325:
effects of the Earth's atmosphere, but also instruments on ground-based observatories are used whenever possible. Scientific work is done in four major research areas that are supervised by one of the directors, respectively: optical and interpretative astronomy (Bender), infrared and sub-millimeter/millimeter astronomy (Genzel), high-energy astrophysics (Nandra), and in the Centre for
Astrochemical Studies (Caselli). Within these areas scientists lead individual experiments and research projects organised in about 25 project teams. The research topics pursued at MPE range from the physics of cosmic plasmas and of stars to the physics and chemistry of interstellar matter, from star formation and nucleosynthesis to extragalactic astrophysics and cosmology.
199:
this department into a sub-institute of the Max Planck
Institute for Physics and Astrophysics on May 15, 1963. Professor Lüst was appointed director of the institute. Another Senate resolution on March 8, 1991, finally established MPE as an autonomous institute within the Max Planck Society. It is dedicated to the experimental and theoretical exploration of the space outside of Earth as well as astrophysical phenomena. A continuous reorientation to new, promising fields of research and the appointment of new members ensures steady advancement.
227:
1980, because of a burning instability in the first stage of the launch rocket. The same fate was to overtake the four satellites of the CLUSTER-Mission on June 4, 1996, when the first Ariane 5 was launched. This time the disaster was attributed to an error in the rocket's software. The most recent loss was "ABRIXAS", an X-ray satellite built by industry under the leadership of MPE. After few hours in orbit, a malfunction of the power system caused the total loss of the satellite.
309:
78:
this department into a sub-institute of the Max-Planck-Institute for
Physics and Astrophysics on May 15, 1963. Professor Lüst was appointed director of the institute. Another Senate resolution on March 8, 1991, finally established MPE as an autonomous institute within the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft. It is dedicated to the experimental and theoretical exploration of the space outside of Earth as well as astrophysical phenomena.
203:
students). It is noteworthy that permanent positions at the institute have not increased since 1973 - despite its celebrated scientific achievements. The increasingly complex tasks and international obligations have been mainly maintained by staff members with positions having limited duration and funded by external organizations.
69:. The Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics was founded as sub-institute in 1963. The scientific activities of the institute are mostly devoted to astrophysics with telescopes orbiting in space. A large amount of the resources are spent for studying black holes in the Milky Way Galaxy and in the remote universe.
214:
Another field of research also became important: astrophysical observations of electromagnetic radiation which could not be observed from the surface of the Earth because the wavelengths are such that the radiation is absorbed by the Earth's atmosphere. These observations and inferences therefrom are
222:
New observation techniques using satellites has necessitated the recording, processing and accessible storage of high data fluxes over long periods of time. This demanding task is performed by a data processing group, which has grown quickly in the last decade. Special data centers were established
210:
During the early years, the scientific work at the
Institute concentrated on the investigation of extraterrestrial plasmas and the magnetosphere of the Earth. This work was performed with measurements of particles and electromagnetic fields as well as a specially developed ion-cloud technique using
206:
Because the institute has assumed a leading position in astronomy internationally, it has attracted guest scientists throughout the world. The number of long-term guests increased from 12 in 1974 to a maximum of 72 in 2000. In recent years MPE has hosted an average of about 50 guest scientists each
226:
Besides the many successes, there have also been disappointments. The malfunctioning of the Ariane carrier rockets on test launches in 1980 and 1996 were particularly bitter setbacks. The satellite "Firewheel", in which many members of the
Institute had invested years of work, was lost on May 23,
198:
The Max Planck
Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) was preceded by the department for extraterrestrial Physics in the Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics. This department was established by Professor Reimar Lüst on October 23, 1961. A Max-Planck Senate resolution transformed
77:
The Max-Planck-Institute for extraterrestrial physics (MPE) was preceded by the department for extraterrestrial physics in the Max-Planck-Institute for physics and astrophysics. This department was established by
Professor Reimar Lüst on October 23, 1961. A Max-Planck Senate resolution transformed
324:
The institute was founded in 1963 as a sub-institute of the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik und
Astrophysik and established as an independent institute in 1991. Its main research topics are astronomical observations in spectral regions which are only accessible from space because of the absorbing
328:
Many experiments of the Max Planck
Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) have to be carried out above the dense Earth's atmosphere using aircraft, rockets, satellites and space probes. In the early days experiments were also flown on balloons. To run advanced extraterrestrial physics and
352:
Scientific projects at the MPE are often the efforts of the different research departments to build, maintain, and use experiments and facilities which are needed by the many different scientific research interest at the institute. Apart from hardware projects, there are also projects that use
218:
Since the 1990s, satellites have become the preferred observation platforms because of their favorable observation-time/cost ratio. Nevertheless, high-flying observation airplanes and ground-based telescopes are also used to obtain data, especially for optical and near-infrared observations.
202:
Among the 29 employees of the
Institute when it was founded in 1963 were 9 scientists and 1 Ph.D. student. Twelve years later in 1975 the number of employees had grown to 180 with 55 scientists and 13 Ph.D. students, and today (status 2015) there are some 400 staff (130 scientists and 75 PhD
376:(VLT) in Chile to be interconnected by means of interferometry to form a virtual telescope with a diameter of 130 metres. The follow-up project GRAVITY Plus is currently being developed, which is expected to achieve an even sharper resolution thanks to a new system of
215:
the subject matter of infra-red astronomy as well as X-ray- and gamma-ray-astronomy. In addition to more than 100 rockets, an increasing number of high-altitude balloons (up to now more than 50; e.g. HEXE) have been used to carry experiments to high altitudes.
340:
Observers and experimenters perform their research work at the institute in close contact with each other. Their interaction while interpreting observations and propounding new hypotheses underlies the successful progress of the institute's research projects.
1094:
1041:
329:
state-of-the-art experimental astrophysics, the institute continues to develop high-tech instrumentation in-house. This includes detectors, spectrometers, and cameras as well as telescopes and complete payloads (e.g.
1074:
1069:
344:
At the end of the year 2022 a total of 508 employees were working at the institute, numbering among them about 100 scientists, 60 junior scientists, 10 apprentices and 140 visiting researchers.
850:
337:) and even entire satellites (as in case of AMPTE and EQUATOR-S). For this purpose the technical and engineering departments are of particular importance for the institute's research work.
1064:
740:
17:
855:
1059:
655:
1089:
126:
1990 Joachim Trümper together with the MPI for Physics (MPP) founds the semiconductor laboratory as a joint project between the MPE and the MPP (since 2012 operated by the MPG)
1079:
910:
750:
1130:
725:
31:
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700:
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555:
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Deep observations of the extragalactic X-ray sky with ROSAT, XMM-Newton and Chandra and resolving the background radiation into individual sources (since 1998)
815:
810:
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395:
Desert and is planned to be finished by 2027, MPE is developing the first-light instrument MICADO (Multi-AO Imaging Camera for Deep Observations).
1150:
1000:
865:
800:
780:
730:
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405:(extended ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array), the main instrument of the Russian X-ray gamma-ray satellite Spektr-RG launched from
269:
The first detection of water-molecule lines in an expanding shell of a star using the Fabry-Perot spectrometer on board the ISO satellite (1996)
1110:
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139:
2001 The "International Max-Planck- Research School on Astrophysics" (IMPRS) is opened by MPE, MPA, ESO, MPP and the universities of Munich
785:
980:
820:
805:
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1005:
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755:
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The measurement of the element- and isotope-composition of the solar wind by the CELIAS experiment on board the SOHO satellite (1996)
990:
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670:
313:
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First gamma-ray sky map in the energy range 3 to 10 MeV as measured with the imaging Compton telescope COMPTEL on board CGRO (1994)
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The ERIS (Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph) infrared camera will replace the NACO and SINFONI instruments at the VLT.
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66:
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Measurement of the magnetic field of the neutron star Her-X1 using the cyclotron line emission (balloon experiments 1978)
975:
705:
690:
645:
130:
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353:
archival data and are not necessarily connected to a new instrument. A brief overview of the most recent projects.
62:
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484:
458:
424:
136:
2000 G. Morfill together with the IPP founds the "Center for Interdisciplinary Plasma Science" (CIPS) (until 2004)
531:
1432:
257:
The first map of the X-ray sky as measured with the imaging X-ray telescope on board the ROSAT satellite (1993)
145:
2002 Ralf Bender becomes scientific member and director at the institute (optical and interpretative astronomy)
1320:
625:
1036:
1437:
242:
The first map of the galactic gamma-ray emission ( > 70 MeV) as measured with the satellite COS-B (1978)
592:
1395:
388:
361:, which has been launched in July 2023 and from which researchers hope to gain new insights into
1266:
284:
Confirmation that a supermassive black hole resides at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy (2002)
46:
1388:
1344:
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Determining the energy source for ultraluminous infrared galaxies with the satellite ISO (1998)
263:
The plasma-crystal experiment and its successors on the International Space Station (1996–2013)
163:
142:
2001 Günther Hasinger becomes scientific member and director at the institute (X-ray astronomy)
106:
1975 Joachim Trümper becomes director and scientific member at the institute (X-ray astronomy)
189:
becomes scientific member and director at the institute (infrared-/submillimeter astronomy)
373:
1326:
230:
Over the years, however, the history of MPE is primarily a story of scientific successes.
159:
becomes scientific member and director at the institute (Center for Astrochemical Studies)
8:
406:
358:
133:
founds the "UCB-MPG Center for International Exchange in Astrophysics and Space Science"
1284:
1272:
615:
90:
1963 Foundation as a sub-institute within the MPI für Physik und Astrophysik; director
42:
1042:
Max Planck Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
299:
Resolving the cosmic infrared background into individual galaxies with Herschel (2011)
1368:
100:
510:
1409:
1362:
1213:
381:
186:
239:
Exploration of the Ionosphere and Magnetosphere by means of ion clouds (1963–1985)
152:
becomes scientific member and director at the institute (high-energy astrophysics)
96:
1969 Klaus Pinkau becomes director at the institute (cosmic rays, gamma-astronomy)
1350:
1314:
1177:
377:
296:
Determining the gas content of normal galaxies in the early universe (since 2010)
167:
120:
1296:
1219:
1195:
425:
https://web.archive.org/web/20120609132517/http://www.mpia.de/Public/menu-e.php
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Reconstruction of the evolution history of stars in elliptical galaxies (2005)
91:
1426:
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570:
557:
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109:
1981 The MPE X-ray test facility "Panter" located in Neuried starts operation
409:
in July 2019, the first complete sky survey in the X-ray range was achieved.
123:
becomes director and scientific member at the institute (infrared astronomy)
1332:
1302:
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Stellar disks rotating around the black hole in the Andromeda galaxy (2005)
308:
1338:
1308:
1278:
1207:
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61:
split up into the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, the
278:
Detection of gamma-ray line emission (Ti) from supernova remnants (1998)
488:
462:
171:
535:
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First detection of X-ray emission from comets and planets (1996, 2001)
1171:
584:
175:
372:
The GRAVITY instrument enables the four 8-metre telescopes at the
402:
334:
54:
116:
becomes director and scientific member at the institute (theory)
50:
287:
Detection of a binary active galactic nucleus in X-rays (2003)
30:
330:
317:
254:
Numerical simulation of a collision-free shock wave (1990)
419:
429:
391:(E-ELT), which is currently being built in the Chilean
477:
86:
Major events in the history of the institute include:
248:
Experimental proof of the reconnection process (1979)
369:, the institute contributed the NISP optical system.
103:becomes director at the institute (plasma physics)
59:Max Planck Institute for Physics and Astrophysics
39:Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics
18:Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik
1424:
1156:Research Unit for Enzymology of Protein Folding
511:"Agreement Signed for MICADO Camera for E-ELT"
453:
451:
449:
600:
532:"Active, Past and Future Projects at the MPE"
851:Comparative Public Law and International Law
524:
446:
607:
593:
1095:Ultrafast Imaging and Structural Dynamics
856:Comparative and International Private Law
307:
233:
29:
741:Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity
14:
1425:
614:
751:Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems
588:
67:Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics
1443:Astronomy institutes and departments
1131:Foreign and International Social Law
1075:Molecular and Cellular Life Sciences
251:The artificial comet (AMPTE 1984/85)
701:Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics
435:http://www.esa.int/esaCP/index.html
193:
24:
711:Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
389:European Extremely Large Telescope
303:
223:for the large satellite projects.
25:
1464:
413:
131:University of California Berkeley
129:2000 R. Genzel together with the
726:Study of Crime, Security and Law
63:Max Planck Institute for Physics
1070:Molecular and Cellular Biology
746:Dynamics and Self-Organization
503:
485:"History of the MPE: Overview"
384:and an extended field of view.
13:
1:
816:Immunobiology and Epigenetics
776:Friedrich Miescher Laboratory
440:
861:Social Law and Social Policy
716:Research on Collective Goods
7:
1448:Physics research institutes
1321:Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
876:Mathematics in the Sciences
347:
81:
10:
1469:
1397:Max Planck Digital Library
1126:Experimental Endocrinology
1037:Ernst Strüngmann Institute
961:Molecular Plant Physiology
931:Physics of Complex Systems
926:Chemical Physics of Solids
906:Multidisciplinary Sciences
846:Tax Law and Public Finance
831:Innovation and Competition
761:Chemical Energy Conversion
72:
1384:
1229:
1164:
1103:
1050:
1029:
636:Evolutionary Anthropology
624:
27:German research institute
1146:Physics and Astrophysics
941:Extraterrestrial Physics
911:Neurobiology of Behavior
896:Terrestrial Microbiology
811:Science of Human History
170:for his research on the
1065:Heart and Lung Research
956:Plant Breeding Research
796:Heart and Lung Research
721:Colloids and Interfaces
676:Biological Intelligence
1390:Kaiser Wilhelm Society
1345:Emmanuelle Charpentier
1151:Psychological Research
901:Microstructure Physics
866:European Legal History
771:Neuroscience (Florida)
731:Biological Cybernetics
661:Art History (Florence)
359:EUCLID space telescope
321:
164:Nobel Prize in Physics
34:
1433:Max Planck Institutes
1111:Behavioral Physiology
1030:Associated institutes
1021:Sustainable Materials
1011:Solar System Research
791:Gravitational Physics
781:Fritz Haber Institute
686:Molecular Biomedicine
571:48.26167°N 11.67167°E
420:http://www.mpe.mpg.de
312:Agreement Signed for
311:
234:Selected achievements
174:at the centre of the
33:
1453:Garching bei München
1267:Georges J. F. Köhler
1060:Evolutionary Biology
1016:Solid State Research
996:Security and Privacy
951:Molecular Physiology
766:Evolutionary Biology
736:Demographic Research
491:on 16 September 2011
465:on 16 September 2011
459:"History of the MPE"
430:http://www.nasa.gov/
374:Very Large Telescope
1438:Education in Munich
891:Marine Microbiology
836:Intelligent Systems
641:Social Anthropology
567: /
1285:Johann Deisenhofer
1273:Klaus von Klitzing
1090:Organismal Biology
1001:Study of Societies
801:History of Science
786:Molecular Genetics
656:Art History (Rome)
617:Max Planck Society
576:48.26167; 11.67167
322:
211:sounding rockets.
43:Max Planck Society
35:
1420:
1419:
1327:Theodor W. Hänsch
1104:Former institutes
1080:Molecular Biology
981:Psycholinguistics
821:Infection Biology
806:Human Development
681:Biology of Ageing
387:For the 39-metre
382:laser guide stars
101:Gerhard Haerendel
16:(Redirected from
1460:
1412:
1411:Schloss Ringberg
1405:
1398:
1391:
1363:Klaus Hasselmann
1214:Martin Stratmann
1053:research schools
1006:Software Systems
971:Polymer Research
921:Science of Light
881:Medical Research
756:Chemical Ecology
628:
618:
609:
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534:. Archived from
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487:. Archived from
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461:. Archived from
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194:Detailed history
187:Frank Eisenhauer
21:
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1351:Reinhard Genzel
1315:Paul J. Crutzen
1230:Nobel laureates
1225:
1178:Adolf Butenandt
1160:
1099:
1052:
1046:
1025:
991:Radio Astronomy
946:Nuclear Physics
671:Biogeochemistry
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378:adaptive optics
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304:Scientific work
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168:Reinhard Genzel
121:Reinhard Genzel
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41:is part of the
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1339:Stefan W. Hell
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1297:Hartmut Michel
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1220:Patrick Cramer
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1196:Hans F. Zacher
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1008:
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993:
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986:Quantum Optics
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978:
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966:Plasma Physics
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958:
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696:Brain Research
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538:on 27 May 2012
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414:External links
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114:Gregor Morfill
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57:. In 1991 the
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1404:Harnack Medal
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1375:Ferenc Krausz
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1357:Benjamin List
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1255:Manfred Eigen
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1237:Walther Bothe
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1085:Neurosciences
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1051:International
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1333:Gerhard Ertl
1303:Bert Sakmann
1291:Robert Huber
1249:Feodor Lynen
1243:Karl Ziegler
1222:(since 2023)
1202:Hubert Markl
1136:Neurobiology
1121:Cell Biology
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666:Biochemistry
651:Astrophysics
552:
540:. Retrieved
536:the original
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516:21 September
514:. Retrieved
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493:. Retrieved
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1279:Ernst Ruska
1216:(2014–2023)
1210:(2002–2014)
1208:Peter Gruss
1204:(1996–2002)
1198:(1990–1996)
1192:(1984–1990)
1190:Heinz Staab
1186:(1972–1984)
1184:Reimar Lüst
1180:(1960–1972)
1174:(1948–1960)
1141:Ornithology
916:Ornithology
886:Meteorology
871:Mathematics
826:Informatics
574: /
367:dark energy
363:dark matter
316:Camera for
92:Reimar Lüst
1427:Categories
1165:Presidents
976:Psychiatry
691:Biophysics
627:Institutes
562:11°40′18″E
559:48°15′42″N
441:References
172:black hole
1172:Otto Hahn
706:Chemistry
646:Astronomy
176:Milky Way
407:Baikonur
357:For the
348:Projects
82:Timeline
65:and the
47:Garching
1116:Biology
936:Physics
542:13 June
495:13 June
469:13 June
403:eROSITA
393:Atacama
335:eROSITA
73:History
55:Germany
49:, near
1377:(2023)
1371:(2022)
1365:(2021)
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1239:(1954)
314:MICADO
207:year.
51:Munich
401:With
331:ROSAT
318:E-ELT
185:2023
162:2020
155:2014
148:2010
119:1986
112:1985
99:1972
544:2012
518:2015
497:2012
471:2012
365:and
333:and
166:for
37:The
1429::
448:^
380:,
53:,
608:e
601:t
594:v
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