901:
commanded,". Without public access to the advisory, it is obviously impossible to comment in detail. Even if it did describe a real intrusion, there is a plausible "no attack" explanation for ROSAT's failure, and the report is claimed to link the two incidents as no more than "coincident." However, NASA officials in charge of the day-to-day operations of the ROSAT mission at
Goddard, including GSFC Rosat Project Scientist Rob Petre, say definitively that no such incident occurred. Talleur's information appears to have come from one of his interns who exaggerated a hacking incident on an office computer not related to flight operations.
917:
101:
36:
670:
627:
583:
528:. ROSAT was capable of fast slews (180 deg. in ~15 min.) which makes it possible to observe two targets on opposite hemispheres during each orbit. The pointing accuracy was 1 arcminute with stability less than 5 arcsec per sec and jitter radius of ~10 arcsec. Two CCD star sensors were used for optical position sensing of guide stars and attitude determination of the spacecraft. The post facto attitude determination accuracy was 6 arcsec.
3615:
1441:
721:
613:
Each
Position Sensitive Proportional Counter (PSPC) is a thin-window gas counter. Each incoming X-ray photon produces an electron cloud whose position and charge are detected using two wire grids. The photon position is determined with an accuracy of about 120 micrometers. The electron cloud's charge
465:
In
February 2011, it was reported that the 2,400 kg (5,291 lb) satellite was unlikely to burn up entirely while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere due to the large amount of ceramics and glass used in construction. Parts as heavy as 400 kg (882 lb) could impact the surface. ROSAT
539:
The second phase consists of the remainder of the mission and was devoted to pointed observations of selected astrophysical sources. In ROSAT's pointed phase, observing time was allocated to Guest
Investigators from all three participating countries through peer review of submitted proposals. ROSAT
969:
then causing the more massive satellite to rotate in opposition. Their maximum speed is limited by design, which in turn means they are limited in the rotational velocity they can impart to a satellite. "Reaching maximum speed" means merely that it cannot impart any more velocity change, not that
924:
In 1990, the satellite was put in an orbit at an altitude of 580 km (360 mi) and inclination of 53°. Due to atmospheric drag, the satellite slowly lost height until, in
September 2011, the satellite was orbiting approximately 270 km (168 mi) above the Earth. On 23 October 2011
900:
The advisory is further reported as claiming that the ROSAT incident was "coincident with the intrusion" and that, "Operational characteristics and commanding of the ROSAT were sufficiently similar to other space assets to provide intruders with valuable information about how such platforms are
875:
in the spacecraft's
Attitude Measuring and Control System reached its maximum rotational speed, losing control of a slew, damaging the High Resolution Imager by exposure to the sun. This failure was initially attributed to the difficulties of controlling the satellite under these difficult
852:
Originally designed for a five-year mission, ROSAT continued in its extended mission for a further four years before equipment failure forced an end to the mission. For some months after this, ROSAT completed its very last observations before being finally switched off on 12 February 1999.
713:
560:
The main assembly was a German-built imaging X-ray
Telescope (XRT) with three focal plane instruments: two German Position Sensitive Proportional Counters (PSPC) and the US-supplied High Resolution Imager (HRI). The X-ray mirror assembly was a grazing incidence four-fold nested
888:. The root of this allegation is a 1999 advisory report by Thomas Talleur, senior investigator for cyber-security at NASA. This advisory is reported to describe a series of attacks from Russia that reached computers in the X-ray Astrophysics Section (i.e. ROSAT's) at
482:
According to NASA, the
Roentgensatellit (ROSAT) was a joint German, U.S. and British X-ray astrophysics project. ROSAT carried a German-built imaging X-ray Telescope (XRT) with three focal plane instruments: two German Position Sensitive
565:
with an 84 cm (33 in) diameter aperture and 240 cm (94 in) focal length. The angular resolution was less than 5 arcsec at half energy width. The XRT assembly was sensitive to X-rays between 0.1 and 2 keV.
1239:
Without warning one day, the ROSAT satellite turned, seemingly inexplicably, toward the sun. The move damaged a critical optical sensor, rendering the satellite useless in its mission of making X-ray and ultraviolet images of deep
535:
After a two-month on-orbit calibration and verification period, an all-sky survey was performed for six months using the PSPC in the focus of XRT, and in two XUV bands using the WFC. The survey was carried out in the scan
944:
space observatory in 2019. It will provide an updated all-sky survey of the X-ray sky, extending the energy range to 10keV, increase the sensitivity by a factor of 25 and improve the spatial and spectral resolution.
2532:
2030:
506:
In addition, a
British-supplied extreme ultraviolet (XUV) telescope, the Wide Field Camera (WFC), was coaligned with the XRT and covered the energy band from 0.042 to 0.21 keV (30 to 6
864:
led to pointing errors that in turn had caused solar overheating. A contingency plan and the necessary software had already been developed to utilise an alternative star tracker attached to the
513:
ROSAT's unique strengths were high spatial resolution, low-background, soft X-ray imaging for the study of the structure of low surface brightness features, and for low-resolution spectroscopy.
4439:
2497:
462:, on what was initially designed as an 18-month mission, with provision for up to five years of operation. ROSAT operated for over eight years, finally shutting down on 12 February 1999.
3934:
4195:
499:
at half energy width (the "angle within which half of the electromagnetic radiation" is focused). The XRT assembly was sensitive to X-rays between 0.1 and 2 keV (one thousand
657:
The US-supplied High
Resolution Imager used a crossed grid detector with a position accuracy to 25 micrometers. The instrument was damaged by solar exposure on 20 September 1998.
896:"Hostile activities compromised computer systems that directly and indirectly deal with the design, testing, and transferring of satellite package command-and-control codes."
871:
ROSAT was soon operational again, but with some restrictions to the effectiveness of its tracking and thus its control. It was severely damaged on 20 September 1998 when a
2422:
216:
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811:
which is the prefix used for the First ROSAT X-ray Survey (1st ROSAT X-ray Survey), a catalogue of astronomical objects visible for ROSAT in the X-ray spectrum.
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3185:
3161:
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2412:
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4402:
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4153:
3751:
3651:
2502:
700:
The Wide Field Camera (WFC) was a UK-supplied extreme ultraviolet (XUV) telescope co-aligned with the XRT and covered the wave band between 300 and 60
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1307:
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3018:
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1384:
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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1189:
1158:
3644:
3559:
3304:
2810:
2118:
1521:
1259:. Not publicly published. Classified as "For Official Use Only—No Foreign Dissemination": Inspector General's office, NASA. 26.
892:, and took control of computers used for the control of satellites, not just a passive "snooping" attack. The advisory stated:
3474:
1901:
1840:
4718:
3339:
3331:
3273:
2399:
3050:
2914:
2874:
1674:
1053:
4671:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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2211:
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2110:
966:
213:
884:
In 2008, NASA investigators were reported to have found that the ROSAT failure was linked to a cyber-intrusion at
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2022:
2006:
1974:
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1949:
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1234:
3595:
3484:
2722:
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2670:
2179:
2155:
1990:
524:
between targets, and for performing scanning observations on great circles perpendicular to the plane of the
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1808:
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1982:
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platform. This move made it impossible to recapture ROSAT with a Shuttle and bring it back to Earth.
495:
with an 84-cm diameter aperture and 240-cm focal length. The angular resolution was less than 5
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3519:
1024:
517:
109:
88:
3225:
3121:
3113:
2507:
1613:
1491:
1311:
443:
77:
929:, east of India. There was no confirmation if pieces of debris had reached the Earth's surface.
744:
Source catalogs from the pointed phase (PSPC and HRI) containing ~ 100,000 serendipitous sources
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20:
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8:
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2314:
1966:
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738:
487:(PSPC) and the US-supplied High Resolution Imager (HRI). The X-ray mirror assembly was a
389:
312:
1359:
925:
ROSAT re-entered the Earth's atmosphere sometime between 1:45 UTC and 2:15 UTC over the
540:
had a design life of 18 months, but was expected to operate beyond its nominal lifetime.
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358:
275:
19:
This article is about the X-ray telecope ROSAT. For the Roman Catholic bishop, see
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35:
3590:
3129:
3010:
1962:
1581:
1566:
1525:
1385:"Second big satellite set to resist re-entry burn-up – space – 23 September 2011"
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759:
545:
454:, the United Kingdom and the United States. It was launched on 1 June 1990, on a
447:
614:
corresponds to the photon energy, with a nominal spectral bandpass 0.1-2.4 keV.
3734:
2447:
2427:
1998:
1100:
962:
904:
IT security remains a significant issue for NASA. Other systems including the
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2258:
2203:
2014:
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1695:
1535:
1310:. Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik. Archived from
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879:
701:
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467:
455:
202:
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720:
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2601:
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2250:
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808:
791:
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712:
45:
1409:
1025:"Drohender Absturz: Problem-Satellit beunruhigt Bundesregierung"
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2330:
1711:
1467:
1278:
1250:
1248:
780:
732:
385:
302:
292:
126:
1177:
438:; in German X-rays are called Röntgenstrahlen, in honour of
3554:
3504:
3462:
3435:
3355:
2946:
2346:
2038:
1286:"NASA's Most Serious Management and Performance Challenges"
1087:
1002:
804:
81:
1245:
520:
satellite which can be used for pointed observations, for
3659:
1494:, Department of Physics & Astronomy. Archived from
920:
ROSAT: one of the last images of ROSAT before reentry
876:
circumstances outside its initial design parameters.
247:
23:00:00, 23 October 2011 (UTC)
1436:
786:
Observation of X-ray emission from the collision of
758:
Detection of shadowing of diffuse X-ray emission by
1257:
Russian Domain Attacks Against NASA Network Systems
832:ROSAT was originally planned to be launched on the
470:the Earth's atmosphere on 23 October 2011 over the
1480:Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
735:all-sky survey catalog, more than 150,000 objects
187:21:48:00, 1 June 1990 (UTC)
4685:
1054:"ROSAT re-entered atmosphere over Bay of Bengal"
880:Allegations of cyber-attacks causing the failure
1410:"Spektr-RG observatory has been put into orbit"
1190:"Severe Damage to ROSAT High Resolution Imager"
989:
987:
617:
531:The ROSAT mission was divided into two phases:
1274:(Interview). Interviewed by Jonathan McDowell.
1141:"ROSAT completes almost a decade of discovery"
965:operates by changing its rotational velocity,
3645:
1551:
1352:
1078:
1076:
1074:
970:it's approaching mechanical damage to itself.
1016:
984:
3652:
3638:
1558:
1544:
1071:
660:
99:
34:
1402:
1113:"Position Sensitive Proportional Counter"
856:On 25 April 1998, failure of the primary
570:Position Sensitive Proportional Counters
915:
719:
711:
555:
1326:
1254:
1227:"Network Security Breaches Plague NASA"
1133:
1023:Seidler, Christoph (26 February 2011).
1022:
417:Position Sensitive Proportional Counter
4686:
1255:Talleur, Thomas J. (18 January 1999).
3633:
1539:
1269:
940:launched on board the Russian-German
716:Earth's Moon on 29 June 1990 by ROSAT
1565:
847:
741:all-sky survey catalog (479 objects)
664:
621:
577:
1159:"ROSAT/LEDAS electronic newsletter"
13:
4694:Spacecraft which reentered in 2011
1233:. 20 November 2008. Archived from
14:
4730:
3586:List of proposed space telescopes
2267:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1486:
1460:
1196:. 15 October 1998. Archived from
1166:
1144:
779:Discovery of X-ray emission from
3614:
3613:
1488:"UK ROSAT Guest Observer Centre"
1439:
967:conservation of angular momentum
668:
625:
581:
2488:Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
1377:
1308:"ROSAT - Launch and Operations"
1300:
1263:
1051:
955:
166:2,421 kilograms (5,337 lb)
1470:. German Aerospace Center DLR.
1455:List of X-ray space telescopes
1167:UK ROSAT Guest Observer Centre
1145:UK ROSAT Guest Observer Centre
1127:"High Resolution Imager (HRI)"
1119:
1105:
1094:
1045:
550:
111:
1:
3596:List of heliophysics missions
1432:
1169:. 5 June 1998. Archived from
977:
840:caused it to be moved to the
798:
765:Detection of pulsations from
707:
1512:"ROSAT reentry Twitter feed"
932:
618:High Resolution Imager (HRI)
450:, with instruments built by
376:240 centimetres (94 in)
251:2011-10-23T23:00:00Z
191:1990-06-01T21:48:00Z
7:
4719:Spacecraft launched in 1990
3576:Great Observatories program
995:"ROSAT space craft details"
911:
886:Goddard Space Flight Center
815:
516:The ROSAT spacecraft was a
477:
368:84 centimetres (33 in)
10:
4735:
3067:Orbiting Solar Observatory
704:(0.042 to 0.21 keV).
543:
18:
4669:
4566:
4485:
4421:
4372:
4258:
4187:
4119:
4056:
3921:
3880:
3785:
3684:
3619:Category:Space telescopes
3609:
3568:
3423:
3324:
3293:
2546:
2398:
2243:
2146:
1961:
1852:
1686:
1641:
1580:
1573:
908:have also been attacked.
827:
425:
416:
411:
407:
395:
380:
372:
364:
354:
349:
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341:
331:
321:
311:
307:580 km (360 mi)
301:
297:580 km (360 mi)
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73:
65:
61:
53:
33:
16:Satellite X-ray telescope
3581:List of space telescopes
948:
865:
861:
1531:MPE – ROSAT Development
1524:13 January 2010 at the
1492:University of Leicester
747:Detailed morphology of
661:Wide Field Camera (WFC)
444:German Aerospace Center
40:Launch of the ROSAT in
2907:HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.)
921:
906:Earth Observing System
898:
822:Category:ROSAT objects
772:Detection of isolated
728:
725:Vela Supernova Remnant
717:
421:High Resolution Imager
21:Adalberto Arturo Rosat
4709:Satellites of Germany
2528:Space Solar Telescope
1334:"ROSAT – latest news"
1297:13 November 2007, p.3
1272:"ROSAT hacking claim"
919:
894:
723:
715:
556:X-ray Telescope (XRT)
518:three-axis stabilized
485:Proportional Counters
272:Reference system
158:Spacecraft properties
3668:Orbital launches in
3601:List of planetariums
2498:NRO donation to NASA
1173:on 28 December 2015.
1101:ESA Science Glossary
788:Comet Shoemaker-Levy
753:clusters of galaxies
403:at half energy width
145:8 years and 8 months
3297:(Mission completed)
1582:Radio and Microwave
1476:"The ROSAT Mission"
1360:"ROSAT Information"
1270:Petre, Rob (2011).
1200:on 10 December 2000
1147:. 18 February 1999.
1084:"Overview of ROSAT"
999:nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov
838:Challenger disaster
390:Extreme Ultraviolet
30:
3234:Suzaku (Astro-EII)
3059:OAO-3 (Copernicus)
3043:Mikhailo Lomonosov
2891:Hinotori (Astro-A)
2493:New Worlds Mission
1447:Spaceflight portal
1237:on 14 April 2012.
922:
729:
718:
680:. You can help by
637:. You can help by
593:. You can help by
563:Wolter I telescope
493:Wolter I telescope
267:Orbital parameters
28:
4681:
4680:
3627:
3626:
3525:SIM & SIMlite
2899:Hisaki (SPRINT-A)
2859:Hakucho (CORSA-b)
2413:Astro-1 Telescope
2239:
2238:
1519:1RXS Catalog site
1498:on 17 August 2000
1340:. 25 October 2011
1314:on 6 October 2011
866:Wide Field Camera
848:End of operations
727:, imaged by ROSAT
698:
697:
655:
654:
611:
610:
491:four-fold nested
489:grazing incidence
429:
428:
419:Wide Field Camera
384:30-0.06 nm,
4726:
4704:X-ray telescopes
4699:Space telescopes
4543:Molniya 1T No.70
4403:Molniya-3 No.54L
4315:Molniya-1T No.68
4235:DFS Kopernikus 2
4154:Molniya 3 No.47L
3752:Molniya-3 No.53L
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3416:
3412:Hitomi (Astro-H)
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2727:
2719:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2606:
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2149:or unclassified)
2139:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2107:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2075:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1979:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1898:
1894:Hinode (Solar-B)
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1785:Hinode (Solar-B)
1781:
1773:
1765:
1757:
1749:
1741:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1708:
1700:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1602:
1594:
1578:
1577:
1567:Space telescopes
1560:
1553:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1515:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1483:
1471:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1242:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1009:
991:
971:
959:
760:molecular clouds
693:
690:
672:
665:
650:
647:
629:
622:
606:
603:
585:
578:
293:Perigee altitude
254:
252:
239:12 February 1999
194:
192:
179:Start of mission
142:Mission duration
137:
134:
132:
130:
128:
113:
104:
103:
97:
38:
31:
27:
4734:
4733:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4684:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4562:
4548:Gorizont No.33L
4493:Gorizont No.32L
4481:
4417:
4393:Resurs-F1 No.51
4368:
4359:Eutelsat II F-1
4325:Resurs-F1 No.49
4254:
4183:
4164:Gorizont No.30L
4115:
4106:Resurs-F1 No.50
4052:
4043:Molniya-1 No.71
3917:
3876:
3850:Nadezhda No.405
3781:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3628:
3623:
3605:
3591:X-ray telescope
3564:
3446:Constellation-X
3419:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3320:
3315:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3289:
3284:
3282:Yokoh (Solar-A)
3276:
3268:
3260:
3252:
3250:Tenma (Astro-B)
3244:
3236:
3228:
3220:
3212:
3204:
3196:
3188:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3011:LISA Pathfinder
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2867:HALCA (MUSES-B)
2861:
2853:
2845:
2843:Ginga (Astro-C)
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2660:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2628:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2562:Akari (Astro-F)
2556:
2542:
2394:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2190:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2148:
2147:Other (particle
2142:
2137:
2129:
2121:
2113:
2105:
2097:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2033:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1848:
1843:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1682:
1677:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1592:
1569:
1564:
1526:Wayback Machine
1510:
1501:
1499:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1268:
1264:
1253:
1246:
1225:
1224:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1188:
1187:
1178:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1005:
993:
992:
985:
980:
975:
974:
960:
956:
951:
935:
914:
882:
862:X-ray Telescope
850:
830:
818:
801:
710:
694:
688:
685:
678:needs expansion
663:
651:
645:
642:
635:needs expansion
620:
607:
601:
598:
591:needs expansion
576:
558:
553:
548:
546:X-ray astronomy
480:
448:X-ray telescope
446:-led satellite
440:Wilhelm Röntgen
436:Röntgensatellit
420:
418:
303:Apogee altitude
250:
248:
190:
188:
125:
98:
93:
69:Space Telescope
49:
29:Röntgensatellit
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4732:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4679:
4678:
4674:Crewed flights
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4460:
4448:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4413:Meteor-2 No.25
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4388:Qiqiuweixing 2
4384:Qiqiuweixing 1
4376:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4309:Ekran-M No.14L
4305:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4262:
4260:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4216:Resurs-F2 No.5
4213:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4179:Meteor-2 No.23
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4085:
4080:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3985:
3980:
3947:
3938:
3931:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3834:
3829:
3820:
3813:
3800:
3795:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3754:
3749:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3698:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3634:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3271:
3263:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3064:
3056:
3048:
3040:
3032:
3024:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2736:
2728:
2723:Compton (CGRO)
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2655:
2650:ASCA (Astro-D)
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2448:Hypertelescope
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Fresnel Imager
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2185:
2177:
2169:
2161:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2092:
2084:
2076:
2071:Max Valier Sat
2068:
2060:
2052:
2044:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2012:
2007:HXMT (Insight)
2004:
1999:Einstein Probe
1996:
1988:
1983:Chandra (AXAF)
1980:
1971:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1875:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1782:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1714:constellation
1709:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1664:
1656:
1647:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1603:
1595:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1516:
1508:
1484:
1472:
1462:
1461:External links
1459:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1416:. 13 July 2019
1401:
1376:
1351:
1325:
1299:
1277:
1262:
1244:
1211:
1176:
1150:
1132:
1118:
1104:
1093:
1070:
1044:
1015:
982:
981:
979:
976:
973:
972:
963:reaction wheel
953:
952:
950:
947:
934:
931:
913:
910:
881:
878:
873:reaction wheel
849:
846:
829:
826:
825:
824:
817:
814:
813:
812:
800:
797:
796:
795:
784:
777:
770:
763:
756:
745:
742:
736:
709:
706:
696:
695:
689:September 2011
675:
673:
662:
659:
653:
652:
646:September 2011
632:
630:
619:
616:
609:
608:
602:September 2011
588:
586:
575:
568:
557:
554:
552:
549:
542:
541:
537:
479:
476:
460:Cape Canaveral
427:
426:
423:
422:
414:
413:
409:
408:
405:
404:
397:
393:
392:
382:
378:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
362:
361:
356:
352:
351:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
315:
309:
308:
305:
299:
298:
295:
289:
288:
285:
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
264:
263:
260:
259:
256:
255:
245:
241:
240:
237:
233:
232:
231:End of mission
228:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
214:Cape Canaveral
211:
207:
206:
200:
196:
195:
185:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
160:
159:
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:
143:
139:
138:
123:
119:
118:
115:
106:
105:
91:
85:
84:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
51:
50:
42:Cape Canaveral
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4731:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:ROSAT objects
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4675:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
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3856:
3855:Okean-O1 No.5
3853:
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3283:
3280:
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3267:
3264:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3248:
3243:
3242:Taiyo (SRATS)
3240:
3235:
3232:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3200:
3195:
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3179:
3176:
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3163:
3160:
3155:
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3139:
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3128:
3123:
3120:
3115:
3112:
3108:
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3098:
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3004:
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2516:
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2509:
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2504:
2501:
2499:
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2484:
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2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
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2464:
2461:
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2456:
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2451:
2449:
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2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
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2411:
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2405:
2403:
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2397:
2388:
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2377:
2372:
2369:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2340:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2324:
2323:Solar-C EUVST
2321:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2229:
2226:
2221:
2220:Solar Orbiter
2218:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2125:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1934:Solar Orbiter
1932:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1746:
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1738:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1598:Solar Orbiter
1596:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1437:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1390:
1389:New Scientist
1386:
1380:
1365:
1364:Heavens-Above
1361:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1251:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1231:Business Week
1228:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1194:star.le.ac.uk
1191:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1019:
1004:
1000:
996:
990:
988:
983:
968:
964:
958:
954:
946:
943:
939:
930:
928:
927:Bay of Bengal
918:
909:
907:
902:
897:
893:
891:
887:
877:
874:
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
845:
843:
839:
835:
834:Space Shuttle
823:
820:
819:
810:
806:
803:
802:
793:
789:
785:
782:
778:
775:
774:neutron stars
771:
768:
764:
761:
757:
754:
751:remnants and
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
730:
726:
722:
714:
705:
703:
692:
683:
679:
676:This section
674:
671:
667:
666:
658:
649:
640:
636:
633:This section
631:
628:
624:
623:
615:
605:
596:
592:
589:This section
587:
584:
580:
579:
573:
567:
564:
547:
538:
534:
533:
532:
529:
527:
523:
519:
514:
511:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
475:
473:
472:Bay of Bengal
469:
463:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
424:
415:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
348:
344:
340:
336:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
316:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
294:
290:
286:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
186:
182:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
124:
120:
116:
114:
107:
102:
96:
92:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4673:
4661:Globus No.12
4621:Gran' No.37L
4585:
4578:
4507:
4477:Inmarsat-2F1
4450:
4438:
4408:Progress M-5
4380:Fengyun I-02
4330:Marco Polo 2
4320:Progress M-4
4307:
4265:
4194:
4174:Intelsat 604
4126:
4025:
3933:
3888:Intelsat 603
3872:Progress M-3
3859:
3842:
3836:
3832:Gran' No.35L
3815:
3700:
3467:
3450:
3294:Hibernating
3169:
3046:(2016–2019?)
2589:(1962, 1964)
2483:Nano-JASMINE
2307:NEO Surveyor
2231:(since 2006)
2223:(since 2020)
2215:(since 1995)
2207:(since 2019)
2199:(since 2017)
2191:(since 2008)
2183:(since 2015)
2175:(since 2015)
2167:(since 2011)
2159:(since 1997)
2138:(since 1999)
2130:(since 2024)
2122:(since 2023)
2114:(since 2022)
2106:(since 2012)
2098:(since 2017)
2090:(since 2018)
2082:(since 2009)
2074:(since 2017)
2066:(since 2004)
2058:(since 2024)
2050:(since 2019)
2042:(since 2021)
2034:(since 2020)
2026:(since 2008)
2018:(since 2002)
2010:(since 2017)
2002:(since 2024)
1994:(since 2015)
1986:(since 1999)
1978:(since 2015)
1953:(since 2004)
1945:(since 2006)
1937:(since 2020)
1929:(since 2008)
1921:(since 1995)
1913:(since 2010)
1905:(since 2013)
1897:(since 2006)
1889:(since 2021)
1881:(since 2015)
1873:(since 2022)
1865:(since 2023)
1844:(since 2018)
1836:(since 2004)
1828:(since 2008)
1820:(since 1995)
1812:(since 2010)
1804:(since 2001)
1796:(since 2013)
1788:(since 2006)
1780:(since 1990)
1772:(since 2005)
1764:(since 2013)
1756:(since 2021)
1748:(since 2023)
1740:(since 2015)
1732:(since 2019)
1724:(since 2021)
1716:(since 2013)
1707:(since 2015)
1699:(since 2018)
1678:(since 2009)
1670:(since 2008)
1662:(since 2001)
1654:(since 2022)
1633:(since 2024)
1625:(since 1994)
1617:(since 2018)
1609:(since 2006)
1601:(since 2020)
1593:(since 2018)
1500:. Retrieved
1496:the original
1418:. Retrieved
1413:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1354:
1342:. Retrieved
1337:
1328:
1318:26 September
1316:. Retrieved
1312:the original
1302:
1280:
1265:
1256:
1238:
1235:the original
1202:. Retrieved
1198:the original
1193:
1171:the original
1162:
1153:
1135:
1121:
1107:
1096:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1028:
1018:
1006:. Retrieved
998:
957:
936:
923:
903:
899:
895:
883:
870:
858:star tracker
855:
851:
831:
699:
686:
682:adding to it
677:
656:
643:
639:adding to it
634:
612:
599:
595:adding to it
590:
571:
559:
530:
515:
512:
505:
501:Electronvolt
481:
464:
458:rocket from
452:West Germany
435:
431:
430:
373:Focal length
283:Eccentricity
66:Mission type
25:
4656:Kosmos 2120
4651:Kosmos 2119
4647:Kosmos 2118
4643:Kosmos 2117
4639:Kosmos 2116
4635:Kosmos 2115
4631:Kosmos 2114
4626:Kosmos 2113
4616:Kosmos 2112
4611:Kosmos 2111
4607:Kosmos 2110
4603:Kosmos 2109
4598:Kosmos 2108
4593:Kosmos 2107
4587:Soyuz TM-11
4558:Kosmos 2106
4529:Kosmos 2105
4524:Kosmos 2104
4503:Kosmos 2103
4472:Kosmos 2102
4429:Kosmos 2101
4398:Kosmos 2100
4364:Kosmos 2099
4350:Kosmos 2098
4340:Kosmos 2097
4335:Kosmos 2096
4303:Kosmos 2095
4299:Kosmos 2094
4295:Kosmos 2093
4291:Kosmos 2092
4287:Kosmos 2091
4283:Kosmos 2090
4278:Kosmos 2089
4267:Soyuz TM-10
4250:Kosmos 2088
4240:Kosmos 2087
4226:Kosmos 2086
4221:Kosmos 2085
4169:Kosmos 2084
4159:Kosmos 2083
4101:Kosmos 2082
4096:Kosmos 2081
4092:Kosmos 2080
4088:Kosmos 2079
4083:Kosmos 2078
4069:Kosmos 2077
4064:Progress 42
4048:Kosmos 2076
4038:Kosmos 2075
4021:Kosmos 2074
4016:Kosmos 2073
4006:Kosmos 2072
4001:Foton No.6L
3978:Kosmos 2071
3974:Kosmos 2070
3970:Kosmos 2069
3966:Kosmos 2068
3962:Kosmos 2067
3958:Kosmos 2066
3954:Kosmos 2065
3950:Kosmos 2064
3913:Kosmos 2063
3903:Kosmos 2062
3898:Kosmos 2061
3893:Kosmos 2060
3838:Superbird B
3798:Kosmos 2059
3793:Zhongxing 3
3777:Kosmos 2058
3772:Kosmos 2057
3718:Kosmos 2056
3713:Kosmos 2055
3407:(2014–2015)
3359:(2012–2013)
3325:Lost/Failed
3316:(1998–2010)
3308:(1998–2005)
3285:(1991–2001)
3277:(2001–2010)
3261:(1970–1973)
3253:(1983–1985)
3245:(1975–1980)
3237:(2005–2015)
3229:(2003–2020)
3221:(2011–2019)
3213:(1979–1985)
3205:(1975–1979)
3197:(1972–1973)
3189:(1992–2004)
3181:(1995–2012)
3173:(1990–1999)
3165:(2002–2018)
3157:(1983–1984)
3149:(2009–2013)
3133:(2006–2016)
3062:(1972–1981)
3054:(1968–1973)
3038:(1996–1997)
3030:(2003–2019)
3022:(2015–2017)
3014:(2015–2017)
3006:(1997–2002)
2998:(1990–2001)
2990:(2009–2018)
2982:(1996–2004)
2974:(1978–1996)
2966:(1996–1998)
2958:(1995–1996)
2934:(1989–1993)
2926:(2000–2008)
2918:(1979–1981)
2910:(1978–1982)
2902:(2013–2023)
2894:(1981–1991)
2886:(2009–2013)
2878:(1977–1979)
2870:(1997–2005)
2862:(1979–1985)
2854:(1989–1998)
2846:(1987–1991)
2838:(1990–1992)
2830:(2003–2013)
2822:(1987–2001)
2814:(1999–2007)
2806:(1992–2001)
2798:(1983–1986)
2787:Explorer 11
2758:(2017–2019)
2750:(1989–1993)
2742:(1975–1982)
2734:(2006–2013)
2726:(1991–2000)
2718:(2003–2008)
2710:(1996–2003)
2702:(1974–1976)
2694:(1983–1991)
2653:(1993–2000)
2645:(1973–1974)
2637:(2017–2019)
2629:(1979–1982)
2621:(1974–1980)
2613:(1971–1972)
2605:(1967–1969)
2581:(1962–1972)
2573:(1993–2005)
2565:(2006–2011)
2557:(2007–2024)
1854:Ultraviolet
1502:24 November
1037:26 February
1033:(in German)
1030:Der Spiegel
551:Instruments
466:eventually
434:(short for
412:Instruments
381:Wavelengths
327:96 min
313:Inclination
236:Deactivated
210:Launch site
184:Launch date
163:Launch mass
4688:Categories
4446:FSW-1 No.3
4011:Palapa B2R
3817:Soyuz TM-9
3266:Vanguard 3
2578:Alouette 1
2418:AstroSat-2
2135:XMM-Newton
1651:James Webb
1394:30 January
1344:25 October
1338:DLR Portal
1204:23 October
1163:ROSAT News
1058:DLR Portal
978:References
799:Catalogues
708:Highlights
544:See also:
468:re-entered
396:Resolution
337:1990-06-01
276:Geocentric
244:Decay date
4534:Satcom C1
4467:Westar 6S
4373:September
4355:Skynet 4C
4211:Optus-MFS
3983:AsiaSat 1
3692:Skynet 4A
3469:Eddington
3424:Cancelled
2931:Hipparcos
2339:Spektr-UV
2204:Mini-EUSO
2196:ISS-CREAM
2047:Spektr-RG
1967:Gamma-ray
1862:Aditya-L1
1753:Hayabusa2
1630:Queqiao 2
1574:Operating
1414:ROSCOSMOS
942:Spektr-RG
933:Successor
749:supernova
702:angstroms
497:arcsecond
95:1990-049A
89:COSPAR ID
4567:December
4486:November
4149:INSAT-1D
4111:Kristall
4078:MacSat 2
4074:MacSat 1
3786:February
3761:Hagoromo
3743:Webersat
3707:Leasat 5
3520:Sentinel
3218:Spektr-R
3154:RELIKT-1
2995:Kristall
2883:Herschel
2707:BeppoSAX
2463:JEM-EUSO
2458:iWF-MAXI
2400:Proposed
2363:LiteBIRD
2355:Spektr-M
2087:MinXSS-2
2015:INTEGRAL
1878:Astrosat
1704:Astrosat
1643:Infrared
1522:Archived
1433:See also
1008:23 April
912:Re-entry
836:but the
816:See also
526:ecliptic
478:Overview
456:Delta II
442:) was a
365:Diameter
359:Wolter I
203:Delta II
74:Operator
4538:GStar 4
4518:Prowler
4457:Ulysses
4440:Unnamed
4422:October
4345:Yuri 3a
4196:Unnamed
3935:Unnamed
3811:Fuju 1b
3807:Orizuru
3803:Momo 1b
3731:UoSAT-4
3727:UoSAT-3
3696:JCSAT-2
3685:January
3569:Related
3480:FINESSE
3458:Destiny
3441:Astro-G
3404:Tsubame
3396:Astro-E
3372:ABRIXAS
3226:Spitzer
3210:Solwind
3162:R/HESSI
3122:Orion 2
3114:Orion 1
2819:Kvant-1
2715:CHIPSat
2678:Astro-2
2658:Astro-1
2634:ASTERIA
2626:Ariel 6
2618:Ariel 5
2610:Ariel 4
2602:Ariel 3
2594:Ariel 2
2586:Ariel 1
2547:Retired
2538:THESEUS
2523:Solar-D
2518:PhoENiX
2358:(2030+)
2315:JASMINE
2283:Xuntian
2251:SPHEREx
2244:Planned
1793:NEOSSat
1688:Optical
1614:Queqiao
1468:"ROSAT"
1420:16 July
1369:1 April
1295:(73 KB)
1063:14 July
938:eROSITA
890:Goddard
860:on the
809:acronym
792:Jupiter
767:Geminga
522:slewing
249: (
205:6920-10
189: (
122:Website
110:SATCAT
46:Florida
4580:STS-35
4574:USA-68
4553:USA-66
4514:USA-67
4509:STS-38
4498:USA-65
4452:STS-41
4434:USA-64
4273:USA-63
4259:August
4207:Badr-1
4144:USA-62
4140:USA-61
4136:USA-60
4132:USA-59
4032:Hubble
4027:STS-31
3996:USA-58
3992:USA-57
3988:USA-56
3945:USA-55
3941:Pegsat
3929:Ofek-2
3908:USA-54
3866:USA-53
3861:STS-36
3827:USA-52
3823:USA-51
3766:USA-50
3735:Pacsat
3723:SPOT-2
3702:STS-32
3677:1991 →
3662:← 1989
3545:TAUVEX
3452:Darwin
3431:Aelita
3415:(2016)
3399:(2000)
3391:(1999)
3383:(1996)
3380:HETE-1
3375:(1999)
3367:(1965)
3351:(1976)
3343:(1970)
3335:(1966)
3269:(1959)
3186:SAMPEX
3146:Planck
3141:(2018)
3138:PicSat
3130:PAMELA
3125:(1973)
3117:(1971)
3019:MinXSS
2987:Kepler
2950:(1983)
2942:(2024)
2923:HETE-2
2915:HEAO-3
2875:HEAO-1
2851:Granat
2795:EXOSAT
2790:(1961)
2782:(2010)
2774:(2008)
2766:(1993)
2755:CXBN-2
2691:Astron
2686:(1995)
2661:(1990)
2597:(1964)
2570:ALEXIS
2513:PETREL
2473:LUVOIR
2423:EXCEDE
2390:(2035)
2382:(2035)
2379:Athena
2374:(2033)
2366:(2032)
2350:(2030)
2342:(2030)
2334:(2029)
2326:(2028)
2318:(2028)
2310:(2027)
2302:(2027)
2294:(2027)
2286:(2026)
2278:(2026)
2270:(2026)
2262:(2026)
2259:K-EUSO
2254:(2025)
2228:STEREO
2164:AMS-02
2127:XPoSat
2103:NuSTAR
1942:STEREO
1886:Hibari
1777:Hubble
1769:HiRISE
1745:Euclid
1737:DSCOVR
1729:CHEOPS
1606:STEREO
1293:
1240:space.
1165:(12).
828:Launch
781:comets
574:(PSPC)
386:X-rays
323:Period
217:LC-17A
199:Rocket
135:/rosat
4463:SBS 6
4245:CRRES
4231:TDF 2
4202:Gamma
4127:ROSAT
3922:April
3881:March
3844:BS 2x
3757:Hiten
3747:LUSat
3540:SPOrt
3535:SPICA
3515:OSO K
3510:OSO J
3364:OSO C
3348:CORSA
3340:OAO-B
3332:OAO-1
3313:TRACE
3258:Uhuru
3202:SAS-C
3194:SAS-B
3170:ROSAT
3107:OSO 8
3102:OSO 7
3097:OSO 6
3092:OSO 5
3087:OSO 4
3082:OSO 3
3077:OSO B
3072:OSO 1
3051:OAO-2
3003:LEGRI
2939:ILO-X
2835:Gamma
2827:GALEX
2779:EPOXI
2771:EPOCh
2739:Cos-B
2731:CoRoT
2666:BBXRT
2554:AGILE
2533:THEIA
2503:ORBIS
2453:ILO-1
2438:HabEx
2433:FOCAL
2408:Arcus
2371:Taiji
2331:ARIEL
2275:PLATO
2180:DAMPE
2172:CALET
2119:XRISM
2095:NICER
2063:Swift
2031:GECAM
2023:Fermi
1991:DAMPE
1975:CALET
1963:X-ray
1950:Swift
1926:SOLAR
1870:ASO-S
1833:Swift
1825:SOLAR
1721:CHASE
1712:BRITE
1667:SOLAR
1289:(PDF)
1052:DLR.
949:Notes
842:Delta
807:– an
790:with
733:X-ray
572:(two)
536:mode.
432:ROSAT
401:arc-s
333:Epoch
117:20638
57:ROSAT
54:Names
4188:July
4120:June
3739:DOVE
3670:1990
3560:XIPE
3555:XEUS
3530:SNAP
3505:LOFT
3500:JDEM
3485:GEMS
3475:FAME
3463:EChO
3436:AOSO
3388:WIRE
3356:CXBN
3305:SWAS
3274:WMAP
3178:RXTE
3027:MOST
2979:IXAE
2955:IRTS
2947:IRAS
2811:FUSE
2803:EUVE
2747:COBE
2478:Lynx
2468:LUCI
2387:LISA
2347:UVEX
2299:LORD
2291:COSI
2212:SOHO
2188:IBEX
2111:LEIA
2079:MAXI
2055:SVOM
2039:IXPE
1965:and
1918:SOHO
1902:IRIS
1841:TESS
1817:SOHO
1801:Odin
1761:Gaia
1675:WISE
1659:Odin
1622:Wind
1590:NCLE
1504:2008
1422:2019
1396:2012
1371:2009
1346:2011
1320:2011
1206:2011
1088:NASA
1065:2018
1039:2011
1010:2016
1003:NASA
805:1RXS
388:and
355:Type
350:Main
129:.dlr
82:NASA
4057:May
3550:TPF
3495:IXO
3490:HOP
3035:MSX
2971:IUE
2963:ISO
2763:DXS
2699:ANS
2682:HUT
2671:HUT
2642:ATM
2508:OST
2443:HWO
2156:ACE
1910:SDO
1809:SDO
1696:Aoi
739:XUV
684:.
641:.
597:.
510:).
503:).
317:53°
133:/en
131:.de
127:www
112:no.
78:DLR
4690::
4649:,
4645:,
4641:,
4637:,
4633:,
4609:,
4605:,
4536:,
4516:,
4465:,
4386:,
4382:,
4357:,
4301:,
4297:,
4293:,
4289:,
4285:,
4233:,
4209:,
4142:,
4138:,
4134:,
4094:,
4090:,
4076:,
3994:,
3990:,
3976:,
3972:,
3968:,
3964:,
3960:,
3956:,
3952:,
3943:,
3841:,
3825:,
3809:,
3805:,
3759:,
3745:,
3741:,
3737:,
3733:,
3729:,
3725:,
3694:,
2684:)
1490:.
1478:.
1412:.
1387:.
1362:.
1336:.
1247:^
1229:.
1214:^
1192:.
1179:^
1161:.
1143:.
1086:.
1073:^
1056:.
1027:.
1001:.
997:.
986:^
961:A
868:.
508:nm
474:.
399:5
80:/
44:,
4520:)
4512:(
4459:)
4455:(
4034:)
4030:(
3868:)
3864:(
3768:)
3709:)
3705:(
3653:e
3646:t
3639:v
2680:(
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1552:t
1545:v
1514:.
1506:.
1482:.
1424:.
1398:.
1373:.
1348:.
1322:.
1291:.
1208:.
1129:.
1115:.
1090:.
1067:.
1041:.
1012:.
794:.
783:.
776:.
769:.
762:.
755:.
691:)
687:(
648:)
644:(
604:)
600:(
287:0
253:)
193:)
48:.
23:.
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