1997 Albanian civil unrest

1958:, rebels attacked the police building and took control of the streets in Fier. Berat fell into the hands of gangs and became a major center of rebellion, alongside Vlora. Poliçan, Këlcyra, and Skrapar were also seized. In Kuçovë, rebels took control of 19 MiG aircraft. The "Vlora Rescue Committee" welcomed the agreement reached on 9 March. The American Foundation for Eastern Europe sent a letter to the Albanian Embassy in the U.S., stating, "It is great naivety to not understand that the Committee of Vlora and its leaders are inspired by a communist mafia-type organization like the KGB." The letter concluded: "Mr. Berisha must decide, by any means necessary, to restore the rule of law, including the use of military force if needed." On the evening of 10 March, the U.S. Embassy also welcomed the agreement. Unopposed on the battlefield, the rebels in the south continued their wave of destruction. They attacked a local police station in Gramsh, took control of the streets in 358: 347: 336: 324: 777: 299: 478: 142: 103: 1889:, and claiming they were ordered to attack civilians. Gazidede's plan to isolate the insurgency in Vlora failed as it spread across the south. After fierce fighting in Delvina, the rebels forced the army to pull back. In Saranda, rebels set up roadblocks. More depots exploded in the south. Rebels placed snipers in mansions, locked the Mifoli Bridge, and raised barricades to prevent military and SHIK entry. In Shkodra, the army capitulated, and the hunger strike ended. In Saranda, organized gangs raided an Albanian Navy base, capturing thousands of weapons. The 42: 925:, could no longer make payments, leading to their collapse. By then, the number of investors lured by the promise of getting rich quickly had grown to include two-thirds of Albania's 3 million population. It is estimated that close to $ 1.5 billion was invested in companies offering monthly interest rates ranging from 10% to 25%, while the average monthly income in the country was around $ 80. A significant number of Albanians had sold their homes to invest, and emigrants working in Greece and Italy transferred additional resources to the schemes. 1921:

Party (DAP) denied any responsibility or obligation toward the statement they had previously described as a "political success." Greek TV channel "Sky" News reported, "A few minutes after the meeting, the leaders of armed groups in Saranda emerged, announcing their decision to attack Gjirokastër that night. They will not leave and are anxiously awaiting the popular trial of three prisoners captured in Saranda's main square, who allegedly attacked SHIK employees and northern ethnic groups, increasing the victim count in Vlora."

179: 1658: 1407: 456: 5797: 5061: 1086:. Instead of quelling the protests, this move backfired and increased public suspicion. A check for $ 550,000 paid by the "Gjallica" firm on 7 January to the Socialist Party accelerated the firm's collapse. On 5 February, Gjallica declared bankruptcy, and on 6 February, violent protests resumed in Vlorë. On 9 February, state police were attacked in Vlorë, and a day later, in the south, a group of 50 Special Forces troops attacked and brutally dispersed protesters. 5640: 5219: 5133: 1345: 1307: 423: 368: 2071: 1326: 445: 6095: 1283: 401: 379: 260: 195: 967: 286: 5978: 234: 208: 1383: 390: 2051:

in Bosnia not be repeated in Albania. At a hearing in the Albanian Parliament, the head of Gazidede Union accused anti-Albanian Greek circles, Albanian Socialists, the military, and criminals. He stated, "The integrity of Albania no longer exists" and "the rebellion was directed towards the destruction of any historic and cultural facility, with the long-term goal of eradicating any historical evidence of Albanian autochthony."

221: 1364: 1263: 412: 434: 247: 273: 1876:

compound in Gjirokastra was raided. Masked raiders captured a warship, and rebels attacked Saranda, burning police and government buildings. Criminals engineered a prison break, releasing hundreds of prisoners, seizing 400 weapons, and setting fire to the town library. In Kuçovë, a bread shortage was announced. The army regained control of Fier and began disarming the population.

1067:, where he was also assaulted. Albanian Special Forces intervened to extract Shehu. By the morning of 26 January, every government institution in the city had been looted and destroyed, except for the Interior Ministry building, which was protected by the Director of Communications, seven of his engineers, and a guard who refused to abandon his post. 1139: 2198:, a crowd of approximately 4,000 gathered to protest. The protest, initiated by the Committee of Public Salvation, included demands for Berisha's resignation, reform of the electoral process, emergency parliamentary elections scheduled for 2001, and reimbursement of 100% of all financial losses. Leaders of the Committee joined the rally. 831:, was appointed prime minister. However, the transfer of power did not halt the unrest, and protests spread to northern Albania. Although the government quelled revolts in the north, its ability to maintain order began to collapse, especially in the southern half of the country, which fell under the control of rebels and criminal gangs. 1862:

voluntarily armed themselves to defend the city from a potential attack by armed gangs. Italian news agency ANSA commented: "The whole scenario is emerging as a politico-military strategy rather than a manifestation of spontaneous popular action. Special machines have been used for days to gather people in Flag Square."

1893:, led by Albert Shyti, began to act as a parallel government, conducting a "de facto" coup. Shyti's main collaborator was Myrteza Çaushi, known as Zani, "the strongman of Vlora." Following the example set in Vlora, Shyti established "Salvation Committees" throughout Albania. Demonstrators succeeded in overpowering the 2086:

occurred when an Albanian ship operated by a Vlora gang was mistakenly rammed and sunk by an Italian naval vessel in the Otranto Channel. Eighty-two refugees died. A "National Assembly of Committees of the South" was held, with opposition political figures participating. They demanded the President's

2050:

21 March: Greece sought to enter Albanian territory under the pretext of protecting minorities. Berisha requested Turkish military aid. The Turkish government stated that if Greek troops entered Albania, Turkey would immediately invade Greece and capture Athens. Turkey demanded that the mistakes made

1997:

13 March: President Berisha and Prime Minister Fino requested international military assistance as Tirana faced imminent invasion by the rebels. A curfew was declared, and several hundred volunteers, mainly from the North, protected the capital. Berisha described it as the most dangerous night of his

1884:

was blocked and mined, becoming a symbol of the rebellion as it separated the two parts of Albania. As students ended their hunger strike, gunmen in Saranda used navy craft to plunder weapons caches. Gangs patrolled the sea using Albanian Navy ships. Outside Saranda, one SHIK member was burned alive,

1709:

26 January: A demonstration by the Socialist Party in downtown Tirana escalated into a violent clash between police and opposition supporters. Some Socialist leaders were injured by the police. The opposition destroyed the National History Museum, the Palace of Culture, the Et'hem Bey Mosque, and the

1027:

The pyramid schemes began operations in 1991. Their activity was based on making payments to old investors using money contributed by new investors. The first scheme was that of Hajdin Sejdisë, who later fled to Switzerland with several million dollars. It was followed by "Sudja," run by shoe factory

854:

to direct relief efforts and restore order in Albania. The UN feared that the unrest could spread beyond Albania's borders and send refugees throughout Europe. Consequently, the US and NATO provided assistance by managing refugee camps, airlifting displaced populations across Europe, and securing the

2604:

Following the February/March 1997 looting of Albanian Army barracks and depots, weapons became even more readily available. The current price for a Kalashnikov is barely US$ 300, and the most conservative estimates of Albanians' stocks now start at 25,000 hidden AK assault rifles. Also available are

1920:

6 March: President Berisha held a meeting with representatives of political parties to sign a statement condemning the massive plunder and destruction of military warehouses and calling for the surrender of weapons. Six hours later, the leaders of the Socialist Party (SP) and the Democratic Alliance

1861:

into the air as a sign of victory. Parliament appointed the chief of the Gazideden Union to restore order. Gazidede immediately ordered the indefinite closure of schools throughout the country and imposed restrictions on the press and consumer goods. In Kavaja, a bastion of the PD, over 5,000 people

1231:

Later, the thieves were seen by several witnesses meeting on the outskirts of Shkodër, where they divided the money among themselves. After the robbery, police and investigators began their inquiries in Shkodër. In the spring of 1998, more than a year later, the investigators closed the file, and it

1916:

5 March: Warehouses in Memaliaj and other locations were blown up. Rebels burned police buildings in these cities. Greek TV channel "Mega" reported, "Today, armed groups in southern Albania raised the banner of Northern Epirus for the first time. They demand the separation of the southern part from

1875:

to prevent it from spreading further. Destruction and killings continued throughout southern Albania. The seven million dollar Vocational Training Centre in Vlora was destroyed, costing the Albanian government heavily. A group of approximately 100 "Adipetrol" members was held responsible, and their

1822:

28 February: Forty-six students at the University of Gjirokastër joined a hunger strike, with demands similar to those of students in Vlora. Armed crowds attacked and burned a SHIK branch, resulting in the deaths of three agents who were burned alive and three others who were attacked and killed by

1670:

collapse, including "Kamberi," "Cenaj," "Silva," "Malvasia," "Kambo," "Grunjasi," "Dypero," "Bashkimi," "Beno," "Pogoni," "B&G," "Kobuzi," "Arkond," "Adelin," "A. Delon," "Agi," "M. Leka Company," "Global Limited Co.," "Çashku," and "Sudja." The city of Vlora, a major hub for these schemes, was

807:

By January 1997, Albanian citizens, who had lost a total of $ 1.2 billion, took their protest to the streets. Beginning in February, thousands of people launched daily protests demanding reimbursement from the government, which they believed had profited from the schemes. On 1 March, Prime Minister

1990:

army had crossed the border. The revolt spread northward; the army capitulated in many areas, and a large weapons depot was captured in Shkodra. Prominent organized-crime figures escaped from prison, formed gangs, and effectively took control of numerous regions. Gangs looted banks, took hostages,

1789:

11 February: Artur Rustemi, the first victim of the rebellion, was buried in Vlora. His funeral turned into an anti-government demonstration that resulted in the burning of the ADP headquarters in Vlora. Alarm spread over the lack of bread in the city. The "Forum for Democracy" called for dialogue

1043:

Between 8 and 16 January 1997, the schemes finally collapsed. On 22 January, the government froze the assets of the Xhaferri and Populli firms. "Gjallica," another firm, was on the verge of bankruptcy, while "Vefa," which had invested in Albanian hotels, the fuel industry, and factories, continued

1808:

20 February: A hunger strike began at the University Ismail Kamal in Vlora, with approximately 50 students demanding the resignation of the government. The Forum for Democracy organized a violent demonstration in Tirana, resulting in five policemen being seriously injured. A group of students met

1162:

When southern Albanian bases were looted, it was estimated that, on average, every male aged ten and older had at least one firearm and ample ammunition. During the rebellion, 656,000 weapons of various types, 1.5 billion rounds of ammunition, 3.5 million hand grenades, and one million land mines

1698:

wrote, "Surely, this is the work of Hajdin Sejdia. He left with several million dollars in 1991 but returned unexpectedly in 1996 and began distributing money to creditors. The truth is that he received $ 3 million from 'Xhaferri' and 'People,' which led to increased confidence among citizens in

1690:

22 January: The trial began against the so-called "charitable donations" (which were actually pyramid schemes) "People's Democracy-Xhaferri" and "People," both run by individuals with close ties to the Communist State Security (Rrapush Xhaferri and Bashkim Driza). Kërxhaliu, the administrator of

1985:

11 March: The "Committee of the South" was established, rejecting Berisha and calling for the return of lost funds. The Committee proposed forming a new state separate from Tirana. Army depots in Kukës were looted, and armed looters damaged state institutions. The citizens of Kukës temporarily

1943:

8 March: President Berisha organized a meeting with all parties concerned about the creation of the new government. The leaders of the Gjirokastër division had surrendered and taken control of the rebellion in that city. Gangs kidnapped several auxiliary military forces from Tirana and blocked

1870:

was captured by rebels, with fighters from Vlora arriving by boat and burning every government building in the city, including the library. In Vlora, a local detention facility was broken into, and more than 400 guns were seized. Gunmen also burned down the Vocational Training Centre in Vlora.

1548:

Each night brought attacks involving explosives and gunfire, leaving dozens dead. In Berat, Altin Dardha's rule was particularly harsh. In Lushnjë, Aldo Bare's gang held control, with one of their worst crimes being the beheading of an opponent. The cities ruled by gangs included Vlorë, Berat,

1705:

25 January: Demonstrators from surrounding villages attacked and destroyed state institutions in Lushnja. Tritan Shehu was held hostage for several hours at the City Stadium. The city of Lushnja was set on fire by the crowd, led by local Socialist Party leaders. Additional clashes occurred in

947:(PS) accused the government of election fraud and rejected the results. They proceeded to leave the ballot-counting process and boycott the parliament. Five months later, local elections were held on 20 October. The Democratic Party won again, but the Socialists rejected this result as well. 2013:

14 March: Franz Vranitski was appointed to address the Albanian crisis. The U.S. Ambassador appeared on VAT, stating that the diplomatic mission would not leave and that the American people supported the Albanian people. In Tirana, the population began to disarm. A tobacco plantation and a

1532:

Taking advantage of the chaotic situation, criminal groups armed themselves and took control of entire cities. Most leaders had been imprisoned in Greece but suddenly escaped and returned to Albania. The most notable case is that of Zani Caushi, who escaped from the high-security prison in

1134:

The next day was a decisive moment in Albanian history. After strengthening their perimeter around the university building, the rebel forces, without warning, attacked the SHIK building. In the ensuing fighting between the rebels and government forces, nine people—six officers and three

1879:

4 March: The Committee of Public Salvation was formed in Vlora, headed by Albert Shyti. This committee began to act as a parallel government. Snipers occupied every building in Vlora, and barricades were erected on every street to prevent attacks by SHIK. The Mifoli Bridge over the

1470:

In March 1997, several nations launched evacuation missions to remove their nationals, embassy personnel, and numerous other civilians by air and sea. Italy conducted a series of rescue flights and evacuations by sea without assigning an overarching operation name to these actions.

1485:

As part of a peacekeeping mission based on UN Security Council Resolution 1101, a multinational protection force of more than 7,000 troops was sent to Albania in mid-April. By mid-August 1997, it had largely restored public order and secured new elections under OSCE supervision.

1202:

outside Tirana, contained 340 kg of gold ingots, banknotes, and other items. The perpetrators, who were later tried and received prison sentences, were: Arian Bishqemi (7 years), Blerim Haka (3 years), Pellumb Dalti (6 years), Enver Hyka (8 years), and Ahmet Hyka (4 years).

1078:

and the government for allowing the schemes to continue despite IMF advice. As allegations grew that Berisha and others in the government had personally profited from the schemes, many became convinced that the Democratic Party had to be removed by force, particularly in Vlorë.

1818:

26 February: As part of a presidential tour of areas affected by the crisis, Berisha met with citizens in Gjirokastër and promised to make all efforts to resolve the situation. Thousands surrounded the University Ismail Kamal to protect against a rumored "attack" by state

2368:

Damage from the rebellion was estimated at $ 200 million, with approximately 3,700 to 5,000 people wounded. Lawsuits were filed against the leaders of the rogue firms. Various members of the government, including Safet Zhulali and Agim Shehu, were sentenced in absentia.

1833:

1 March: The city of Vlora had no functioning government and was controlled by gangs and traffickers. A mass exodus began. In Lushnje, police were brutally beaten. News of the massacre of SHIK officers shocked the government. Rebels took control of the Albanian Navy's

1039:

to supervise commercial banks. The IMF revised its advice two years later, after the consequences of the schemes had become apparent. Despite the IMF's recommendation to shut down these schemes, the government continued to allow them, often participating in them.

2036:

17 March: A presidential decree released Fatos Nano, the opposition leader who had been jailed since 1993 on corruption charges. The President left the country in a U.S. military helicopter. Fatos Nano held a press conference, expressing his support for the new

1643:

and saw themselves as protectors of democracy against authoritarian, one-man rule. The Albanian government, however, perceived them as reminiscent of Communist-era local party organizations and, therefore, as a potential threat of a return to Communist rule.

2308:" supported leftist candidates, although they had promised not to take government positions until the crisis was resolved. On election day, a referendum was also held on the form of governance. The Republic prevailed over the monarchy with 65% of the votes. 1115:

did not participate in the protest. The Students' Union there declared that while "the students share the pain of the citizens of Vlorë in losing money in pyramid schemes, they believe that freedom and democracy, homeland, and nation have a higher price."

1781:

10 February: Violence continued in the south. Armed groups burned the Democratic Party of Albania (DPA) headquarters, and both the President and government resigned. A group of about 50 Special Forces troops was viciously attacked by a mob of thousands.

1544:

to listen to the Committee of Rescue, and ended at 1:00 p.m. After that hour, the streets were deserted, with only gang members remaining active. The gangs announced through speakers and flyers that others should stay indoors due to impending fighting.

1767:

6 February: Thousands joined violent protests in Vlora. Kukës formed a "Committee" with the firm's creditors, seeking a legal solution to the issue and aiming to become shareholders of the firm. Similar committees were established in Gjirokastër and

2777:

No progress was made in structural reforms. In early 1997, Albania plunged into deep economic crisis. Rioting triggered by the collapse of the pyramid schemes intensified to near civil war, with the government losing control over large parts of the

1759:

4 February: Partial returns of deposits began as per a government decision. The opposition criticized the Democrats for delaying the start of the process. The "Forum for Democracy" proposed the creation of a technical government to resolve the

2002:, stating, "The clock has turned back to Albania's civil war between nationalists and communists in the years 1943–44." He criticized foreign media and the political elite while calling for calm to overcome the crisis. The French news agency 1159:) refers to the opening of the army's weapons depots in the northern areas of the country on the orders of President Berisha. He justified this decision by citing the need to protect the population from the violence spreading from the south. 1028:

worker Maksude Kadëna in 1993, and then by the "Populli" foundations, run by an opposition politician, and "Xhaferri." By the end of 1996, the schemes had peaked, with very tempting interest rates; for example, Sudja offered 100% interest.

2032:

16 March: A massive rally in Tirana called for peace and cooperation. A day of national mourning was declared in honor of the victims of the rebellion. In Fier, radioactive material was looted. President Berisha decreed an amnesty for 51

1055:

marched on city hall in protest against the government's support of the schemes, and the protest quickly descended into violence. Police forces were subsequently routed, and both the city hall and the adjoining cinema were burned down.

3794: 1739:

from the Albanian Helsinki Committee (known for anti-Berisha positions), and Kurt Kola, president of the Association of the Politically Persecuted (also associated with "the people"). The Forum soon began organizing anti-government

1865:

3 March: President Berisha was re-elected with votes from DP members of parliament alone, which led to massive riots in southern and central Albania. Warehouses exploded, and remaining military bands formed committees. The city of

1677:

16 January: Maksude Kadëna, owner of "Sudja," was arrested. The Socialist newspaper "Voice of the People" wrote, "From Tirana to Vlora, the country is in revolt," referring to the protests by about 6,000 people in Vlora's Flag

2104:

31 March: National mourning was declared in honor of the Otranto victims. Ismail Kadare stated in the Italian media that he was "shocked by this tragedy" and that the authority of the government and the President needed to be

1244:

began to arrive and withdrew on 12 August. Approximately 7,000 soldiers from the multinational, Italian-led UN mission were deployed to Albania to restore order and the rule of law. The first forces were stationed in

1110:

also came to show their support. They were then brought by FRESSH (the Youth Wing of the Socialist Party) activists from Vlorë to the capital, Tirana. In contrast, the students of the University of Luigj Gurakuqi in

1932:(later appointed Defense Minister in 2009) and Ridvan Pëshkëpia. With the fall of Gjirokastër, the entire south of the country was out of government control. Weapons continued to spread across the country. Tirana's 1763:

5 February: The bankrupt firm "Gjallica" was taken over by the former State Security. The cities most affected by the firm's bankruptcy were Vlora ($ 145 million USD) and Kukës ($ 16 million USD). Protests began in

1123:(Shërbimi Informativ Kombëtar), the national intelligence service. On the same day, a group of strikers requested additional medical assistance, raising doubts about the doctors available to them. On 27 February in 2355:

According to Christopher Jarvis, there were 2,000 people killed. Fred C. Abrahams reported that between March and May 1997, approximately 1,600 people were killed, most of them in shootouts between rival gangs. An

2746:

In early 1997 Albanian society was at the brink of collapse and only narrowly escaped civil war when pyramid investment schemes collapsed, taking with them the savings of a majority of the already poor Albanian

1777:

9 February: An armed crowd attacks the police station in Vlora, resulting in one death and one injury. The "Forum for Democracy" declares that the only solution to the crisis is continued protests against the

1228:. Although the building contained a total of $ 8 million, the robbers managed to escape with $ 6 million. The few police still in the city soon arrived at the scene and took control of the remaining assets. 1566:), based in Vlorë, was led by Myrteza Çaushi, known as "Partizan" and "Zani". Named after the Çole neighborhood in the eastern part of the city, which it controlled, the gang supported the Socialist Party. 1699:

these schemes. As a result of Sejdia's arrival, there was an increase of tens of millions of dollars in deposits to these schemes within 2–3 months. This prevented the premature failure of these schemes."

800:'s government in January 1997. The conflict, which lasted until August 1997, resulted in the deaths of more than 2,000 people. The establishment of a new government occurred as revolutionaries surrounded 2040:

18 March: A Committee for the Rescue of North and Middle Albania threatened the new government if it recognized the committees of the South. As a result, the government did not recognize any committees.

1917:

the rest of the country, ranging from Tepelena, thus proclaiming the autonomy of southern Albania. Albania's longstanding issue has been North-South autonomy, which is divided along the Shkumbin River."

3837: 1249:, and normality began to return to Tirana. An element of the Operation Alba forces remained in place to retrain the military to modern standards. From mid-May, this unit was joined by members of the 1951:. The new government called on former army members to help restore peace and order. President Berisha appeared on VAT in a statement to the nation, urging "reconciliation, faith, unity, and calm." 1632:. They were particularly influential in the south, where, early in the crisis, local Salvation Committees merged to form the National Salvation Committee, which demanded the removal of President 1998:

life. Fatos Nano and Ramiz Alia were among the last to emerge from prison. Revolts continued in the South, with rebels burning a police building in Lezha. Ismail Kadare addressed Albanians via

4150:

Kritsiotis, D., 1999. Security Council Resolution 1101 (1997) and the Multinational Protection Force of Operation Alba in Albania. Leiden Journal of International Law, 12(3), pp. 511–547.

1102:

on campus, demanding the government's resignation and the full return of invested money. On 22 February, the opposition Forum for Democracy declared its support for the strike. Students from

2115:

1 April: Leaders of the Democratic Party debated the resignation of Berisha and Shehu. Fino urged the Socialist Party to withdraw from the 28 March agreement with the Committee of the South.

2332:

24 July: Berisha resigned, having promised that if the Socialists won, he would step down because he could not endure "institutional cohabitation" with them. The National Assembly elected

2066:

27 March: The Democratic Party claimed that relations between the Greek and Albanian peoples had always been excellent, and that Greek extremist groups did not represent all Greek people.

2534: 2101:

30 March: President Berisha and Prime Minister Fino sent condolences to the families of the Otranto victims. Albania requested an international investigation into the incident.

2029:

15 March: Rinas Airport was recovered by the government. Parliament approved the "Government of National Reconciliation." A "Committee for the Protection of Durrës" was formed.

6426: 1909:), who saw this as an opportunity to undermine the new political system. Albert Shyti, returning from Greece with a private arsenal, set himself up as the head of the Vlora " 1805:

18 February: President Berisha met with citizens of Lushnja, promising to do everything to resolve the crisis. The National Front demanded the resignation of the government.

1178:

on 29 April after a group of villagers broke into the facility. The blast resulted in the deaths of 22 of the 200 village residents, most of whom were from the same family.

2191:

demanded the disarmament of "illegal" Salvation Committees. Four children were injured by a bomb in Gjirokastra. In Shpërthehen, 35 meters of train tracks were demolished.

1590:, Vlorë, and other southern cities. It was formed in March 1997 in Vlorë and was a primary rival of the Çole gang. The Gang of Gaxhai supported the Democratic Party (DP). 1063:, the leader of the Democratic Party, was sent to Lushnjë to resolve the situation. Upon arrival, he was captured by protesters and held hostage for several hours at the 3870: 2880: 4365: 4601: 549: 2131:

7 April: Dozens of people were wounded and 5 killed, including two children, in Fier. The Haklaj family led the riots. Additionally, 3 people were killed in Durrës.

1540:

In Vlorë, five gangs emerged, but two dominated the city: the gang of Zani and the gang of Gaxhai. The city's activity began at 10:00 a.m., when people gathered in

2905: 5600: 1628:) were organizations formed during the unrest in Albania. Established in many regions across the country, these committees sought to usurp the functions of the 5379: 4147:

Nicholson, B., 1999. The beginning of the end of a rebellion: southern Albania, May–June 1997. East European Politics and Societies, 13(3), pp. 543–565.

3816: 2304:

29 June: Parliamentary elections were held. The Socialist Party allies won, while the Democrats suffered their biggest loss in history. Many members of the "

834:

By 13 March, all major population centers were engulfed in demonstrations, and foreign countries began evacuating their citizens. These evacuations included

3750: 1674:

15 January: Hundreds gathered at the residence of Maksude Kadëna, the owner of "Sudja." Among the crowd were opposition leaders. They confronted the police.

2326:, in which two-thirds of voters had rejected the proposed restoration of the monarchy. Five people were killed in a clash between demonstrators and police. 763: 3993:

From Exchanging Weapons for Development to Security Sector Reform in Albania: Gaps and Grey Areas in Weapon Collection Programmes Assessed by Local People

3026: 4220: 4178: 2023: 2003: 1749:

urged the creditors of "Gjallica" to visit the firm on 6 February to retrieve their money. The goal was to incite violent demonstrations at "Gjallica."

1681:

18 January: An emergency meeting of the Democratic National Council resulted in the creation of a parliamentary committee to investigate the situation.

1465: 843: 659: 4065: 2175:

21 April: Multinational forces were deployed in Vlora. Criminal gangs attacked and devastated the city of Gramsh and terrorized citizens in Çorovodë.

6486: 4585: 4200: 4249: 4235: 4970: 4262: 1439: 1435: 851: 690: 685: 4275: 1448:

resolutions provide the basis for the establishment and execution of the mission (Resolution 1101) and its limited extension (Resolution 1114).

878:

The period has been described as a civil war, on the brink of civil war, or near civil war, and as anarchy, while others argue that it was not.

5267: 4498: 4358: 4135:

Perlmutter, T., 1998. The politics of proximity: The Italian response to the Albanian crisis. International Migration Review, pp. 203–222.

2468: 1786:

broadcast footage of the police siege. The rebellion spread throughout southern Albania, and a state of emergency was proposed for the region.

1253:'s Multinational Albanian Police element, which worked to restructure the police and the legislative base that had contributed to the crisis. 6496: 6476: 5257: 4118:

La Crisi albanese del 1997: l'azione dell'Italia e delle organizzazioni internazionali : verso un nuovo modello di gestione delle crisi?

3776: 2808:

An example of a situation which features aspects of anarchy rather than civil war is the case of Albania after the outbreak of chaos in 1997.

2301:

was unable to conduct a normal campaign in southern Albania. Their campaign was marred by riots in those cities, resulting in over 60 deaths.

1994:

12 March: President Berisha decreed the formation of a Government of National Reconciliation. Meanwhile, the revolt intensified in the South.

2587: 2233:

10 May: Special Forces clashed with armed gangs in Gramsh. The Gramsh Rescue Committee prevented the distribution of newspapers in the city.

1074:. On 30 January, the Forum for Democracy was formed by opposition parties to try to lead the protests. Anger was also directed at President 6461: 5262: 3084: 6466: 4301: 988: 1684:

19 January: A protest against "Sudes" was held in the square. Opposition leaders attempted to direct the protest against the government.

5020: 4153:

Jarvis, 1999, "The Rise and Fall of the Pyramid Schemes in Albania," IMF Working Paper 99/98 (International Monetary Fund: Washington)

2329:

July: Gangs continued to rule cities with fear and terror. Murders, robberies, and trafficking in weapons, people, and drugs increased.

2057:

23 March: Control of the Port of Durrës was reestablished. Berat was under gang rule, with numerous attacks attempted using explosives.

1802:

17 February: The Legality Movement condemned the violence and refused dialogue with the "Forum for Democracy." Ministers met in Tirana.

2941: 6313: 6165: 4995: 4351: 3848: 2538: 2319: 2063:

26 March: The American evacuation of civilians, Operation Silver Wake, ended, and most U.S. Marines returned to their ships offshore.

1515:

claimed that 65.7% had voted in favor. Meanwhile, the parliamentary elections resulted in an overwhelming victory for the opposition

1512: 1047:

The first public protests occurred on 16 January in the south of the country. On 19 January, demonstrators protested in the capital,

903: 2159:. Normalcy returned to Tirana, and a successful operation was conducted in Gramsh to apprehend criminals and collect looted weapons. 4659: 2087:

resignation and rejected the "Government of National Reconciliation." The leaders of these committees were former exponents of the

1857:'s government resigned after failing to resolve the crisis. The event was celebrated in Vlora and the south, with thousands firing 756: 1928:

and took some Albanian Special Forces troops hostage. The leaders of the revolt in Gjirokastër were members of the PAD, including

6491: 5971: 5956: 5800: 5735: 5183: 5595: 1812:

22 February: The trial of the leaders of Gjallicës began. The Forum for Democracy supported the student hunger strike in Vlora.

1208: 2878: 2853: 1793:

12–15 February: Multiple kidnappings occurred. Schools were closed, and shops were allowed to sell goods only until 9 o'clock.

1082:

On 4 February, the government began distributing reimbursements for some of the lost money at subsidiaries of the state-owned

5693: 5633: 5605: 5539: 4126: 4022: 4001: 3955: 3934: 3234: 3171: 3150: 2831: 2770: 2739: 2697: 2667: 2155:, an international force of 7,000 troops under Italian command, began arriving in Albania. The first forces were deployed in 535: 2372:

In the elections of June and July 1997, Berisha and his party were voted out of power, and the leftist coalition led by the

17: 5688: 5372: 5212: 4905: 4515: 2134:

8 April: In Gramsh, clashes broke out between local gangs and those from Laçi. The city had become a center for arms sales.

2095:

and a gang, bringing the total death toll to over 110. The United Nations adopted Resolution No. 1101 for humanitarian aid.

1505: 1499: 934: 716: 83: 4168: 1095: 6416: 6266: 5332: 5317: 5310: 5252: 2091:

regime. In the village of Levan, the largest massacre of the conflict occurred, with 24 people killed in clashes between

2054:

22 March: Armed gangs ruled Saranda and Gjirokastra under a regime of violence and terror, resulting in dozens of deaths.

2026:

to evacuate civilians and embassy staff from the port of Durrës, despite the presence of thousands of gunmen in the area.

943:

won by a large margin, securing 122 out of 140 seats in Parliament. The voter turnout was 89.1%. However, the opposition

749: 638: 4570: 1850:. A massive explosion destroyed an arms storage facility. Himarë was on fire, including police buildings in Gjirokastër. 6471: 6451: 5384: 4453: 3312: 3279: 1885:

another was taken hostage, and two others escaped. Fifty soldiers joined the rebels, and two Albanian Air Force pilots

2018:

factory were attacked. The chief of SHIK resigned. Rebels occupied the port of Durrës. The German evacuation mission,

1198:) refers to the theft of gold from the Albanian state treasury on 24 April 1997. The treasury, hidden in tunnels near 1119:

On 26 February, thousands of people surrounded the university building in Vlorë to defend it from a rumored attack by

862:

After the rebellion ended, some of the weapons looted from Albanian army barracks and stockpiles were acquired by the

6251: 6186: 6160: 5618: 5534: 5412: 5195: 5005: 4960: 4945: 4940: 4915: 4839: 4438: 4323: 3980: 2801: 2323: 1937: 1495: 1051:, over the Sudja scheme. On 24 January, open rebellion effectively began. Thousands of people in the western town of 1014: 721: 633: 4060: 1586:), based in Vlorë and led by Gazmend "Gaxhai" Braka, was named after its leader. The gang consisted of members from 1232:

was handed over to the police for further investigation. The perpetrators of this crime remain unknown to this day.

996: 6446: 6221: 5885: 5347: 4965: 4793: 1991:

and robbed businesses. The chaos resulted in the complete paralysis of the country, except for the capital, Tirana.

1031:

The schemes were not criticized immediately due to a banking law adopted in 1994, which, based on advice from the

6456: 5966: 4606: 4443: 3754: 2204:

30 April: An explosion at a weapons depot in Burrel left 27 people dead. Three warehouses also exploded in Berat.

1445: 1064: 847: 183: 2336:

as the new president. Massive gunfire in Tirana marked Berisha's resignation, and major fighting came to an end.

6206: 6201: 6155: 5760: 5178: 4920: 4404: 3972: 2047:

demanded the removal of Berisha and proposed the creation of a Federation of the South. Rinas Airport reopened.

1944:

several tanks and a helicopter. At midnight, they attacked and sabotaged a milk processing factory in Libohovë.

992: 147: 4165:

Foster, E., 1998. Ad Hoc in Albania: Did Europe Fail? A Rejoinder. Security Dialogue, 29(2), pp. 213–217.

4144:

Miall, H., 1997. The OSCE role in Albania: A Success for Conflict Prevention. Helsinki Monitor, 8, p. 74.

3052: 3030: 6441: 6191: 6042: 5700: 5518: 5407: 5000: 4834: 4773: 2044: 1910: 1732: 1710:

Municipality of South Tiranë. An angry mob also burned the city hall. In Patos, terrorist groups set fire to

1240:

On 28 March, the United Nations adopted Resolution 1101 to provide humanitarian aid to Albania. On 15 April,

525: 1702:

24 January: Demonstrators in Lushnja, angry about the arrest of Xhaferri, burned the City Hall and a cinema.

1687:

20 January: 1,500 people gathered at the bankrupt "People-Xhaferri Democracy" scheme to reclaim their money.

6436: 6211: 5961: 5565: 5300: 5222: 5207: 5088: 5041: 4980: 4652: 4575: 4543: 2838:...first half of 1997 was not a civil war, its impact on production and trade might well have been similar. 2389: 586: 6196: 6170: 5909: 5818: 5773: 5755: 5663: 5575: 5458: 5046: 4975: 4925: 4849: 4508: 4409: 4378: 2472: 2298: 1933: 1032: 940: 887: 797: 154: 2118:

3 April: The police made gains in restoring order in Tirana, while Special Forces took control of Berat.

1947:

9 March: A Government of National Reconciliation was established in Tirana, headed by Gjirokastër mayor

1083: 796:. The large sums of money siphoned from the government to fund these schemes led to the collapse of the 6481: 6421: 6339: 5904: 5790: 5745: 5740: 5683: 5678: 5643: 5590: 5141: 5103: 5015: 4473: 4399: 3072:(report) (in Italian). Rome, Italy: Università Roma Tre - Facoltà di Scienze Politiche – via HAL. 2373: 1667: 1640: 1516: 1411: 956: 944: 824: 737: 170: 3088: 5933: 5778: 5750: 5673: 5327: 5202: 5136: 5093: 4804: 4394: 2476: 1886: 1135:

civilians—were killed. This incident marked the beginning of a year of violence in southern Albania.

711: 596: 4107: 2644:

These riots, and the state of anarchy which they caused, are known as the Albanian civil war of 1997

617: 6431: 6349: 5668: 5098: 4985: 4844: 4448: 4141:

Kalra, M.S., 1998. Inflation and money demand in Albania (No. 98-101). International Monetary Fund.

1796:

13 February: Kurt Kola was accused of being a traitor and collaborator with communist executioners.

1036: 977: 5981: 2560:

Salehyan, Idean; Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede (April 2006). "Refugees and the Spread of Civil War".

6386: 6291: 6216: 6007: 5894: 5838: 5513: 5394: 5280: 5126: 5036: 4990: 4930: 4879: 4864: 4824: 4768: 4757: 4645: 2906:"Kur opozita rrihej barbarisht/ 28 maj 1996, socialistët protestonin për zgjedhjet e manipuluara" 2605:

anti-tank weapons, rifle and hand grenades and even small-calibre mortars and anti-aircraft guns.

2591: 1128: 981: 4318: 4157: 3004: 2982: 6308: 6284: 5899: 5555: 5443: 5417: 5227: 5113: 4935: 4520: 4463: 4055: 2972:

UNDP, Albanian Human Development Report 1998. Tirana: United Nations Development Program, 1999.

2637: 2618: 2505: 2450: 2291: 1250: 863: 570: 4070: 3780: 3224: 6303: 6246: 6017: 6002: 5560: 5438: 5367: 5285: 4580: 4553: 4488: 4421: 4094: 3871:"Masakra e Cërrikut, Ish-gardisti: "Met Bozi urdhëroi djegien e kufomave" Albania 2010-06-02" 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3580: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3520: 3508: 3496: 3484: 3472: 3460: 3448: 3436: 3424: 3412: 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 2791: 2729: 2687: 2141:

arrived in Tirana with the royal court. Dozens of mentally ill patients escaped from Elbasan.

2007: 1461: 1416: 1349: 1311: 1287: 1070:

On 26–27 January, violence erupted in other southern towns, including the major port city of

839: 706: 654: 438: 119: 47: 2760: 2277: 2022:, was carried out for civilians and embassy staff in Tirana. The Greek government conducted 591: 6032: 5919: 5710: 5362: 5237: 5190: 5069: 4859: 2948: 2305: 2122: 1890: 1330: 1267: 530: 416: 6128: 6094: 4328: 1549:

Tepelenë, Memaliaj, Ballsh, Sarandë, Gjirokastër, Lushnjë, Pogradec, Çërrik, and Tropojë.

8: 6296: 6022: 5951: 5658: 5508: 5402: 5342: 5337: 5322: 5159: 4955: 4894: 4493: 1537:

in February 1997 and, with a group of associates, established the gang of Çole in Vlorë.

1368: 804:. Various sources also describe the ensuing violence as a rebellion or even a civil war. 427: 41: 809: 449: 6379: 6372: 6344: 5720: 5495: 5476: 5453: 5422: 5121: 4869: 4829: 4783: 4680: 4672: 4611: 4478: 4468: 4433: 2928:"Refworld | Albania: Information from 1990 to present on the ShIK (secret police)" 2857: 2413: 2247:

exploded, injuring 14 people and killing 4 others. An entire family was also killed in

1839: 1298: 817: 792:

experienced widespread civil unrest due to economic problems caused by the collapse of

776: 612: 4809: 2927: 2236:

14 May: Kakavisë was attacked at the border. Remnants of the attack blocked the Berat-

6318: 6274: 6256: 6027: 5946: 5927: 5858: 5853: 5843: 4854: 4778: 4458: 4416: 4122: 4018: 3997: 3976: 3951: 3930: 3308: 3285: 3275: 3230: 3146: 3111: 2827: 2797: 2766: 2735: 2693: 2663: 2188: 2019: 1987: 1579: 1559: 1504:

On 29 June 1997, Albania held a referendum on restoring the monarchy alongside early

1457: 1392: 1213: 1191: 1175: 1152: 835: 664: 4819: 4343: 1671:

severely impacted. The government froze the assets of "Vefa Holding" and "Gjallica."

1572:, based in Vlorë and led by Fredi Nehbiu, controlled the western district of Babicë. 6395: 6241: 6098: 6085: 5872: 5863: 5783: 4910: 4884: 4426: 2569: 2201:

29 April: Schools reopened in the North. Vlora remained under the control of gangs.

2181:

23 April: International forces chose not to work with any "Committee of the South."

1999: 1835: 1694:

23 January: Police arrested 50 employees of "People" and "Xhaferri." The newspaper

1541: 922: 918: 340: 3175: 846:, conducted by the German, American, and Greek military forces, respectively. The 6279: 6118: 6065: 5848: 5705: 4814: 4707: 4616: 4530: 4116: 4032: 4012: 3991: 3945: 3924: 2884: 2821: 2657: 2280:

were killed in grenade attacks, and three others were captured and taken hostage.

2083: 2075: 1955: 1898: 1854: 1225: 1220:) was the theft of approximately $ 6 million from the Albanian state treasury in 899: 165: 3067: 2380:

as President of the Albanian Republic. All UN forces left Albania by 11 August.

1639:

Many of these committees were rooted in local organizations affiliated with the

1553: 560: 5448: 4874: 4386: 2377: 2333: 2152: 2125:

and that the only legitimate institutions are the government and the president.

2006:

reported, "The riots in Albania were a military coup." The United States began

1924:

7 March: Rebels from Saranda, in collaboration with local army forces, entered

1480: 1373: 1354: 1335: 1316: 1292: 1272: 1241: 911: 895: 856: 793: 669: 565: 540: 405: 383: 372: 178: 4338: 4333: 3966: 3817:"Procesi, Met Bozi rrëzon dëshminë e gardistit të plagosur Albania 2010-05-12" 3069:

L'attività di peacekeeping della Forza Multinazionale di Protezione in Albania

2573: 1925: 1103: 6410: 6123: 6012: 5796: 4621: 4503: 4189: 3289: 3138: 2258:, the police and the Rescue Committee joined forces against one of the gangs. 2184:

24 April: The police station in Elbasan was attacked. Leka Zog visited Vlora.

2092: 1902: 1838:, a significant symbol of resistance. In response, the government declared a 1736: 1657: 1406: 1224:

in March 1997. A group of six people attacked the fortified building with an

1174:, a town 90 km north of the capital Tirana, an explosion occurred at an 1171: 1099: 455: 351: 304: 131: 2254:

19 May: Violence continued in the south, with ongoing killings in Vlora. In

1809:

with President Berisha in Vlora and agreed to resolve the crisis peacefully.

5881: 5500: 4626: 4288: 2322:

organized a demonstration accusing the electoral commission of rigging the

2261:

21 May: Attacks on bridges in Gjirokastra continued. Violence persisted in

2145: 1948: 1846:. Rebels set up cannons at the entrance of the city, pointing them towards 1633: 1509: 1075: 1060: 907: 891: 828: 813: 460: 328: 6103: 3923:

Tripodi, Paolo (2016). "The Collapse of Albania". In Rich, Paul B. (ed.).

1871:

Meanwhile, SHIK attempted to contain the rebellion to Vlora, Saranda, and

1744: 1587: 4548: 4538: 4138:

Schmidt, F., 1998. Upheaval in Albania. Current History, 97, p. 127.

3751:"Politicians to Be Punished If Cerrik Massacre Fully Investigated, Shehu" 2360:

document claimed that more than 2,000 people were killed in March alone.

2244: 2169: 2088: 1975: 1940:

was looted. Albanian Army soldiers defected to the rebels in Gjirokastër.

1929: 394: 2165:

18 April: A bomb exploded in the courtyard of the University of Elbasan.

6055: 5986: 4727: 4565: 4483: 3968:

Decoding Albanian Organized Crime: Culture, Politics, and Globalization

2674:

For a detailed chronological course of events in the Albanian civil war

2659:

Albania's democratic elections, 1991-1997: analyses, documents and data

2535:"Evacuation of 240 Foreign Dignitaries from Albania Operation "Kosmas"" 2530: 2394: 1387: 867: 3777:"Arsim, Histri, Turizemi, Politika. > Shqiperia Masakra e Cerrikut" 2983:"No full confirmation on the number of the victims in Selite - Burrel" 2276:, gangs attacked a Special Forces armored vehicle. Six members of the 1971: 1967: 1725: 1221: 1124: 1112: 1052: 5831: 4950: 4747: 4722: 4689: 2178:

22 April: A bomb exploded near the former "Flora" location in Tirana.

2070: 2015: 1711: 4086: 4056:

Fondi Monetar Ndërkombëtar, Ngritja dhe rënia e piramidave shqiptare

2273: 2227: 2156: 1913:," a pattern that was replicated in other southern towns and cities. 1246: 1199: 966: 859:, which helped restore the rule of law in the country by late July. 6075: 6060: 5290: 4742: 4737: 4717: 4712: 4637: 4375: 2255: 2248: 2138: 1906: 1843: 1815:

24 February: Angry crowds attacked state institutions in the south.

1783: 1718: 1508:. The referendum was rejected by 66.7% of the voters, while former 894:

became president. In the mid-1990s, Albania was transitioning to a

2346:

11 August: The military forces of Operation Alba left the country.

1881: 1071: 939:

On 26 May 1996, general elections were held, and the conservative

855:

borders. On 15 April, a multinational peacekeeping force launched

781: 6050: 5941: 5060: 4732: 4702: 4697: 4668: 2762:

Reforms in Albanian Agriculture: Assessing a Sector in Transition

2262: 2237: 2215: 2195: 2148:

visited Vlora with Albanian Zani Çaushi serving as his bodyguard.

2121:

4 April: The U.S. Embassy stated that it would not meet with any

1872: 1867: 1728:

for involvement in violent demonstrations and illegal activities.

1629: 1534: 1519:, which won 100 of the 151 seats, with a voter turnout of 72.6%. 1422: 1398: 1382: 1344: 1306: 1107: 789: 422: 389: 367: 357: 346: 335: 323: 265: 226: 200: 72: 2162:

17 April: Political parties agreed to hold elections on 29 June.

1823:

the crowd. Additionally, three members of the crowd were killed.

6108: 6070: 4329:

Documentary of Cerrik Massacre with footage of hostage officers

4114: 2819: 2727: 2357: 2223: 1847: 1363: 1325: 1282: 1048: 801: 497:

2,000 civilians and members of army, police, and secret police.

444: 400: 378: 291: 239: 213: 1721:

and the police station. Four policemen were seriously injured.

6113: 4169:

Anarchy in Albania: Collapse of European Collective Security?

4087:"Albania's Transformation since 1997: Successes and Failures" 2266: 2219: 1963: 1936:

was attacked by villagers from the surrounding area, and the

1894: 1858: 1262: 433: 411: 278: 252: 2098:

29 March: Five people were killed in the South and in Berat.

1982:

combat aircraft. The rebellion began to spread to the north.

917:

By January 1997, the schemes, many of which were fronts for

906:. The rudimentary financial system soon became dominated by 5295: 4014:

Albania in Crisis: The Predictable Fall of the Shining Star

1959: 1164: 1120: 1089: 159: 2455:

Finance & Development: A Quarterly Magazine of the IMF

1724:

29 January: Police arrested 140 people in Berat and 20 in

6323: 2414:"ALBANIA: parliamentary elections Kuvendi Popullor, 1997" 1979: 4071:

Banka Botërore, Shqipëria nën hijen e skemave piramidale

4010: 3947:

Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe

3305:

Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy in Europe

2010:

to evacuate civilians and embassy personnel from Tirana.

1799:

14 February: Anti-government protests developed in Fier.

3885: 3250: 3248: 3246: 1774:

8 February: Anti-government protests continue in Vlora.

1146: 1138: 3103: 1986:

abandoned the town following an announcement that the

1735:

was formed by opposition parties, led by Daut Gumeni,

6427:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

4373: 3897: 1901:

crime bosses and former members of the Communist-era

1142:

Angry protesters throwing stones at government forces

910:, and even government officials endorsed a series of 3243: 3112:"Delegated Peacekeeping: The Case of Operation Alba" 2823:

Albania's Economy in Transition and Turmoil, 1990-97

2820:

Anthony Clunies Ross; Petar Sudar (1 January 1998).

2689:

CCT-The Eye of the Storm: Volume II – The GWOT Years

2427: 2425: 2423: 5245: 4158:

The rise and fall of the pyramid schemes in Albania

4037:. Vol. 4. Open Media Research Institute. 1997. 2728:Florian Bieber; Zidas Daskalovski (2 August 2004). 1842:and sent more troops to the areas around Vlora and 3199: 2856:. On War article. 27 November 2003. Archived from 2709: 2168:19 April: A rocket exploded at a weapons depot in 1771:7 February: Protesters block the road in Memaliaj. 1277:, with Italy as the lead nation for Operation Alba 4298:Viti ‘97, Prapaskenat e krizës që rrënuan shtetin 2848: 2846: 2559: 2420: 2240:road. A military post in Berat was also attacked. 6408: 3029:. Info Arkiva. 25 September 2008. Archived from 2498: 2496: 2494: 2451:"The Rise and Fall of Albania's Pyramid Schemes" 1094:On 20 February 1997, roughly 50 students at the 46:Evacuation of the United States citizens during 4516:Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present) 2616: 2523: 2060:25 March: Three policemen were killed in Vlora. 1440:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1114 1436:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1101 1163:were looted from army depots, according to the 186: 4319:Albanian Civil War (1997) - GlobalSecurity.org 4186:False Apocalypse: From Stalinism to Capitalism 4175:Modern Albania: From Dictatorship to Democracy 2843: 2128:5 April: Armed gangs took control of Pogradec. 1717:27 January: An angry crowd burned the hall of 866:, with many making their way into the ensuing 4653: 4359: 3729:"Albanian Telegraphic Agency (ATA), 97-10-18" 2491: 1235: 757: 63:(6 months, 3 weeks and 5 days) 4571:Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001) 3272:The Albanian question: reshaping the Balkans 3222: 3109: 3005:"Explosion of army depot in Burrel kills 22" 2758: 1131:declared his support for the hunger strike. 3849:"I penduari: Ju tregoj masakren e Cerrikut" 3218: 3216: 3214: 2796:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 69. 2793:Statehood and the Law of Self-Determination 2588:"Kosovo: Background to crisis (March 1999)" 1035:(IMF), did not include a provision for the 995:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 890:won the nation's first free elections, and 4660: 4646: 4366: 4352: 4339:The Pyramid Scheme that Collapsed a Nation 4115:Andrea De Guttry; Fabrizio Pagani (1999). 2908:(in Albanian). Top-Channel.tv. 28 May 2019 1974:were taken over by criminal gangs, and in 1602:, based in Berat, was led by Altin Dardha. 827:achieved a major victory when its leader, 764: 750: 40: 3274:. Vickers, Miranda. London: I.B. Tauris. 3053:"Rihetime per vjedhjen e arit te Krrabes" 3027:"Vjedhja e thesarit ne tunelet e Krrabes" 2444: 2442: 2440: 1978:, the rebels commandeered 19 Soviet-made 1608:, based in Lushnje, was led by Aldo Bare. 1015:Learn how and when to remove this message 850:authorized a force of 7,000 troops under 113:Armed civilians who lost their properties 5728: 5583: 4544:Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995) 3964: 3943: 3891: 3302: 3254: 3211: 2789: 2759:Kodderitzsch, Severin (1 January 1999). 2069: 1656: 1451: 1137: 1090:Hunger strike at the University of Vlorë 775: 6487:Attacks on police stations in the 1990s 4991:Albanian resistance during World War II 4586:Macedonian inter-ethnic violence (2012) 3989: 3922: 3903: 3375:* Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3327:* Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 2655: 1612: 1151:The so-called "opening of the depots" ( 14: 6409: 5977: 4084: 3996:. United Nations Publications UNIDIR. 3174:. Albanian Royal House. Archived from 2765:. World Bank Publications. p. 7. 2715: 2685: 2529: 2448: 2437: 2431: 2045:Assembly of Public Salvation Committee 1897:police largely due to the support and 1891:Committee of Public Salvation in Vlore 1887:defected, flying their planes to Italy 1209:Robbery of the Northern State Treasury 904:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 4641: 4395:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024) 4347: 4045:”, Afrim Krasniqi, 1998, Eurorilindja 3715:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3703:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3691:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3679:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3667:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3655:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3643:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3631:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3619:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3601:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3591:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3579:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3567:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3555:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3543:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3531:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3519:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3507:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3495:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3483:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3471:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3459:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3447:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3435:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3423:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3411:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3399:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3387:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3363:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3351:Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare : 3269: 3265: 3263: 3164: 1181: 536:Government of National Reconciliation 6497:Attacks on police stations in Europe 6477:Organized crime conflicts in Albania 4667: 4539:Slovenian War of Independence (1991) 4454:Russian constitutional crisis (1993) 4422:Transnistria conflict (1990–present) 4031: 3205: 3143:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 2617:Robert Bideleux (11 November 1998). 1500:1997 Albanian parliamentary election 1147:Looting and opening of weapon depots 993:adding citations to reliable sources 960: 935:1996 Albanian parliamentary election 812:resigned, and on 2 March, President 784:, men broke rocks to hurl at police. 717:1997 Albanian parliamentary election 6462:Riots and civil disorder in Albania 4499:Russian annexation of Crimea (2014) 4324:AP Video Archive on 1997 in Albania 4160:. Finance & Development, 37(1). 3926:Warlords in International Relations 3226:Warlocks in International Relations 3065: 1706:Elbasan, Memaliaj, Laç, and Kuçovë. 639:Stealing of Northern State Treasury 24: 6467:Political controversies in Albania 4494:Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present) 4077: 3873:. Lajme.shqiperia.com. 2 June 2010 3819:. Lajme.shqiperia.com. 12 May 2010 3260: 2449:Jarvis, Christopher (March 2000). 950: 25: 6508: 4931:Principality of Albania (1914–25) 4916:Provisional Government of Albania 4312: 4011:Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead (1999). 3851:. Tiranachat.net. 28 January 2009 3055:. Info Arkiva. 25 September 2008. 2376:won. The Socialist Party elected 2144:13 April: Italian Prime Minister 1938:Agricultural University of Tirana 1496:1997 Albanian monarchy referendum 1489: 1429: 928: 722:1997 Albanian monarchy referendum 485: 6093: 5976: 5795: 5639: 5638: 5218: 5217: 5132: 5131: 5059: 4061:Impakti i piramidave në Shqipëri 3753:. Albanian Times. Archived from 3087:. eleftherotypia. Archived from 3082: 3007:. Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare 2985:. Agjencia Telegrafike Shqiptare 2686:Adcock, Gene (31 October 2012). 2635: 2503: 2318:3 July: Pretender to the throne 1405: 1381: 1362: 1343: 1324: 1305: 1281: 1261: 965: 780:During the riots in the city of 476: 454: 443: 432: 421: 410: 399: 388: 377: 366: 356: 345: 334: 322: 297: 284: 271: 258: 245: 232: 219: 206: 193: 177: 140: 101: 4607:List of ongoing armed conflicts 4449:East Prigorodny conflict (1992) 4232:Unë e pashë kush e dogji Vlorën 4050:Unë e pashë kush e dogji Vlorën 3863: 3841: 3831: 3809: 3787: 3769: 3743: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3673: 3661: 3649: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3585: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3345: 3321: 3296: 3190: 3155: 3132: 3076: 3059: 3045: 3019: 2997: 2975: 2966: 2934: 2920: 2898: 2889: 2872: 2813: 2783: 2752: 2731:Understanding the War in Kosovo 2721: 2679: 2649: 2629: 1522: 1474: 1170:At the village of Selitë, near 848:United Nations Security Council 6492:Attacks in Europe in the 1990s 6314:Orders, decorations and medals 4921:Albania during the Balkan Wars 4576:Insurgency in Macedonia (2001) 4469:Second Chechen War (1999–2009) 4434:Georgian Civil War (1991–1993) 3973:University of California Press 3797:. Sot.com.al. 12 November 2008 2790:D. Rai*c (25 September 2002). 2704:trapped by Albania's civil war 2610: 2580: 2553: 2461: 2406: 1059:One day later, on 25 January, 873: 13: 1: 4961:Albanian Republic (1925–1928) 4835:Massacre of the Albanian Beys 4602:List of Post-Soviet conflicts 4554:Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994) 4521:Wagner Group rebellion (2023) 4459:First Chechen War (1994–1996) 4417:Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995) 4052:”, Gëzim Zilja, 2000, Pelioni 3223:Paul B. Rich (27 July 2016). 3119:Scuola superiore S. Anna Pisa 3110:Ettore Greco (7 March 1998). 2400: 2350: 2214:4 May: Dozens were killed in 1626:Committee of Public Salvation 1218:Grabitja e Thesarit të Veriut 4966:Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939) 4941:Autonomous Province of Korçë 4489:Revolution of Dignity (2014) 4474:Tuzla Island conflict (2003) 4427:Transnistria War (1990–1992) 2692:. Author House. p. 47. 2390:List of massacres in Albania 2363: 1127:, Mayor Bahri Borici of the 587:Massacre of 28 February 1997 7: 5001:Orthography Congress (1972) 4996:Communist Albania (1946–91) 4976:Italian invasion of Albania 4926:Republic of Central Albania 4906:Declaration of Independence 4850:Albanian National Awakening 4509:Russian invasion of Ukraine 4444:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 4439:South Ossetia War (1991–92) 3229:. Springer. pp. 115–. 3141:& Philip Stöver (2010) 2506:"Albanian Civil War (1997)" 2473:Public Broadcasting Service 2383: 1934:Rinas International Airport 1899:organization of local crime 1753: 1647: 1033:International Monetary Fund 888:Democratic Party of Albania 84:New parliamentary elections 61:16 January – 11 August 1997 10: 6513: 6417:1997 Albanian civil unrest 4971:Union with Italian kingdom 3944:Abrahams, Fred C. (2016). 3912: 3779:. May 2007. Archived from 3731:. Hri.org. 19 October 1997 3161:Nohlen & Stöver, p.137 2562:International Organization 1743:31 January: The newspaper 1652: 1641:Socialist Party of Albania 1517:Socialist Party of Albania 1493: 1478: 1455: 1433: 1412:United States Armed Forces 1236:International intervention 957:Pyramid schemes in Albania 954: 932: 825:Socialist Party of Albania 738:Pyramid schemes in Albania 512:1997 Albanian civil unrest 35:1997 Albanian civil unrest 6472:Modern history of Albania 6452:Pyramid and Ponzi schemes 6366: 6332: 6265: 6234: 6179: 6148: 6141: 6084: 6041: 5995: 5918: 5880: 5871: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5719: 5651: 5627: 5574: 5548: 5527: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5431: 5393: 5355: 5309: 5236: 5171: 5167: 5158: 5112: 5081: 5077: 5068: 5057: 5029: 4893: 4792: 4756: 4688: 4679: 4594: 4561:Albanian Civil War (1997) 4529: 4479:Russo-Georgian War (2008) 4385: 3990:Mugumya, Geofrey (2005). 3196:Nohlen & Stöver, p140 2895:Nohlen & Stöver, p139 2734:. Routledge. p. 83. 2639:Albanian Civil War (1997) 2574:10.1017/S0020818306060103 2340: 2292:Massacre at Ura Vajgurore 2172:. Fino met with Leka Zog. 1691:"Gjallica," was arrested. 881: 712:Desertion of 4 March 1997 597:Massacre of Ura Vajgurore 496: 491: 466: 312: 93: 53: 39: 34: 4986:The Holocaust in Albania 4845:Uprising of Dervish Cara 4617:List of frozen conflicts 4156:Jarvis, C., March 2000. 3270:James, Pettifer (2007). 2883:23 December 2011 at the 2826:. Ashgate. p. 241. 2109: 1827: 1668:Multiple pyramid schemes 1527: 1084:National Commercial Bank 1037:National Bank of Albania 912:pyramid investment funds 6447:20th-century rebellions 4825:Islamization of Albania 4815:Kanun of Lekë Dukagjini 4769:Principality of Arbanon 4581:Unrest in Kosovo (2004) 4549:Bosnian War (1992–1995) 4259:Kryengritje e tradhtuar 4223:, 1997, Zëri i Kosovës 3965:Arsovska, Jana (2015). 3307:. New York: NYU Press. 3303:Abrahams, Fred (2015). 2656:Barjaba, Kosta (2004). 2312: 2284: 2243:15 May: A warehouse in 1790:with President Berisha. 1506:parliamentary elections 27:1997 conflict in Europe 6457:Wars involving Albania 5006:Post-Communist Albania 4981:German Nazi occupation 4936:World War I in Albania 4805:Skanderbeg's rebellion 4566:Kosovo War (1998–1999) 4484:Maidan Uprising (2013) 4464:War in Abkhazia (1998) 4102:Cite journal requires 3066:Alì, Maurizio (2003). 2269:, Shkodra, and Durrës. 2208: 2078: 1662: 1661:Money lenders in Vlora 1583: 1563: 1217: 1195: 1156: 1143: 864:Kosovo Liberation Army 785: 571:Gang of Pusi i Mezinit 313:Commanders and leaders 6304:Epitaph of Gllavenica 4203:, 1998, Eurorilindja 2073: 2008:Operation Silver Wake 1660: 1462:Operation Silver Wake 1452:Evacuation operations 1417:Operation Silver Wake 1350:Austrian Armed Forces 1312:Romanian Armed Forces 1141: 840:Operation Silver Wake 779: 707:Opening of the depots 655:Operation Silver Wake 492:Casualties and losses 48:Operation Silver Wake 6442:Massacres in Albania 5736:Archaeological sites 5246:Vetting Institutions 4946:Italian protectorate 4860:Congress of Manastir 4840:Revolts of 1833–1839 4192:, 2014, Istros Books 3783:on 3 September 2011. 2942:"Profile of Albania" 2306:Salvation Committees 1911:Salvation Committees 1618:Salvation Committees 1613:Salvation Committees 1600:Gang of Altin Dardha 1331:Turkish Armed Forces 1268:Italian Armed Forces 1044:operating as usual. 989:improve this section 531:Salvation Committees 417:Oscar Luigi Scalfaro 125:Salvation Committees 6437:Mass murder in 1997 5957:Research institutes 5519:State Supreme Audit 4956:Republic of Mirdita 4379:conflicts in Europe 4197:Rënia e Demokracisë 4085:Jusufi, I. (2017). 4066:Piramidat shqiptare 4043:Rënia e Demokracisë 3757:on 3 September 2011 3091:on 17 February 2013 3033:on 25 February 2021 2642:. Global Security. 2619:"Kosovo's Conflict" 2541:on 23 December 2007 2469:"Crisis in Albania" 2299:Democrat leadership 2123:Salvation Committee 1733:Forum for Democracy 1622:People's Committees 1388:German Armed Forces 1369:French Armed Forces 1295:, Operation Cosmas) 1096:University of Vlorë 898:after decades of a 618:Qafë Shtama Tragedy 526:Forum for Democracy 428:Emil Constantinescu 5774:Adriatic Sea Coast 5701:Telecommunications 5408:Capital punishment 5301:Prosecutor General 4870:Malissori uprising 4830:Albanian Pashaliks 4784:House of Kastrioti 4774:Kingdom of Albania 4612:List of proxy wars 3085:"Τipana, Αποστολή" 2510:Globalsecurity.org 2479:on 30 October 2013 2324:referendum results 2079: 1840:state of emergency 1663: 1301:Dimitrios Tzimanis 1288:Greek Armed Forces 1182:Treasury robberies 1144: 818:state of emergency 786: 592:Massacre of Cërrik 18:Massacre of Cërrik 6482:Looting in Europe 6422:Conflicts in 1997 6404: 6403: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6230: 6229: 6137: 6136: 6129:Cognac Skënderbeu 5936: 5888: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5801:Images of Albania 5769: 5768: 5628:Natural resources 5619:Hydropower plants 5614: 5613: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5276: 5275: 5213:Political parties 5208:Foreign relations 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5055: 5054: 5011:1997 Civil Unrest 4855:League of Prizren 4779:Despotate of Arta 4635: 4634: 4334:Met Bozi in court 4211:Shqipëria jashtë 4181:, 2015, NYU Press 4128:978-88-464-1454-0 4024:978-1-84064-070-0 4003:978-92-9045-173-0 3957:978-1-4798-3809-7 3936:978-1-349-27688-2 3236:978-1-349-27688-2 3151:978-3-8329-5609-7 2954:on 9 January 2014 2860:on 4 January 2010 2833:978-1-84014-563-2 2772:978-0-8213-4429-3 2741:978-1-135-76155-4 2699:978-1-4772-6997-8 2669:978-3-89404-237-0 2662:. Edition Sigma. 2189:Council of Europe 2020:Operation Libelle 1606:Gang of Aldo Bare 1596:, based in Vlorë. 1458:Operation Libelle 1420: 1396: 1393:Operation Libelle 1377: 1358: 1339: 1320: 1296: 1276: 1196:Ngjarja e Krrabës 1025: 1024: 1017: 836:Operation Libelle 823:On 11 March, the 774: 773: 665:Operation Libelle 605:Tragedies of 1997 579:Massacres in 1997 501: 500: 89: 88: 16:(Redirected from 6504: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6146: 6145: 6097: 5980: 5979: 5932: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5799: 5779:Ionian Sea Coast 5726: 5725: 5642: 5641: 5581: 5580: 5535:Shopping centers 5504: 5486: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5459:Border crossings 5333:Cities and towns 5243: 5242: 5221: 5220: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5164: 5135: 5134: 5079: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5063: 4885:Kimza Government 4686: 4685: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4638: 4368: 4361: 4354: 4345: 4344: 4307: 4293: 4280: 4267: 4254: 4241: 4238:, 2000, Pelioni 4226: 4221:Ibrahim Kelmendi 4206: 4179:Fred C. Abrahams 4132: 4111: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4038: 4028: 4017:. Edward Elgar. 4007: 3986: 3961: 3940: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3747: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3589: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3565: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3511: 3505: 3499: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3267: 3258: 3252: 3241: 3240: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3159: 3153: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3023: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2953: 2947:. Archived from 2946: 2938: 2932: 2931: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2887: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2854:"On War article" 2850: 2841: 2840: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2614: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2599: 2590:. Archived from 2584: 2578: 2577: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2537:. Archived from 2527: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2500: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2475:. Archived from 2465: 2459: 2458: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2418: 2417: 2410: 2278:Republican Guard 2024:Operation Cosmas 2004:Air France Press 2000:Voice of America 1836:Pasha Liman Base 1731:30 January: The 1466:Operation Cosmas 1414: 1410: 1409: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1371: 1367: 1366: 1352: 1348: 1347: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1270: 1266: 1265: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1000: 969: 961: 941:Democratic Party 923:arms trafficking 919:money laundering 844:Operation Cosmas 810:Aleksandër Meksi 798:Democratic Party 766: 759: 752: 699:Important events 660:Operation Kosmas 552: 503: 502: 481: 480: 479: 459: 458: 450:Süleyman Demirel 448: 447: 439:José María Aznar 437: 436: 426: 425: 415: 414: 404: 403: 393: 392: 382: 381: 371: 370: 361: 360: 350: 349: 341:Bashkim Gazidede 339: 338: 327: 326: 303: 301: 300: 290: 288: 287: 277: 275: 274: 264: 262: 261: 251: 249: 248: 238: 236: 235: 225: 223: 222: 212: 210: 209: 199: 197: 196: 182: 181: 171:Republican Guard 155:Democratic Party 145: 144: 143: 106: 105: 104: 55: 54: 44: 32: 31: 21: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6505: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6432:1997 in Albania 6407: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6354: 6340:Public holidays 6328: 6261: 6226: 6175: 6133: 6080: 6037: 5991: 5914: 5867: 5805: 5765: 5715: 5706:Posta Shqiptare 5647: 5623: 5610: 5570: 5544: 5523: 5502: 5463: 5449:Organized crime 5427: 5389: 5351: 5305: 5272: 5232: 5146: 5142:Protected areas 5108: 5064: 5051: 5025: 5016:NATO membership 4899: 4897: 4889: 4810:League of Lezhë 4798: 4796: 4788: 4762: 4760: 4752: 4675: 4666: 4636: 4631: 4590: 4531:Southern Europe 4525: 4381: 4372: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4291: 4278: 4272:Lufta jo civile 4265: 4252: 4239: 4224: 4204: 4129: 4103: 4101: 4092: 4091: 4080: 4078:Further reading 4075: 4025: 4004: 3983: 3958: 3937: 3915: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3832: 3822: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3798: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3775: 3774: 3770: 3760: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3494: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3326: 3322: 3315: 3301: 3297: 3282: 3268: 3261: 3253: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3156: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3081: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3051: 3050: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3008: 3003: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2885:Wayback Machine 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2788: 2784: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2742: 2726: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2654: 2650: 2634: 2630: 2615: 2611: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2528: 2524: 2514: 2512: 2501: 2492: 2482: 2480: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2447: 2438: 2430: 2421: 2412: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2386: 2374:Socialist Party 2366: 2353: 2343: 2315: 2287: 2211: 2112: 2084:Otranto tragedy 2076:Otranto tragedy 1855:Alexander Meksi 1830: 1756: 1655: 1650: 1620:(also known as 1615: 1584:Banda e Gaxhait 1570:The Kakami gang 1530: 1525: 1502: 1494:Main articles: 1492: 1483: 1477: 1468: 1456:Main articles: 1454: 1442: 1434:Main articles: 1432: 1425:Emerson Gardner 1404: 1401:Henning Glawatz 1380: 1361: 1342: 1323: 1304: 1280: 1260: 1256:Involved were: 1238: 1226:antitank weapon 1184: 1149: 1092: 1021: 1010: 1004: 1001: 986: 970: 959: 953: 951:Pyramid schemes 937: 931: 900:planned economy 884: 876: 852:Resolution 1101 794:pyramid schemes 770: 691:Resolution 1114 686:Resolution 1101 647:Rescue missions 634:Krraba Stealing 626:Treasury thefts 613:Otranto Tragedy 550: 518:Fighting groups 483: 482:30,000 soldiers 477: 475: 453: 452: 442: 441: 431: 430: 420: 419: 409: 408: 398: 397: 387: 386: 376: 375: 365: 364: 355: 354: 344: 343: 333: 332: 321: 298: 296: 285: 283: 272: 270: 259: 257: 246: 244: 233: 231: 220: 218: 207: 205: 194: 192: 176: 166:Albanian Police 141: 139: 128: 102: 100: 75: 62: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6510: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6391: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6368: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6289: 6277: 6271: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6132: 6131: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6090: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6047: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6005: 5999: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5924: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5889: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5854:Noble families 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5788: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5661: 5655: 5653: 5652:Infrastructure 5649: 5648: 5646: 5636: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5585: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5413:Assassinations 5410: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5328:Municipalities 5325: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5203:Prime Minister 5200: 5188: 5175: 5173: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5118: 5116: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5085: 5083: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4898:(1912–present) 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4880:Revolt of 1912 4877: 4875:Taksim meeting 4872: 4867: 4865:Revolt of 1910 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4820:Arbëni Council 4817: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4794:Ottoman period 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4765: 4763: 4754: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4694: 4692: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4665: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4642: 4633: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4595:Related topics 4592: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4557: 4556: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4391: 4389: 4387:Eastern Europe 4383: 4382: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4313:External links 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304:, 2010, Toena 4294: 4281: 4268: 4255: 4242: 4228: 4207: 4201:Afrim Krasniqi 4193: 4182: 4171: 4166: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4112: 4104:|journal= 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4029: 4023: 4008: 4002: 3987: 3981: 3962: 3956: 3941: 3935: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3896: 3894:, p. 219. 3884: 3862: 3840: 3830: 3808: 3795:"Agjensia Sot" 3786: 3768: 3742: 3720: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3672: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3610: 3609: 3584: 3572: 3560: 3548: 3536: 3524: 3512: 3500: 3488: 3476: 3464: 3452: 3440: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3392: 3380: 3368: 3356: 3344: 3320: 3314:978-1479896684 3313: 3295: 3281:978-0857710246 3280: 3259: 3242: 3235: 3210: 3198: 3189: 3178:on 6 July 2011 3163: 3154: 3131: 3102: 3083:Dina, Vagena. 3075: 3058: 3044: 3018: 2996: 2974: 2965: 2933: 2919: 2897: 2888: 2871: 2842: 2832: 2812: 2802: 2782: 2771: 2751: 2740: 2720: 2708: 2698: 2678: 2668: 2648: 2628: 2609: 2594:on 15 May 2008 2579: 2552: 2522: 2490: 2460: 2436: 2419: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2397: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2378:Rexhep Meidani 2365: 2362: 2352: 2349: 2348: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334:Rexhep Meidani 2330: 2327: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2302: 2295: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2270: 2259: 2252: 2241: 2234: 2231: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2192: 2187:26 April: The 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2153:Operation Alba 2149: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2082:28 March: The 2068: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2043:20 March: The 2041: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027: 2011: 1995: 1992: 1983: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1877: 1863: 1851: 1829: 1826: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1741: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1666:8–16 January: 1654: 1651: 1649: 1646: 1630:Albanian state 1614: 1611: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1597: 1591: 1576:Gang of Gaxhai 1573: 1567: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1491: 1490:Snap elections 1488: 1481:Operation Alba 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1453: 1450: 1431: 1430:UN resolutions 1428: 1427: 1426: 1402: 1378: 1374:Operation Alba 1359: 1355:Operation Alba 1340: 1336:Operation Alba 1321: 1317:Operation Alba 1302: 1293:Operation Alba 1278: 1273:Operation Alba 1242:Operation Alba 1237: 1234: 1183: 1180: 1157:Hapja e depove 1148: 1145: 1091: 1088: 1023: 1022: 973: 971: 964: 955:Main article: 952: 949: 933:Main article: 930: 929:1996 elections 927: 896:market economy 883: 880: 875: 872: 857:Operation Alba 772: 771: 769: 768: 761: 754: 746: 743: 742: 741: 740: 732: 731: 727: 726: 725: 724: 719: 714: 709: 701: 700: 696: 695: 694: 693: 688: 680: 679: 678:UN Resolutions 675: 674: 673: 672: 670:Operation Alba 667: 662: 657: 649: 648: 644: 643: 642: 641: 636: 628: 627: 623: 622: 621: 620: 615: 607: 606: 602: 601: 600: 599: 594: 589: 581: 580: 576: 575: 574: 573: 568: 566:Gang of Gaxhai 563: 555: 554: 546: 545: 544: 543: 541:Operation Alba 538: 533: 528: 520: 519: 515: 514: 508: 507: 499: 498: 494: 493: 489: 488: 473: 469: 468: 464: 463: 406:Costas Simitis 384:Jacques Chirac 373:Thomas Klestil 362:Gazmend Braka 318: 315: 314: 310: 309: 308: 307: 294: 281: 268: 255: 242: 229: 216: 203: 174: 173: 168: 162: 157: 136: 135: 134: 127: 126: 123: 117: 114: 96: 95: 91: 90: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 71: 69: 65: 64: 59: 51: 50: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6509: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6351: 6350:Copyright law 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:Sign language 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6286: 6281: 6278: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235:Entertainment 6233: 6223: 6222:Indoor arenas 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6187:Weightlifting 6185: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6156:National team 6154: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6034: 6033:Sworn virgins 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5870: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5802: 5798: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5192: 5191:Head of state 5189: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5157: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5034: 5032: 5028: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4640: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4622:War on terror 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:War in Donbas 4502: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405:2016 conflict 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4377: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4306:(in Albanian) 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292:(in Albanian) 4290: 4286: 4282: 4279:(in Albanian) 4277: 4273: 4269: 4266:(in Albanian) 4264: 4263:Panajot Barka 4260: 4256: 4253:(in Albanian) 4251: 4247: 4243: 4240:(in Albanian) 4237: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4225:(in Albanian) 4222: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4205:(in Albanian) 4202: 4198: 4194: 4191: 4190:Fatos Lubonja 4187: 4183: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4121:. F. Angeli. 4120: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4082: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3984: 3982:9780520282803 3978: 3974: 3970: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3950:. NYU Press. 3949: 3948: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3906:, p. 34. 3905: 3900: 3893: 3892:Abrahams 2016 3888: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3818: 3812: 3796: 3790: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3756: 3752: 3746: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3324: 3316: 3310: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3264: 3256: 3255:Arsovska 2015 3251: 3249: 3247: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3208:, p. 10. 3207: 3202: 3193: 3177: 3173: 3172:"Prince Leka" 3167: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3139:Dieter Nohlen 3135: 3120: 3113: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3070: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3006: 3000: 2984: 2978: 2969: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2929: 2923: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2803:90-411-1890-X 2799: 2795: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2755: 2748: 2743: 2737: 2733: 2732: 2724: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2632: 2624: 2623:History Today 2620: 2613: 2606: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2415: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2361: 2359: 2345: 2344: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316: 2307: 2303: 2300: 2296: 2293: 2289: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2194:28 April: In 2193: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2065: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1996: 1993: 1989: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962:, and seized 1961: 1957: 1954:10 March: In 1953: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1903:secret police 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1737:Fatos Lubonja 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564:Banda e Çoles 1561: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1543: 1542:Flag's Square 1538: 1536: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1497: 1487: 1482: 1472: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1441: 1437: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1233: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100:hunger strike 1097: 1087: 1085: 1080: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1008: 998: 994: 990: 984: 983: 979: 974:This section 972: 968: 963: 962: 958: 948: 946: 942: 936: 926: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 908:Ponzi schemes 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 886:In 1992, the 879: 871: 870:(1998–1999). 869: 865: 860: 858: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 832: 830: 826: 821: 819: 815: 811: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 783: 778: 767: 762: 760: 755: 753: 748: 747: 745: 744: 739: 736: 735: 734: 733: 729: 728: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 703: 702: 698: 697: 692: 689: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681: 677: 676: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 652: 651: 650: 646: 645: 640: 637: 635: 632: 631: 630: 629: 625: 624: 619: 616: 614: 611: 610: 609: 608: 604: 603: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 578: 577: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 557: 556: 553: 551:Gangs of 1997 548: 547: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 523: 522: 521: 517: 516: 513: 510: 509: 505: 504: 495: 490: 487: 474: 471: 470: 465: 462: 457: 451: 446: 440: 435: 429: 424: 418: 413: 407: 402: 396: 391: 385: 380: 374: 369: 363: 359: 353: 352:Safet Zhulali 348: 342: 337: 330: 325: 319: 317: 316: 311: 306: 305:United States 295: 293: 282: 280: 269: 267: 256: 254: 243: 241: 230: 228: 217: 215: 204: 202: 191: 190: 189: 188: 185: 180: 172: 169: 167: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 152: 151: 150: 149: 137: 133: 130: 129: 124: 121: 120:Albanian Army 118: 115: 112: 111: 110: 109: 98: 97: 92: 85: 82: 79: 78: 74: 70: 67: 66: 60: 57: 56: 52: 49: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6387:Bibliography 6294: 6292:Coat of arms 6282: 6180:Other sports 6003:Folk beliefs 5967:Universities 5895:Architecture 5839:Demographics 5781: 5691: 5540:Supermarkets 5514:Trade unions 5395:Human rights 5370: 5311:Subdivisions 5281:Constitution 5193: 5181: 5127:Biodiversity 5021:EU Accession 5010: 4895:Independence 4627:War on drugs 4560: 4297: 4289:Bashkim Fino 4284: 4271: 4258: 4245: 4231: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4196: 4185: 4174: 4117: 4095:cite journal 4049: 4042: 4033: 4013: 3992: 3967: 3946: 3929:. Springer. 3925: 3916: 3904:Mugumya 2005 3899: 3887: 3875:. Retrieved 3865: 3853:. Retrieved 3843: 3833: 3821:. Retrieved 3811: 3799:. Retrieved 3789: 3781:the original 3771: 3759:. Retrieved 3755:the original 3745: 3733:. Retrieved 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3587: 3575: 3563: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3515: 3503: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3323: 3304: 3298: 3271: 3225: 3201: 3192: 3180:. Retrieved 3176:the original 3166: 3157: 3142: 3134: 3122:. Retrieved 3118: 3105: 3093:. Retrieved 3089:the original 3078: 3068: 3061: 3047: 3035:. Retrieved 3031:the original 3021: 3009:. Retrieved 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2977: 2968: 2958:30 September 2956:. Retrieved 2949:the original 2936: 2922: 2910:. Retrieved 2900: 2891: 2874: 2862:. Retrieved 2858:the original 2837: 2822: 2815: 2807: 2792: 2785: 2776: 2761: 2754: 2745: 2730: 2723: 2711: 2703: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2658: 2651: 2643: 2638: 2636:Pike, John. 2631: 2622: 2612: 2603: 2596:. Retrieved 2592:the original 2582: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2539:the original 2525: 2513:. Retrieved 2509: 2504:Pike, John. 2481:. Retrieved 2477:the original 2463: 2454: 2408: 2371: 2367: 2354: 2297:? June: The 2146:Romano Prodi 1949:Bashkim Fino 1745: 1695: 1638: 1634:Sali Berisha 1625: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1599: 1594:Gang of Muko 1593: 1575: 1569: 1555:Gang of Çole 1554: 1547: 1539: 1531: 1523:Armed groups 1510:Crown Prince 1503: 1484: 1475:Peacekeeping 1469: 1443: 1255: 1239: 1230: 1207: 1205: 1188:Krrabë Event 1187: 1185: 1169: 1161: 1150: 1133: 1129:United Right 1118: 1093: 1081: 1076:Sali Berisha 1069: 1065:City Stadium 1061:Tritan Shehu 1058: 1046: 1042: 1030: 1026: 1011: 1005:January 2022 1002: 987:Please help 975: 938: 916: 892:Sali Berisha 885: 877: 861: 833: 829:Bashkim Fino 822: 814:Sali Berisha 806: 787: 561:Gang of Çole 511: 486:peacekeepers 461:Bill Clinton 329:Sali Berisha 320: 175: 164:Part of the 146: 138: 107: 99: 94:Belligerents 29: 5900:Photography 5886:(galleries) 5761:Lighthouses 5634:Oil and gas 5556:Agriculture 5356:Legislature 5228:Visa policy 5114:Environment 4797:(1385–1912) 4761:(1190–1385) 4758:Middle Ages 4285:Humnerë ‘97 4250:Gëzim Zilja 4246:Skaner 1997 4236:Gëzim Zilja 3877:12 November 3855:12 November 3823:12 November 3801:12 November 3761:12 November 3735:12 November 3705:28 February 3693:26 February 3681:24 February 3669:20 February 3657:18 February 3645:17 February 3633:14 February 3621:13 February 3607:15 February 3603:14 February 3597:13 February 3593:12 February 3581:11 February 3569:10 February 3037:24 February 2716:Jusufi 2017 2432:Jarvis 2000 2320:King Leka I 2272:23 May: In 2245:Gjirokastra 2170:Gjirokastra 2089:Enver Hoxha 2037:government. 1930:Arben Imami 1926:Gjirokastër 1882:River Vjosë 1778:government. 1104:Gjirokastër 874:Terminology 816:declared a 506:Part of the 395:Helmut Kohl 331:(President) 132:Monarchists 116:Armed Gangs 6411:Categories 6247:Television 6207:Volleyball 6202:Basketball 6056:Fustanella 6018:Secularism 5987:Albanology 5972:Publishers 5952:Literature 5694:structures 5561:Healthcare 5503:(currency) 5385:Opposition 5286:Corruption 5179:Government 4728:Dassaretii 4410:Second War 4276:Preç Zogaj 4034:Transition 3557:9 February 3545:8 February 3533:7 February 3521:6 February 3509:4 February 3011:18 October 2989:18 October 2747:population 2531:Greek Army 2401:References 2395:Kosovo War 2351:Casualties 2151:15 April: 2137:12 April: 2033:prisoners. 1176:arms depot 945:Socialists 902:under the 868:Kosovo War 148:Government 6192:Athletics 6104:Tavë kosi 5996:Tradition 5962:Libraries 5920:Education 5729:Monuments 5711:Squatting 5689:Highrises 5584:Operators 5566:Companies 5423:Ombudsman 5363:Elections 5238:Judiciary 5172:Executive 5089:Mountains 5082:Landscape 5070:Geography 4951:Vlora War 4748:Taulantii 4723:Bylliones 4690:Illyrians 4400:First War 4302:Mero Baze 3290:611201452 3124:22 August 2483:23 August 2364:Aftermath 2290:17 June: 2105:restored. 2016:Coca-Cola 1853:2 March: 1746:Koha Jonë 1740:protests. 1712:Albpetrol 1588:Cerkovinë 976:does not 788:In 1997, 122:defectors 6396:Category 6319:Passport 6297:armorial 6275:Heraldry 6217:Olympics 6212:Swimming 6171:Stadiums 6149:Football 6076:Xhamadan 6061:Xhubleta 6043:Costumes 6023:Religion 5982:Proverbs 5947:Language 5928:Alphabet 5910:Theatres 5859:Diaspora 5756:Churches 5674:Railways 5664:Aviation 5659:Highways 5549:Industry 5509:Taxation 5439:Military 5432:Security 5403:Abortion 5373:speakers 5368:Assembly 5343:Villages 5338:Communes 5323:Counties 5291:EURALIUS 5223:Treaties 5184:agencies 5160:Politics 5047:Archives 5042:Timeline 5030:See also 4743:Parthini 4738:Labeatae 4718:Balaites 4713:Amantini 4673:articles 4376:Cold War 4089:. HRCAK. 3717:18 April 3497:31 Janar 3485:30 Janar 3473:29 Janar 3461:27 Janar 3449:26 Janar 3437:25 Janar 3425:23 Janar 3413:22 Janar 3401:20 Janar 3389:19 Janar 3377:18 Janar 3365:16 Janar 3353:15 Janar 3341:16 Janar 3337:15 Janar 3333:14 Janar 3329:13 Janar 3206:OMR 1997 3182:10 April 2881:Archived 2778:country. 2545:15 March 2384:See also 2256:Memaliaj 2249:Pogradec 2139:Leka Zog 1907:Sigurimi 1844:Tepelena 1784:EuroNews 1754:February 1719:Peshkopi 1648:Timeline 1580:Albanian 1560:Albanian 1214:Albanian 1192:Albanian 1153:Albanian 1098:began a 730:See also 467:Strength 187:missions 68:Location 6373:Outline 6345:Smoking 6267:Symbols 6197:Cycling 6166:Players 6086:Cuisine 6051:Qeleshe 5942:Abetare 5934:scripts 5905:Museums 5873:Culture 5819:Society 5791:Beaches 5784:riviera 5746:Mosques 5741:Castles 5721:Tourism 5684:Tunnels 5679:Bridges 5496:Banking 5489:Finance 5477:Economy 5454:Prisons 5380:Members 5137:Habitat 5122:Climate 5104:Islands 5037:Origins 4733:Enchele 4708:Amantes 4703:Albanoi 4698:Ardiaei 4681:History 4669:Albania 3913:Sources 3145:, p133 2864:14 June 2598:17 June 2515:14 June 2263:Saranda 2238:Lushnje 2216:Shkodra 2196:Lushnje 1988:Serbian 1972:Këlcyra 1968:Poliçan 1873:Delvina 1868:Saranda 1819:forces. 1760:crisis. 1726:Poliçan 1696:Albania 1678:Square. 1653:January 1624:or the 1535:Larissa 1421:led by 1397:led by 1297:led by 1222:Shkodër 1125:Shkodër 1113:Shkodër 1108:Elbasan 1053:Lushnjë 997:removed 982:sources 790:Albania 484:7,000+ 472:Unknown 266:Romania 227:Germany 201:Austria 73:Albania 6257:Cinema 6142:Sports 6109:Kabuni 6099:Gjellë 6071:Opinga 6028:Nevruz 5849:Tribes 5844:Census 5832:People 5751:Tekkes 5644:Mining 5576:Energy 5528:Retail 5444:Police 5094:Rivers 4911:Anthem 4671: 4213:Veriut 4125: 4021: 4000: 3979: 3954: 3933: 3311: 3288: 3278: 3233: 3149: 3095:6 July 2912:28 May 2830: 2800: 2769: 2738: 2696: 2666: 2358:UNIDIR 2341:August 2274:Cërrik 2228:Durrës 2226:, and 2224:Tirana 2157:Durrës 1976:Kuçovë 1956:Gramsh 1859:AK-47s 1848:Tirana 1768:Berat. 1764:Vlora. 1464:, and 1444:These 1299:Lt Col 1247:Durrës 1200:Krrabë 1172:Burrel 1049:Tirana 882:Causes 842:, and 802:Tirana 302: 292:Turkey 289: 276: 263: 250: 240:Greece 237: 224: 214:France 211: 198: 108:Rebels 80:Result 6380:Index 6333:Other 6252:Radio 6242:Music 6161:Clubs 5864:Women 5669:Ports 5601:OSHEE 5099:Lakes 4374:Post– 4217:Jugut 3115:(PDF) 2952:(PDF) 2945:(PDF) 2568:(2). 2267:Vlora 2220:Berat 2110:April 1964:Berat 1895:Vlora 1828:March 1528:Gangs 1072:Vlorë 782:Vlorë 279:Spain 253:Italy 6285:list 6280:Flag 6124:Wine 6119:Beer 6114:Raki 6066:Brez 6008:Besa 5591:KESH 5501:Lek 5418:LGBT 5348:Maps 5318:NUTS 5296:SPAK 5196:list 4215:and 4123:ISBN 4108:help 4019:ISBN 3998:ISBN 3977:ISBN 3952:ISBN 3931:ISBN 3917:pop 3879:2011 3857:2011 3825:2011 3803:2011 3763:2011 3737:2011 3309:ISBN 3286:OCLC 3276:ISBN 3231:ISBN 3184:2011 3147:ISBN 3126:2023 3097:2011 3039:2018 3013:2013 2991:2013 2960:2012 2914:2019 2866:2010 2828:ISBN 2798:ISBN 2767:ISBN 2736:ISBN 2694:ISBN 2664:ISBN 2600:2010 2547:2015 2517:2010 2485:2017 2313:July 2285:June 2093:Roma 2074:The 1970:and 1960:Fier 1513:Leka 1498:and 1446:UNSC 1438:and 1206:The 1186:The 1165:UNDP 1121:SHIK 1106:and 980:any 978:cite 921:and 184:UNSC 160:SHIK 58:Date 6324:.al 6013:Oda 5882:Art 5606:ERE 5596:OST 5268:KPK 5263:ONM 5258:IKP 5253:KPA 4300:", 4287:", 4274:", 4261:", 4248:", 4234:", 4219:", 4199:", 4188:", 4177:", 2570:doi 2209:May 1980:MiG 1423:Col 1399:Col 1251:WEU 991:by 6413:: 4099:: 4097:}} 4093:{{ 3975:. 3971:. 3605:, 3595:, 3339:, 3335:, 3331:, 3284:. 3262:^ 3245:^ 3213:^ 3117:. 2845:^ 2836:. 2806:. 2775:. 2744:. 2702:. 2672:. 2621:. 2602:. 2566:60 2564:. 2533:. 2508:. 2493:^ 2471:. 2453:. 2439:^ 2422:^ 2265:, 2222:, 2218:, 1966:. 1636:. 1582:: 1562:: 1460:, 1216:: 1194:: 1167:. 1155:: 914:. 838:, 820:. 6299:) 6295:( 6287:) 6283:( 5786:) 5782:( 5696:) 5692:( 5375:) 5371:( 5198:) 5194:( 5186:) 5182:( 4661:e 4654:t 4647:v 4367:e 4360:t 4353:v 4296:" 4283:" 4270:" 4257:" 4244:" 4230:" 4209:" 4195:" 4184:" 4173:" 4131:. 4110:) 4106:( 4048:“ 4041:“ 4027:. 4006:. 3985:. 3960:. 3939:. 3881:. 3859:. 3827:. 3805:. 3765:. 3739:. 3317:. 3292:. 3257:. 3239:. 3186:. 3128:. 3099:. 3041:. 3015:. 2993:. 2962:. 2930:. 2916:. 2868:. 2718:. 2625:. 2576:. 2572:: 2549:. 2519:. 2502:p 2487:. 2457:. 2434:. 2416:. 2294:. 2251:. 2230:. 1905:( 1714:. 1578:( 1558:( 1419:) 1415:( 1395:) 1391:( 1376:) 1372:( 1357:) 1353:( 1338:) 1334:( 1319:) 1315:( 1291:( 1275:) 1271:( 1212:( 1190:( 1018:) 1012:( 1007:) 1003:( 999:. 985:. 765:e 758:t 751:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.