronutrient deficiency
1482:Phosphorus assimilation
997:Frontiers in Nutrition
773:10.1002/mnfr.201200477
306:deficiencies include:
1477:Nitrogen assimilation
1436:Phosphorus deficiency
1426:Molybdenum deficiency
1339:"Micronutrient Facts"
1102:"Micronutrient Facts"
1052:Neurological Sciences
820:10.3945/an.115.012021
808:Advances in Nutrition
724:Public Health Reviews
689:Thiagarajan, Kamala.
1492:Microbial assistance
1441:Potassium deficiency
1421:Manganese deficiency
442:Screening (medicine)
320:manganese deficiency
262:is deficient in the
258:which occurs when a
157:affect the cognition
40:, due to not enough
1548:Nutrient management
1487:Sulfur assimilation
1431:Nitrogen deficiency
498:(11): e1590–e1599.
419:nitrogen metabolism
1579:Nutrient pollution
1553:Organic fertilizer
1543:Nutrient budgeting
1406:Calcium deficiency
1345:. 1 February 2022.
1257:(31 August 1999).
1146:10.1093/jn/nxab059
737:10.1007/BF03391600
646:Clinical Nutrition
182:. You can help by
1618:
1617:
1558:Plant tissue test
1533:Hydroponic dosers
1528:Hoagland solution
1331:Our World in Data
1272:978-0-8493-3136-7
1255:Mortvedt, John J.
1108:. 1 February 2022
1058:(10): 1667–1675.
878:978-1-888393-24-8
401:nitrogen fixation
351:is necessary for
200:
199:
48:
47:
36:The skin rash of
16:Medical condition
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1598:Related concepts
1497:Photorespiration
1401:Boron deficiency
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1183:. Archived from
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1140:(7): 1854–1878.
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967:"Micronutrients"
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881:. Archived from
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1461:Fertilizer burn
1446:Zinc deficiency
1411:Iron deficiency
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1381:Plant nutrition
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1178:"Archived copy"
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397:reduce nitrates
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308:zinc deficiency
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