314:
effects of the Earth's atmosphere, but also instruments on ground-based observatories are used whenever possible. Scientific work is done in four major research areas that are supervised by one of the directors, respectively: optical and interpretative astronomy (Bender), infrared and sub-millimeter/millimeter astronomy (Genzel), high-energy astrophysics (Nandra), and in the Centre for
Astrochemical Studies (Caselli). Within these areas scientists lead individual experiments and research projects organised in about 25 project teams. The research topics pursued at MPE range from the physics of cosmic plasmas and of stars to the physics and chemistry of interstellar matter, from star formation and nucleosynthesis to extragalactic astrophysics and cosmology.
188:
this department into a sub-institute of the Max Planck
Institute for Physics and Astrophysics on May 15, 1963. Professor Lüst was appointed director of the institute. Another Senate resolution on March 8, 1991, finally established MPE as an autonomous institute within the Max Planck Society. It is dedicated to the experimental and theoretical exploration of the space outside of Earth as well as astrophysical phenomena. A continuous reorientation to new, promising fields of research and the appointment of new members ensures steady advancement.
216:
1980, because of a burning instability in the first stage of the launch rocket. The same fate was to overtake the four satellites of the CLUSTER-Mission on June 4, 1996, when the first Ariane 5 was launched. This time the disaster was attributed to an error in the rocket's software. The most recent loss was "ABRIXAS", an X-ray satellite built by industry under the leadership of MPE. After few hours in orbit, a malfunction of the power system caused the total loss of the satellite.
298:
67:
this department into a sub-institute of the Max-Planck-Institute for
Physics and Astrophysics on May 15, 1963. Professor Lüst was appointed director of the institute. Another Senate resolution on March 8, 1991, finally established MPE as an autonomous institute within the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. It is dedicated to the experimental and theoretical exploration of the space outside of Earth as well as astrophysical phenomena.
192:
students). It is noteworthy that permanent positions at the institute have not increased since 1973 - despite its celebrated scientific achievements. The increasingly complex tasks and international obligations have been mainly maintained by staff members with positions having limited duration and funded by external organizations.
58:. The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics was founded as sub-institute in 1963. The scientific activities of the institute are mostly devoted to astrophysics with telescopes orbiting in space. A large amount of the resources are spent for studying black holes in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the remote universe.
203:
Another field of research also became important: astrophysical observations of electromagnetic radiation which could not be observed from the surface of the Earth because the wavelengths are such that the radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. These observations and inferences therefrom are
211:
New observation techniques using satellites has necessitated the recording, processing and accessible storage of high data fluxes over long periods of time. This demanding task is performed by a data processing group, which has grown quickly in the last decade. Special data centers were established
199:
During the early years, the scientific work at the
Institute concentrated on the investigation of extraterrestrial plasmas and the magnetosphere of the Earth. This work was performed with measurements of particles and electromagnetic fields as well as a specially developed ion-cloud technique using
195:
Because the institute has assumed a leading position in astronomy internationally, it has attracted guest scientists throughout the world. The number of long-term guests increased from 12 in 1974 to a maximum of 72 in 2000. In recent years MPE has hosted an average of about 50 guest scientists each
215:
Besides the many successes, there have also been disappointments. The malfunctioning of the Ariane carrier rockets on test launches in 1980 and 1996 were particularly bitter setbacks. The satellite "Firewheel", in which many members of the
Institute had invested years of work, was lost on May 23,
187:
The Max Planck
Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) was preceded by the department for extraterrestrial Physics in the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics. This department was established by Professor Reimar Lüst on October 23, 1961. A Max-Planck Senate resolution transformed
66:
The Max-Planck-Institute for extraterrestrial physics (MPE) was preceded by the department for extraterrestrial physics in the Max-Planck-Institute for physics and astrophysics. This department was established by
Professor Reimar Lüst on October 23, 1961. A Max-Planck Senate resolution transformed
313:
The institute was founded in 1963 as a sub-institute of the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und
Astrophysik and established as an independent institute in 1991. Its main research topics are astronomical observations in spectral regions which are only accessible from space because of the absorbing
317:
Many experiments of the Max Planck
Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) have to be carried out above the dense Earth's atmosphere using aircraft, rockets, satellites and space probes. In the early days experiments were also flown on balloons. To run advanced extraterrestrial physics and
341:
Scientific projects at the MPE are often the efforts of the different research departments to build, maintain, and use experiments and facilities which are needed by the many different scientific research interest at the institute. Apart from hardware projects, there are also projects that use
207:
Since the 1990s, satellites have become the preferred observation platforms because of their favorable observation-time/cost ratio. Nevertheless, high-flying observation airplanes and ground-based telescopes are also used to obtain data, especially for optical and near-infrared observations.
191:
Among the 29 employees of the
Institute when it was founded in 1963 were 9 scientists and 1 Ph.D. student. Twelve years later in 1975 the number of employees had grown to 180 with 55 scientists and 13 Ph.D. students, and today (status 2015) there are some 400 staff (130 scientists and 75 PhD
365:(VLT) in Chile to be interconnected by means of interferometry to form a virtual telescope with a diameter of 130 metres. The follow-up project GRAVITY Plus is currently being developed, which is expected to achieve an even sharper resolution thanks to a new system of
204:
the subject matter of infra-red astronomy as well as X-ray- and gamma-ray-astronomy. In addition to more than 100 rockets, an increasing number of high-altitude balloons (up to now more than 50; e.g. HEXE) have been used to carry experiments to high altitudes.
329:
Observers and experimenters perform their research work at the institute in close contact with each other. Their interaction while interpreting observations and propounding new hypotheses underlies the successful progress of the institute's research projects.
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318:
state-of-the-art experimental astrophysics, the institute continues to develop high-tech instrumentation in-house. This includes detectors, spectrometers, and cameras as well as telescopes and complete payloads (e.g.
1063:
1058:
333:
At the end of the year 2022 a total of 508 employees were working at the institute, numbering among them about 100 scientists, 60 junior scientists, 10 apprentices and 140 visiting researchers.
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326:) and even entire satellites (as in case of AMPTE and EQUATOR-S). For this purpose the technical and engineering departments are of particular importance for the institute's research work.
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729:
844:
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644:
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115:
1990 Joachim Trümper together with the MPI for Physics (MPP) founds the semiconductor laboratory as a joint project between the MPE and the MPP (since 2012 operated by the MPG)
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899:
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714:
20:
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689:
1144:
1073:
544:
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270:
Deep observations of the extragalactic X-ray sky with ROSAT, XMM-Newton and Chandra and resolving the background radiation into individual sources (since 1998)
804:
799:
704:
864:
914:
894:
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624:
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884:
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Desert and is planned to be finished by 2027, MPE is developing the first-light instrument MICADO (Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations).
1139:
989:
854:
789:
769:
719:
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394:(extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array), the main instrument of the Russian X-ray gamma-ray satellite Spektr-RG launched from
258:
The first detection of water-molecule lines in an expanding shell of a star using the Fabry-Perot spectrometer on board the ISO satellite (1996)
1099:
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779:
674:
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1004:
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2001 The "International Max-Planck- Research School on Astrophysics" (IMPRS) is opened by MPE, MPA, ESO, MPP and the universities of Munich
774:
969:
809:
794:
669:
994:
959:
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The measurement of the element- and isotope-composition of the solar wind by the CELIAS experiment on board the SOHO satellite (1996)
979:
934:
659:
302:
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First gamma-ray sky map in the energy range 3 to 10 MeV as measured with the imaging Compton telescope COMPTEL on board CGRO (1994)
954:
684:
387:
The ERIS (Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph) infrared camera will replace the NACO and SINFONI instruments at the VLT.
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829:
1109:
649:
639:
55:
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814:
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Measurement of the magnetic field of the neutron star Her-X1 using the cyclotron line emission (balloon experiments 1978)
964:
694:
679:
634:
119:
1104:
924:
588:
342:
archival data and are not necessarily connected to a new instrument. A brief overview of the most recent projects.
51:
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473:
447:
413:
125:
2000 G. Morfill together with the IPP founds the "Center for Interdisciplinary Plasma Science" (CIPS) (until 2004)
520:
1421:
246:
The first map of the X-ray sky as measured with the imaging X-ray telescope on board the ROSAT satellite (1993)
134:
2002 Ralf Bender becomes scientific member and director at the institute (optical and interpretative astronomy)
1309:
614:
1025:
1426:
231:
The first map of the galactic gamma-ray emission ( > 70 MeV) as measured with the satellite COS-B (1978)
581:
1384:
377:
350:, which has been launched in July 2023 and from which researchers hope to gain new insights into
1255:
273:
Confirmation that a supermassive black hole resides at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy (2002)
35:
1377:
1333:
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Determining the energy source for ultraluminous infrared galaxies with the satellite ISO (1998)
252:
The plasma-crystal experiment and its successors on the International Space Station (1996–2013)
152:
131:
2001 Günther Hasinger becomes scientific member and director at the institute (X-ray astronomy)
95:
1975 Joachim Trümper becomes director and scientific member at the institute (X-ray astronomy)
178:
becomes scientific member and director at the institute (infrared-/submillimeter astronomy)
362:
1315:
219:
Over the years, however, the history of MPE is primarily a story of scientific successes.
148:
becomes scientific member and director at the institute (Center for Astrochemical Studies)
8:
395:
347:
122:
founds the "UCB-MPG Center for International Exchange in Astrophysics and Space Science"
1273:
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604:
79:
1963 Foundation as a sub-institute within the MPI für Physik und Astrophysik; director
31:
1031:
Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
288:
Resolving the cosmic infrared background into individual galaxies with Herschel (2011)
1357:
89:
499:
1398:
1351:
1202:
370:
175:
228:
Exploration of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere by means of ion clouds (1963–1985)
141:
becomes scientific member and director at the institute (high-energy astrophysics)
85:
1969 Klaus Pinkau becomes director at the institute (cosmic rays, gamma-astronomy)
1339:
1303:
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366:
285:
Determining the gas content of normal galaxies in the early universe (since 2010)
156:
109:
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1208:
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414:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120609132517/http://www.mpia.de/Public/menu-e.php
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Reconstruction of the evolution history of stars in elliptical galaxies (2005)
80:
1415:
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546:
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98:
1981 The MPE X-ray test facility "Panter" located in Neuried starts operation
398:
in July 2019, the first complete sky survey in the X-ray range was achieved.
112:
becomes director and scientific member at the institute (infrared astronomy)
1321:
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Stellar disks rotating around the black hole in the Andromeda galaxy (2005)
297:
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50:
split up into the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the
267:
Detection of gamma-ray line emission (Ti) from supernova remnants (1998)
477:
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First detection of X-ray emission from comets and planets (1996, 2001)
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The GRAVITY instrument enables the four 8-metre telescopes at the
391:
323:
43:
105:
becomes director and scientific member at the institute (theory)
39:
276:
Detection of a binary active galactic nucleus in X-rays (2003)
19:
319:
306:
243:
Numerical simulation of a collision-free shock wave (1990)
408:
418:
380:(E-ELT), which is currently being built in the Chilean
466:
75:
Major events in the history of the institute include:
237:
Experimental proof of the reconnection process (1979)
358:, the institute contributed the NISP optical system.
92:becomes director at the institute (plasma physics)
48:Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics
28:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
1413:
1145:Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
500:"Agreement Signed for MICADO Camera for E-ELT"
442:
440:
438:
589:
521:"Active, Past and Future Projects at the MPE"
840:Comparative Public Law and International Law
513:
435:
596:
582:
1084:Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics
845:Comparative and International Private Law
296:
222:
18:
730:Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity
1414:
603:
740:Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
577:
56:Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
1432:Astronomy institutes and departments
1120:Foreign and International Social Law
1064:Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences
240:The artificial comet (AMPTE 1984/85)
690:Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
424:http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html
182:
13:
700:Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
378:European Extremely Large Telescope
292:
212:for the large satellite projects.
14:
1453:
402:
120:University of California Berkeley
118:2000 R. Genzel together with the
715:Study of Crime, Security and Law
52:Max Planck Institute for Physics
1059:Molecular and Cellular Biology
735:Dynamics and Self-Organization
492:
474:"History of the MPE: Overview"
373:and an extended field of view.
1:
805:Immunobiology and Epigenetics
765:Friedrich Miescher Laboratory
429:
850:Social Law and Social Policy
705:Research on Collective Goods
7:
1437:Physics research institutes
1310:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
865:Mathematics in the Sciences
336:
70:
10:
1458:
1386:Max Planck Digital Library
1115:Experimental Endocrinology
1026:Ernst Strüngmann Institute
950:Molecular Plant Physiology
920:Physics of Complex Systems
915:Chemical Physics of Solids
895:Multidisciplinary Sciences
835:Tax Law and Public Finance
820:Innovation and Competition
750:Chemical Energy Conversion
61:
1373:
1218:
1153:
1092:
1039:
1018:
625:Evolutionary Anthropology
613:
16:German research institute
1135:Physics and Astrophysics
930:Extraterrestrial Physics
900:Neurobiology of Behavior
885:Terrestrial Microbiology
800:Science of Human History
159:for his research on the
1054:Heart and Lung Research
945:Plant Breeding Research
785:Heart and Lung Research
710:Colloids and Interfaces
665:Biological Intelligence
1379:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
1334:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1140:Psychological Research
890:Microstructure Physics
855:European Legal History
760:Neuroscience (Florida)
720:Biological Cybernetics
650:Art History (Florence)
348:EUCLID space telescope
310:
153:Nobel Prize in Physics
23:
1422:Max Planck Institutes
1100:Behavioral Physiology
1019:Associated institutes
1010:Sustainable Materials
1000:Solar System Research
780:Gravitational Physics
770:Fritz Haber Institute
675:Molecular Biomedicine
560:48.26167°N 11.67167°E
409:http://www.mpe.mpg.de
301:Agreement Signed for
300:
223:Selected achievements
163:at the centre of the
22:
1442:Garching bei München
1256:Georges J. F. Köhler
1049:Evolutionary Biology
1005:Solid State Research
985:Security and Privacy
940:Molecular Physiology
755:Evolutionary Biology
725:Demographic Research
480:on 16 September 2011
454:on 16 September 2011
448:"History of the MPE"
419:http://www.nasa.gov/
363:Very Large Telescope
1427:Education in Munich
880:Marine Microbiology
825:Intelligent Systems
630:Social Anthropology
556: /
1274:Johann Deisenhofer
1262:Klaus von Klitzing
1079:Organismal Biology
990:Study of Societies
790:History of Science
775:Molecular Genetics
645:Art History (Rome)
606:Max Planck Society
565:48.26167; 11.67167
311:
200:sounding rockets.
32:Max Planck Society
24:
1409:
1408:
1316:Theodor W. Hänsch
1093:Former institutes
1069:Molecular Biology
970:Psycholinguistics
810:Infection Biology
795:Human Development
670:Biology of Ageing
376:For the 39-metre
371:laser guide stars
90:Gerhard Haerendel
1449:
1401:
1400:Schloss Ringberg
1394:
1387:
1380:
1352:Klaus Hasselmann
1203:Martin Stratmann
1042:research schools
995:Software Systems
960:Polymer Research
910:Science of Light
870:Medical Research
745:Chemical Ecology
617:
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598:
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523:. Archived from
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476:. Archived from
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450:. Archived from
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183:Detailed history
176:Frank Eisenhauer
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1340:Reinhard Genzel
1304:Paul J. Crutzen
1219:Nobel laureates
1214:
1167:Adolf Butenandt
1149:
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1041:
1035:
1014:
980:Radio Astronomy
935:Nuclear Physics
660:Biogeochemistry
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367:adaptive optics
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293:Scientific work
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157:Reinhard Genzel
110:Reinhard Genzel
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30:is part of the
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1328:Stefan W. Hell
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1286:Hartmut Michel
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1209:Patrick Cramer
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1185:Hans F. Zacher
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1016:
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1007:
1002:
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987:
982:
977:
975:Quantum Optics
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967:
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955:Plasma Physics
952:
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685:Brain Research
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527:on 27 May 2012
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403:External links
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46:. In 1991 the
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1074:Neurosciences
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1322:Gerhard Ertl
1292:Bert Sakmann
1280:Robert Huber
1238:Feodor Lynen
1232:Karl Ziegler
1211:(since 2023)
1191:Hubert Markl
1125:Neurobiology
1110:Cell Biology
929:
655:Biochemistry
640:Astrophysics
541:
529:. Retrieved
525:the original
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505:21 September
503:. Retrieved
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482:. Retrieved
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1268:Ernst Ruska
1205:(2014–2023)
1199:(2002–2014)
1197:Peter Gruss
1193:(1996–2002)
1187:(1990–1996)
1181:(1984–1990)
1179:Heinz Staab
1175:(1972–1984)
1173:Reimar Lüst
1169:(1960–1972)
1163:(1948–1960)
1130:Ornithology
905:Ornithology
875:Meteorology
860:Mathematics
815:Informatics
563: /
356:dark energy
352:dark matter
305:Camera for
81:Reimar Lüst
1416:Categories
1154:Presidents
965:Psychiatry
680:Biophysics
616:Institutes
551:11°40′18″E
548:48°15′42″N
430:References
161:black hole
1161:Otto Hahn
695:Chemistry
635:Astronomy
165:Milky Way
396:Baikonur
346:For the
337:Projects
71:Timeline
54:and the
36:Garching
1105:Biology
925:Physics
531:13 June
484:13 June
458:13 June
392:eROSITA
382:Atacama
324:eROSITA
62:History
44:Germany
38:, near
1366:(2023)
1360:(2022)
1354:(2021)
1348:(2021)
1342:(2020)
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1228:(1954)
303:MICADO
196:year.
40:Munich
390:With
320:ROSAT
307:E-ELT
174:2023
151:2020
144:2014
137:2010
108:1986
101:1985
88:1972
533:2012
507:2015
486:2012
460:2012
354:and
322:and
155:for
26:The
1418::
437:^
369:,
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597:e
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