1285:
566:
1461:
1473:
634:
693:
558:
65:
4146:
1497:
40:
366:
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parasites that reside within vertebrate red blood cells, as these are the stages that tend to cause disease. However, drugs targeting other stages of the parasite life cycle are under development in order to prevent infection in travelers and to prevent transmission of sexual stages to insect hosts.
605:
species, the parasites in infected liver cells are only what are called merozoites. After emerging from the liver, they enter red blood cells, as explained above. They then go through continuous cycles of erythrocyte infection, while a small percentage of parasites differentiate into a sexual stage
652:
which divide several times to produce new merozoites. The infected red blood cell eventually bursts, allowing the new merozoites to travel within the bloodstream to infect new red blood cells. Most merozoites continue this replicative cycle, however some merozoites upon infecting red blood cells
1248:
lineages diverged have differed broadly. Estimates for the diversification of the order
Haemosporida range from around 16.2 million to 100 million years ago. There has been particular interest in dating the divergence of the human parasite
3123:
Poonam; Gupta, Yash; Gupta, Nikesh; Singh, Snigdha; Wu, Lidong; Chhikara, Bhupender Singh; Rawat, Manmeet; Rathi, Brijesh (2018). "Multistage inhibitors of the malaria parasite: Emerging hope for chemoprotection and malaria eradication".
653:
differentiate into male or female sexual forms called gametocytes. These gametocytes circulate in the blood until they are taken up when a mosquito feeds on the infected vertebrate host, taking up blood which includes the gametocytes.
680:, which penetrates the wall of the midgut. Upon traversing the midgut wall, the ookinete embeds into the gut's exterior membrane and develops into an oocyst. Oocysts divide many times to produce large numbers of small elongated
762:
consists of over 200 species, generally described on the basis of their appearance in blood smears of infected vertebrates. These species have been categorized on the basis of their morphology and host range into 14 subgenera:
621:
Even when humans have such subclinical plasmodial infections, there can nevertheless be very large numbers of multiplying parasites concealed in, particularly, the spleen and bone marrow. Certainly, this applies in the case of
1295:
parasites have been described in a broad array of vertebrate hosts including reptiles, birds, and mammals. While many species can infect more than one vertebrate host, they are generally specific to one of these
1331:
that do not generally infect humans. Some of these can cause severe disease in primates, while others can remain in the host for prolonged periods without causing disease. Many other mammals also carry
2152:
Vernick, K.D.; Oduol, F.; Lazarro, B.P.; Glazebrook, J.; Xu, J.; Riehle, M.; Li, J. (2005). "Molecular
Genetics of Mosquito Resistance to Malaria Parasites". In Sullivan, D; Krishna, S. (eds.).
1472:
1445:. In all cases, parasites resistant to a given drug have emerged within a few decades of the drugs deployment. To combat this, antimalarial drugs are frequently used in combination, with
521:; however, this function is only required for parasite survival in the insect host, and is not needed for growth in red blood cells. A second organelle, the apicoplast, is derived from a
1030:
species that are morphologically similar or infect the same hosts turn out to be only distantly related. In the 1990s, several studies sought to evaluate evolutionary relationships of
3167:
Crompton, Peter D.; Moebius, Jacqueline; Portugal, Silvia; Waisberg, Michael; Hart, Geoffrey; Garver, Lindsey S.; Miller, Louis H.; Barillas-Mury, Carolina; Pierce, Susan K. (2014).
223:
which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host during a blood meal. Parasites grow within a vertebrate body tissue (often the liver) before entering the bloodstream to infect
1276:
display different host ranges, with some species restricted to a single vertebrate and insect host, while other species can infect several species of vertebrates and/or insects.
447:
which generally consists of a single membrane-bound compartment in
Apicomplexans. From here, proteins are trafficked to various cellular compartments or to the cell surface.
4133:
1402:
and, like avian parasites, are spread worldwide. Again, parasites can result either in severe disease or be apparently asymptomatic depending on the parasite and the host.
3219:
Busula, Annette O.; Verhulst, Niels O.; Bousema, Teun; Takken, Willem; De Boer, Jetske G. (2017). "Mechanisms of
Plasmodium -Enhanced Attraction of Mosquito Vectors".
684:. These sporozoites migrate to the salivary glands of the mosquito where they can be injected into the blood of the next host the mosquito bites, repeating the cycle.
1304:
1284:
593:
species of reptiles). Parasites first infect the liver or other tissue, where they undergo a single large round of replication before exiting the host cell to infect
1847:
Obado, Samson O; Glover, Lucy; Deitsch, Kirk W. (2016). "The nuclear envelope and gene organization in parasitic protozoa: Specializations associated with disease".
3563:
261:
have been described, many of which have been subdivided into 14 subgenera based on parasite morphology and host range. Evolutionary relationships among different
4123:
1421:
emerged in the early 20th century. Resistance to quinine spurred the development of a broad array of antimalarial medications through the 20th century including
296:. Over the course of the 20th century, many other species were discovered in various hosts and classified, including five species that regularly infect humans:
462:
which contain parasite proteins involved in invading the host cell and modifying the host once inside. Adjacent to the rhoptries are smaller structures termed
265:
species do not always follow taxonomic boundaries; some species that are morphologically similar or infect the same host turn out to be distantly related.
1704:
into nine subgenera based on host specificity and parasite morphology. This included four subgenera that had previously been proposed for bird-infecting
1632:
466:
that contain parasite proteins required for motility as well as recognizing and attaching to host cells. Spread throughout the parasite are secretory
1580:, since only they feed on the blood of vertebrate hosts. Different species affect their insect hosts differently. Sometimes, insects infected with
4289:
2473:
and other
Haemosporidians: The Intersection of Taxonomy, Phylogenetics, and Genomics". In Carlton, J.M.; Perkins, S.L.; Deitsch, K.W. (eds.).
1934:
Counihan, Natalie A.; Kalanon, Ming; Coppel, Ross L.; De Koning-Ward, Tania F. (2013). "Plasmodium rhoptry proteins: Why order is important".
4302:
1383:
1324:
589:. Parasites are generally introduced into a vertebrate host by the bite of an insect host (generally a mosquito, with the exception of some
601:
of primates can form a long-lived dormant stage called a hypnozoite, which can remain in the liver for more than a year. However, for most
1460:
1358:
1052:, while the parasites of birds or lizards appear to form a separate clade with evolutionary relationships not following the subgenera:
1272:
species are parasitic and must pass between a vertebrate host and an insect host to complete their life cycles. Different species of
4263:
458:
end of the parasite that serve as specialized organelles for secreting effectors into the host. The most prominent are the bulbous
1372:
parasites that infect birds tend to persist in a given host for years or for the life time of the host, although in some cases
2532:
1623:
of the same name. The fact that several species may be involved in causing different forms of malaria was first recognized by
2708:
2582:
2161:
4028:
408:
species contain many features that are common to other eukaryotes, and some that are unique to their phylum or genus. The
610:
species can result in disease, called malaria. This can sometimes be severe, rapidly followed by death of the host (e.g.
606:
called a gametocyte which is picked up by an insect host taking a blood meal. In some hosts, invasion of erythrocytes by
1042:
to be more closely related to avian parasites than to other parasites of primates. However, later studies sampling more
565:
474:
that contain parasite proteins involved in modifying the membrane that separates the parasite from the host, termed the
4083:
3602:
3483:
2952:
2794:
2533:"A contribution to the systematics of the reptilian malaria parasites, family Plasmodiidae (Apicomplexa: Haemosporina)"
2482:
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Perkins, S. L. (2014). "Malaria's Many Mates: Past, Present, and Future of the
Systematics of the Order Haemosporida".
3724:
3502:
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2698:
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Templeton TJ, Martinsen E, Kaewthamasorn M, Kaneko O (2016). "The rediscovery of malaria parasites of ungulates".
1026:
species using molecular methods have implied that the group's evolution has not perfectly followed taxonomy. Many
455:
4307:
3966:
2645:
Tatem AJ; Jia P; Ordanovich D; Falkner M; Huang Z; Howes R; Hay S; Gething, P W; Smith, D L; et al. (2017).
1446:
467:
4050:
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Manguin, S.; Carnevale, P.; Mouchet, J.; Coosemans, M.; Julvez, J.; Richard-Lenoble, D.; Sircoulon, J. (2008).
2647:"The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics"
1708:
species by A. Corradetti in 1963. This scheme was expanded upon by Sam R. Telford in 1988 when he reclassified
1596:
1257:
lineages due to its medical importance. For this, estimated dates range from 110,000 to 2.5 million years ago.
644:
Within the red blood cells, the merozoites grow first to a ring-shaped form and then to a larger form called a
4128:
4103:
3901:
1712:
parasites that infect reptiles, adding five subgenera. In 1997, G. Valkiunas reclassified the bird-infecting
736:, a group that includes all apicomplexans that live within blood cells. Based on the presence of the pigment
626:. These hidden parasites (in addition to hypnozoites) are thought to be the origin of instances of recurrent
4013:
3767:
3301:"Anopheline Reproductive Biology: Impacts on Vectorial Capacity and Potential Avenues for Malaria Control"
443:(ER), which functions similarly to the ER in other eukaryotes. Proteins are trafficked from the ER to the
4358:
4211:
1288:
Relative incidence of
Plasmodium species by country of origin for imported cases to non-endemic countries
2114:
Dooren, Giel; Striepen, Boris (June 26, 2013). "The Algal Past and
Parasite Present of the Apicoplast".
1317:. Some species that infect humans can also infect other primates, and zoonoses of certain species (e.g.
330:
is by far the most lethal in humans, resulting in hundreds of thousands of deaths per year. A number of
4078:
3169:"Malaria Immunity in Man and Mosquito: Insights into Unsolved Mysteries of a Deadly Infectious Disease"
1739:
1734:
64:
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Corradetti A.; Garnham P.C.C.; Laird M. (1963). "New classification of the avian malaria parasites".
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2888:
Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). "General
Section - Life Cycle and Morphology of Plasmodiidae Species".
1449:
currently the gold standard for treatment. In general, antimalarial drugs target the life stages of
4045:
3894:
1418:
3256:"Effects of malaria infection on mosquito olfaction and behavior: Extrapolating data to the field"
2606:
Martinsen ES, Perkins SL, Schall JJ (April 2008). "A three-genome phylogeny of malaria parasites (
4098:
3975:
3836:
3784:
1628:
1616:
1406:
533:
ancestor. The apicoplast is involved in the synthesis of various metabolic precursors, including
522:
475:
331:
20:
1522:
insect host, generally a mosquito (although some reptile-infecting parasites are transmitted by
4164:
514:
354:
4294:
4330:
4055:
4023:
3831:
3797:
3779:
3717:
2863:
Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). "Specificity and general
Principles of Species Identification".
1653:
1588:
appear to cause insects to prefer to bite infected vertebrate hosts over non-infected hosts.
1313:
698:
440:
304:
272:
are distributed globally wherever suitable hosts are found. Insect hosts are most frequently
2986:"Antimalarial drug resistance: Linking Plasmodium falciparum parasite biology to the clinic"
1973:
4202:
3951:
3296:
1791:
1690:
542:
3184:
1599:
first described parasites in the blood of malaria patients in 1880. He named the parasite
722:
505:
cells contain a single large mitochondrion that coordinates its division with that of the
8:
4353:
4008:
3911:
3884:
3818:
3811:
1674:
1669:
1643:
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have reduced lifespan and reduced ability to produce offspring. Further, some species of
1502:
1319:
322:
310:
48:
2127:
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4073:
4018:
3674:
3626:
3594:
3582:
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3300:
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2182:
2091:
2066:
2042:
2017:
1911:
1886:
1604:
172:
59:
3649:
Slater, L. B. (2005). "Malarial birds: modeling infectious human disease in animals".
2662:
2574:
2018:"The metabolic roles of the endosymbiotic organelles of Toxoplasma and Plasmodium spp"
692:
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2508:
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1995:
1951:
1916:
1902:
1885:
Jimenez-Ruiz, Elena; Morlon-Guyot, Juliette; Daher, Wassim; Meissner, Markus (2016).
1864:
1860:
557:
518:
342:
200:
3678:
3598:
3554:
3153:
2846:
2736:"Molecular interactions governing host-specificity of blood stage malaria parasites"
2450:
2302:"Theoretical origin of genetically homologous Plasmodium vivax malarial recurrences"
633:
4363:
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2029:
1985:
1943:
1906:
1898:
1856:
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1648:
1637:
1399:
1380:
species infecting mammals, those infecting birds are distributed across the globe.
749:
316:
298:
4216:
2610:
and closely related genera): Evolution of life-history traits and host switches".
338:
infection; however, the parasites have evolved resistance to each drug developed.
4093:
3956:
3928:
3697:
2981:
2151:
2082:
1297:
730:
444:
293:
231:. During this infection, some parasites are picked up by a blood-feeding insect (
3316:
2696:
2623:
2268:
4250:
3272:
3255:
3051:
3034:
1546:
1479:
889:
594:
586:
471:
393:
388:
in the phylum Apicomplexa that both undergo the asexual replication process of
224:
220:
102:
89:
2830:
2751:
2349:
Morrison, David A. (2009). "Evolution of the Apicomplexa: Where are we now?".
2221:
2033:
1576:
species that cause malaria in birds. Only female mosquitoes are infected with
1323:) from other primates to humans are common. Non-human primates also contain a
4347:
4187:
3906:
3869:
3757:
3451:
3397:
3232:
3091:
2362:
1947:
1697:
1686:
1624:
1063:
1035:
669:
486:
2317:
1990:
1417:
was used as a frontline antimalarial from the 17th century until widespread
1046:
species found the parasites of mammals to form a clade along with the genus
1038:
and a surface protein gene from various species, finding the human parasite
4040:
3879:
3670:
3634:
3590:
3546:
3405:
3334:
3281:
3240:
3202:
3145:
3109:
3060:
3019:
2838:
2769:
2680:
2631:
2592:
2442:
2370:
2335:
2286:
2229:
2135:
2100:
2051:
1999:
1955:
1920:
1868:
1608:
1355:
can cause severe disease in some of these hosts, while many appear not to.
1192:
1087:
1048:
841:
805:
752:
733:
574:
490:
420:
254:
250:
176:
155:
145:
135:
3662:
4276:
4196:
3980:
3916:
1682:
1620:
1519:
1442:
1422:
793:
781:
718:
657:
645:
416:
242:
216:
125:
3033:
Cowman, Alan F; Healer, Julie; Marapana, Danushka; Marsh, Kevin (2016).
2475:
Malaria Parasites: Comparative Genomics, Evolution and Molecular Biology
2385:
1506:
is among the blood-feeding insects that can be infected by a species of
4268:
3985:
3961:
3851:
3846:
1729:
1496:
1438:
1430:
1311:, with the overwhelming majority of severe disease and death caused by
911:
877:
817:
681:
661:
637:
538:
534:
498:
494:
401:
204:
52:
4281:
3613:
Shortt, H. E. (1951). "Life-cycle of the mammalian malaria parasite".
3137:
1972:
Kemp, Louise E.; Yamamoto, Masahiro; Soldati-Favre, Dominique (2013).
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3990:
3841:
3826:
2816:
2434:
1974:"Subversion of host cellular functions by the apicomplexan parasites"
1884:
1821:
1677:
in 1931; in humans in 1965). The contribution of insect hosts to the
1534:
1426:
1376:
infections can result in severe illness and rapid death. Unlike with
1344:
853:
769:
463:
385:
373:
284:
196:
115:
76:
4158:
3254:
Stanczyk, Nina M.; Mescher, Mark C.; De Moraes, Consuelo M. (2017).
3001:
4242:
4181:
3418:
3074:
Haldar, Kasturi; Bhattacharjee, Souvik; Safeukui, Innocent (2018).
1933:
1657:. This was followed by the recognition of the other two species of
1540:
1391:
1333:
990:
contain the known avian malarial species. The remaining subgenera:
923:
865:
741:
737:
721:, a taxonomic group of single-celled parasites with characteristic
677:
649:
526:
397:
389:
273:
232:
2644:
2208:
Markus, M. B. (2011). "Malaria: Origin of the Term 'Hypnozoite'".
1014:
contain the diverse groups of parasites found to infect reptiles.
3747:
3733:
2016:
Sheiner, Lilach; Vaidya, Akhil B.; McFadden, Geoffrey I. (2013).
1635:
named the parasites causing two different types of human malaria
1523:
1414:
1340:
640:, one of several different forms of the parasite, from a mosquito
459:
432:
428:
228:
2786:
Infectious Diseases in Primates: Behavior, Ecology and Evolution
227:. The ensuing destruction of host red blood cells can result in
3166:
2944:
Herpetology: An Introductory Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles
1887:"Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in apicomplexan parasites"
1611:
reexamined the parasite and termed it a member of a new genus,
959:
935:
829:
715:
673:
665:
436:
412:
208:
2734:
Scully, Erik J.; Kanjee, Usheer; Duraisingh, Manoj T. (2017).
2468:
2253:"Malaria Parasite Liver Infection and Exoerythrocytic Biology"
585:
involves several distinct stages in the insect and vertebrate
349:
cannot be spread from person to person. Some of subspecies of
4134:
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
3933:
1552:
1528:
963:
513:
mitochondrion is capable of generating energy in the form of
365:
278:
245:, a large group of parasitic eukaryotes. Within Apicomplexa,
192:
1766:. Instead multiple species of the genus are referred to as "
1364:
infect a broad variety of birds. In general each species of
292:
parasites were first identified in the late 19th century by
3218:
3073:
2789:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 253–254.
2569:. Advances in Parasitology. Vol. 54. pp. 255–80.
2469:
Martinsen, E. S.; Perkins, S. L. (2013). "The Diversity of
939:
546:
3702:
744:, the order is further split into four families, of which
501:. Unlike mammalian cells which contain many mitochondria,
39:
3874:
3032:
2503:
Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). "Brief Historical Summary".
1971:
1348:
288:. Vertebrate hosts include reptiles, birds, and mammals.
3253:
2567:
Progress in Malaria Research: the Case for Phylogenetics
2537:
Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Biological Sciences
19:
For the multinucleate stage of some microorganisms, see
4124:
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
1413:
infection in vertebrate hosts, particularly in humans.
435:
the genome only for a brief sexual exchange within the
3521:"The elusive malaria sporozoite in the mammalian host"
3518:
2733:
2605:
3122:
2940:
2015:
1819:
656:
In the mosquito, the gametocytes move along with the
3564:"Malaria primer for clinicians in the United States"
2912:
2887:
2862:
2502:
676:. Zygotes then develop into a motile form called an
485:
also contain two large membrane-bound organelles of
3294:
2782:
439:of the insect host. Attached to the nucleus is the
1846:
16:Genus of parasitic protists that can cause malaria
3362:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2979:
2189:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2154:Malaria: Drugs, Disease, and Post-genomic Biology
1798:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
497:, both of which play key roles in the parasite's
341:Although the parasite can also infect people via
4345:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2251:Vaughan, Ashley M.; Kappe, Stefan H. I. (2017).
454:species have several cellular structures at the
431:of their genome through much of the life cycle,
3495:Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia
3379:
3377:
2915:Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia
2890:Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia
2865:Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia
2505:Avian Malaria Parasites and Other Haemosporidia
2306:Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases
2067:"The apicoplast: Now you see it, now you don't"
1466:A clinic for treating human malaria in Tanzania
235:in majority cases), continuing the life cycle.
3561:
3412:
2913:Valkiunas, Gediminas (2004). "Pathogenicity".
2526:
2524:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2113:
1409:have been developed over the years to control
3718:
3648:
3612:
3437:
3431:
3384:McFadden, G. I. (2012). "Plasmodia – don't".
3354:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3344:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2858:
2856:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2457:
2207:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2011:
2009:
1398:parasites have been described in most lizard
3438:Valkiunas, G. (1997). "Bird Haemosporidia".
3374:
3360:"The History of Malaria, an Ancient Disease"
2342:
2250:
725:at one end of the cell. Within Apicomplexa,
3305:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2521:
2403:
2257:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2147:
2145:
2065:McFadden, Geoffrey Ian; Yeh, Ellen (2017).
2064:
2058:
1560:species. The best studied of these are the
1478:Over 3000 species of lizard, including the
966:and others) are classified in the subgenus
561:Life cycle of a species that infects humans
3725:
3711:
3341:
3067:
3026:
2968:
2906:
2853:
2692:
2690:
2491:
2170:
2006:
1967:
1965:
618:infection can apparently be asymptomatic.
38:
3536:
3519:Baldacci, P.; Ménard, R. (October 2004).
3492:
3476:Malaria Parasites And Other Haemosporidia
3324:
3271:
3214:
3212:
3192:
3099:
3050:
3009:
2881:
2759:
2729:
2727:
2670:
2638:
2564:
2530:
2477:. Caister Academic Press. pp. 1–15.
2325:
2276:
2090:
2041:
1989:
1910:
687:
525:event, in this case the acquisition of a
3383:
2558:
2348:
2142:
1685:and in 1899 by Giovanni Batista Grassi,
1495:
1283:
691:
632:
564:
556:
364:
3473:
2687:
1962:
1784:
1568:parasites of human malaria, as well as
1368:infects one to a few species of birds.
4346:
3209:
2941:Zug, G. R.; Vitt, L. J., eds. (2012).
2936:
2934:
2724:
2299:
2071:International Journal for Parasitology
1891:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
1880:
1878:
1849:Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology
1514:In addition to a vertebrate host, all
1268:species are distributed globally. All
4163:
4162:
3706:
3185:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032713-120220
2612:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2383:
1815:
1813:
950:(which together make up the subgenus
4318:a35c1df5-53d3-45ed-9225-bfb8dd5a4422
4029:National Malaria Eradication Program
2776:
2700:Biodiversity of Malaria in the world
1840:
1681:life cycle was described in 1897 by
509:cell. Like in other eukaryotes, the
396:and produce the crystalline pigment
4084:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
2931:
2183:"CDC – Malaria Parasites – Biology"
2128:10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155741
1875:
1615:, named for the resemblance to the
660:to the mosquito's midgut. Here the
13:
3627:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074057
3583:10.1097/01.smj.0000189904.50838.eb
3462:
1810:
1486:), carry some 90 kinds of malaria.
14:
4375:
3686:
3577:(12): 1197–204, quiz 1205, 1230.
3467:
3260:Current Opinion in Insect Science
2980:Blasco, Benjamin; Leroy, Didier;
2386:"Haemospororida Danielewski 1885"
2210:Journal of the History of Biology
1792:"CDC – Malaria Parasites – About"
1716:species adding a fifth subgenus:
1447:artemisinin combination therapies
1303:Humans are primarily infected by
954:) are classified in the subgenus
597:. At this point, some species of
400:as a byproduct of digesting host
215:species involve development in a
4145:
4144:
4114:African Leaders Malaria Alliance
4109:South African Malaria Initiative
3562:Bledsoe, G. H. (December 2005).
3538:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04275.x
1903:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.01.007
1861:10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.07.008
1556:act as insect hosts for various
1471:
1459:
355:obligate intracellular parasites
63:
3967:Malaria antigen detection tests
3288:
3247:
3160:
3116:
3076:"Drug resistance in Plasmodium"
2947:. Academic Press. p. 152.
2810:
2740:Current Opinion in Microbiology
2703:. John Libbey. pp. 13–15.
2599:
2377:
2293:
2244:
2201:
2022:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1752:
1260:
4051:Malaria in Mandatory Palestine
3698:Plasmodium lifecycle animation
3035:"Malaria: Biology and Disease"
2917:. CRC Press. pp. 83–111.
2783:Nunn, C.; Altizer, S. (2006).
2107:
1927:
1597:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
1384:Species from several subgenera
1279:
648:. Trophozoites then mature to
573:inside human red blood cells (
360:
1:
4129:Medicines for Malaria Venture
4104:African Malaria Network Trust
3493:Valkiunas, Gediminas (2005).
2892:. CRC Press. pp. 27–35.
2867:. CRC Press. pp. 67–81.
2663:10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7
2575:10.1016/S0065-308X(03)54005-2
2116:Annual Review of Microbiology
1777:
1244:Estimates for when different
664:develop into male and female
552:
334:have been developed to treat
4014:Millennium Development Goals
3642:
2507:. CRC Press. pp. 9–15.
2083:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.08.005
1820:Zilversmit, M.; Perkins, S.
1526:). Mosquitoes of the genera
1017:
958:. Parasites infecting other
696:Oldest mosquito fossil with
614:in humans). In other hosts,
7:
3732:
3317:10.1101/cshperspect.a025593
3173:Annual Review of Immunology
3080:Nature Reviews Microbiology
2624:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.11.012
2565:Rich, S.; Ayala, F (2003).
2269:10.1101/cshperspect.a025486
1723:
706:
10:
4380:
4079:Against Malaria Foundation
3512:
3273:10.1016/j.cois.2017.02.002
3126:Medicinal Research Reviews
3052:10.1016/j.cell.2016.07.055
2543:(2): 65–96. Archived from
1828:. Tree of Life Web Project
1740:Plasmodium molecular tools
1735:List of Plasmodium species
1627:in 1886. Soon thereafter,
1591:
1572:mosquitoes which host the
1564:mosquitoes which host the
1491:
450:Like other apicomplexans,
376:but with unusual features.
241:is a member of the phylum
18:
4171:
4142:
4119:Amazon Malaria Initiative
4066:
4001:
3944:
3862:
3740:
3497:. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
2831:10.1017/S0031182016001141
2752:10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.006
2222:10.1007/s10739-010-9239-3
2156:. Springer. p. 384.
2034:10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.003
1978:FEMS Microbiology Reviews
1435:sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine
1351:. Again, some species of
1189:
1173:
1157:
1150:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1104:
1084:
1077:
1060:
962:including some primates (
870:(Corradetti, et al. 1963)
834:(Corradetti, et al. 1963)
822:(Corradetti, et al. 1963)
810:(Corradetti, et al. 1963)
702:, 15–20 million years old
345:, this is very rare, and
60:Scientific classification
58:
46:
37:
30:
4046:Malaria in the Caribbean
3895:Sterile insect technique
3440:Acta Zoologica Lituanica
3398:10.1016/j.pt.2012.05.006
3233:10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.010
3092:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.161
2363:10.1016/j.pt.2009.05.010
1948:10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.003
1745:
545:, and components of the
4099:Africa Fighting Malaria
3945:Diagnosis and treatment
3474:Garnham, P. C. (1966).
2423:Journal of Parasitology
2318:10.4102/sajid.v37i1.369
1991:10.1111/1574-6976.12013
1629:Giovanni Batista Grassi
1339:, such as a variety of
1022:More recent studies of
942:with the exceptions of
930:– mammals inc. primates
523:secondary endosymbiosis
476:parasitophorous vacuole
21:Plasmodium (life cycle)
3863:Control and prevention
3221:Trends in Parasitology
2351:Trends in Parasitology
2300:Markus, M. B. (2022).
1936:Trends in Parasitology
1603:. In 1885, zoologists
1518:species also infect a
1511:
1289:
703:
688:Evolution and taxonomy
672:each other, forming a
641:
578:
562:
549:biosynthesis pathway.
377:
257:. Over 200 species of
4056:Malaria Atlas Project
3693:Malaria Atlas Project
3663:10.1353/bhm.2005.0092
3478:. Oxford: Blackwell.
3297:Catteruccia, Flaminia
1661:which infect humans:
1654:Plasmodium falciparum
1651:identified and named
1499:
1314:Plasmodium falciparum
1287:
1116:of lizards and birds
1034:species by comparing
970:. The five subgenera
699:Plasmodium dominicana
695:
636:
568:
560:
543:iron-sulphur clusters
441:endoplasmic reticulum
415:is separated into 14
368:
211:. The life cycles of
3952:Diagnosis of malaria
3768:Pregnancy-associated
1700:proposed separating
1691:Giuseppe Bastianelli
1675:long-tailed macaques
1359:Over 150 species of
1196:(parasites of bats)
860:– great apes, humans
742:asexual reproduction
723:secretory organelles
487:endosymbiotic origin
4009:Diseases of poverty
4002:Society and malaria
3912:Sickle-cell anaemia
3885:Malaria prophylaxis
3295:Mitchell, Sara N.;
1670:Plasmodium knowlesi
1644:Plasmodium malariae
1617:multinucleate cells
1601:Oscillaria malariae
1503:Anopheles stephensi
1484:Anolis carolinensis
427:parasites maintain
49:electron micrograph
4359:Apicomplexa genera
4089:Imagine No Malaria
4074:Malaria Consortium
4019:History of malaria
3902:Genetic resistance
3827:Anopheles mosquito
2531:Telford S (1988).
1605:Ettore Marchiafava
1512:
1290:
934:Species infecting
906:– monkeys and apes
740:and the method of
704:
642:
581:The life cycle of
579:
563:
378:
201:obligate parasites
4341:
4340:
4326:Open Tree of Life
4165:Taxon identifiers
4156:
4155:
4036:World Malaria Day
3138:10.1002/med.21486
2825:(12): 1501–1508.
2710:978-2-7420-0616-8
2651:Lancet Infect Dis
2584:978-0-12-031754-7
2163:978-3-540-29088-9
1300:(such as birds).
1241:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1223:
1222:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1204:
929:
917:
905:
895:
883:
871:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
786:(Valkiunas, 1997)
775:
519:citric acid cycle
419:contained in the
343:blood transfusion
184:
183:
180:
4371:
4334:
4333:
4321:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4298:
4297:
4285:
4284:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4160:
4159:
4148:
4147:
3922:G6PDH deficiency
3890:Mosquito control
3763:Blackwater fever
3727:
3720:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3682:
3638:
3609:
3607:
3601:. Archived from
3568:
3558:
3540:
3508:
3489:
3456:
3455:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3386:Trends Parasitol
3381:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3356:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3275:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3216:
3207:
3206:
3196:
3164:
3158:
3157:
3132:(5): 1511–1535.
3120:
3114:
3113:
3103:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3054:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3013:
2982:Fidock, David A.
2977:
2966:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2860:
2851:
2850:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2694:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2466:
2455:
2454:
2435:10.1645/13-362.1
2418:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2329:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2280:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2077:(2–3): 137–144.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2045:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1993:
1969:
1960:
1959:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1914:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1855:(1–2): 104–113.
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1771:
1756:
1664:Plasmodium ovale
1638:Plasmodium vivax
1633:Raimondo Filetti
1475:
1463:
1153:
1152:
1130:
1129:
1107:
1106:
1080:
1079:
1056:
1055:
927:
915:
903:
893:
881:
869:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
384:consists of all
249:is in the order
171:
68:
67:
42:
28:
27:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4337:
4329:
4324:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4301:
4293:
4288:
4280:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4236:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4167:
4157:
4152:
4138:
4094:Malaria No More
4062:
3997:
3957:Malaria culture
3940:
3929:Malaria vaccine
3858:
3736:
3731:
3689:
3645:
3605:
3566:
3515:
3505:
3486:
3470:
3465:
3463:Further reading
3460:
3459:
3436:
3432:
3417:
3413:
3382:
3375:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3357:
3342:
3311:(12): a025593.
3293:
3289:
3252:
3248:
3227:(12): 961–973.
3217:
3210:
3165:
3161:
3121:
3117:
3072:
3068:
3031:
3027:
3002:10.1038/nm.4381
2990:Nature Medicine
2978:
2969:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2861:
2854:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2732:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2695:
2688:
2643:
2639:
2604:
2600:
2585:
2563:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2501:
2492:
2485:
2467:
2458:
2419:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2382:
2378:
2347:
2343:
2298:
2294:
2249:
2245:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2190:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2164:
2150:
2143:
2112:
2108:
2063:
2059:
2014:
2007:
1970:
1963:
1932:
1928:
1883:
1876:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1818:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1726:
1673:(identified in
1594:
1494:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1390:infect diverse
1282:
1263:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1215:
1206:
1020:
928:(Garnham, 1964)
916:(Garnham, 1966)
894:(Telford, 1988)
882:(Telford, 1988)
846:(Telford, 1988)
798:(Garnham, 1966)
774:(Telford, 1988)
714:belongs to the
709:
690:
555:
445:Golgi apparatus
394:red blood cells
363:
294:Charles Laveran
225:red blood cells
195:of unicellular
170:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4339:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4322:
4312:
4299:
4286:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4234:
4221:
4208:
4193:
4177:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3866:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3801:
3794:
3787:
3782:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3744:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3687:External links
3685:
3684:
3683:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3610:
3608:on 2009-03-26.
3559:
3531:(2): 298–306.
3525:Mol. Microbiol
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3503:
3490:
3485:978-0397601325
3484:
3469:
3468:Identification
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3430:
3421:Parassitologia
3411:
3373:
3340:
3287:
3246:
3208:
3179:(1): 157–187.
3159:
3115:
3086:(3): 156–170.
3066:
3045:(3): 610–624.
3025:
2996:(8): 917–928.
2967:
2954:978-0127826202
2953:
2930:
2923:
2905:
2898:
2880:
2873:
2852:
2809:
2796:978-0198565840
2795:
2775:
2723:
2709:
2686:
2637:
2618:(1): 261–273.
2598:
2583:
2557:
2520:
2513:
2490:
2484:978-1908230072
2483:
2456:
2402:
2376:
2341:
2292:
2263:(6): a025486.
2243:
2216:(4): 781–786.
2200:
2169:
2162:
2141:
2106:
2057:
2005:
1961:
1926:
1897:(1–2): 18–25.
1874:
1839:
1809:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1758:The plural of
1750:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1593:
1590:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1480:Carolina anole
1477:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1281:
1278:
1262:
1259:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1054:
1019:
1016:
1008:Paraplasmodium
932:
931:
919:
907:
897:
890:Paraplasmodium
885:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
789:
777:
729:is within the
708:
705:
689:
686:
569:Ring forms of
554:
551:
472:dense granules
362:
359:
276:of the genera
182:
181:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
146:Haemospororida
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
106:
105:
100:
93:
92:
90:Diaphoretickes
87:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
47:False-colored
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4376:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4189:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4151:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:Organisations
4065:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3977:
3976:Antimalarials
3974:
3973:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:Duffy antigen
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3870:Public health
3868:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3758:Quartan fever
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3657:(2): 261–94.
3656:
3652:
3651:Bull Hist Med
3647:
3646:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:Br. Med. Bull
3611:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3571:South. Med. J
3565:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3504:9780415300971
3500:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3378:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3215:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2956:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2926:
2924:9780415300971
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2899:9780415300971
2895:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2874:9780415300971
2870:
2866:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2730:
2728:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2693:
2691:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2657:(1): 98–107.
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2547:on 2018-09-26
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2514:9780415300971
2510:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2391:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:(8): 375–82.
2356:
2352:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1984:(4): 607–31.
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:(5): 228–36.
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1881:
1879:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1827:
1825:
1816:
1814:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1751:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:Cyril Garnham
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:Amico Bignami
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1649:William Welch
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Camillo Golgi
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1500:The mosquito
1498:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1251:P. falciparum
1247:
1237:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1064:Leucocytozoon
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1040:P. falciparum
1037:
1036:ribosomal RNA
1033:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
948:P. reichenowi
945:
944:P. falciparum
941:
937:
926:
925:
920:
914:
913:
908:
902:
898:
892:
891:
886:
880:
879:
874:
868:
867:
862:
856:
855:
850:
844:
843:
838:
832:
831:
826:
820:
819:
814:
808:
807:
802:
796:
795:
790:
784:
783:
778:
772:
771:
766:
765:
764:
761:
756:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
713:
701:
700:
694:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
654:
651:
647:
639:
635:
631:
629:
625:
619:
617:
613:
612:P. falciparum
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
572:
567:
559:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
491:mitochondrion
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
429:a single copy
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
375:
371:
367:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
328:P. falciparum
325:
324:
319:
318:
313:
312:
307:
306:
305:P. falciparum
301:
300:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:blood-feeding
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
178:
174:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
4172:
4041:Epidemiology
3880:Mosquito net
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3774:
3654:
3650:
3618:
3614:
3603:the original
3574:
3570:
3528:
3524:
3494:
3475:
3443:
3439:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3389:
3385:
3364:. Retrieved
3308:
3304:
3290:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3224:
3220:
3176:
3172:
3162:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3042:
3038:
3028:
2993:
2989:
2958:. Retrieved
2943:
2914:
2908:
2889:
2883:
2864:
2822:
2819:Parasitology
2818:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2785:
2778:
2743:
2739:
2714:. Retrieved
2699:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2566:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:the original
2540:
2536:
2504:
2474:
2470:
2429:(1): 11–25.
2426:
2422:
2393:. Retrieved
2390:Tree of Life
2389:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:CDC: Malaria
2186:
2153:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2028:(4): 452–8.
2025:
2021:
1981:
1977:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1894:
1890:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1823:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:CDC: Malaria
1795:
1786:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1678:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1642:
1636:
1612:
1609:Angelo Celli
1600:
1595:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1520:bloodsucking
1515:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1483:
1450:
1410:
1405:A number of
1404:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1334:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1305:five species
1302:
1292:
1291:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:Distribution
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1193:Hepatocystis
1191:
1190:
1176:
1174:
1160:
1158:
1137:
1135:
1113:
1112:
1100:
1088:Haemoproteus
1086:
1085:
1062:
1061:
1049:Hepatocystis
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:Lacertamoeba
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
976:Giovannolaia
975:
971:
967:
955:
951:
947:
943:
933:
922:
910:
904:(Bray, 1955)
900:
888:
876:
864:
858:(Bray, 1958)
852:
842:Lacertamoeba
840:
828:
816:
806:Giovannolaia
804:
792:
780:
768:
759:
757:
753:Plasmodiidae
745:
734:Haemosporida
726:
711:
710:
697:
655:
643:
627:
623:
620:
615:
611:
607:
602:
598:
595:erythrocytes
590:
582:
580:
575:Giemsa stain
570:
530:
510:
506:
502:
482:
480:
451:
449:
424:
409:
405:
392:inside host
381:
379:
369:
350:
346:
340:
335:
327:
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
289:
283:
277:
269:
267:
262:
258:
255:Plasmodiidae
251:Haemosporida
246:
238:
237:
212:
187:
186:
185:
166:
165:
156:Plasmodiidae
136:Aconoidasida
109:
96:
83:
31:
25:
4277:iNaturalist
4197:Wikispecies
4024:Roman fever
3981:Artemisinin
3917:Thalassemia
2384:Votypka J.
2193:28 December
2122:: 271–289.
1802:28 December
1718:Bennettinia
1683:Ronald Ross
1667:(1922) and
1647:. In 1897,
1621:slime molds
1443:artemisinin
1423:chloroquine
1325:variety of
1320:P. knowlesi
1280:Vertebrates
1253:from other
996:Carinamoeba
972:Bennettinia
794:Carinamoeba
782:Bennettinia
719:Apicomplexa
682:sporozoites
662:gametocytes
646:trophozoite
638:Sporozoites
539:isoprenoids
535:fatty acids
481:Species of
417:chromosomes
361:Description
323:P. knowlesi
311:P. malariae
268:Species of
253:and family
243:Apicomplexa
205:vertebrates
173:Marchiafava
126:Apicomplexa
4354:Plasmodium
4348:Categories
4217:Plasmodium
4203:Plasmodium
4173:Plasmodium
3986:Mefloquine
3962:Blood film
3852:Gametocyte
3847:Hypnozoite
3832:Life cycle
3798:falciparum
3785:life cycle
3775:Plasmodium
3621:(1): 7–9.
3392:(8): 306.
2608:Plasmodium
2551:2014-03-25
2471:Plasmodium
2312:(1): 369.
1824:Plasmodium
1778:References
1768:Plasmodium
1760:Plasmodium
1730:Haematozoa
1714:Plasmodium
1710:Plasmodium
1706:Plasmodium
1702:Plasmodium
1679:Plasmodium
1659:Plasmodium
1613:Plasmodium
1586:Plasmodium
1582:Plasmodium
1578:Plasmodium
1574:Plasmodium
1566:Plasmodium
1558:Plasmodium
1516:Plasmodium
1508:Plasmodium
1451:Plasmodium
1439:mefloquine
1431:atovaquone
1419:resistance
1411:Plasmodium
1396:Plasmodium
1388:Plasmodium
1378:Plasmodium
1374:Plasmodium
1370:Plasmodium
1366:Plasmodium
1361:Plasmodium
1353:Plasmodium
1335:Plasmodium
1327:Plasmodium
1309:Plasmodium
1293:Plasmodium
1274:Plasmodium
1270:Plasmodium
1266:Plasmodium
1255:Plasmodium
1246:Plasmodium
1161:Plasmodium
1114:Plasmodium
1101:Plasmodium
1044:Plasmodium
1032:Plasmodium
1028:Plasmodium
1024:Plasmodium
1012:Sauramoeba
1004:Ophidiella
980:Haemamoeba
956:Plasmodium
918:– reptiles
912:Sauramoeba
901:Plasmodium
896:– reptiles
884:– reptiles
878:Ophidiella
848:– reptiles
818:Haemamoeba
800:– reptiles
776:– reptiles
760:Plasmodium
758:The genus
748:is in the
746:Plasmodium
727:Plasmodium
712:Plasmodium
658:blood meal
616:Plasmodium
608:Plasmodium
603:Plasmodium
599:Plasmodium
591:Plasmodium
583:Plasmodium
571:Plasmodium
553:Life cycle
531:Plasmodium
511:Plasmodium
507:Plasmodium
503:Plasmodium
499:metabolism
495:apicoplast
483:Plasmodium
464:micronemes
452:Plasmodium
425:Plasmodium
410:Plasmodium
406:Plasmodium
402:hemoglobin
386:eukaryotes
382:Plasmodium
380:The genus
370:Plasmodium
351:Plasmodium
347:Plasmodium
336:Plasmodium
290:Plasmodium
274:mosquitoes
270:Plasmodium
263:Plasmodium
259:Plasmodium
247:Plasmodium
239:Plasmodium
233:mosquitoes
213:Plasmodium
197:eukaryotes
188:Plasmodium
167:Plasmodium
53:sporozoite
32:Plasmodium
3991:Proguanil
3842:Merozoite
3452:1392-1657
3446:: 1–607.
2746:: 21–31.
1770:species".
1764:Plasmodia
1696:In 1966,
1562:Anopheles
1535:Anopheles
1524:sandflies
1427:proguanil
1345:ungulates
1175:Subgenus
1159:Subgenus
1138:Laverania
1136:Subgenus
1018:Phylogeny
992:Asiamoeba
952:Laverania
921:Subgenus
909:Subgenus
899:Subgenus
887:Subgenus
875:Subgenus
863:Subgenus
854:Laverania
851:Subgenus
839:Subgenus
827:Subgenus
815:Subgenus
803:Subgenus
791:Subgenus
779:Subgenus
770:Asiamoeba
767:Subgenus
670:fertilize
650:schizonts
630:malaria.
460:rhoptries
374:eukaryote
285:Anopheles
199:that are
116:Alveolata
77:Eukaryota
4251:Fungorum
4182:Wikidata
4150:Category
3837:Schizont
3819:knowlesi
3812:malariae
3753:Cerebral
3679:23594155
3671:15965289
3635:14944807
3599:30660702
3591:16440920
3555:30488807
3547:15469504
3406:22738856
3335:28389513
3299:(2017).
3282:28602239
3266:: 7–12.
3241:28942108
3203:24655294
3154:25711437
3146:29372568
3110:29355852
3061:27768886
3020:28777791
2984:(2017).
2960:16 March
2847:22397021
2839:27444556
2802:16 March
2770:29096194
2716:15 March
2681:27777030
2632:18248741
2593:14711087
2451:21291855
2443:24059436
2371:19635681
2336:35399558
2287:28242785
2230:20665090
2136:23808340
2101:27773518
2052:23927894
2000:23186105
1956:23570755
1921:26844642
1869:27475118
1724:See also
1547:Mansonia
1541:Culiseta
1400:families
1392:reptiles
1177:Vinckeia
988:Novyella
968:Vinckeia
924:Vinckeia
866:Novyella
738:hemozoin
707:Taxonomy
678:ookinete
628:P. vivax
624:P. vivax
527:red alga
517:via the
493:and the
468:vesicles
433:doubling
398:hemozoin
390:merogony
317:P. ovale
299:P. vivax
152:Family:
122:Phylum:
73:Domain:
4364:Malaria
4331:6373386
4295:1355993
4269:8364053
4188:Q130948
3780:biology
3748:Malaria
3741:Biology
3734:Malaria
3643:History
3513:Biology
3326:5710097
3194:4075043
3101:6371404
3011:5747363
2761:5733638
2672:5392593
2327:8991251
2278:5453383
2238:1727294
2092:5406208
2043:3767399
1912:5154328
1762:is not
1592:History
1492:Insects
1415:Quinine
1341:rodents
1337:species
1329:species
1298:classes
960:mammals
936:monkeys
872:– birds
836:– birds
824:– birds
812:– birds
788:– birds
666:gametes
529:by the
470:called
421:nucleus
229:malaria
219:insect
209:insects
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
4315:NZOR:
4282:199354
4256:583195
4243:1PLMDG
3677:
3669:
3633:
3597:
3589:
3553:
3545:
3501:
3482:
3450:
3427:: 1–4.
3404:
3366:31 May
3333:
3323:
3280:
3239:
3201:
3191:
3152:
3144:
3108:
3098:
3059:
3018:
3008:
2951:
2921:
2896:
2871:
2845:
2837:
2793:
2768:
2758:
2707:
2679:
2669:
2630:
2591:
2581:
2511:
2481:
2449:
2441:
2369:
2334:
2324:
2285:
2275:
2236:
2228:
2160:
2134:
2099:
2089:
2050:
2040:
1998:
1954:
1919:
1909:
1867:
1832:1 June
1441:, and
1347:, and
1010:, and
986:, and
984:Huffia
964:lemurs
830:Huffia
750:family
716:phylum
674:zygote
668:which
489:, the
456:apical
437:midgut
413:genome
320:, and
179:, 1885
175:&
4290:IRMNG
4230:63LY7
3934:RTS,S
3805:ovale
3791:vivax
3675:S2CID
3606:(PDF)
3595:S2CID
3567:(PDF)
3551:S2CID
3150:S2CID
2843:S2CID
2447:S2CID
2395:1 May
2234:S2CID
1746:Notes
1570:Culex
1553:Aedes
1529:Culex
1407:drugs
731:order
587:hosts
372:is a
332:drugs
279:Culex
193:genus
191:is a
177:Celli
110:Clade
97:Clade
84:Clade
51:of a
4308:5820
4303:NCBI
4264:GBIF
4238:EPPO
3667:PMID
3631:PMID
3587:PMID
3543:PMID
3499:ISBN
3480:ISBN
3448:ISSN
3402:PMID
3368:2016
3331:PMID
3278:PMID
3237:PMID
3199:PMID
3142:PMID
3106:PMID
3057:PMID
3039:Cell
3016:PMID
2962:2018
2949:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2835:PMID
2804:2018
2791:ISBN
2766:PMID
2718:2018
2705:ISBN
2677:PMID
2628:PMID
2589:PMID
2579:ISBN
2509:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2439:PMID
2397:2018
2367:PMID
2332:PMID
2283:PMID
2226:PMID
2195:2015
2158:ISBN
2132:PMID
2097:PMID
2048:PMID
1996:PMID
1952:PMID
1917:PMID
1865:PMID
1834:2016
1804:2015
1689:and
1641:and
1631:and
1607:and
1550:and
1349:bats
946:and
940:apes
938:and
547:heme
353:are
282:and
221:host
207:and
4225:CoL
4212:AFD
3875:DDT
3659:doi
3623:doi
3579:doi
3533:doi
3444:3–5
3394:doi
3321:PMC
3313:doi
3268:doi
3229:doi
3189:PMC
3181:doi
3134:doi
3096:PMC
3088:doi
3047:doi
3043:167
3006:PMC
2998:doi
2827:doi
2823:143
2756:PMC
2748:doi
2667:PMC
2659:doi
2620:doi
2571:doi
2431:doi
2427:100
2359:doi
2322:PMC
2314:doi
2273:PMC
2265:doi
2218:doi
2124:doi
2087:PMC
2079:doi
2038:PMC
2030:doi
1986:doi
1944:doi
1907:PMC
1899:doi
1895:209
1857:doi
1853:209
1619:of
1386:of
1307:of
515:ATP
203:of
103:SAR
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