2241:
481:, a translation/rewriting of a Latin legend. Saint Alexis fled from his family's home in Rome on his wedding night and dwelled as a hermit in Syria until a mystical voice began telling people of his holiness. In order to avoid the earthly honor that came with such fame, he left Syria and was driven back to Rome, where he lived as a beggar at his family's house, unrecognized by all until his death. He was only identified later when the pope read his name in a letter held in the dead saint's hand. Although the saint left his family in order to devote his life more fully to God, the poem makes clear that his father, mother, and wife are saved by the Alexis' intercession and join him in Paradise. The earliest and best surviving text is in
1522:, and the two have obvious similarities. In the "fin amors" tradition, the poet pledges his service to his lady ("dame", usually a married woman), in much the same way a knight or vassal pledges service to his lord. In the poems of the troubadours, the lady is frequently cold, distant, or upset with the poet and demands that he prove his service to her; the poet, for his part, is generally tormented by his passion, and his poems are often desperate pleas to his lady so that she might grant him some favor. In some troubadour poetry, the "favor" sought for is decidedly sexual, but in others there is a rarefied notion of love as spiritual and moral force. For more information on the troubadour tradition, see
19:
1047:
2786:
2747:
688:, the giant, and so forth. But they also reveal much of the fears and conflicts that were part of the audience's experience. Kings are vain, foolish, old or wily. Insults that threaten honour or cause shame are seen to provoke bloody conflict, which may arise simply from competitiveness among knights or noble families. For discussion of the much debated origins of this epic genre, see
282:" (languages where one says "oĂŻl" to mean "yes"); following the Germanic invasions of France in the fifth century, these Northern dialects had developed distinctly different phonetic and syntactical structures from the languages spoken in southern France. The language in southern France is known as "langue d'oc" or the
1614:
By the late 13th century, the poetic tradition in France had begun to develop in ways that differed significantly from the troubadour poets, both in content and in the use of certain fixed forms. The new poetic (as well as musical: some of the earliest medieval music has lyrics composed in Old French
1772:
was a student and vagabond whose two poetic "testaments" or "wills" are celebrated for their portrayal of the urban and university environment of Paris and their scabrous wit, satire and verbal puns. The image of Villon as vagabond poet seems to have gained almost mythic status in the 16th century,
1765:
to enable her to become a male writer to sustain her family after the death of her father. She is often acknowledged to be the first female professional writer. Over the course of her lifetime, she produced 41 pieces of prose or poetry. She ran her own manuscript workshop and employed women as well
1445:
Related to the previous romance is the medieval narrative poem called "dit" (literally "spoken", i.e. a poem not meant to be sung) which follows the poetic form of the "roman" (octosyllabic rhymed couplets). These first-person narrative works (which sometimes include inserted lyric poems) often use
1441:
which breaks considerably from the conventions of the chivalric adventure story: in a dream a lover comes upon a garden and meets various allegorical figures. The second part of the work (written by Jean de Meun) expands on the initial material with scientific and mythological discussions. The
1149:
Around a hundred verse romances survive from the period 1150–1220. From around 1200 on, the tendency was increasingly to write the romances in prose (many of the earlier verse romances were adapted into prose versions), although new verse romances continued to be written to the end of the 14th
1015:
This method of epic expansion, with its obsession with blood line, was to be an important compositional technique throughout the Middle Ages. It also underscores the symbolic weight placed within this culture on family honor, paternal fidelity and on the idea of proving one's filial worth.
1887:), plays were eventually transferred from the monastery church to the chapter house or refectory hall and finally to the open air, and the vernacular was substituted for Latin. In the 12th century one finds the earliest extant passages in French appearing as refrains inserted into
1945:
theater remain equally controversial; some literary historians believe in a non-liturgical origin (among "jongleurs" or in pagan and folk festivals), others see the influence of liturgical drama (some of the dramas listed above include farcical sequences) and monastic readings of
683:
are (more or less) anonymous. They are popular literature (aimed at a warrior class, some say, though the evidence for this is inconclusive). They use an assortment of stock characters: the valiant hero, the brave traitor, the shifty or cowardly traitor, the
1513:
The occitan troubadours were amazingly creative in the development of verse forms and poetic genres, but their greatest impact on medieval literature was perhaps in their elaboration of complex code of love and service called "fin amors" or, more generally,
741:. In these the chief character was Charlemagne or his heirs, and a pervasive theme was his role as the divine champion of Christianity. This cycle contains the earliest and best known of the epics –
1874:)—both drama and farce—in the Middle Ages remain controversial, but the idea of a continuous popular tradition stemming from Latin comedy and tragedy to the 9th century seems unlikely.
458:
The earliest extant French literary texts date from the ninth century, but very few texts before the eleventh century have survived. The first literary works written in Old French were
1510:", using the Old French version of the word (for more information on the "trouvères", their poetic forms, extant works and their social status, see the article of that name).
2086:
2237:, and many others) is a riotous critique of wives, but it also provides important insight into the economic and social life of a married household in the 15th century.
1881:
in the church's liturgical dialogues and "tropes". At first simply dramatizations of the ritual, particularly in those rituals connected with
Christmas and Easter (see
489:, England, in the second or third decade of the twelfth century. This provenance is indicative of the fact that many of the most important early texts were composed in
1916:
1966:
468:, written in the second half of the ninth century, is generally accepted as the first such text. It is a short poem that recounts the martyrdom of a young girl.
2230:
2067:
2044:
1153:
The success of the early
Arthurian romances also led, from around 1200 on, to a restructuring and compiling of the material into vast prose cycles.
1125:. Yet Bodel's category leaves little place for another important group of romances: those adventurous romances which are often set in Byzantium.
984:
2751:
2053:
In the 15th century, the public representation of plays was organized and controlled by a number of professional and semi-professional guilds:
905:(or the "rebel vassal cycle"); this cycle was concerned with rebels against (often unjust) royal authority and its most famous characters were
828:. These dealt with knights who were typically younger sons without an inheritance who sought land and glory through combat with the Saracens.
2036:
2257:
Prose compositions in the Middle Ages—other than the prose versions of romances and "chansons de geste"—include a number of histories and
1454:), allegorical characters, and the situation of the narrator-lover attempting to return toward or satisfy his lady. The 14th-century poet
181:
2766:
2492:
2637:
First and
Otherwise Notable Editions of Medieval French Texts Printed from 1742 to 1874: A Bibliographical Catalogue of My Collection
2343:
wrote "Songe du Vieil
Pelerin" (1389), an elaborate allegorical voyage in which he described the customs of Europe and the near East.
240:
pandemic of the fourteenth century in many ways curtailed this creative production, the fifteenth century laid the groundwork for the
2080:
2075:
2300:
A program for a vernacular history of France organized by the reigns of its kings was first conceived in the 13th century at the
1639:
to distinguish the new musical practice from the music of the immediately preceding age). The best-known poet and composer of
232:", "clercs" and poets produced a profusion of remarkable creative works in all genres. Although the dynastic struggles of the
2510:
2384:
1741:, he was a prisoner of the English from 1415 to 1441 and his ballades often speak of loss and isolation. His son became King
2022:
2652:. New York: F.S. Crofts, 1938. (Although from 1938, this text is still considered a thorough overview of the literature.)
2806:
2494:
Towards
Feminism: Christine De Pizan, Female Advocacy, and Women's Textual Communities in the Late Middle Ages and Beyond
2240:
2733:
2627:
2165:
survive in Old French; these include (mostly anonymous) literature dealing with the recurring trickster character of
1913:
rhymed couplets with Latin stage directions (implying that it was written by Latin-speaking clerics for a lay public)
403:
syllables (like Latin). This means that the French metric line is not determined by the number of beats, but by the
274:
spoken in the Middle Ages in the northern half of what is today France are collectively known as "ancien français" ("
1309:
1279:
2190:", which covered topics such as cuckolding and corrupt clergy. These "fabliaux" would be an important source for
606:
have survived in around three hundred manuscripts. The chief theme of the earliest French epics was the court of
1150:
century., and it was chiefly in their prose form that many romances were read from the 14th to the 16th century.
225:
174:
52:
2609:
1753:
314:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
721:, each named after a chief character or ancestral figure, and each with a central theme, such as loyalty to a
1291:
286:
family (a language where one says "oc" to mean "yes"), also known under the name of one of its dialects, the
76:
2306:
1975:
1109:
The "Matter of Rome" concerns romances that take place in the ancient world, such as romances dealing with
775:
1987:
1730:
1714:
1032:
303:
2352:
1062:
543:
443:
1008:
A separate period or adventure in the life of an established hero was told (for example, his childhood).
2811:
2776:
1478:
Medieval French lyric poetry was indebted to the poetic and cultural traditions in
Southern France and
820:
167:
129:
56:
1926:
2340:
2266:
1218:
1191:(1177) – this romance uses a twelve-syllable verse and is the reason why this verse length is termed
464:
217:
1498:); in their turn, the Provençal poets were greatly influenced by poetic traditions from the Hispano-
1181:
2325:
2294:
1584:
890:
704:
2225:, first published 1480–90, written perhaps in the early 15th century, and attributed variously to
1554:
2760:
1773:
and this figure would be championed by poetic rebels of the 19th century and 20th centuries (see
490:
265:
121:
1523:
1069:" (i.e. not Latin), but it is used to designate narrative poetry ("romance") usually written in
991:
261:
1203:
473:
18:
1629:
and other new secular forms of poetry and music (mostly anonymous, but with several pieces by
756:
for the Oxford text, the earliest version: several others exist, including an
Occitan version)
2502:
2379:
Edited and
Translated into Modern French by Ian Short. Paris: Livre de Poche, 1990. p. 12.
2311:
1993:
1734:
977:
938:
847:
342:
322:
233:
221:
1314:
1296:
1284:
1268:
1257:
1223:
1103:
1061:'s other two categories—the "Matter of Rome" and the "Matter of Britain"—concern the French
387:
as a literary form was a late phenomenon (in the late Middle Ages, many of the romances and
2319:
2301:
2290:
1794:
1789:
1762:
1672:
1648:
1566:
1455:
1381:
1321:
1187:
1046:
924:
910:
832:
117:
113:
2446:"Transgender mutation and the canon: Christine de Pizan's Livre de la Mutacion de Fortune"
287:
8:
2645:
2329:
1742:
1738:
1621:
in 1310 and 1314, a satire on abuses in the medieval church filled with medieval motets,
1438:
1426:
1110:
932:
917:
906:
434:. The choice of verse form was generally dictated by the genre. The Old French epics ("
350:
257:
198:
1537:
1463:
1168:
855:
672:
was first written down at a date very close to that of Pope Urban's call (1095) for the
369:
279:
202:
2543:
2473:
2282:
2226:
2011:
2005:
1748:
1708:
1678:
1399:
1192:
1087:
879:
825:
805:
745:
635:
516:
482:
416:
241:
125:
1769:
1720:
1161:
1011:
The adventures of one of the ancestors or descendants of an established hero was told.
391:
were converted into prose versions). The French language does not have a significant
2790:
2729:
2623:
2605:
2573:
2506:
2477:
2465:
2380:
2278:
2234:
2211:
1806:
1656:
1630:
1622:
1506:, from the word "trobar" (to find, to invent). Lyric poets in Old French are called "
1499:
1369:
1338:
1083:
863:
664:
560:
555:
435:
310:
271:
150:
44:
2561:
2535:
2498:
2457:
2357:
1979:
1970:
1906:
1888:
1829:
1607:
1590:
1560:
1495:
1421:
1229:
1051:
946:
885:
790:
718:
709:
689:
615:
577:
526:
505:
419:"). Verses could be combined in a variety of ways: blocks (of varying lengths) of
358:
334:
299:
283:
213:) during the period from the eleventh century to the end of the fifteenth century.
2434:"Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," Paris: Larousse, 1967, p. 36-37.
2418:"Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," Paris: Larousse, 1967, p. 36-37.
2723:
2262:
2202:
1626:
1617:
1364:
1326:
1139:
1004:
tended to be produced and incorporated into the existing literature in two ways:
954:
901:
703:
that date from the 12th to the 15th century. Not long after Jean Bodel (above),
365:
346:
338:
295:
253:
40:
2604:. Trans. Jeff Rider. Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts and Studies.
1775:
1761:, where she depicts in an autobiographical allegorical poem an early account of
1442:
novel would have an enormous impact on French literature up to the
Renaissance.
2461:
2402:"Tome 1: Des origines à la fin du XVIIIe siècle," Paris: Larousse, 1967, p. 16.
2286:
2274:
2270:
2062:
1892:
1733:
was a noble and head of one of the most powerful families in France during the
1691:
1652:
1518:. The "fin amors" tradition appears at roughly the same time in Europe as the
1459:
1413:
1395:" and its sections – a prose reworking of the Lancelot and Grail stories (1205)
1388:
1252:
1176:
658:
611:
538:
404:
400:
380:
330:
2800:
2577:
2469:
2445:
2137:
2090:
1896:
1853:
1751:
was one of the most prolific writers of her age. Her most famous work is the
1392:
1241:
1099:
970:
965:
673:
647:
396:
392:
373:
210:
146:
1572:
2565:
2147:
2142:
2131:
1910:
1883:
1515:
1430:
1082:
The most famous "romans" are those of the "Matter of
Britain" dealing with
1070:
726:
586:
478:
412:
408:
354:
1507:
1458:
is the most famous writers of "dits"; another notable author of "dits" is
216:
The material and cultural conditions in France and associated territories
2125:
2119:
1848:
1816:
1578:
1470:(celebrated for its illustrations) is also a work in the same tradition.
1406:
607:
531:
520:, divided medieval French narrative literature into three subject areas:
459:
388:
309:
The various dialects of Old French developed into what are recognised as
237:
2759:
1615:
by the earliest composers known by name) tendencies are apparent in the
1920:
1841:
1503:
1129:
1095:
1066:
1058:
810:
700:
564:
511:
318:
275:
206:
2547:
313:
today. Languages which developed from dialects of Old French include
155:
2491:
Krueger, Roberta (2013-01-28). Bennett, Judith; Karras, Ruth (eds.).
2258:
1859:
1519:
1491:
1210:
760:
589:
582:
486:
420:
364:
From 1340 to the beginning of the seventeenth century, a generalized
2128:– a mixed verse and prose form only found in "Aucassin et Nicolette"
1350:
1263:
2539:
2026:
1958:
1930:
1666:
1635:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1447:
1303:
1275:
871:
326:
291:
229:
1019:
As the genre matured, it began to borrow elements from the French
2705:
Lyrics of the Troubadours and Trouvères: An Anthology and History
2191:
2187:
2166:
2106:– a realistic, humorous, and even coarse satire of human failings
2058:
1947:
1824:
1811:
1644:
1345:
1333:
1122:
1091:
1076:
685:
676:; its plot may be seen as a glorification of the crusader ethos.
652:
623:
431:
2173:. Marie de France was also active in this genre, producing the
1662:
Selected French poets from the late 13th to the 15th centuries:
2746:
2197:
2175:
2109:
2071:
1757:, which is considered a foundational feminist text, along with
1198:
Important Byzantine and adventure romances of the 12th century
1135:
1118:
1028:
722:
598:
424:
2430:
Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds.
2414:
Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds.
2398:
Antoine Adam, Georges Lerminier, and Édouard Morot-Sir, eds.
2194:
and for the Renaissance short story ("conte" or "nouvelle").
2180:
2162:
2103:
1938:
1402:" – another prose reworking of the Lancelot and Grail stories
1236:
Important romances of Britain of the 12th and 13th centuries
1073:
1050:
Miniature from a manuscript of the Roman de la Rose (Oxford,
1023:
and the role of love became increasingly important. In some
619:
593:
428:
384:
379:
The vast majority of literary production in Old French is in
1054:, MS. Douce 195), folio 1r, portrait of Guillaume de Lorris.
471:
The best known of the early Old French saints' lives is the
407:. The most common metric lengths are the ten-syllable line (
2716:. Collection: Classiques Larousse. Paris: Larousse, 1975.
2650:
A History of Old French Literature from the Origins to 1300
1902:
Dramatic plays in French from the 12th and 13th centuries:
1727:
The last three poets on this list deserve further comment.
1246:
1143:
1114:
1102:(Celtic) legends. The most important of these writers was
2112:– generally a conversation among idiots ("sots"), full of
626:, or disputes between kings and their rebellious vassals.
2682:. Twayne's World Author Series. New York: Twayne, 1993.
2207:
2170:
2134:– a depiction of the Christian mysteries or Saint's lives
2113:
1996:(a chantefable) – a mixture of prose and lyrical passages
1870:
Discussions about the origins of non-religious theater (
1156:
Important "Matter of Rome" romances of the 12th century
2000:
Select list of plays from the 14th and 15th centuries:
345:(spoken in England after the Norman Conquest of 1066),
1437:
The most important romance of the 13th century is the
368:
became clearly distinguished from the other competing
2774:
2622:. Collection: La Pochothèque. Paris: Fayard, 1992.
1953:
Non-dramatic plays from the 12th and 13th centuries:
1655:; for more on music in the period after Machaut, see
581:("songs of exploits" or "songs of (heroic) deeds"),
302:
was spoken in the South, and Germanic languages and
2200:was also written during this period, including the
1502:world. The Occitan or Provençal poets were called
1376:Important romances of the 13th and 14th centuries:
1065:
or "roman". The term "roman" signifies, roughly, "
963:A fourth grouping, not listed by Bertrand, is the
729:. This is a list of the cycles with a few of the
228:" and, for over the next hundred years, writers, "
2770:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 110–154.
2620:Dictionnaire des lettres françaises: Le Moyen Age
2025:(1464–1469) – this play had a great influence on
668:in Spain). It is perhaps no coincidence that the
2798:
1895:(patron saint of the student clercs) play and a
2570:Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes
2010:Le Dit des quatre offices de l'ostel du roy –
2004:La Farce de maître Trubert et d'Antrongnard –
575:The first of these is the subject area of the
2725:Lyrics of the Middle Ages : an anthology
1877:Most historians place the origin of medieval
175:
2693:Akehurst, F.R.P. and Judith M. Davis, eds.
2526:Wilson, Katharina (Autumn 1985). "Reviews".
1090:, the heroic legend of the doomed utopia of
973:and its immediate aftermath, and including:
2618:Hasenohr, Geneviève and Michel Zink, eds.
2602:Medieval French Literature: An Introduction
26:, the most famous epic of French literature
2757:
2560:
2214:appear in the personification of a horse.
1128:Sometimes linked with the "roman" are the
1079:and telling stories of chivalry and love.
182:
168:
2252:
2186:Related to the fable was the more bawdy "
2019:Bien Avisé et mal avisé (morality) (1439)
1923:– written in octosyllabic rhymed couplets
2707:. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1983.
2497:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
2261:, of which the most famous are those of
2239:
2099:practiced in the Middle Ages in France:
2049:La Farce nouvelle du pâté et de la tarte
1045:
423:(occasionally rhymed) lines are called "
17:
2639:. Sitges: Cole & Contreras, 2005.
2490:
2297:(on the troubles of the 15th century).
2032:Le Franc archer de Bagnolet (1468–1473)
1785:used by medieval French poets include:
1766:as men to be scribes and illuminators.
1494:region—where "langue d'oc" was spoken (
496:
2799:
2728:, New York : Garland Pub., 1990.
2525:
2503:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.031
2289:(on the wars of the 14th century) and
1372:(late 12th century/early 13th century)
1098:. Much of this material derives from
629:The oldest and most celebrated of the
510:At the beginning of the 13th century,
415:) and the twelve-syllable line (the "
197:is, for the purpose of this article,
2443:
2310:, the earliest version of which was
2528:Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature
2156:
1569:(Richard Coeur de Lion) (1157–1199)
13:
2152:Sermon Joyeux – a burlesque sermon
2023:La Farce de maître Pierre Pathelin
1759:Le Livre de la mutation de fortune
14:
2823:
2739:
2566:"Christine de Pizan in her study"
2437:
2041:L'Homme pécheur (morality) (1494)
1563:(second half of the 12th century)
446:("roman") was usually written in
440:ten-syllable assonanced "laisses"
2784:
2745:
2667:. New York: Haskell House, 1951.
2122:– a play with a pastoral setting
1533:of the 12th and 13th centuries:
1280:Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart
427:"; another frequent form is the
2697:. Berkeley: U of Calif., 1995.
2534:(2). University of Tulsa: 291.
1473:
226:Renaissance of the 12th century
2722:Wilhelm, James J., (editor),
2554:
2519:
2484:
2421:
2405:
2389:
2370:
1633:who would coin the expression
824:, whose central character was
453:
1:
2752:Medieval literature of France
2695:A Handbook of the Troubadours
2588:
2183:) series of fables in verse.
1695:
1682:
1594:
1541:
1354:
1292:Yvain, the Knight of the Lion
837:
795:
780:
765:
750:
640:
2307:Grandes Chroniques de France
2223:The Fifteen Joys of Marriage
1976:Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion
1038:
448:octosyllabic rhymed couplets
438:") are generally written in
411:), the eight-syllable line (
290:. The Western peninsula of
156:French literature Wikisource
7:
2758:Saintsbury, George (1911).
2714:Poésie lyrique au Moyen Age
2353:Allegory in the Middle Ages
2346:
2273:of 1204 and the capture of
650:of France (comparable with
639:(earliest version composed
618:and their wars against the
546:in an ancient setting (see
247:
220:unleashed what the scholar
10:
2828:
2807:Medieval French literature
2462:10.1057/s41280-020-00197-2
2444:Gutt, Blake (2020-12-01).
2210:of humanity by making the
1978:(a pastourelle) (1288) –
1865:
1754:Book of the City of Ladies
1651:. (For more on music, see
1425:("Romance of the Rose") –
821:Geste de Garin de Monglane
713:set out a grouping of the
695:Approximately one hundred
503:
372:. This is referred to as
251:
195:Medieval French literature
2761:"French Literature"
2646:Holmes Jr., Urban Tigner
2267:Geoffroy de Villehardouin
1963:Courtois d'Arras (c.1228)
1950:and Latin comic theater.
1909:(1150–1160) – written in
1214:– Aimon de Varenne (1188)
1033:Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
950:(end of the 12th century)
942:(end of the 12th century)
725:chief, or the defence of
602:. More than one hundred
465:Canticle of Saint Eulalie
306:were spoken in the East.
68:French literary history
2363:
2335:
2326:William of Santo Stefano
2295:Enguerrand de Monstrelet
2219:Les XV joies de mariage
1984:Le Jeu du Pèlerin (1288)
1585:Theobald IV of Champagne
1222:– sometimes ascribed to
891:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
705:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
270:Up to roughly 1340, the
2767:Encyclopædia Britannica
2701:(in English and French)
2680:Medieval French Romance
2328:wrote a history of the
2087:Confrérie de la Passion
1957:Le Dit de l'herberie –
1927:Le Miracle de Théophile
1917:Le Jeu de Saint Nicolas
1520:Cult of the Virgin Mary
1466:'s allegorical romance
1429:(around 1225–1237) and
646:), seen by some as the
442:, while the chivalric
266:Anglo-Norman literature
2432:Littérature française.
2416:Littérature française.
2400:Littérature française.
2253:History and chronicles
2249:
2016:Miracles de Notre Dame
1988:Le Garçon et l'aveugle
1731:Charles, duc d'Orléans
1715:Charles, duc d'Orléans
1219:Guillaume d'Angleterre
1204:Flore and Blanchefleur
1182:Benoît de Sainte-Maure
1055:
585:typically composed in
485:, written probably at
109:Literature by country
27:
2377:La Chanson de Roland.
2312:Primat of Saint-Denis
2304:. The result was the
2244:A page from Primat's
2243:
1994:Aucassin et Nicolette
1567:Richard the Lionheart
1555:Le Châtelain de Couci
1142:, many of which have
1049:
939:Les quatre fils Aymon
848:Couronnement de Louis
733:that belong to each:
659:Song of the Nibelungs
383:; the development of
298:, a Celtic language.
222:Charles Homer Haskins
21:
2754:at Wikimedia Commons
2703:Goldin, Frederick.
2600:Zink, Michel. 1995.
2341:Philippe de Mézières
2318:, presented to King
2302:Abbey of Saint-Denis
2291:Philippe de Commines
1967:Le Jeu de la feuillé
1891:in Latin, such as a
1763:gender transitioning
1673:Guillaume de Machaut
1649:Guillaume de Machaut
1524:Provençal literature
1456:Guillaume de Machaut
1382:Chastelaine de Vergy
1322:Romance of the Grail
1146:themes and origins.
992:Chanson de JĂ©rusalem
925:Girart de Roussillon
911:Girart de Roussillon
833:Chanson de Guillaume
376:("moyen français").
262:Provençal literature
218:around the year 1100
2665:The Old French Epic
2330:Knights Hospitaller
2029:in the 16th century
1835:Chanson de croisade
1743:Louis XII of France
1739:Battle of Agincourt
1439:Romance of the Rose
1427:Guillaume de Lorris
1111:Alexander the Great
1106:(twelfth century).
1031:appears, as in the
1027:an element of self-
969:, dealing with the
933:Renaud de Montauban
918:Gormond et Isembart
907:Renaud de Montauban
662:in Germany and the
474:Vie de saint Alexis
405:number of syllables
258:Languages of France
199:Medieval literature
2663:Crosland, Jesse.
2656:Chanson de geste:
2283:Louis IX of France
2250:
2227:Antoine de la Sale
2206:, which mocks the
2068:Enfants sans Souci
2045:La Farce du cuvier
2035:Moralité (1486) –
2012:Eustache Deschamps
2006:Eustache Deschamps
1749:Christine de Pizan
1737:. Captured in the
1735:Hundred Years' War
1709:Christine de Pizan
1679:Eustache Deschamps
1643:secular music and
1575:(active 1180–1213)
1468:CĹ“ur d'amour Ă©pris
1400:Post-Vulgate Cycle
1315:Chrétien de Troyes
1310:Story of the Grail
1297:Chrétien de Troyes
1285:Chrétien de Troyes
1269:Chrétien de Troyes
1258:Chrétien de Troyes
1224:Chrétien de Troyes
1104:Chrétien de Troyes
1088:Tristan and Iseult
1056:
978:Chanson d'Antioche
958:(mid 13th century)
880:Aymeri de Narbonne
806:Chanson de Saisnes
746:The Song of Roland
636:The Song of Roland
561:Arthurian romances
517:Chanson de Saisnes
483:St. Albans Psalter
395:(like English) or
311:regional languages
288:Provençal language
242:French Renaissance
234:Hundred Years' War
28:
2812:French literature
2750:Media related to
2678:Kelly, Douglas.
2562:Groag Bell, Susan
2512:978-0-19-958217-4
2385:978-2-253-05341-5
2279:Jean de Joinville
2235:bishop of Avignon
2217:The prose satire
2212:Seven Deadly Sins
2097:Genres of theater
1889:liturgical dramas
1838:Chanson courtoise
1657:Renaissance music
1631:Philippe de Vitry
1370:William the Clerk
1339:Thomas of Britain
1188:Roman d'Alexandre
1086:, the stories of
1084:Arthurian romance
1025:chansons de geste
826:William of Orange
715:chansons de geste
681:chansons de geste
631:chansons de geste
604:chansons de geste
578:chansons de geste
556:Matter of Britain
436:chansons de geste
272:Romance languages
192:
191:
24:Chanson de Roland
2819:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2763:
2749:
2721:
2712:
2702:
2692:
2677:
2662:
2644:
2635:Cole, William.
2634:
2617:
2599:
2582:
2581:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2374:
2358:Medieval theatre
2231:Gilles Bellemère
2161:A large body of
2157:Fable and satire
1980:Adam de la Halle
1971:Adam de la Halle
1832:("weaving song")
1830:Chanson de toile
1704:
1700:
1697:
1687:
1684:
1608:Guiot de Provins
1603:
1599:
1596:
1591:Adam de la Halle
1561:Blondel de Nesle
1550:
1546:
1543:
1538:Conon de BĂ©thune
1496:Occitan language
1464:René I of Naples
1422:Roman de la Rose
1359:
1356:
1230:Robert le Diable
1052:Bodleian Library
947:Raoul de Cambrai
886:Girart de Vienne
856:Charroi de Nîmes
842:
839:
800:
797:
791:Huon de Bordeaux
785:
782:
770:
767:
755:
752:
710:Girart de Vienne
690:Chanson de geste
656:in England, the
645:
642:
616:Charles the Bald
527:Matter of France
506:Chanson de geste
499:Chanson de Geste
304:Franco-Provençal
284:Occitan language
184:
177:
170:
158:
38:
30:
29:
22:A page from the
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2775:
2742:
2719:
2710:
2700:
2690:
2675:
2660:
2642:
2632:
2615:
2597:
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2586:
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2559:
2555:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2489:
2485:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2366:
2349:
2338:
2332:in Old French.
2322:in about 1274.
2263:Robert de Clari
2255:
2203:Roman de Fauvel
2159:
2116:and quidproquos
1937:The origins of
1872:théâtre profane
1868:
1770:François Villon
1721:François Villon
1702:
1698:
1685:
1618:Roman de Fauvel
1610:(d. after 1208)
1601:
1597:
1548:
1544:
1476:
1365:Roman de Fergus
1357:
1327:Robert de Boron
1162:Roman de Thèbes
1140:Marie de France
1044:
955:Doön de Mayence
902:Doon de Mayence
840:
798:
783:
768:
753:
643:
508:
502:
456:
366:French language
329:(theoretical),
268:
254:French language
252:Main articles:
250:
188:
154:
153:
144:
130:Franco-American
128:
120:
111:
91:
83:
75:
70:
39:
34:
12:
11:
5:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2809:
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2773:
2772:
2755:
2741:
2740:External links
2738:
2737:
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2669:
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2653:
2640:
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2583:
2564:(2008-06-10).
2553:
2540:10.2307/463703
2518:
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2456:(4): 451–458.
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2316:Roman des rois
2287:Jean Froissart
2275:Constantinople
2271:Fourth crusade
2254:
2251:
2246:Roman des rois
2158:
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2063:Morality plays
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1612:
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1531:trouvère poets
1475:
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1460:Gautier le Leu
1435:
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1414:Gui de Warewic
1410:
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1389:Lancelot-Grail
1385:
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1253:Erec and Enide
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1180:(1154–1173) –
1177:Roman de Troie
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1138:of Britain by
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864:Prise d'Orange
860:
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844:
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814:
802:
787:
772:
757:
670:Song of Roland
612:Charles Martel
592:(occasionally
573:
572:
551:
539:Matter of Rome
534:
504:Main article:
501:
495:
477:, the life of
455:
452:
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205:(particularly
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2734:0-8240-7049-6
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2718:
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2689:
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2687:
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2673:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2631:
2629:
2628:2-253-05662-6
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2595:
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2579:
2575:
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2522:
2514:
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2500:
2496:
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2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:(both on the
2268:
2264:
2260:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
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2220:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:Morality play
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:Mystery plays
2088:
2085:
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2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:Clercs de la
2056:
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1995:
1992:
1989:
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1981:
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1968:
1965:
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1956:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1907:Le Jeu d'Adam
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1897:Saint Stephen
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1861:
1858:
1856:("dawn poem")
1855:
1852:
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1847:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1828:
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1423:
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1411:
1409:
1408:
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1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:Vulgate Cycle
1390:
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1379:
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1367:
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1169:Roman d'Enéas
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987:
986:
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979:
975:
974:
972:
971:First Crusade
968:
967:
966:Crusade cycle
962:
957:
956:
952:
949:
948:
944:
941:
940:
935:
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927:
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788:
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728:
724:
720:
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712:
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693:
691:
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682:
679:The earliest
677:
675:
674:First Crusade
671:
667:
666:
665:Lay of el Cid
661:
660:
655:
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648:national epic
638:
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632:
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530:or Matter of
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518:
513:
507:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
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469:
467:
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461:
460:saints' lives
451:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
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406:
402:
398:
394:
393:stress accent
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
374:Middle French
371:
370:OĂŻl languages
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
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323:Franc-Comtois
320:
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277:
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135:
132:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
54:
51:
50:
47:
46:
42:
37:
32:
31:
25:
20:
16:
2765:
2724:
2720:(in English)
2713:
2704:
2694:
2691:(in English)
2685:
2679:
2676:(in English)
2670:
2664:
2661:(in English)
2655:
2649:
2643:(in English)
2636:
2633:(in English)
2619:
2601:
2598:(in English)
2592:
2569:
2556:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2493:
2486:
2453:
2450:Postmedieval
2449:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2339:
2324:
2315:
2305:
2299:
2256:
2245:
2222:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2196:
2185:
2174:
2160:
2148:Passion play
2143:Miracle play
2132:Mystery play
2096:
2095:
2052:
1999:
1952:
1942:
1936:
1911:octosyllabic
1901:
1884:Mystery play
1882:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1783:Poetic forms
1782:
1781:
1776:Poète maudit
1774:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1747:
1729:
1726:
1723:(1431–1465?)
1661:
1640:
1634:
1616:
1613:
1530:
1528:
1516:courtly love
1512:
1477:
1474:Lyric poetry
1467:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1431:Jean de Meun
1420:
1412:
1405:
1380:
1375:
1363:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1302:
1290:
1274:
1262:
1251:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1217:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1134:, narrative
1130:
1127:
1108:
1081:
1071:octosyllabic
1057:
1040:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1001:
999:
990:
983:
976:
964:
953:
945:
937:
931:
923:
916:
899:
884:
878:
870:
862:
854:
846:
831:
819:
804:
789:
774:
759:
744:
739:Geste du roi
738:
730:
727:Christianity
714:
708:
699:survive, in
696:
694:
680:
678:
669:
663:
657:
651:
634:
630:
628:
603:
597:
587:ten-syllable
576:
574:
568:
554:
547:
537:
525:
515:
509:
498:
491:Anglo-Norman
479:Saint Alexis
472:
470:
463:
457:
447:
439:
413:octosyllable
409:decasyllable
378:
363:
355:Saintongeais
343:Anglo-Norman
308:
269:
224:termed the "
215:
194:
193:
145:
141:
122:Postcolonial
112:
108:
97:Contemporary
93:20th century
89:19th century
85:18th century
81:17th century
77:16th century
72:
71:
67:
35:
33:
23:
15:
2711:(in French)
2616:(in French)
2428:(in French)
2412:(in French)
2396:(in French)
2126:Chantefable
2120:Pastourelle
2037:Henri Baude
1990:(1266–1282)
1849:Chant royal
1817:Pastourelle
1803:Dits moraux
1797:(or Rondel)
1717:(1394–1465)
1711:(1364–1430)
1703: 1430
1699: 1392
1686: 1406
1675:(1300–1377)
1602: 1288
1598: 1240
1587:(1201–1253)
1579:Colin Muset
1549: 1219
1545: 1150
1504:troubadours
1482:—including
1448:allegorical
1433:(1266–1277)
1417:(1232–1242)
1407:Perceforest
1358: 1190
1341:(1155–1178)
1329:(1191–1201)
1193:alexandrine
1131:Breton lais
985:Les Chétifs
928:(1160–1170)
893:(1190–1217)
841: 1100
799: 1216
784: 1190
769: 1170
754: 1098
717:into three
701:manuscripts
644: 1098
608:Charlemagne
565:Breton lais
532:Charlemagne
454:Early texts
417:alexandrine
315:Bourguignon
238:Black Death
201:written in
2801:Categories
2791:Literature
2610:0866981632
2589:References
2320:Philip III
2281:(on Saint
2259:chronicles
2089:(Paris) –
2070:(Paris) –
2061:(Paris) –
1921:Jean Bodel
1842:Rotrouenge
1821:Complainte
1701: – c.
1600: – c.
1573:Gace Brulé
1547: – c.
1490:, and the
1096:Holy Grail
1067:vernacular
1059:Jean Bodel
811:Jean Bodel
590:assonanced
583:epic poems
512:Jean Bodel
421:assonanced
319:Champenois
276:Old French
209:and early
207:Old French
151:Literature
45:Literature
2593:General:
2578:2115-6360
2478:234533118
2470:2040-5979
1969:(1275) –
1860:Jeu parti
1529:Selected
1508:trouvères
1492:Aquitaine
1211:Florimont
900:Geste de
776:Aspremont
761:Fierabras
514:, in his
493:dialect.
487:St Albans
230:jongleurs
2686:Poetry:
2347:See also
2248:(c.1274)
2179:(Little
2027:Rabelais
1959:Rutebeuf
1933:(c.1265)
1931:Rutebeuf
1669:(d.1285)
1667:Rutebeuf
1645:chansons
1641:ars nova
1636:Ars nova
1627:rondeaux
1557:(d.1203)
1488:Poitiers
1484:Toulouse
1480:Provence
1450:dreams (
1304:Perceval
1276:Lancelot
1094:and the
1077:couplets
1002:chansons
872:Aliscans
731:chansons
697:chansons
624:Saracens
544:romances
351:Poitevin
327:Francien
292:Brittany
248:Language
236:and the
142:Portals
73:Medieval
41:Language
2671:Roman:
2192:Chaucer
2188:fabliau
2167:Reynard
2083:(Rouen)
2081:Conards
2076:Sotties
2059:Basoche
1948:Plautus
1866:Theater
1825:Chanson
1812:Virelai
1795:Rondeau
1790:Ballade
1462:. King
1346:Tristan
1334:Tristan
1307:or the
1136:ballads
1123:Oedipus
1092:Camelot
1063:romance
867:(1150?)
707:in his
686:Saracen
653:Beowulf
599:laisses
462:. The
444:romance
432:couplet
425:laisses
359:Walloon
335:Lorrain
300:Catalan
278:") or "
53:Authors
2777:Portal
2732:
2626:
2608:
2576:
2548:463703
2546:
2509:
2476:
2468:
2383:
2198:Satire
2176:Ysopet
2163:fables
2110:Sottie
2072:Farces
1899:play.
1681:(1346-
1452:songes
1391:" or "
1351:BĂ©roul
1317:(1185)
1299:(1180)
1287:(1164)
1278:" or "
1271:(1162)
1264:Cligès
1172:(1160)
1144:Celtic
1119:Aeneid
1117:, the
1100:Breton
1074:rhymed
1029:parody
875:(1165)
859:(1140)
851:(1130)
813:(1200)
801:–1268)
786:–1200)
723:feudal
719:cycles
594:rhymed
571:below)
550:below)
429:rhymed
347:Picard
339:Norman
296:Breton
294:spoke
264:, and
147:France
118:Quebec
114:France
36:French
2544:JSTOR
2474:S2CID
2364:Notes
2336:Other
2181:Aesop
2104:Farce
1943:comic
1939:farce
1879:drama
1800:Ditié
1398:The "
1387:The "
1041:Roman
1021:roman
620:Moors
569:roman
567:(see
548:roman
401:short
389:epics
385:prose
381:verse
331:Gallo
126:Haiti
2730:ISBN
2624:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2574:ISSN
2507:ISBN
2466:ISSN
2381:ISBN
2293:and
2265:and
2233:the
2208:sins
2169:the
2114:puns
2074:and
1941:and
1854:Aube
1647:was
1623:lais
1500:Arab
1247:Wace
1242:Brut
1121:and
1115:Troy
1039:The
1000:New
909:and
898:The
883:and
818:The
737:The
622:and
614:and
553:the
536:the
524:the
497:The
399:and
397:long
357:and
43:and
2648:.
2536:doi
2499:doi
2458:doi
2314:'s
2285:),
2277:),
2171:Fox
1807:Lai
1779:).
1659:).
936:or
889:by
809:by
633:is
2803::
2764:.
2572:.
2568:.
2542:.
2530:.
2505:.
2472:.
2464:.
2454:11
2452:.
2448:.
2229:,
1929:–
1919:–
1745:.
1696:c.
1683:c.
1625:,
1595:c.
1542:c.
1526:.
1486:,
1368:–
1355:c.
1349:–
1337:–
1325:–
1313:–
1295:–
1283:–
1267:–
1256:–
1245:–
1113:,
1035:.
913:.
838:c.
796:c.
781:c.
766:c.
751:c.
692:.
641:c.
610:,
596:)
563:,
559:–
542:–
450:.
361:.
353:,
349:,
341:,
337:,
333:,
325:,
321:,
317:,
260:,
256:,
244:.
149:•
124:•
116:•
95:•
87:•
79:•
55:•
2779::
2612:.
2580:.
2550:.
2538::
2532:4
2515:.
2501::
2480:.
2460::
2221:(
1705:)
1694:(
1688:)
1604:)
1593:(
1551:)
1540:(
1360:)
1353:(
843:)
836:(
794:(
779:(
771:)
764:(
749:(
183:e
176:t
169:v
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