31:
1291:
531:
1142:
929:
1368:
814:
191:
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697:
890:. The rule through the 6th century AD saw climatic instability, causing inconsistent production, distribution, and a general economic decline. The Sasanians gained territory on Mediterranean land regularly, but the Eastern Romans remained superior in the Mediterranean sea for centuries. In the first quarter of the 7th century CE, the Sasanians took swaths of the Mediterranean region from the Eastern Romans during the
371:, which were replaced after a hiatus by the isolated village cultures of the ancient Near East. Some have gone so far as to call the catalyst that ended the Bronze Age a "catastrophe". The Bronze Age collapse may be seen in the context of a technological history that saw the slow, comparatively continuous spread of iron-working technology in the region, beginning with precocious iron-working in what is now
2321:
857:: "Our Sea") by the Romans. Their empire was centered on this sea and all the area was full of commerce and naval development. For the first time in history, an entire sea (the Mediterranean) was free of piracy. For several centuries, the Mediterranean was a "Roman Lake", surrounded on all sides by the empire.
724:, this force turned east, and in a series of decisive battles, it routed the Persian forces and took over as the dominant empire of the Mediterranean. Their Macedonia empire included present-day Greece, Bulgaria, Egypt, the Phoenician lands and many other basin regions of the Mediterranean and Asia Minor.
2577:
1565:
During the Middle Ages, rival
Christian and Muslim kingdoms forbade the trade of particular goods to enemy kingdoms including weaponry and other contraband items. The popes forbade the export of these commodities to the Islamic world. The Ottomans too forbade the export of weapons and other strategic
1694:
became a peripheral area dominated by foreigners. The
Ottoman Empire also began a slow decline that saw its North African possessions gain de facto independence and its European holdings gradually reduced by the territorial gains of Austria and the Russian Empire. In the wake of the aftermath of the
1302:
Slavery was a strategic and very important part of all
Mediterranean societies during the Middle Ages. The threat of becoming a slave was a constant fear for peasants, fishermen and merchants. Those with money or who had financial backing only feared the lack of support, should they be threatened
1234:
created colonies in regions controlled by the
Crusaders and came to control the trade with the Orient. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. Though the fall of the Crusader states and attempts at banning of trade relations with Muslim states by the Popes temporarily
650:(Darius I) is to be credited as the first Achaemenid king to invest in a Persian fleet. Even by then no true "imperial navy" had existed either in Greece or Egypt. Persia would become the first empire, under Darius, to inaugurate and deploy the first regular imperial navy. Both the
727:
The major centres of the
Mediterranean at the time became part of Alexander's empire as a result. His empire quickly disintegrated, and the Middle East, Egypt, and Greece were soon again independent. Alexander's conquests spread Greek knowledge and ideas throughout the region.
1666:
until the 18th century, each dominating their respective half of
Mediterranean, reducing Italian navies as naval powers increasingly more irrelevant. Furthermore, the Ottoman Empire had succeeded in their objective of extending Muslim rule across the North African coast.
1418:
developed their own empires in the
Mediterranean shores. The Islamic states had never been major naval powers, and trade from the east to Europe was soon in the hands of Italian traders, especially the Genoese and the Venetians, who profited immensely from it. The
797:
knowledge and ideas throughout the place. By this point the coastal trading cultures were thoroughly dominant over the inland river valleys that had once been the heart of the great powers. Egyptian power moved from the Nile cities to the coastal ones, especially
454:
that
Phoenicia was an early example of a "world-economy" surrounded by empires. The high point of Phoenician culture and sea power is usually placed ca. 1200â800 BC. Many of the most important Phoenician settlements had been established long before this:
1578:. Despite these prohibitions, trade of contraband occurred on both sides. The European merchants traded in illegal goods with Muslims. The Ottomans were unable to suppress the trade with smuggling being undertaken mainly in the winter when the
2449:
441:
While the cultural advances during the Bronze Age had mostly been confined to the eastern parts of the
Mediterranean, with the Iron Age, the entire coastal region surrounding the Mediterranean now becomes involved, significantly due to the
1122:
controlled three-quarters of the
Mediterranean coast, and fostered an economic interrelationship between the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. Much of North Africa became a peripheral area to the main Muslim centers in the Middle East, but
580:. From the 6th century BC up to including the 5th century BC, many of the significant Mediterranean peoples were under Persian rule, making them dominate the Mediterranean during these years. Both the Phoenicians and some of the
2795:
Mary Pelletier "A brief history of the Suez Canal" In: Apollo 3.7.2018; Hans Reis "Der Suezkanal â die wichtigste von Menschen geschaffene Wasserstrasse wurde vor 150 Jahren gebaut und war oft umkĂ€mpft" In: Neue ZĂŒrcher Zeitung
1333:
If the captive was wealthy or had influential supporters, the captive could be ransomed. This would be the most advantageous plan, since the money exchange was immediate and direct, not long and drawn out as in the slave market
2507:
1059:
retook control of the area around the north-eastern part of the Mediterranean. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of oriental goods at Venice.
282:). The first gold artifacts in the world appear from the 5th millennium BC, such as those found in a burial site from 4569â4340 BC and one of the most important archaeological sites in world prehistory â the
1724:
was opened during this period, with far-reaching consequences for trade between Asia, East Africa and Europe. The Mediterranean countries were preferred because of the shorter route, and port cities such as
1018:
The Arab invasions disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while cutting the trade route with Oriental lands. This however had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the
1803:
and represents one of the largest area by Trade in the World. The Maltese prime minister described the Mediterranean sea as a "cemetery" due to the large amounts of migrants who drown there. Following the
1138:, the island developed its own distinct culture with the fusion of Latin and Byzantine influences. Palermo remained a leading artistic and commercial centre of the Mediterranean well into the Middle Ages.
1686:
to be imported directly to the Atlantic ports of western Europe. The Americas were also a source of extreme wealth to the western powers, from which some of the Mediterranean states were largely cut off.
1330:
plied their trade, a peasant, fisherman or coastal villager, who had no financial backing, could be abducted or sold to slave traders, or adversaries, who made large profits on an international market;
2561:
1213:. The Crusades were unsuccessful in this goal, but they were far more effective in weakening the already tottering Byzantine Empire that began to lose increasing amounts of territory to the
2810:
2069:
1341:
Emperors would take large numbers of prisoners, parade them through the capital, hold feasts in honour of their capture and parade diplomats in front of them as a display of victory.
1559:, that made trade in the rough Atlantic waters profitable for the first time. The reduction in the Saharan trade weakened North Africa and made them an easy target for the Ottomans.
1551:, who, along with other Christian powers, had been engaged in a long campaign to evict the Muslims from Iberia, had found a method to circumvent this trade by trading directly with
1337:
The captive could be used immediately by the corsair for labour on the ship rather than traded. In battles during this era, prisoners of war were often captured and used as slaves.
1949:
894:, though the Sasanians lost territories by the end of the war. Ultimately, Byzantine domination in the region was forever finished by invasions of the Arabs and later the Turks.
1708:
By the nineteenth century the European States were vastly more powerful, and began to colonize North Africa. France spread its power south by starting their conquest of the
1278:. The 12th century also saw increasing naval and trading progress on the part of Christian powers in the northern shores of the Mediterranean (including Genoa, Pisa, and
1772:. Post-world war period was marked by increasing activity in the Eastern Mediterranean, where naval actions formed part of ongoing ArabâIsraeli conflict and Turkey had
2056:
1670:
The development of long-range seafaring had an influence upon the entire Mediterranean. While once all trade from the east had passed through the region, the
1106:, and Sicily, however, could not mount such a resistance, and the Muslim conquerors swept through those regions. At the far west, they crossed the sea taking
2402:
Daniel Fuks, Avner Ayalon, et al., "Dust clouds, climate change and coins: consiliences of palaeoclimate and economy in the Late Antique southern Levant",
1627:
Greatest extent of Italian control of the Mediterranean littoral and seas (within green line and dots) in summer/fall 1942. Allied-controlled areas in red.
1784:
from an agreement in 1971. Yugoslavia was Communist but in neither the Soviet nor American camps. Egypt tilted towards the Soviets during the time of
670:
in the 5th century BC, and Persia eventually lost all her influence in the Mediterranean in the late 4th century BC following Alexander's conquests.
1716:. Following the British capture of Gibraltar (1713), Malta (1814) and Cyprus (1878), the British Empire occupied Egypt as a result of the 1882
1562:
Ceuta was ultimately taken by the Kingdom of Portugal in 1415, searching to undermine Castilian, Aragonese, and Genoese interests in the area.
2806:
2832:
1221:. They also rearranged the balance of power in the Muslim world as Egypt once again emerged as a major power in the eastern Mediterranean.
1776:. Cold War tensions split the Mediterranean into pro-American and pro-Soviet factions, with Turkey, Greece, Spain, Italy and France being
1250:
becoming a ground for competing external powers from then on. The high middle ages also saw the successive rise of two Berber powers, the
3147:
2280:
1655:
1056:
2030:
1946:
407:
contacts and sudden eclipse of literacy occurred between 1206 and 1150 BC. In the first phase of this period, almost every city between
614:
From the 6th century BC up to including the first half of the 4th century BC, many of the significant Mediterranean peoples came under
2905:"De nuevo sobre la "guerra del Estrecho" la contribuciĂłn financiera del reino de Valencia en la Ășltima fase del conflicto (1332â1344)"
2305:
1977:
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rose to dominate its surroundings with an empire that contained many of the former Phoenician holdings. However, it was a city on the
891:
2125:
La Niece, Susan (senior metallurgist in the British Museum Department of Conservation and Scientific Research) (15 December 2009).
1808:, the Italian government, has decided to strengthen the national system for the patrolling of the Mediterranean Sea by authorizing
1068:
2433:
3723:
1427:
used diplomacy to further trade and maintained a libertarian approach in civil matters to further sentiment in its inhabitants.
1856:
2007:
766:, that would eventually dominate the entire Mediterranean basin. Spreading first through Italy, Rome defeated Carthage in the
142:
was the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing three continents:
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1895:
35:
17:
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Sola, Emilio (2006). "The Mediterranean, dynamic centre of the 14th century". In MarĂa JesĂșs Viguera Molins (Coord.) (ed.).
1792:. Israel and Egypt both received massive American military aid. American naval power made the Mediterranean a base for the
754:
These eastern powers soon began to be overshadowed by those farther west. In North Africa, the former Phoenician colony of
131:
1575:
1502:
71:
3516:
3008:
The Making of the Middle Sea: A History of the Mediterranean from the Beginning to the Emergence of the Classical World
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to Christian states even in peace treaties, however friendly states could import some of the prohibited goods through
2940:
2262:
1696:
3647:
3242:
2870:
1805:
1631:
The growing naval prowess of the European powers confronted further rapid Ottoman expansion in the region when the
1103:
486:
The Phoenicians and the Assyrians transported elements of the Late Bronze Age culture of the Near East to Iron Age
2159:
Gopher, A.; Tsuk, T.; Shalev, S. & Gophna, R. (AugustâOctober 1990). "Earliest Gold Artifacts in the Levant".
1812:, a military and humanitarian operation in order to rescue the migrants and arrest the traffickers of immigrants.
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and soon also began to spread through North Africa. North Africa had grown wealthy from the trade across the
1091:
185:
3119:
1063:
The powerful and long-lived Bulgarian Empire was the main European rival in the region of the Mediterranean
1756:
During the first half of the twentieth century the Mediterranean was at the center of the expansion of the
1753:
in 1923. Yugoslavia was created from the former Austro-Hungarian empire at the end of the First World War.
1182:
1107:
239:(organised society structured around urban centers) first arises in Southwest Asia, as an extension of the
1134:
was one of the major centres of Islamic culture in the Mediterranean. After its conquest by the Christian
1127:
and Morocco soon broke from this distant control and became highly advanced societies in their own right.
308:
arises in this region during the final centuries of the 4th millennium BC. The urban civilizations of the
3626:
3621:
3237:
1866:
1765:
705:
623:
515:
510:, which would become the hallmark of the Mediterranean civilizations of the Iron Age, in contrast to the
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in 130,000 years BC, which indicates that early humans were capable of using boats to reach the island.
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3682:
3677:
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2210:
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There were several things which could happen to people in the Mediterranean region of the Middle Ages:
1012:
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1738:
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argued forcefully, this only slowed the Ottoman expansion instead of ending it. The prized island of
1450:
585:
229:
3073:(Overlook Press; 2010) 482 pages. Traces power struggles in the Mediterranean between 1450 and 1590.
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Saladin, the Almohads and the BanĆ« GhÄniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)
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988:
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173:
115:
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1927:
Human fossil evidence from sites such as Atapuerca in Spain suggests that they were a form of
3561:
3426:
3059:
Marino, John A. (2003) "The Exile and His KingdomâThe Reception of Braudel's Mediterranean,"
2035:
1846:
1821:
1531:
Ottoman power continued to grow, and in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was extinguished with the
596:
existed between the 5th century BC and the 1st century AD as the most important and powerful
202:
99:
1469:, it was characterized by changing alliances between the main actors. The iberian cities of
618:
rule, making them dominate the Mediterranean during all these years. The empire, founded by
3616:
3611:
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3486:
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3028:
Burke, III, Edmund. "Toward a Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean, 1750â1919,"
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1969:
980:
321:
2098:"Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500-4200 BC) (Abstract)"
324:. In the 2nd millennium, the eastern coastlines of the Mediterranean are dominated by the
8:
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1861:
1826:
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1442:
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1205:. Motivated by religion and dreams of conquest, the kings of Europe launched a number of
1201:
More organized and centralized states gradually began to form in Europe during the later
1158:
1008:
1004:
721:
542:
503:
435:
364:
348:
274:(5500 BC - 4200 BC) is believed to be the oldest town in Europe - prehistoric fortified (
222:
51:
3049:
Horden, Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas. "The Mediterranean and 'the New Thalassology'"
1282:), seemingly offering a challenge to the balance of power in the Western Mediterranean.
30:
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1391:
1387:
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903:
802:. Mesopotamia became a fringe border region between the Roman Empire and the Persians.
679:
534:
511:
376:
313:
256:
2486:
Balard, Michel (2003). Bull, Marcus Graham; Edbury, Peter; Phillips, Jonathan (eds.).
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in the 5th century BC and Persia was crippled by Macedonia in the 4th century BC. The
248:
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3521:
3501:
3491:
3381:
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3332:
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2353:
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1831:
1632:
1599:
1498:
1494:
1466:
1446:
1403:
1371:
1354:
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further disrupted the trade in western Europe and brought it to a halt. However, the
759:
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667:
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581:
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163:
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87:
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1999:
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195:
169:
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3187:
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2126:
1953:
1742:
1713:
1510:
1490:
1367:
1358:
1323:
1279:
1162:
1111:
1076:
873:
782:
709:
619:
447:
352:
329:
151:
103:
2984:
Musical Anthropology of the Mediterranean: Interpretation, Performance, Identity
2407:
1586:
was unable to stop Ottoman and non-Ottoman vessels from indulging in the trade.
1141:
987:
Persian empires were both weakened by centuries of stalemate warfare during the
928:
3546:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3506:
3496:
3411:
3354:
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3210:
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127:
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83:
2986:, Bologna, Edizioni Clueb â Cooperativa Libraria Universitaria Editrice, 2009.
3702:
3642:
3441:
2923:
2895:
2887:
2233:
See A. Stoia and the other essays in M.L. Stig SĂžrensen and R. Thomas, eds.,
2207:
The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe CA 1200 B.C
1932:
1544:
1379:
1239:
1218:
1028:
996:
813:
708:, technological and organizational skills were forged with a long history of
565:
495:
392:
181:
59:
2933:
Ibn Khaldun: The Mediterranean in the 14th Century: Rise and Fall of Empires
1729:
with their direct, fast access to Central and Northern Europe were booming.
1031:. Oriental goods like silk and spices were carried from Egypt to ports like
415:
was violently destroyed, and often left unoccupied thereafter (for example,
3601:
3431:
3302:
3220:
2202:
1928:
1780:
members. Syria was socialist and a pro-Soviet regime, offering the Soviets
1761:
1579:
1263:
1214:
1170:
849:
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and Egyptians. Full Persian dominance in the Mediterranean ended after the
573:
260:
252:
236:
147:
143:
135:
107:
1311:
190:
3586:
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1911:
1789:
1552:
1521:
1202:
1080:
1020:
651:
443:
428:
404:
317:
218:
177:
55:
3349:
3071:
The Last Crusaders: The Hundred-Year Battle for the Center of the World
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2180:
1746:
1721:
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The base of European power thus shifted northward and the once wealthy
1258:, in the Western Maghreb, fostering the developments of cities such as
1251:
1178:
1124:
1072:
1052:
799:
767:
737:
659:
569:
549:
427:). The gradual end of the Dark Age that ensued saw the rise of settled
305:
271:
63:
2779:"The Geostrategic Importance of the Black Sea Region: A Brief History"
1612:
1271:
1173:
documents. A document dated 996 mentions Amalfian merchants living in
785:, Rome then became the leading force in the Mediterranean region. The
704:
In the northernmost part of ancient Greece, in the ancient kingdom of
3396:
2489:
The Experience of Crusading, Volume 2 â Defining the Crusader Kingdom
1623:
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Bohlman, Philip V.; Keller, Marcello Sorce; Azzaroni, Loris (eds.),
2649:. AlcalĂĄ la Real: Ayuntamiento de AlcalĂĄ la Real. pp. 241â249.
572:. The Phoenicians spread through the western Mediterranean reaching
34:
Bacino del Mediterraneo, dall'Atlante manoscritto del 1582â1584 ca.
3606:
3401:
2172:
1947:
National Geographic Italia â Erano padani i primi abitanti d'Italia
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were at stake. The Western Mediterranean sea was dominated by the
290:, thought to be the earliest "well-dated" find of gold artifacts.
3476:
3287:
3037:
Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity
2420:
The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam
2057:
Survival of Information: the earliest prehistoric town in Europe
1888:
The Ancient Economy: Evidence and Models (Social Science History)
1726:
1644:
1636:
1556:
1540:
1295:
1190:
1135:
962:
519:
502:, initiating the beginning of Mediterranean history now known as
420:
372:
341:
123:
54:
is important for understanding the origin and development of the
3112:
3108:
Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations Timeline (10000 BC â 700 AD)
2031:"Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center"
1745:, and its holdings were carved up among France and Britain. The
1224:
The Crusades led to flourishing of trade between Europe and the
2996:. 2 vol 1972), the classic history by the leader of the French
2761:
2265:,"page 1515,"The Thracians were subdued by the Persians by 516"
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The empire began to crumble, however, in the fifth century and
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424:
400:
337:
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79:
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but then turned towards American influence during the time of
1067:
between the 7th and the 14th centuries, creating an important
646:, and many other basin regions of the Mediterranean later on.
446:
expansion from the Levant, beginning in ca. the 12th century.
320:, by the mid-3rd millennium leading to the development of the
3093:
Sorce Keller, Marcello. "Mediterranean", Janet Sturman (ed.)
1734:
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1482:
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in the 13th and 12th centuries. The cultural collapse of the
2721:
2719:
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of the wider Ottoman Empire became the independent state of
1699:, the Russian empire gained direct access to the Black Sea.
1246:
collapsed in mid 12th century, with a henceforth fragmented
1242:
in eastern Maghreb developed around the great metropolis of
2743:
1799:
Today, the Mediterranean Sea is the southern border of the
1777:
1675:
1434:
got to dominate the eastern mediterranean shores after the
1235:
disrupted the trade with the Orient, it however continued.
861:
763:
408:
332:
empires, competing for control over the city states in the
279:
270:
area is a cradle of the European civilization. The site of
206:
39:
3086:
Schlicht, Alfred, "Die Araber und Europa" Stuttgart 2008 (
2716:
2404:
Journal of the Council for British Research in the Levant
1683:
1177:. Another letter states that the Genoese had traded with
434:
kingdoms of the mid-10th century BC, and the rise of the
1441:
Between 1275 and 1344 a struggle for the control of the
3097:. Los Angeles: SAGE Reference, 2019, Vol. III, 618-623.
2912:
Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia medieval
2704:
2469:
Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam",
1651:
pushed Venetians out of this strategic island in 1669.
541:
Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilizations in
2833:"L'OPERAZIONE MARE NOSTRUM | eurasia-rivista.org"
2682:
Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Henry Laurens (2013).
2158:
2863:"Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism"
2050:
1094:
by the still capable Byzantines with the help of the
3044:
The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History
2070:"Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town"
1940:
1647:
ended in 1574 and almost a generation long siege in
720:) was considered the strongest of their time. Under
301:
in the West Bank were the earliest from the Levant.
251:. Urban civilizations proper begin to emerge in the
3032:(2012) 23:4.pp. 907â939. DOI: 10.1353/jwh.2012.0133
2962:
The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
1635:checked the power of the Ottoman navy. However, as
2731:
2663:
2591:
2303:
1970:"Discovery Dates Seafaring 100,000-Plus Years Ago"
1885:
344:are trading throughout much of the Mediterranean.
36:Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II
2304:Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (7 July 2011).
1760:, and was one of the main areas of battle during
3700:
2643:"AlmerĂa, Âżciudad-mundo en los siglos XI y XII?"
2640:
2287:pp. 342â345, John Wiley & Sons, 7 July 2011
1912:"The Human Journey: Early Settlements in Europe"
1209:to try to roll back Muslim power and retake the
936:in the Mediterranean region from 622 to 750 AD.
2935:. Foundation JosĂ© Manuel Lara. pp. 40â49.
1643:became Ottoman in 1571. The last resistance in
1555:. This was enabled by a new type of ships, the
867:
584:in Asia Minor provided the naval forces of the
1741:. The Ottoman Empire finally collapsed in the
975:Another power was rising in the east, that of
886:began its domination of the Levant during its
3141:
2408:https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2017.1379181
2406:49/2 (Oct. 2017): 205-223. Download citation
2345:
731:
658:provided the bulk of the naval forces of the
2374:Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War
2349:Shadows in the desert: ancient Persia at war
2235:The Bronze AgeâIron Age Transition in Europe
1185:had allowed Amalfian merchants to reside in
2807:"Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action"
1712:in 1830 and later gaining control over the
1619:territories acquired between 1300 and 1683.
1274:(under Almoravid rule) also thrived in the
1196:
1149:in the Mediterranean, 7th to 11th centuries
847:, the Mediterranean Sea began to be called
634:coast (modern day southeastern and eastern
221:sites in Europe and are located around the
27:Historical development of the Mediterranean
3148:
3134:
3114:Ancient Mediterranean History Encyclopedia
3095:The SAGE Encyclopedia of Music and Culture
2902:
2725:
1535:. The Ottomans already controlled Greece,
1051:, while also trading in luxury goods from
2994:The Mediterranean in the Age of Philip II
2684:"Europe and the Islamic World: A History"
2257:by Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth,
1007:, swept through most of the Middle East;
556:. The Greeks spread to the shores of the
3042:Horden, Peregrine and Nicholas Purcell.
2641:Mazzoli-Guintard, Christine (May 2016).
2559:
2131:. Harvard University Press. p. 10.
2124:
2118:
2028:
1968:Wilford, John Noble (15 February 2010).
1886:Manning and Morris, J.G and Ian (2007).
1622:
1611:
1366:
1289:
1140:
1003:and skilled military commanders such as
927:
812:
695:
529:
293:As of 1990, gold artifacts found at the
189:
29:
2762:Ga Ìbor A Ìgoston; Bruce Alan Masters.
2647:Carolvs, Homenaje a Friedrich Edelmayer
2527:
2341:
2339:
2067:
2029:Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 November 2012).
1967:
1517:, and several northern African cities.
1047:developed the trade from Norway to the
970:
14:
3701:
2860:
2776:
2749:
2710:
2485:
2431:
2310:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 345.
2061:
2000:"Hominids Went Out of Africa on Rafts"
1857:Life zones of the Mediterranean region
1169:before the Crusades, according to the
888:wars with neighbouring Sassanid Persia
774:'s famous efforts against Rome in the
537:during the Archaic period (750â550 BC)
525:
518:system in the Far East (and later the
50:and of the cultures and people of the
3155:
3129:
2669:
2609:
2597:
2201:
2010:from the original on 19 November 2018
1378:(green) maritime trade routes in the
1039:by sailors and Jewish merchants. The
805:
673:
2930:
2737:
2336:
2022:
1980:from the original on 10 October 2018
1774:occupied the northern part of Cyprus
1270:. Cities in southern Iberia such as
1157:maintained trade relations with the
999:, motivated by Islam and led by the
588:. Persian dominance ended after the
228:There is evidence of stone tools on
3663:History of the Mediterranean region
2766:. Infobase Publishing. p. 145.
2095:
1344:
700:The Mediterranean region in 220 BC.
217:in Bulgaria are amongst the oldest
48:history of the Mediterranean region
42:(cart. naut. 2 â cart. naut 6/1-2).
24:
2950:
2903:LĂłpez, MarĂa Dolores (1996â1997).
2813:from the original on 1 August 2018
2764:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
2324:from the original on 22 April 2016
1737:from the Ottomans in 1911. Greece
25:
3740:
3101:
2777:Toucas, Boris (2 February 2017).
2352:. Osprey Publishing. p. 68.
2068:Squires, Nick (31 October 2012).
1658:was then established between the
1493:: thanks to their possessions of
1189:about 1060 in place of the Latin
1145:Map of the main Byzantine-Muslim
1057:Byzantines in the mid-8th century
1011:by more than half and completely
892:ByzantineâSasanian War of 602â628
603:
247:, of proto-urban centers such as
3648:Bibliography of European history
3243:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
2307:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
2277:A Companion to Ancient Macedonia
2274:Joseph Roisman, Ian Worthington
1806:2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck
1528:across the mediterranean basin.
1079:and religious legacy during the
403:, the scission of long-distance
278:) stone settlement (prehistoric
157:
3673:History of Western civilization
3276:Christianity in the Middle Ages
2854:
2825:
2809:. Al Jazeera. 13 October 2013.
2799:
2789:
2770:
2755:
2634:
2603:
2580:from the original on 2018-09-13
2563:Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia
2553:
2521:
2510:from the original on 2018-09-13
2479:
2471:The Journal of Economic History
2463:
2452:from the original on 2018-09-13
2425:
2412:
2396:
2387:
2366:
2297:
2268:
2255:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
2248:
2227:
2195:
1852:History of Western civilization
359:, expressed by the collapse of
3724:History of West Asia by region
3517:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
3460:Christianity in the modern era
3231:Christianity in late antiquity
3046:. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2000.
3039:(Duke University Press, 2008).
2435:The Geography of Sea Transport
2089:
1992:
1961:
1904:
1879:
1118:. At its greatest extent, the
897:
662:Persian Empire, alongside the
535:Greek territories and colonies
13:
1:
3668:History of the European Union
2438:. Routledge. pp. 33â37.
2243:The Coming of the Age of Iron
2105:Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
1890:. Stanford University Press.
1872:
1739:achieved independence in 1832
1589:
1098:. The Byzantine provinces of
494:, but also further afield to
186:History of the ancient Levant
3709:History of the Mediterranean
3120:History of the Mediterranean
2376:. Osprey Publishing. p. 68.
1386:The "Repubbliche Marinare" (
1147:naval operations and battles
1023:. The export of grains from
868:Sasanian and Byzantine times
642:, the Phoenician lands, the
452:The Perspective of the World
243:trend, from as early as the
7:
3627:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3238:Crisis of the Third Century
1867:Union for the Mediterranean
1815:
1303:with abduction for ransom.
1055:and the Mediterranean. The
1013:engulfing the Persian lands
961: Expansion during the
951: Expansion during the
514:writing of Assyria and the
351:is the transition from the
255:, in 5th-to-4th-millennium
10:
3745:
3683:Military history of Europe
3678:Maritime history of Europe
3051:American Historical Review
2688:Princeton University Press
2566:. Routledge. p. 273.
2494:Cambridge University Press
2211:Princeton University Press
1837:History of the Middle East
1704:French conquest of Algeria
1701:
1672:circumnavigation of Africa
1593:
1445:took place. Featuring the
1348:
1285:
1230:region. Genoa, Venice and
1130:Between 831 and 1071, the
1027:was re-routed towards the
901:
871:
828:
735:
732:RomanâCarthaginian rivalry
677:
607:
167:
161:
3653:Genetic history of Europe
3635:
3440:
3256:
3196:
3163:
3061:Sixteenth Century Journal
2432:Couper, Alastair (2015).
1794:United States Sixth Fleet
1451:Nasrid Kingdom of Granada
1112:halted in southern France
789:soon spread east, taking
586:Achaemenid Persian Empire
198:in the 2nd millennium BC.
3053:(2006) 111#3 pp 722â740
3030:Journal of World History
2888:10.1163/156920607X171591
2560:Brundage, James (2004).
2418:Crawford, Peter (2013).
2393:Diodorus Siculus, Arrian
1485:and the African port of
1266:upon their control over
1197:MuslimâChristian rivalry
1009:reducing Byzantine lands
864:collapsed after 476 AD.
684:Hellenistic civilization
3658:History of Christianity
3012:Oxford University Press
2966:Oxford University Press
2861:Banaji, Jairus (2007).
2610:Baadj, Amar S. (2015).
2533:Contesting the Crusades
1842:History of North Africa
991:. In a series of rapid
825:territory in c. 400 AD.
3482:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2916:University of Alicante
2871:Historical Materialism
2372:Kaveh Farrokh (2007).
2346:Kaveh Farrokh (2007).
1810:Operation Mare Nostrum
1628:
1620:
1566:items, declaring them
1533:fall of Constantinople
1383:
1299:
1150:
967:
941: Expansion under
924:First Bulgarian Empire
908:Early Muslim conquests
826:
701:
538:
506:. They notably spread
235:The cultural stage of
199:
174:Cradle of civilization
43:
3562:Industrial Revolution
3077:Thiollet, Jean-Pierre
2752:, pp. 49, 63â64.
2036:The Los Angeles Times
1847:History of the Levant
1822:Eastern Mediterranean
1796:during the Cold war.
1782:a port for their navy
1626:
1615:
1594:Further information:
1370:
1349:Further information:
1293:
1144:
1092:expansion was blocked
932:The expansion of the
931:
902:Further information:
882:The Eastern Roman or
829:Further information:
816:
699:
678:Further information:
608:Further information:
533:
297:cave cemetery of the
193:
168:Further information:
33:
18:Mediterranean culture
3617:European debt crisis
3612:European integration
3552:Age of Enlightenment
3392:Republic of Florence
2537:Blackwell Publishing
2161:Current Anthropology
981:Eastern Roman Empire
971:Early Islamic period
479:, all appear in the
3582:Revolutions of 1848
3512:Early modern France
3293:Anglo-Saxon England
3198:Classical antiquity
3122:at historyworld.net
3081:Je m'appelle Byblos
2539:. pp. 152â54.
2237:(Oxford) 1989, and
2075:The Daily Telegraph
1916:www.humanjourney.us
1862:Mediterranean Basin
1827:History of Anatolia
1503:Kingdom of Sardinia
1463:Kingdom of Portugal
1443:Strait of Gibraltar
1268:Trans-Saharan trade
1159:Italian city-states
1108:Visigothic Hispania
1005:Khalid ibn al-Walid
722:Alexander the Great
543:classical antiquity
526:Classical antiquity
522:systems of India).
504:Classical Antiquity
496:Northwestern Africa
436:Neo-Assyrian Empire
349:Bronze Age collapse
286:near Lake Varna in
223:Mediterranean Basin
52:Mediterranean Basin
3688:Crusading movement
3592:Russian Revolution
3427:Hundred Years' War
3323:Maritime republics
3226:Early Christianity
3216:Hellenistic period
3173:Paleolithic Europe
3004:Broodbank, Cyprian
2690:. pp. 67â68.
2496:. pp. 23â35.
2283:2017-02-24 at the
1952:2019-06-26 at the
1931:(sometimes called
1718:Anglo-Egyptian War
1710:Regency of Algiers
1629:
1621:
1515:Duchy of Neopatria
1432:Republic of Venice
1425:Republic of Ragusa
1388:Maritime republics
1384:
1351:Maritime republics
1300:
1151:
1096:Tervel of Bulgaria
989:RomanâPersian Wars
968:
965:Caliphate, 661â750
953:Rashidun Caliphate
920:Republic of Venice
904:Islamic Golden Age
827:
702:
680:Hellenistic period
674:Hellenistic period
616:Achaemenid Persian
539:
508:alphabetic writing
377:Mycenaean kingdoms
200:
44:
3719:History of Europe
3714:History of Africa
3696:
3695:
3622:COVID-19 pandemic
3567:French Revolution
3542:Habsburg monarchy
3522:Cossack Hetmanate
3502:Portuguese Empire
3492:Absolute monarchy
3487:Thirty Years' War
3382:Holy Roman Empire
3307:Bulgarian Empire
3266:Early Middle Ages
3183:Bronze Age Europe
3157:History of Europe
3088:Kohlhammer Verlag
3067:Rogerson, Barnaby
3021:978-0-19-999978-1
2975:978-0-19-532334-4
2880:Koninklijke Brill
2697:978-0-691-14705-5
2656:978-84-89014-76-3
2627:978-90-04-29620-6
2573:978-1-135-94880-1
2546:978-1-4051-1189-8
2503:978-0-521-78151-0
2445:978-1-317-35150-4
2382:978-1-84603-108-3
2359:978-1-84603-108-3
2317:978-1-4443-5163-7
2245:(New Haven) 1980.
2220:978-0-691-02591-9
2209:. United States:
2138:978-0-674-03590-4
2096:Nikolov, Vassil.
1897:978-0-8047-5755-3
1832:History of Europe
1697:Russo-Turkish War
1633:Battle of Lepanto
1600:Portuguese Empire
1582:stationed at the
1499:Kingdom of Naples
1467:Republic of Genoa
1447:Marinid Sultanate
1355:Republic of Genoa
1217:and later to the
1132:Emirate of Sicily
760:Italian Peninsula
718:Companion cavalry
668:Greco-Persian War
610:Achaemenid Empire
600:state formation.
590:Greco-Persian War
582:Greek city states
578:Iberian Peninsula
299:4th millennium BC
245:8th millennium BC
164:Ancient Near East
140:Mediterranean Sea
16:(Redirected from
3736:
3557:Great Divergence
3472:Age of Discovery
3417:Late Middle Ages
3387:High Middle Ages
3298:Byzantine Empire
3281:Christianization
3271:Migration Period
3206:Classical Greece
3178:Neolithic Europe
3150:
3143:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3035:Chambers, Iain.
3025:
2990:Braudel, Fernand
2979:
2946:
2927:
2914:(11). Alicante:
2909:
2899:
2867:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2835:. Archived from
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2714:
2713:, p. 62-63.
2708:
2702:
2701:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2620:. pp. 1â2.
2607:
2601:
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2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2557:
2551:
2550:
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2458:
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2252:
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2241:and J.D. Muhly,
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2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
1996:
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1989:
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1965:
1959:
1958:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1924:
1922:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1883:
1758:Kingdom of Italy
1656:balance of power
1584:Istanbul Arsenal
1539:and much of the
1507:Balearic Islands
1455:Crown of Castile
1421:Republic of Pisa
1345:Late Middle Ages
1328:commerce raiders
1320:Barbary corsairs
1294:Slave market in
1276:High Middle Ages
1065:Balkan peninsula
993:Muslim conquests
960:
950:
940:
916:Byzantine Empire
884:Byzantine empire
878:Byzantine Empire
821:, surrounded by
793:, and spreading
776:Second Punic War
746:Ancient Carthage
688:Ancient Carthage
648:Darius the Great
630:and the western
622:, would include
594:Odrysian Kingdom
564:(the so-called "
361:palace economies
322:earliest empires
310:Fertile Crescent
284:Varna Necropolis
203:LĂ©zignan-la-CĂšbe
196:Fertile Crescent
170:Fertile Crescent
136:Islamic cultures
21:
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3360:Crown of Aragon
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3188:Iron Age Europe
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2958:Abulafia, David
2956:
2953:
2951:Further reading
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1954:Wayback Machine
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1941:
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1918:
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1880:
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1743:First World War
1714:Beylik of Tunis
1706:
1610:
1592:
1511:Duchy of Athens
1491:Crown of Aragon
1459:Crown of AragĂłn
1365:
1359:Crown of Aragon
1347:
1324:French corsairs
1288:
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874:Sasanian Empire
872:Main articles:
870:
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783:Third Punic War
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710:cavalry warfare
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620:Cyrus the Great
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448:Fernand Braudel
393:Egyptian Empire
353:Late Bronze Age
314:writing systems
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3527:Swedish Empire
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3102:External links
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2167:(4): 436â443.
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1991:
1974:New York Times
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1608:Italian Empire
1604:Spanish Empire
1596:Ottoman Empire
1591:
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1526:Constantinople
1436:Fourth Crusade
1423:and later the
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562:Southern Italy
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481:Amarna tablets
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211:Monte Poggiolo
162:Main article:
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2839:on 2014-07-18
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2032:
2025:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1933:Homo ergaster
1930:
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1380:Mediterranean
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1219:Ottoman Turks
1216:
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1208:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1181:. The caliph
1180:
1176:
1172:
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1160:
1156:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1110:before being
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:, the Muslim
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:Eastern world
1026:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:, whilst the
978:
964:
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930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
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893:
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851:
846:
842:
836:
832:
824:
820:
815:
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803:
801:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
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743:
739:
729:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
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661:
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629:
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621:
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611:
601:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
566:Magna Graecia
563:
559:
555:
551:
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536:
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264:
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250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
226:
224:
220:
216:
213:in Italy and
212:
208:
204:
197:
192:
187:
183:
182:Ancient Egypt
179:
175:
171:
165:
158:Early history
155:
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149:
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141:
137:
133:
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125:
121:
117:
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101:
97:
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85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3662:
3602:World War II
3455:Early modern
3432:Kalmar Union
3303:Papal States
3221:Roman Empire
3113:
3094:
3080:
3070:
3060:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3007:
2993:
2983:
2961:
2932:
2911:
2875:
2869:
2855:Bibliography
2841:. Retrieved
2837:the original
2827:
2815:. Retrieved
2801:
2791:
2782:
2772:
2763:
2757:
2745:
2733:
2706:
2683:
2677:
2672:, p. 2.
2665:
2646:
2636:
2612:
2605:
2600:, p. 1.
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2562:
2555:
2532:
2523:
2512:. Retrieved
2488:
2481:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2434:
2427:
2419:
2414:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2373:
2368:
2348:
2326:. Retrieved
2306:
2299:
2276:
2270:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2239:T.A. Wertime
2234:
2229:
2206:
2197:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2127:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2073:
2063:
2052:
2040:. Retrieved
2034:
2024:
2012:. Retrieved
2003:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1957:(in Italian)
1942:
1929:Homo erectus
1926:
1919:. Retrieved
1915:
1906:
1887:
1881:
1798:
1764:between the
1762:World War II
1755:
1707:
1689:
1669:
1653:
1630:
1580:Ottoman Navy
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1530:
1524:spread from
1520:In 1347 the
1519:
1440:
1429:
1385:
1340:
1305:
1301:
1237:
1225:
1223:
1215:Seljuk Turks
1200:
1183:al-Mustansir
1171:Cairo Geniza
1152:
1129:
1104:North Africa
1085:
1062:
1041:Viking raids
1017:
974:
881:
859:
850:Mare Nostrum
848:
845:Roman Empire
843:founded the
838:
835:Roman Empire
831:Mare Nostrum
819:Mare nostrum
818:
808:Mare Nostrum
807:
780:
753:
726:
713:
703:
613:
574:North Africa
540:
485:
451:
450:remarked in
440:
346:
316:and develop
303:
292:
265:
253:Chalcolithic
237:civilization
234:
227:
201:
148:North Africa
144:Western Asia
76:Carthaginian
56:Mesopotamian
47:
45:
3587:World War I
3577:Nationalism
3465:Reformation
3450:Renaissance
3422:Black Death
3355:Kievan Rus'
3258:Middle Ages
2918:: 405â416.
2796:17.11.2019.
2750:Banaji 2007
2711:Banaji 2007
2328:17 December
1553:West Africa
1522:Black Death
1240:Zirid state
1203:Middle Ages
1120:Arab Empire
1100:Roman Syria
1081:Middle Ages
1021:Caspian Sea
997:Arab armies
898:Middle Ages
652:Phoenicians
554:Phoenicians
550:city-states
516:logographic
429:Neo-Hittite
318:bureaucracy
261:Mesopotamia
219:Paleolithic
205:in France,
178:Mesopotamia
3703:Categories
3350:Viking Age
3165:Prehistory
2878:. Leiden:
2843:2014-08-01
2817:27 October
2670:Baadj 2015
2616:. Leiden:
2598:Baadj 2015
2584:2018-09-20
2514:2018-09-20
2456:2018-09-20
2293:144435163X
2110:1 November
2081:1 November
2042:1 November
2014:27 October
1984:27 October
1873:References
1747:rump state
1733:conquered
1722:Suez Canal
1702:See also:
1695:1768â1774
1590:Modern era
1572:memnu olan
1568:memnu eĆya
1549:Portuguese
1547:, but the
1374:(red) and
1252:Almoravids
1179:Alexandria
1125:Al Andalus
1077:linguistic
800:Alexandria
781:After the
770:, despite
768:Punic Wars
738:Punic Wars
736:See also:
660:Achaemenid
638:), Egypt,
570:Asia Minor
444:Phoenician
391:, and the
306:Bronze Age
272:Solnitsata
249:ĂatalhöyĂŒk
209:in Spain,
68:Phoenician
3397:Feudalism
3368:Catalonia
2924:0212-2480
2896:1465-4466
2882:: 47â74.
2738:Sola 2006
2189:143173212
1479:Algeciras
1334:business;
1298:, c. 1684
1260:Marrakech
1211:Holy Land
1187:Jerusalem
1073:political
1049:White Sea
955:, 632â661
945:, 622â632
934:Caliphate
912:Caliphate
706:Macedonia
632:Black Sea
624:Macedonia
558:Black Sea
545:were the
512:cuneiform
312:now have
295:Wadi Qana
268:Black Sea
241:Neolithic
215:Kozarnika
132:Christian
116:Bulgarian
112:Byzantine
64:Canaanite
3636:See also
3607:Cold War
3402:Crusades
3372:Valencia
3006:(2013).
2960:(2011).
2811:Archived
2578:Archived
2531:(2006).
2508:Archived
2450:Archived
2322:Archived
2281:Archived
2205:(1995).
2144:10 April
2008:Archived
1978:Archived
1950:Archived
1921:24 March
1816:See also
1768:and the
1674:allowed
1662:and the
1537:Bulgaria
1465:and the
1376:Venetian
1312:Corsairs
1256:Almohads
1254:and the
1248:Ifriqiya
1244:Kairouan
1227:outremer
1207:Crusades
1155:Fatimids
1088:Anatolia
1069:cultural
1045:Norsemen
985:Sassanid
943:Muhammad
841:Augustus
772:Hannibal
756:Carthage
750:Carthage
714:hetairoi
664:Cypriots
654:and the
640:Anatolia
636:Bulgaria
598:thracian
576:and the
552:and the
432:Aramaean
417:Hattusas
385:Anatolia
369:Anatolia
330:Egyptian
288:Bulgaria
100:Etruscan
96:Thracian
92:Illyrian
60:Egyptian
3477:Baroque
3376:Majorca
3288:Francia
2181:2743275
1727:Trieste
1645:Tunisia
1637:Braudel
1557:caravel
1541:Balkans
1372:Genoese
1296:Algiers
1286:Slavery
1272:AlmerĂa
1191:hospice
1136:Normans
1114:by the
1001:Caliphs
963:Umayyad
568:") and
520:abugida
498:and to
477:Berytus
421:Mycenae
373:Romania
363:of the
355:to the
342:Minoans
340:). The
326:Hittite
259:and in
128:Ottoman
104:Iberian
88:Persian
3364:Aragon
3343:Amalfi
3328:Venice
3316:Second
3055:online
3018:
2972:
2939:
2922:
2894:
2694:
2653:
2624:
2570:
2543:
2500:
2442:
2380:
2356:
2314:
2291:
2261:
2217:
2187:
2179:
2135:
1894:
1786:Nasser
1770:Allies
1751:Turkey
1720:. The
1682:, and
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