4370:, "yet with occupations distributed in a manner skewed towards government officials." Unlike in liberal democracies, legislatures of communist states are not to act as a forum for conveying demands or interest articulationâthey meet too infrequently for this to be the case. This might explain why communist states have not developed terms such as delegates and trustees to give legislature representatives the power to vote according to their best judgement or in the interest of their constituency. Scholar Daniel Nelson has noted: "As with the British parliament before the seventeenth-century turmoil secured its supremacy, legislative bodies in communist states physically portray the 'realm' ruled by (to stretch an analogy) 'kings'. Members of the assemblies 'represent' the population to whom the rulers speak and over whom they govern, convening a broader 'segment of society' than the court itself." Despite this, it does not mean that the communist states use legislatures to strengthen their communication with the populaceâthe party, rather than the legislature, could take that function.
4551:
and other normative documents; however, if the agency in question failed to heed its advice, it needed to petition the legislature. In 1989, the
Soviets established the Constitutional Supervision Committee, which "was subordinate only to the USSR constitution." It was empowered "to review the constitutionality and legality of a range of state acts of the USSR and its republics. Its jurisdiction included laws , decrees of the Supreme Soviet's Presidium, union republic constitutions and laws, some central administrative decrees, Supreme Court explanations, and other central normative documents." If the committee deemed the legislature to have breached legality, the legislature was obliged to discuss the issue, but it could reject it if more than two-thirds voted against the findings of the Constitutional Supervision Committee. While it was constitutionally powerful, it lacked enforcement powers, it was often ignored, and it failed to defend the constitution during the
5232:
5915:. "The scholars in camp of democratic socialism believe that China should draw on the Sweden experience, which is suitable not only for the West but also for China. In the post-Mao China, the Chinese intellectuals are confronted with a variety of models. The liberals favor the American model and share the view that the Soviet model has become archaic and should be totally abandoned. Meanwhile, democratic socialism in Sweden provided an alternative model. Its sustained economic development and extensive welfare programs fascinated many. Numerous scholars within the democratic socialist camp argue that China should model itself politically and economically on Sweden, which is viewed as more genuinely socialist than China. There is a growing consensus among them that in the Nordic countries the welfare state has been extraordinarily successful in eliminating poverty."
4494:'s death, noted that "emocracy has to be institutionalised and written into law, to make sure that institutions and laws do not change whenever the leadership changes or whenever the leaders change their views. The trouble now is that our legal system is incomplete. Very often what leaders say is taken as law and anyone who disagrees is called a lawbreaker." In 1986, Li Buyan wrote that "the policies of the Party usually are regulations and calls which to a certain extent are only principles. The law is different; it is rigorously standardised. It explicitly and concretely stipulates what the people should, can, or cannot do." These legal developments were echoed in later years in Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam. This has led to the development of the communist concept of socialist rule of law, which runs parallel to, and is distinct from, the
44:
4416:, the MarxistâLeninist constitution is not a framework to limit the power of the state. To the contrary, a MarxistâLeninist constitution seeks to empower the stateâbelieving the state to be an organ of class domination and law to be the expression of the interests of the dominant class. MarxistâLeninists believe that all national constitutions do this to ensure that countries can strengthen and enforce their own class system. In this instance, it means that MarxistâLeninists conceive of constitutions as a tool to defend the socialist nature of the state and attack its enemies. This contrasts with the liberal conception of
4974:
congresses and elects a politburo and a secretariat amongst its members and the party's leader. When the central committee is not in session, the politburo is the highest decision-making organ of the party and the secretariat is the highest administrative organ. In certain parties, either the central committee or the politburo elects amongst its members a standing committee of the politburo which acts as the highest decision-making organ in between sessions of the politburo, central committee, and the
Congress. This leadership structure is identical all the way down to the primary party organisation of the ruling party.
4748:
affirm the originality of their socialist law." However, some socialist legal theorists, such as
Romanian jurist Victor Zlatescu differentiated between type of law and family of law. According to Zlatescu, "he distinction between the law of the socialist countries and the law of the capitalist countries is not of the same nature as the difference between Roman-German law and the common law, for example. Socialist law is not a third family among the others, as in certain writings of Western comparatists." In other words, socialist law is civil law, but it is a different type of law for a different society.
4273:
4299:, in which executive and legislative were combined in one body, to be ideal. More importantly, Marx applauded the election process by "universal suffrage in the various wards and towns." While the institution of such a legislature might not be important in itself, they "have a place in the literature and rhetoric of the ruling parties which cannot be ignoredâin the language of the party's intimacy with working masses, of its alleged knowledge about interests of working people, of social justice and socialist democracy, of the
5022:âthe centre formulated a plan that was sent down to the level below, which would imitate the process and send the plan further down the pyramid. Thirdly, the plans were binding in nature, i.e. everyone had to follow and meet the goals outlined in them. Fourthly, the predominance of calculating in physical terms to ensure planned allocation of commodities were not incompatible with planned production. Finally, money played a passive role within the state sector since the planners focused on physical allocation.
4379:
instance, it might mean that it is less important what legislatures do and more important who its representatives are. The members of such legislatures at central and local levels are usually either government or party officials, leading figures in their community, or national figures outside the communist party. This shows that legislatures are tools to garner popular support for the government in which leading figures campaign and spread information about the party's policies and ideological development.
13375:
5406:
3066:
1458:
6994:
5728:
4007:, "the state itself and its apparatus of violence serve the interests, not of the monopolistic bourgeoisie, but of the toilers of town and country." Soviet philosopher N. P. Farberov stated: "People's democracy in the people's republics is a democracy of the toiling classes, headed by the working class, a broad and full democracy for the overwhelming majority of the people, that is, a socialist democracy in its character and its trend. In this sense, we call it popular."
1470:
3305:
8508:(Poland), KoĆĄice (Slovakia), and Miskolc (Hungary), as were various mechanical engineering and chemical combines and other industrial sites. As a result of communist modernization, living standards in Eastern Europe rose. Planned economies, moreover, meant that wages, salaries, and the prices of consumer goods were fixed. Although the communists were not able to cancel out all regional differences, they succeeded in creating largely egalitarian societies.
4604:. It was independent of the other central agencies such as the legislature and its standing committee, but the Supreme Soviet was empowered to decide on all questions it wished. The Soviet government was responsible to the legislature, and in between sessions of the legislature, it reported to the legislature's standing committee. The standing committee could reorganise and hold the Soviet government accountable, but it could not instruct the government.
3970:
purpose of communist states is to spread socialism and to reach that goal these states have to be guided by
MarxismâLeninism. The communist states have opted for two ways to achieve this goal, namely govern indirectly by MarxismâLeninism through the party (Soviet model), or commit the state officially through the constitution to MarxismâLeninism (Maoist ChinaâAlbania model). The Soviet model is the most common and is currently in use in China.
5894:. "Sweden, Great Britain, and France have mixed economies, sometimes referred to as democratic socialismâan economic and political system that combines private ownership of some of the means of production, governmental distribution of some essential goods and services, and free elections. For example, government ownership in Sweden is limited primarily to railroads, mineral resources, a public bank, and liquor and tobacco operations."
84:
4922:. It seeks to lead the exploited classes to achieve communism. However, the party cannot be identified with the exploited class in general. Its membership comprises members with advanced consciousness above sectional interests. Therefore, the party represents the advanced section of the exploited classes and, through them, leads the exploited classes by interpreting the universal laws governing human history towards communism.
13363:
5420:
1482:
7003:, p. 14 "Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labelling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism".
5737:, p. 14 "Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism".
5713:, p. 21: "Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State."
4200:. The establishment of a legal system and coercive institutions are also noted to safeguard the socialist-oriented nature of the state. The fifth feature is that the socialist-oriented state must take over the media and educational system while establishing mass organisations to mobilize the populace. Unlike the Soviet economic model, the economy of the socialist-oriented states are
4248:). Regarding the MarxistâLeninist-ruled countries of Africa and the Middle East, the Soviet Union deemed none of them socialist statesâreferring to them as socialist-oriented states. While many countries with constitutional references to socialism and countries ruled by long-standing socialist movements exist, within MarxistâLeninist theory a socialist state is led by a
4358:) and other institutions if they exist. Moreover, in all communist states, the ruling party has either had a clear majority, such as China or held every seat as they did in the Soviet Union, in their Supreme Soviet. A majority in the legislature ensures the centralised and unitary leadership of the central committee of the ruling MarxistâLeninist party over the state.
4146:. Except Cuba, none of these states developed socialism. According to scholar Sylvia Woodby Edington, this might explain why the concept of the national-democratic state "never received full theoretical elaboration as a political system." However, one feature was clearly defined, namely, that these states did not need to be led by a MarxistâLeninist party.
5011:. On introducing the planning system, it became a common belief in the international communist movement that the Soviet planning system was a more advanced form of economic organisation than capitalism. This led to the system being introduced voluntarily in countries such as China, Cuba, and Vietnam and, in some cases, imposed by the Soviet Union.
4739:, and the term socialist law was conceived to reflect this in the 1930s. Hungarian legal theorist Imre SzabĂł acknowledged similarities between socialist law and civil law, but he noted that "four basic types of law may be distinguished: the laws of the slave, feudal, capitalist, and socialist societies." Using the Marxist theory of
4873:
administration of the PLA. Of significance is that the CMC eclipses by far the prerogatives of the CPSU Administrative Organs
Department while the Chinese counterpart to the Main Political Directorate supervises not only the military, but also intelligence, the security services, and counterespionage work.
6991:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."
5725:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."
4309:
institutions. They also perceived it as a limitation of the people's supreme power. The legislature, together with its suborgans, oversaw the constitutional order. Since the legislature is the supreme judge of constitutionality, the legislature's acts cannot be unconstitutional. Moreover, this means that
9017:
In the mortality belt of the
European former Soviet Union, an aggressive health policy intervention might have prevented tens of thousands of excess deaths, or at least generated a different perception of Western intentions. Instead, Western self-congratulatory triumphalism, the political priority to
5969:
Full Text. From the
Preamble: "On 2 July 1976, the National Assembly of reunified Vietnam decided to change the country's name to the Socialist Republic of Vietnam; the country entered a period of transition to socialism, strove for national construction, and unyieldingly defended its frontiers while
4550:
experimented with constitutional supervision in the early 1980s. Hungary established the
Council of Constitutional Law, which was elected by the legislature and consisted of several leading jurists. It was empowered to review the constitutionality and legality of statutes, administrative regulations,
4361:
By having legislatures, the
MarxistâLeninist parties try to keep ideological consistency between supporting representative institutions and safeguarding the party's leading role. They seek to use the legislatures as a linkage between the rulers and the ruled. These institutions are representative and
4308:
found in liberal democracies since no institution can legally enforce checks and balances on the communist legislature. The legislature passes the constitution, which can only be amended by the legislature. Soviet legal theorists denounced judicial review and extra-parliamentary review as bourgeoisie
4195:
Unlike capitalism which is ruled by the bourgeoisie class, and socialism, where the proletariat leads, the socialist-oriented state represents a broad and heterogeneous group of classes that seek to consolidate national independence. Since peasants were usually the largest class in socialist-oriented
4187:
is to create the conditions for socialism in countries where the social, political, and economic conditions for socialism do not exist. The second feature to be met is the establishment of a revolutionary-democratic party which has to establish itself as the leading force and guide the state by using
4182:
The socialist-oriented states had seven defining features, namely, they were revolutionary democracies, had a revolutionary-democratic party, class dictatorship, defense of the socialist-oriented states, had organs of socialisation, initiated socialist construction, and the type of socialist-oriented
3981:
stated: "The
Communist Party, armed with MarxismâLeninism, determines the general perspective of the development of society and the course of the domestic and foreign policy of the USSR." This contrasts with the 1976 Albanian constitution which stated in Article 3: "In the People's Socialist Republic
3969:
Ideology permeates these states. According to scholar Peter Tang, "he supreme test of whether a Communist Party-state remains revolutionarily dedicated or degenerates into a revisionist or counterrevolutionary system lies in its attitude toward the Communist ideology." Therefore, the sole ideological
3944:
argued: "No one, I think, in studying the question of the economic system of Russia, has denied its transitional character. Nor, I think, has any Communist denied that the term Soviet Socialist Republic implies the determination of the Soviet power to achieve the transition to socialism, and not that
3936:
commented on the state, writing: "State interference in social relations, becomes, in one domain after another, superfluous, and then dies out of itself; the government of persons is replaced by the administration of things, and by the conduct of processes of production. The state is not 'abolished'.
3915:
stated: "The principal object of the Constitution of the R.S.F.S.R., which is adapted to the present transition period, consists in the establishment of a dictatorship of the urban and rural proletariat and the poorest peasantry, in the form of a powerful All-Russian Soviet power; the object of which
5990:
Full Text. From Article 5: "The Communist Party of Cuba, a follower of MartĂ's ideas and of MarxismâLeninism, and the organised vanguard of the Cuban nation, is the highest leading force of society and of the state, which organises and guides the common effort toward the goals of the construction of
5212:
was followed by a rapid increase in poverty, crime, corruption, unemployment, homelessness, rates of disease, infant mortality, domestic violence, and income inequality, along with decreases in calorie intake, life expectancy, adult literacy, and income. The region also experienced a spike in excess
4969:
and through it, the state too. It means that all directing bodies of the party, from top to bottom, shall be elected; that party bodies shall give periodical accounts of their activities to their respective party organisations; that there shall be strict party discipline and the subordination of the
4948:'s thought, is the leading force of the state and society." In a similar form, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) describes itself as "the vanguard of the Chinese working class, the Chinese people, and the Chinese nation." As noted by both communist parties, the ruling parties of communist states are
4821:
organs as well as subordinate organs within the armed forces; ensuring that the party and state retain control over the armed forces; evaluates the political performance of officers; supervising the ideological content of the military press; and supervising the political-military training institutes
4747:
to govern. As RenĂš David notes, socialist jurists "isolate their law, to put into another category, a reprobate category, the Romanist laws and the common law, is the fact that they reason less as jurists and more as philosophers and Marxists; it is in taking a not strictly legal viewpoint that they
4579:
The government of communist states is usually defined as the "executive organ of the highest state organ of power" or as the "highest administrative agency of state power". It functions as the executive organ of the legislature. This model has been introduced with variations in all communist states.
8507:
Stalinist regimes aimed to catapult the predominantly agrarian societies into the modern age by swift industrialization. At the same time, they hoped to produce politically loyal working classes by mass employment in large state industries. Steelworks were built in EisenhĂŒttenstadt (GDR), Nowa Huta
5160:
individualism (as when housing is determined by one's ability to pay), also wide variations in personal wealth as the West has not. Instead, Soviet ideals emphasized equalityâfree education and medical care, little disparity in housing or salaries, and so forth." When asked to comment on the claim
4872:
is by right state CMC Chairman. The composition of the party CMC and the state CMC are identical. The CMC is responsible for the command of the PLA and determines national defence policies. fifteen departments report directly to the CMC and that are responsible for everything from political work to
4808:
the Chairman of the Council of Defense. Below the Council of Defense, there was the Main Military Council which was responsible for the strategic direction and leadership of the Soviet armed forces. The working organ of the Council of Defense was the General Staff tasked with analysing military and
4527:
was the first to experiment with constitutional supervision when it established a Constitutional Committee in 1965. It was elected by the legislature, and leading jurists sat on the committee, but it was only empowered to advise the legislature. Keith Hand has commented that "t was not an effective
4448:
In communist states, the constitution was a tool to analyse the development of society. The MarxistâLeninist party in question would have to study the correlation of forces, literally society's class structure, before enacting changes. Several terms were coined for different developmental states by
4382:
Furthermore, Western researchers have devoted little attention to legislatures in communist states. The reason is that there are no significant bodies of political socialisation compared to legislatures in liberal democracies. While political leaders in communist states are often elected as members
4303:
and learning from the people." This reasoning gives communist legislatures the right to interfere in every state institution unless the legislature itself has made a law that bars it from it. This also means there are no limits to politicisation, unlike in liberal democracies, where politicians are
3819:
as a set of principles to be used in the internal affairs of the communist party, is extended to society at large. According to democratic centralism, the people must elect all leaders, and all proposals must be debated openly, but once a decision has been reached, all people have a duty to account
4677:
is a separate legal system or is a part of the civil law tradition. Legal scholar RenĂš David wrote that the socialist legal system "possesses, in relation to our French law, particular features that give it a complete originality, to the extent that it is no longer possible to connect it, like the
4435:
during the 1930s, notes that the "Soviet constitutions represent the total of the historical path along which the Soviet state has travelled. At the same time, they are the legislative basis of subsequent development of state life." That is, the constitution sums up what has already been achieved.
4373:
Ideologically, it has another function, namely, to prove that communist states do not only represent the interests of the working class but all social strata. Communist states are committed to establishing a classless society and use legislatures to show that all social strata, whether bureaucrat,
5777:
The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
4956:
theorised that vanguard parties were "capable of assuming power and leading the whole people to socialism, of directing and organising the new system, of being the teacher, the guide, the leader of all the working and exploited people in organising their social life without the bourgeoisie." This
3894:
have or had more than one political party, but all minor parties are or were required to follow the leadership of the communist party. In communist states, the government may not tolerate criticism of policies that have already been implemented in the past or are being implemented in the present.
5192:
stated, respectively, that "between countries at similar levels of economic development, socialist countries showed more favorable PQL (physical quality of life) outcomes" and that socialism was "for the most part, more successful than capitalism in improving the health conditions of the world's
5360:
noted that outbreaks of nostalgia often follow periods of political change and revolution. She observed that in former communist states, memory narratives surrounding life under socialism may be polarized. Many residents who lived through this era recalled only economic stagnation, while others
5348:
narrative "based on a series of categories and figures" to "denounce Communist state violence (qualified as 'Communist crimes', 'red genocide' or 'classicide') and to honour persecuted individuals (presented alternatively as 'victims of Communism' and 'heroes of anti totalitarian resistance')."
4762:
noted that a "great number of legal institutions and legal relations remain the same in socialist law", further stating that it is "necessary and justified" to put them to use if they are "in conformity with the corresponding interests of the ruling class in the state in question." Importantly,
4321:
was the first socialist legislature, and the Soviet legislative system was introduced in all communist states. The Supreme Soviet convened twice a year, usually for two or three days each, making it one of the world's first frequently-convened legislatures during its existence. The same meeting
3848:'s advice, the unitary legislatures of communist states are not in permanent session. Instead, they convene once or several times yearly in sessions that usually last only a few days. When the unitary legislature is not in session, its powers are transferred to a smaller council (often called a
4973:
The highest organ of a MarxistâLeninist governing party is the party congress. The congress elects the central committee and either an auditing commission and a control commission, or both, although not always. The central committee is the party's highest decision-making organ in-between party
4374:
worker, or intellectual, are committed and have interests in building such a society. As is the case in China, national institutions such as the legislature "must exist which brings together representatives of all nationalities and geographic areas." It does not matter if the legislatures only
4158:
seeks to reach socialism by non-capitalist development. As a term, it substantially differs from the concept of the national-democratic state. The singular difference is that the socialist-oriented state was divided into two stages: a national-democratic socialist-oriented state and a people's
5033:, "the state owns the land and all other natural resources and all characteristics of the traditional model, the enterprises, and their productive assets. Collective ownership (e.g. the property of collective farms) also exists but plays a subsidiary role and is expected to be temporary." The
4775:
used existing Austrian, French, German, and Russian civil codes until adoption of its own civil code in 1964. Scholar John Quigley wrote that "ocialist law retains the inquisitorial style of trial, law-creation predominantly by legislatures rather than courts, and a significant role for legal
4378:
decisions because by having them, it shows that communist states are committed to incorporating minorities and areas of the country by including them in the composition of the legislature. In communist states, there is usually a high proportion of members who are government officials. In this
3986:
had a similar tone, stating in Article 2 that "MarxismâLeninismâMao Zedong Thought is the theoretical basis guiding the thinking of our nation." The 1977 Soviet constitution did also use phrases such as "building socialism and communism", "on the road to communism", "to build the material and
4789:
Communist states have established two types of civil-military systems. The armed forces of most socialist states have historically been state institutions based on the Soviet model, but in China, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam, the armed forces are party-state institutions. However, several
4566:
has argued against establishing any corresponding constitutional supervisory committee due to their association with the failed communist states of Europe. None of the surviving communist states (China, Cuba, Laos, and Vietnam) have experimented with constitutional supervision committees or
4822:
and their ideological content. The head of the MPD was ranked fourth in military protocol, but it was not a member of the Council of Defense. The Administrative Organs Department of the CPSU Central Committee was responsible for implementing the party personnel policies and supervised the
5280:
plans to build an International Museum on Communism in Washington. As of 2008, Russia contained 627 memorials and memorial plaques dedicated to victims of the communist states, most of which were created by private citizens and did not have a national monument or a national museum. The
4673:âall of whom had a civil law legal system. Cuba had a civil law system imposed on them by Spain, while China introduced civil law to overlay with Confucian elements, and Vietnam used French law. Since the establishment of the Soviet Union, there has been a scholarly debate on whether
4287:. This means that the legislature, usually defined as the highest organ of state power, has executive, legislative and judicial power and can interfere in these organs as long as the law does not illegalise it. This is because both Marx and Lenin abhorred the parliamentary systems of
4944:, the vanguard of the Vietnamese working class, simultaneously the vanguard of the toiling people and of the Vietnamese nation, the faithful representative of the interests of the working class, the toiling people, and the whole nation, acting upon the MarxistâLeninist doctrine and
4252:
that has instituted a socialist economy in a given country. It deals with states that define themselves either as a socialist state or as a state led by a governing MarxistâLeninist party in their constitutions. For this reason alone, these states are often called communist states.
3999:
was implemented in Eastern Europe after World War II. It can be defined as a state and society in which feudal vestiges have been liquidated and where the system of private ownership exists, but the state-owned enterprises in the field of industry, transport, and credit eclipse it.
4935:
wrote that "the proletariat needs the Party first of all as its General Staff, which it must have for the successful seizure of power. But the proletariat needs the Party not only to achieve the dictatorship; it needs it still more to maintain the dictatorship." The current
5778:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
3879:) which are integrated into the political system. In communist states, the social organisations are expected to promote social unity and cohesion, to serve as a link between the government and society and to provide a forum for the recruitment of new communist party members.
3836:
in the Soviet Union), which is bestowed with unitary power and is often defined as the highest organ of state power. Unitary power means that the legislature has the power of the judiciary, legislature and executive but chooses to delegate these powers to other institutions.
4682:." Similarly, Christoper Osakwe concludes that socialist law is "an autonomous legal system to be essentially distinguished from the other contemporary families of law." Proponents of socialist law as a separate legal system have identified the following features:
4444:
outlines the historical tasks of the Chinese communists, "step by step, to bring about the socialist industrialisation of the country and, step by step, to accomplish the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicraft and capitalist industry and commerce."
3844:, with two significant differences. First, the deputies elected to these unitary legislatures are not expected to represent the interests of any particular constituency but rather the long-term interests of the people as a whole; and second, against
3911:. This class dominates the state and expresses its will through it. By formulating law, the ruling class uses the state to oppress other classes and form a class dictatorship. However, the goal of the communist state is to abolish that state. The
5556:
In his closing address at the Conference of Cell Secretaries of the Workers' Party of Korea in late April, Kim mentioned the word "communism" six times. His recent claim that North Korea aims to become a "communist utopia" is a notable change in
4743:, SzabĂł argues that socialist law cannot belong to the same law family since the material structure is different from the capitalist countries as their superstructure (state) has to reflect these differences. In other words, law is a tool by the
4387:
did "little more than listen to statements from Soviet political leaders and to legitimate decisions already made elsewhere" while in the legislatures of Poland, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia it has been more active and had an impact on rule-making.
5372:
Only by examining how the quotidian aspects of daily life were affected by great social, political and economic changes can we make sense of the desire for this collectively imagined, more egalitarian past. Nobody wants to revive 20th century
9466:
3965:
echoed this assumption and said that the socialist state was necessary "in order to defend, to secure, and to develop relationships and arrangements advantageous to the workers, and to annihilate completely capitalism and its remnants."
5037:
of the means of production still exists, although it plays a somewhat more minor role. Since the class struggle in capitalism is caused by the division between owners of the means of production and the workers who sell their labour,
4159:
democratic socialist-oriented state. Countries belonging to the national-democratic socialist-oriented state category were also categorised as national-democratic states. Examples of national-democratic socialist-oriented states are
5207:
own analysis of international comparisons of life expectancy found that several MarxistâLeninist states made significant gains and commented "one thought that is bound to occur is that communism is good for poverty removal." The
5448:
8553:
4722:
Legal officials argue differently for their cases compared to Westerners. For instance, "he predominant view among Soviet jurists in the 1920s was that Soviet law of that period was Western-style law appropriate for a
4523:'s death, several communist states have experimented with some sort of constitutional supervision. These organs were designed to safeguard the supreme power of the legislature from circumvention by political leaders.
5393:
had the greatest appeal to those "who find themselves in more vulnerable economic and social positions" in Russia after 1991. Per Kalinina, these individuals are nostalgic for "economic security and social welfare."
5356:, nostalgia for the defunct Marxist governments and the communist ideal reemerged among segments of the population in the former Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe. Russian-American author and cultural theorist
4990:
drew the idea that the socialist economy would be based on planning and not market mechanisms. These ideas later developed into believing that planning was superior to the market mechanism. Upon seizing power, the
3767:. These communist states often do not claim to have achieved socialism or communism in their countries but to be building and working toward the establishment of socialism in their countries. The preamble to the
4440:, which argued that "the Chinese Constitution blazes a path for China, recording what has been won in China and what is yet to be conquered." A constitution in a communist state has an end. The preamble of the
4313:
in communist states does not mean the same as in liberal democracies. In communist states, judicial independence means stopping all interference not granted by law, but interference in itself is not barred.
2545:
5336:. Ghodsee argues that any discussion of the achievements under communist states, including literacy, education, women's rights, and social security is usually silenced, and any discourse on the subject of
4196:
states, their role was emphasisedâsimilar to the working class in other socialist states. However, MarxistâLeninists admitted that these states often fell under the control of certain cliques such as the
2415:
5377:. But nostalgia for communism has become a common language through which ordinary men and women express disappointment with the shortcomings of parliamentary democracy and neoliberal capitalism today.
12901:
9635:
4175:. In contrast, people's democratic socialist-oriented states had to be guided by MarxismâLeninism and accept the universal truths of MarxismâLeninism and reject other notions of socialism such as
4817:." The MPD organised political indoctrination and created political control mechanisms at the centre to the company level in the field. Formally, the MPD was responsible for organising party and
12896:
5156:
Soviet advocates and socialists responded to criticism by highlighting the ideological differences in the concept of freedom. McFarland and Ageyev noted that "MarxistâLeninist norms disparaged
4607:
In communist states, the government was responsible for the overall economic system, public order, foreign relations, and defense. The Soviet model was more or less identically implemented in
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of the same name. In the last years, this emphasis on the constitution as both a legal document and a paper which documents society's development has been noted by the Chinese Communist Party
9644:
11499:
9589:
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to that decision. When used within a political party, democratic centralism is meant to prevent factionalism and splits. When applied to an entire state, democratic centralism creates a
4568:
9330:
5854:
If we were to extend the definition of socialism to include Labor Britain or socialist Sweden, there would be no difficulty in refuting the connection between capitalism and democracy.
9292:
4841:(CPC) shall uphold its absolute leadership over the People's Liberation Army and other people's armed forces." The PLA carries out its work in accordance with the instructions of the
4138:
foreign policy and sought to construct a form of socialism were considered national-democratic states by MarxistâLeninists. An example of a national-democratic state is Egypt under
2730:
8559:
4468:. This is also why amendments to constitutions are not enough and major societal changes need a novel constitution which corresponds with the reality of the new class structure.
12707:
12574:
5306:
4646:
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824:
665:
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5873:. Barkan, Joanne; Brand, Horst; Cohen, Mitchell; Coser, Lewis; Denitch, Bogdan; FehĂšr, Ferenc; Heller, AgnĂšs; Horvat, Branko; Tyler, Gus. pp. 96â110. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
3824:. The constitutions of most communist states describe their political system as a form of democracy. They recognize the sovereignty of the people as embodied in a series of
5018:
system had five main characteristics. Firstly, except for field consumption and employment, practically all decisions were centralized at the top. Secondly, the system was
4857:(CMC) is both an organ of the state and the partyâit is an organ of the CCP Central Committee and an organ of the national legislature, the National People's Congress. The
12702:
12697:
12692:
9611:
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819:
814:
809:
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is to secure complete suppression of the bourgeoisie, the abolition of exploitation of man by man, and the establishment of Socialism, under which there shall be neither
9962:
3859:
A feature of communist states is the existence of numerous state-sponsored social organisations (associations of journalists, teachers, writers and other professionals,
1938:
9799:
9777:
9358:
4881:
Unlike in liberal democracies, active military personnel are members and partake in civilian institutions of governance. This is the case in all communist states. The
2962:
1966:
10034:
5285:
in Moscow, inaugurated in October 2017, is Russia's first monument for victims of political persecution by Stalin during the country's Soviet era. In 2017, Canada's
3672:
occupied much of Eastern Europe and helped bring the existing communist parties to power in those countries. Originally, the communist states in Eastern Europe were
3308:
An anachronous map of countries that have been ruled by a one-party MarxistâLeninist state at some point in their history. From 1979 to 1983, during the time of the
9397:
References for when the individuals were elected to the office of CCP leader, the name of the offices and when they established and were abolished are found below.
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notes that such states compared favorably with Western states in some health indicators such as infant mortality and life expectancy. A 1986 study published in the
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and instituting a state-planned economy. According to Soviet sources, Laos was the one socialist-oriented state that has managed to develop into a socialist state.
4996:
4752:
4115:. While Vladimir Lenin first articulated the theory of non-capitalist development, the novelty of this concept was applying it to the progressive elements of the
12089:
11131:
4533:
4327:
2725:
2046:
9585:"An Assessment of Socialist Constitutional Supervision Models and Prospects for a Constitutional Supervision Committee in China: The Constitution as Commander?"
5247:
Monuments to the "victims of communist states" exist in almost all capitals of Eastern Europe. There are several museums documenting communist rule such as the
4383:
of legislatures, these posts are not relevant to political advancement. The role of legislatures is different from country to country. In the Soviet Union, the
11136:
9403:
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160:
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idea eventually evolved into the concept of the party's leading role in leading the state as seen in the CCP's self-description and Vietnam's constitution.
11969:
5527:. Quote: "The DPRK claims that juche is Kim Il Sung's creative application of Marxist-Leninist principle to the modern political realities in North Korea."
5962:
5169:, replied: "Millions of people in Eastern Europe are now free from employment, free from safe streets, free from health care, free from social security."
3882:
Historically, the political organisation of many socialist states has been dominated by a one-party monopoly. Some communist governments such as those in
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5231:
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irreversibly destroy the communist system, and the desire to integrate East European economies into the capitalist world at any cost took precedence.
2720:
1898:
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are the ruling class. In MarxistâLeninist thinking, the socialist state is the last repressive state since the next stage of development is that of
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is to "guide the common effort toward the goals and construction of socialism." The DPRK's constitution outlines a socialist economy and the ruling
1253:
11489:
4898:
4858:
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4842:
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and not a collective head of state. Another exception was in Bulgaria, where the State Council was empowered to instruct the Council of Ministers.
4499:
3181:. During the later part of the 20th century, before the Revolutions of 1989, around one-third of the world's population lived in communist states.
2880:
2630:
1826:
1811:
1731:
9960:
Tang, Peter S. H. (February 1980). "The Soviet, Chinese and Albanian Constitutions: Ideological Divergence and Institutionalized Confrontation?".
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4240:
before achieving socialism. The former socialist states of Eastern Europe were established as people's democracies (a developmental stage between
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2645:
2585:
2185:
1786:
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A MarxistâLeninist party has led every communist state. This party seeks to represent and articulate the interests of the classes exploited by
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2690:
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9322:
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13016:
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11374:
10938:
8624:
Gerber, Theodore P.; Hout, Michael (July 1998). "More Shock than Therapy: Market Transition, Employment, and Income in Russia, 1991â1995".
5385:, found that positive narratives of life under socialism was often driven by the loss of social benefits and the collapse of the extensive
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1848:
1746:
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paradigm of management, ownership and control by corporations and private individuals. Communist states have also been criticised for the
5042:(defined as the property of the people in these systems) is considered as a tool to end the class struggle and empower the working class.
4099:
into its name during this period; it had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name.
3856:. In some systems, the presidium is composed of crucial communist party members who vote the resolutions of the communist party into law.
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12627:
12622:
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11267:
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4834:
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1976:
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735:
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725:
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Stone Sweet, Alec; Bu, Chong; Zhuo, Ding (25 May 2023). "Breaching the Taboo? Constitutional Dimensions of the New Chinese Civil Code".
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minority to the majority; and that all decisions of higher bodies shall be absolutely binding on lower bodies and on all party members.
30:
This article is about sovereign states governed by communist parties. For the hypothetical social stage proposed by Marxist theory, see
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5791:
3987:
technical basis of communism" and "to perfect socialist social relations and transform them into communist relations" in the preamble.
3632:
2153:
1689:
1551:
1505:
672:
10325:
Loeber, Dietrich Andre (1984). "On the Status of the CPSU within the Soviet Legal System". In Simons, William; White, Stephen (eds.).
9827:
Skilling, H. Gordon (January 1961). "People's Democracy and the Socialist Revolution: A Case Study in Communist Scholarship. Part I".
6492:
MĂŒller-Rommel, Ferdinand; MansfeldovĂĄ, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech Republic". In Blondel, Jean; MĂŒller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).
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934:
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Dimitrov, Vessellin (2006). "Bulgaria: A Core Against the Odds". In Dimitrov, Vessellin; Goetz, H. Klaus; Wollmann, Hellmut (eds.).
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resolved to institute "the maximum centralisation of production simultaneously striving to establish a unified economic plan." The
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political situations as they developed. The party controlled the armed forces through the Main Political Directorate (MPD) of the
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10042:
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of Albania the dominant ideology is MarxismâLeninism. The entire social order is developing on the basis of its principles." The
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2370:
1918:
1883:
1427:
7493:
5149:. The early economic development policies of communist states have been criticised for focusing primarily on the development of
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329:
17:
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Feldbrugge, F. J. M. (1985). "Council of Ministers". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.).
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207:
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4131:, who believed colonies to be mere lackeys of Western imperialism and that the socialist movement had few prospects there.
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socialist law had retained civil law institutions, methodology, and organisation. This can be discerned by the fact that
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in 1991. China's socio-economic structure has been referred to as "nationalistic state capitalism" and the Eastern Bloc (
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2091:
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1334:
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in Russia, it is now associated with communist states. A number of the short-lived communist states which formed during
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11351:
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for commemoration of the latter in Europe, can be seen as the response by economic and political elites to fears of a
4291:, but neither sought to abolish the legislature as an institution. Lenin wrote that it would be impossible to develop
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brought down most of the communist states; however, Communism remained the official ideology of the ruling parties of
13279:
13026:
13001:
12996:
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12871:
12197:
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5320:(race murder) and the victims of communism (class murder), and in particular the recent push at the beginning of the
5182:
5104:
5051:
4633:
In every communist state, the judicial and procuratorial bodies are organs of the legislature. For instance, China's
4563:
4326:(NPC), is modelled on the Soviet one. As with the Soviet one, the NPC is the highest organ of the state and elects a
4217:
3443:
3438:
3408:
3015:
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2774:
2685:
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2385:
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2229:
1971:
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962:
135:
10279:
Hazard, John (1985). "Constitutional Law". In Feldbrugge, F. J. M.; Van den Berg, G. P.; Simons, William B. (eds.).
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4615:, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania, with few exceptions. One exception was Czechoslovakia, where it had a
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policies, MarxistâLeninist legal theories began to emphasise "the formal, formerly neglected constitutional order."
4111:
The concept of the national-democratic state tried to theorize how a state could develop socialism by bypassing the
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12857:
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11335:
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1168:
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949:
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Nelson, Daniel (1982). "Communist Legislatures and Communist Politics". In Nelson, Daniel; White, Stephen (eds.).
5924:
Morgan, W. John (2001). "MarxismâLeninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism". In Wright, James D., ed.
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4853:.' Our principle is that the party commands the gun, and the gun must never be allowed to command the Party." The
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13036:
13021:
12892:
12116:
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9512:
6588:
NATO and Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria
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5209:
4795:
4612:
4505:, who stated in 2013 that "o organisation or individual has the privilege to overstep the Constitution and law."
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4331:
4092:
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communist party apparatus. These parties are usually MarxistâLeninist or some national variation thereof such as
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2794:
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2292:
2192:
1311:
1163:
1136:
1121:
984:
251:
8292:
McFarland, Sam; Ageyev, Vladimir; Abalakina-Paap, Marina (1992). "Authoritarianism in the Former Soviet Union".
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12793:
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11449:
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10361:
10292:
10204:
8539:
8376:
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5390:
5321:
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4593:
4543:
3949:
in the Soviet Union got many communists to believe that the withering away of the state was imminent. However,
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3393:
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states. Academics, political commentators, and other scholars tend to distinguish between communist states and
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2932:
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2855:
2740:
2705:
2655:
1643:
1178:
1026:
1016:
939:
901:
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944:
118:
98:
67:
9729:
Kramer, Mark N. (January 1985). "Civil-Military Relations in the Warsaw Pact: The East European Component".
5259:
in Budapest, all three of which also document Nazi rule. In Washington D.C., a bronze statue based upon the
4893:
stood at an average of 9,2 per cent. Military figures are also represented in the national legislature (the
4790:
differences exist between the statist (Soviet) and the party-state models (China). In the Soviet model, the
1617:
13258:
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12758:
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11994:
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10127:
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720:
387:
266:
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4802:) while the Council of Ministers was responsible for formulating defence policies. The party leader was
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is a socialist state with a republican constitution. Although the term initially became associated with
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12149:
11416:
11299:
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10880:
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8492:
8364:
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5681:
5652:
5538:
5316:, efforts to institutionalize the victims of communism narrative, or the moral equivalence between the
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were criticised by Western authors and organisations based on the lack of the representative nature of
4941:
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1833:
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777:
48:
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11999:
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9847:
8822:
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is used by Western historians, political scientists, and media to refer to these countries. However,
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2018:
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frequency was the norm in the Eastern Bloc countries and modern-day China. China's legislature, the
567:
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13126:
12599:
12219:
12050:
11872:
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9227:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
9052:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism"
5797:
5433:
5382:
5293:
in Ottawa. On 23 August 2018, Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940â1991 Memorial was inaugurated in
4155:
4036:
3978:
3876:
3840:
In communist states, the unitary legislatures often have a similar structure to the parliaments in
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3689:
3232:
2799:
2600:
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2482:
2234:
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2013:
1956:
1943:
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1611:
1586:
1571:
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989:
687:
289:
217:
35:
10256:
Harding, Neil (1981). "What Does It Mean to Call a Regime Marxist?". In Szajkowski, Bogdan (ed.).
9875:
9501:
Chang, Yu-nan (August 1956). "The Chinese Communist State System Under the Constitution of 1954".
5762:
5749:
113:
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13121:
13111:
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11827:
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10979:
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10051:
9813:
9740:
9503:
9411:
8994:
5758:
5177:
4937:
4927:
4838:
4662:
4645:. These bodies are responsible to and report on their work to the legislature. For instance, the
4642:
4437:
4375:
4184:
3788:
3768:
3697:
3166:
3162:
2967:
2784:
2575:
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1986:
1948:
1768:
1653:
1213:
1208:
1203:
876:
702:
655:
150:
4849:
described the PLA's institutional situation as follows: "Every communist must grasp the truth, '
12390:
12300:
11692:
11687:
11627:
11078:
11021:
10967:
10962:
10798:
10633:
9250:
9075:
8301:
6332:
Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
6127:
5341:
5273:
4814:
4768:
4740:
4696:
The socialist law is subordinate and reflects changes to the economic order (the absorption of
4051:
2390:
2347:
2008:
1596:
1243:
462:
377:
232:
12335:
9602:
9584:
8778:"Implications of the Diphtheria Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union for Immunization Programs"
8531:
8440:
Navarro, V. (1992). "Has socialism failed? An analysis of health indicators under socialism".
8368:
407:
13414:
13181:
12778:
12713:
12445:
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11073:
10623:
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6651:
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4637:
is the "legislative organ of governance that manages the judicial system in the name of the"
4412:
and as an instrument of force. The constitution is the source of law and legality. Unlike in
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4310:
4296:
4292:
4189:
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called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former
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3189:
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2620:
2003:
1263:
886:
522:
140:
130:
12360:
432:
12866:
12773:
12738:
12505:
12187:
11877:
11761:
11721:
11454:
11364:
11187:
11115:
11083:
11033:
11028:
10764:
9559:
8519:
5264:
5146:
4567:
constitutional supervision of any kind outside the existing framework until 2018, when the
4016:
3946:
3904:
3829:
3784:
3681:
3277:
3122:
3035:
3009:
2865:
2530:
1996:
957:
881:
851:
582:
222:
83:
75:
12465:
11697:
5203:
countries as the result of modernisation programs under communist governments. Similarly,
4295:"without representative institutions." Both of them considered the governing model of the
4024:
3945:
the existing economic system is recognised as a socialist order." The introduction of the
547:
8:
13289:
12823:
12808:
12783:
12515:
12234:
12213:
12061:
11979:
11847:
11817:
11484:
11192:
11043:
10996:
10984:
10900:
10810:
10628:
10543:
10394:
10238:
9971:
9834:
9819:
9662:
9119:
9002:
8643:
7505:, p. 36 (Bulgaria), 65 (Czechoslovakia), 133 (Hungary), 161 (Romania), 195 (Poland).
7381:
5353:
5329:
5226:
5088:
5008:
4791:
4728:
4305:
4288:
4284:
3974:
3958:
3803:
Communist states share similar institutions, which are organised on the premise that the
3729:
3728:
broke under public pressure during a wave of mostly non-violent movements as part of the
3158:
1991:
1868:
1863:
1721:
1380:
1370:
906:
891:
632:
592:
299:
182:
12475:
12325:
11887:
8849:
8236:(1986). "Mass Organization, Party and State: Democracy in its Transition to Socialism".
5449:
List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation
5007:, and other central planning organs were established during the 1920s in the era of the
4427:) nature of democratic constitutions, a MarxistâLeninist constitution is ever-changing.
557:
13434:
13409:
12818:
12763:
12638:
12525:
12400:
12202:
12154:
11479:
11058:
11048:
10444:
10353:
10261:
10063:
9991:
9983:
9948:
9919:
9911:
9756:
9695:
9687:
9648:
9625:
9616:
9571:
9550:
9536:
9528:
9419:
9246:
9071:
8874:
8467:
8417:
8390:
8216:
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-party Systems
6497:
5112:
4732:
4657:, every year. Moreover, all communist states have been established in countries with a
4237:
4139:
4044:
3872:
3504:
3293:
3217:
3157:. After the peak of MarxismâLeninism, when many communist states were established, the
3126:
2902:
911:
871:
747:
472:
125:
12375:
8253:
Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism
447:
12753:
12658:
12470:
12425:
12345:
12320:
12271:
12164:
12100:
12019:
11964:
11882:
11837:
11822:
11386:
11152:
11053:
10865:
10567:
10557:
10490:
10471:
10448:
10425:
10422:
From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
10406:
10380:
10357:
10334:
10311:
10288:
10265:
10242:
10219:
10200:
10177:
10154:
10131:
10108:
10019:
9995:
9952:
9923:
9903:
9699:
9660:
Keith, Richard (March 1991). "Chinese Politics and the New Theory of 'Rule of Law'".
9598:
9540:
9442:
9267:
9149:
9034:
9006:
8916:
8879:
8799:
8535:
8496:
8459:
8422:
8372:
8337:
6754:
6719:
6684:
6627:
6592:
6561:
6534:
6509:
6468:
6433:
6402:
6371:
6340:
6305:
6270:
5908:
5887:
5801:
5766:
5685:
5656:
5539:"A Revival of North Korean Communism?: The rhetoric is there. But what does it mean?"
5072:
5034:
4556:
4529:
4472:
4417:
4413:
4233:
4176:
4168:
3841:
3693:
3541:
3248:
3213:
3000:
1838:
861:
767:
552:
497:
417:
397:
314:
227:
167:
145:
31:
12535:
12295:
12159:
11632:
9242:
9067:
8826:
8471:
5905:
Political Thought and China's Transformation: Ideas Shaping Reform in Post-Mao China
5696:
In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of MarxismâLeninism.
4272:
372:
13379:
13367:
13324:
13313:
12728:
12723:
12545:
12530:
12385:
12380:
12365:
12192:
12137:
11800:
11795:
11785:
11177:
10645:
10535:
10055:
10012:
The Political Resurgence of the Military in Southeast Asia: Conflict and Leadership
9975:
9940:
9895:
9851:
9804:
9782:
9748:
9679:
9563:
9520:
9487:
9438:
9363:
9264:
The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War
9238:
9142:
It Was a Long Time Ago, and It Never Happened Anyway: Russia and the Communist Past
9063:
8998:
8869:
8861:
8789:
8451:
8412:
8404:
8391:"Economic development, political-economic system, and the physical quality of life"
8311:
7912:
6501:
5483:
5443:
5425:
5411:
5298:
5122:
5084:
4987:
4949:
4658:
4428:
4135:
4134:
The countries where the national liberation movements took power and instituted an
3962:
3933:
3615:
3209:
3185:
3070:
1486:
1462:
1417:
841:
622:
602:
457:
452:
437:
108:
103:
5628:
Farber, Samuel (1992). "Before Stalinism: The Rise and Fall of Soviet Democracy".
5289:
approved the design for a memorial to the victims of communism to be built at the
4350:), the Chairman of the National Defence Council (for example, the Chairman of the
4304:
legally barred from interfering in judicial work. This is a firm rejection of the
13424:
13349:
13329:
12668:
12410:
12370:
12355:
12350:
12121:
11939:
11219:
10670:
10655:
10539:
9165:
8986:
8904:
8329:
8271:"Need for international condemnation of crimes of totalitarian communist regimes"
6744:
6709:
6674:
6617:
6586:
6555:
6458:
6427:
6396:
6365:
6330:
6295:
6264:
5987:
5966:
5491:
5374:
5365:
5313:
5256:
5222:
5096:
5080:
5076:
5039:
4736:
4574:
4424:
4249:
4229:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4183:
state (either national-democratic or people's democratic). The political goal of
4172:
4087:
3821:
3804:
3280:
states, with the first representing the Eastern Bloc and the latter representing
3240:
3118:
1537:
1474:
1442:
1422:
784:
482:
442:
427:
422:
244:
202:
177:
52:
12460:
9192:. Kommunismiohvrite memoriaal. 23 August 2018. 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8486:
8455:
8315:
5979:
5389:
enjoyed by many residents of former communist states. Kalinina pointed out that
4354:
of Vietnam), National Supervisory institutions (such as the Director of China's
3652:
During the 20th century, the world's first constitutionally communist state was
542:
13344:
13299:
13254:
12500:
12485:
12480:
12440:
12405:
12315:
12305:
11867:
11592:
11157:
10803:
9899:
9829:
9562:
on behalf of The Editors and Board of Trustees of the Russian Review: 187â204.
8587:
8356:
5345:
5317:
5173:
5150:
5126:
5026:
4953:
4670:
4318:
4209:
4143:
4040:
3941:
3929:
3917:
3833:
3816:
3737:
3142:
3121:
in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of
1437:
1390:
1339:
577:
562:
512:
477:
392:
382:
357:
212:
12254:
9683:
8738:
Alexander, Catharine; Buchil, Victor; Humphrey, Caroline (12 September 2007).
8697:
4965:
The MarxistâLeninist governing party organises itself around the principle of
3284:
countries that have been democratically governed by socialist parties such as
13393:
12788:
12495:
12415:
12285:
12229:
12105:
12024:
11852:
11672:
11426:
11182:
11093:
10972:
10788:
10680:
9907:
8670:
5570:
5386:
5357:
5333:
5282:
5162:
5138:
5055:
4932:
4674:
4666:
4628:
4520:
4484:
4476:
4451:
4262:
3950:
3853:
3577:
896:
637:
612:
572:
537:
487:
362:
319:
271:
192:
9987:
9467:"Constitutionalizing Single Party Leadership in Vietnam: Dilemmas of Reform"
6505:
5301:. The memorial construction was financed by the state and is managed by the
4889:
since 1986. In the 1986â2006 period, active military figures sitting in the
517:
13319:
13196:
12962:
12907:
12678:
12520:
12435:
12340:
12266:
11899:
11790:
11677:
11566:
11546:
11088:
10697:
10665:
10584:
10402:
9633:
Imam, Zafar (JulyâSeptember 1986). "The Theory of the Soviet State Today".
9548:
Guins, George (July 1950). "Law Does not Wither Away in the Soviet Union".
8937:
8865:
8803:
8233:
6764:
6729:
6694:
6637:
6602:
6571:
6478:
6443:
6412:
6381:
6350:
6315:
6280:
5946:
5823:
5543:
5200:
5196:
5134:
5108:
5061:
4813:, a state organ that functioned "with the authority of a department of the
4764:
4744:
4589:
4405:
4055:
4004:
3908:
3725:
3665:
3661:
3595:
3589:
3473:
3423:
3281:
3235:
do not describe themselves as communist nor do they claim to have achieved
3221:
3150:
3134:
1412:
1061:
1001:
794:
772:
597:
507:
412:
256:
9944:
9492:
8883:
8850:"Diphtheria in the Former Soviet Union: Reemergence of a Pandemic Disease"
8463:
8426:
8408:
6370:. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.
6297:
Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States
13304:
13047:
12942:
12743:
12733:
12653:
12450:
12430:
12395:
12330:
12143:
12029:
11406:
11391:
11038:
10832:
10825:
10752:
10640:
10600:
10101:
The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the 21st Century
8665:
8219:
5204:
5172:
In his analysis of states run under MarxistâLeninist ideology, economist
5118:
5069:
4945:
4711:
4697:
4537:
4495:
4409:
4232:
is more than a form of government and can only exist in countries with a
4120:
4067:
4032:
3925:
3868:
3864:
3808:
3764:
3741:
3717:
3673:
3669:
3489:
3360:
3204:. There have been several instances of communist states with functioning
3193:
3154:
3050:
1405:
1395:
1056:
1036:
856:
846:
762:
617:
527:
502:
467:
402:
261:
12247:
9652:
9189:
8555:
Russia and the Baltics: Poverty and Poverty Research in a Changing World
8056:
8054:
7094:
4236:. There are examples of several states that have instituted a socialist
1469:
13235:
13225:
12718:
12550:
12510:
12290:
12224:
12131:
10916:
10870:
10842:
10820:
10730:
9979:
9915:
9855:
9792:"The Cult of Xi and the Rise of the CMC Chairman Responsibility System"
9760:
9532:
8612:
Challenging Late Capitalism, Neoliberal Globalization, & Militarism
5199:
posits that there was an increase in the standard of living throughout
5115:
5092:
4992:
4919:
4846:
4804:
4701:
4502:
4491:
4241:
3772:
3605:
3583:
3551:
3546:
3526:
1316:
1301:
831:
627:
587:
367:
10534:
10067:
9886:
Steiner, H. Arthur (1951). "The Role of the Chinese Communist Party".
9691:
9575:
8961:"Russian Economy in the Aftermath of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
8721:
Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index
7072:
7070:
3811:
and represents the long-term interests of the people. The doctrine of
3724:. In 1989, the communist states in Eastern Europe collapsed after the
3304:
13309:
13294:
12455:
12208:
12175:
12170:
12055:
12004:
10947:
10793:
10769:
10725:
10720:
10675:
10660:
10562:
10376:
10104:
10015:
8909:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
8762:
8743:
8527:
8334:
Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism
8051:
6715:
6680:
6336:
6301:
5793:
Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991
5463:
5337:
5019:
4983:
4715:
4679:
4363:
4300:
4245:
4028:
3849:
3845:
3776:
3561:
3316:, all the colored nations above were simultaneously MarxistâLeninist.
3244:
3236:
3138:
3040:
3005:
2972:
1400:
1385:
532:
334:
294:
9752:
9524:
8938:"Russian Demographics: The Role of the Collapse of the Soviet Union"
7118:
7106:
5361:
valued it for a sense of perceived stability and national strength.
4661:. The countries of Eastern Europe had formally been governed by the
3212:) processes involving several other non-party organisations such as
13264:
13230:
12673:
12575:
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
12540:
12071:
12066:
11730:
11108:
10735:
10650:
10307:
10173:
10059:
9567:
9202:"Cornerstone laid for new memorial for victims of communist crimes"
8794:
8777:
7130:
7082:
7067:
5943:
Comparative Political Systems: Policy Performance and Social Change
5929:
5161:
that former citizens of communist states enjoy increased freedoms,
5100:
4818:
4367:
4267:
4020:
3705:
3704:
was established in 1949. Communist states were also established in
3515:
1306:
789:
607:
309:
304:
27:
State that is administered and governed by a single communist party
9888:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
8991:
Taking Stock of Shock: Social Consequences of the 1989 Revolutions
8273:. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 25 January 2006
5926:
International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
4580:
For most of its existence, the Soviet government was known as the
13101:
13042:
12420:
12240:
11421:
10895:
10815:
5325:
5294:
5240:
5130:
5075:, in addition to several other areas where socialist society and
5000:
4160:
3760:
3721:
3600:
3566:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3365:
3313:
3201:
3146:
1198:
1143:
492:
339:
9323:"Dr. Kristen Ghodsee, Bowdoin College â Nostalgia for Communism"
7561:
6711:
The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919
6463:. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies.
6401:. Vol. 8: MongoliaâNepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413.
5305:. The opening ceremony was chosen to coincide with the official
4826:, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense.
4569:
Constitution and Law Committee of the National People's Congress
12110:
12084:
11197:
10989:
10837:
10774:
10740:
10687:
5307:
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism
4480:
3571:
3556:
3289:
3285:
3197:
324:
13362:
7508:
5867:"From Sweden to Socialism: A Small Symposium on Big Questions"
5755:
Keywords: A vocabulary of culture and society, revised edition
5419:
4575:
Government as the highest administrative agency of state power
1481:
12877:
12077:
11411:
11381:
10780:
9178:"Victims of communism monument could be unveiled next spring"
8819:"Non-communicable Diseases and Former Soviet Union countries"
8696:. Transparency International. 3 December 2014. Archived from
8291:
8238:
Transition and Development: Problems of Third World Socialism
7943:
7941:
7808:
7806:
7527:
7525:
7523:
7483:
7481:
7479:
5079:
differed. Socialist societies were commonly characterised by
5065:
4885:(CPV) has elected at least one active military figure to its
4188:
MarxistâLeninist ideology. While introduced in these states,
4059:
3748:
3653:
3345:
3224:, although the communist party remained the centre of power.
969:
56:
8244:
6335:. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5.
3832:
and instead have one national legislative body (such as the
3771:
states that Vietnam only entered a transition stage between
12927:
12912:
12887:
11832:
11396:
11320:
11262:
6557:
Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within
6098:
6096:
5332:
in both the East and West as the result of the excesses of
5328:
resurgence in the face of devastated economies and extreme
4897:) and other representative institutions. In China, the two
4479:" and the Chinese Communist Party's repudiation of certain
4197:
3756:
3752:
3713:
3709:
3355:
3350:
1021:
1006:
979:
155:
9166:"Wall of Grief: Putin opens first Soviet victims memorial"
7938:
7909:"People's Liberation Army Reforms and Their Ramifications"
7818:
7803:
7728:
7726:
7701:
7699:
7674:
7672:
7657:
7647:
7645:
7643:
7630:
7628:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7609:
7607:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7520:
7476:
6395:
Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).
4794:
was led by the Council of Defense (an organ formed by the
4054:
victory in World War II, mainly within the Soviet Union's
10487:
The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945â1990
10233:
Gardner, John; Schöpflin, George; White, Stephen (1987).
7982:
7847:
7845:
6246:
6244:
6242:
5340:
is focused almost exclusively on Stalin's crimes and the
4823:
4346:
of East Germany), the Supreme Procuratorate (such as the
3747:
Today, the existing communist states in the world are in
10124:
Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking
9709:"2015 Military Reform in the People's Republic of China"
9168:. BBC News. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8173:
8171:
8169:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8161:
8148:
8146:
7960:
7958:
7956:
7890:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7769:
7767:
7765:
7549:
7310:
7308:
6972:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6935:
6923:
6901:
6899:
6886:
6884:
6835:
6833:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6799:
6797:
6795:
6793:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6491:
6152:
6093:
5999:
5997:
4997:
8th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4423:
Unlike the relatively constant (and, in some instances,
4103:
used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991.
3907:
thought, the state is a repressive institution led by a
9216:. ERR News. 24 August 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8737:
8121:
8119:
8117:
8041:
8039:
7926:
7830:
7738:
7723:
7711:
7696:
7684:
7669:
7640:
7625:
7604:
7592:
7573:
7295:
7293:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7228:
7226:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7183:
6142:
6140:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6060:
6048:
6038:
6036:
5991:
socialism and the progress toward a communist society".
4995:
began advocating a national state planning system. The
4653:
delivers an annual Work Report to the legislature, the
13270:
Crimes against humanity under MarxistâLeninist regimes
9402:
9180:. CBC News. 19 March 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8582:"An epidemic of street kids overwhelms Russian cities"
8102:
8011:
8009:
7994:
7842:
7170:
7168:
7166:
7164:
7151:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7021:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7011:
7009:
6239:
6227:
5980:"Cubanet - Constitution of the Republic of Cuba, 1992"
5133:, in addition to lack of recognition for some Western
4216:, these states were in the process of taking over the
3961:
had achieved dominance over capitalism. Soviet jurist
3828:
parliamentary institutions. Such states do not have a
10373:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
10232:
9231:
History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History
9056:
History of the Present: A Journal of Critical History
8942:
Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences
8195:
8183:
8158:
8143:
8060:
8026:
8024:
7953:
7881:
7791:
7779:
7762:
7750:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7413:
7411:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7399:
7320:
7305:
7136:
7124:
7112:
7100:
7088:
7076:
7055:
6959:
6947:
6911:
6896:
6881:
6869:
6857:
6845:
6830:
6809:
6790:
6771:
6394:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6198:
6188:
6186:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6167:
5994:
5706:
5704:
5562:
4833:(PLA) is a party institution. In the preamble of the
4584:
and identical names were used for the governments of
4342:
in the Soviet Union), the Supreme Court (such as the
3660:
other former territories of the empire to become the
9815:
An Analysis of Grenada as a Socialist-Oriented State
9094:. United States Congress. 1993. p. 15 at §905a1
8131:
8114:
8036:
7970:
7869:
7857:
7537:
7377:"China's constitution debate hits a sensitive nerve"
7356:
7344:
7332:
7290:
7273:
7256:
7223:
7211:
7180:
6982:
6137:
6072:
6033:
6021:
6009:
5401:
4622:
4256:
4050:
Additional people's republics emerged following the
34:. For a list of states designated as communist, see
10170:
Soviet MarxismâLeninism: The Decline of an Ideology
9722:
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs
9204:. ERR News. 4 May 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
8006:
7464:
7452:
7244:
7199:
7161:
7142:
7031:
7006:
6429:
Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania
6108:
5839:"Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy: A Symposium"
5649:
Kronstadt 1917-1921: The Fate of a Soviet Democracy
4085:in their official name, replacing it with the term
9612:"Soviet Model for Marxian Socialist Constitutions"
9359:"Exploring the rise of Soviet nostalgia in Russia"
8524:Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality
8021:
7440:
7423:
7396:
6210:
6183:
6164:
5748:
5701:
5344:. According to Laure Neumayer, this is used as an
5243:, 2014. The red banner reads, "Our homeland USSR".
4528:institution in practice", being unable to prevent
4091:as a mark of their ongoing political development.
4023:movements in the 19th century, such as the German
10350:Communist Legislatures in Comparative Perspective
9930:
9214:"Victims of Communism Memorial opened in Tallinn"
8336:. San Francisco: City Lights Books. p. 118.
7567:
7043:
6656:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs
6553:
6266:How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy
5740:
5368:, a researcher on post-communist Eastern Europe:
4571:was bestowed the right of constitutional review.
3920:nor state authority". The communist state is the
13391:
8985:
8644:"The Bitter Legacy of Boris Yeltsin (1931-2007)"
8388:
6619:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country
6554:Frankowski, StanisĆaw; Stephan, Paul B. (1995).
4851:Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun
4843:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
4268:Legislatures as the highest organ of state power
9844:Soviet Troop Control and the Power Distribution
9457:
4362:usually mirror the population in areas such as
3251:. Other terms used by communist states include
9102:– via U.S. Government Publishing Office.
6328:
5859:
5617:. London: Left Book Club; Victor Gollancz Ltd.
5569:Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) .
3795:remains ideologically committed to communism.
13187:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
11781:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
11746:
10932:
10520:
10216:The Political Systems of the Socialist States
8756:
6460:Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943â1949
4508:
4475:'s repudiation of Stalin's practices in the "
3633:
3090:
1506:
1274:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
10370:
9865:Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces
9862:
9408:Constitution of the Communist Party of China
9352:
9350:
9348:
8847:
8294:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
7947:
7824:
7812:
7000:
6676:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival
5876:
5830:
5734:
4982:From reading their works, many followers of
4707:The socialist law has a religious character.
4449:MarxistâLeninist legal theorists, including
4208:and which seeks to maintain and develop the
4106:
4010:
3990:
3769:Socialist Republic of Vietnam's Constitution
2357:
2348:
10035:"Socialist Law and the Civil Law Tradition"
10005:"Military Politics in Contemporary Vietnam"
9863:National Foreign Assessment Center (1980).
9424:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
7907:Garafola, Cristina L. (23 September 2016).
6363:
4870:President of the People's Republic of China
4835:Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party
4729:remained capitalist to a significant degree
4686:The socialist law is to disappear with the
4149:
3779:after the country was re-unified under the
3744:) as "bureaucratic-authoritarian systems."
12585:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
11753:
11739:
10939:
10925:
10527:
10513:
10484:
10464:The Political Institutions of Modern China
10441:Constitution of the Communist-Party States
10371:Rosser, Barkley; Rosser, Marianne (2003).
10190:
9190:"Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940â1991"
8077:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8069:
7531:
7514:
7487:
5710:
5568:
3640:
3626:
3097:
3083:
1513:
1499:
673:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
13147:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
10327:The Party Statutes of the Communist World
9491:
9345:
8873:
8848:Wharton, Melinda; Vitek, Charles (1998).
8793:
8416:
8305:
8213:
6673:Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014).
5482:
5381:Ekaterina Kalinina, a sociologist at the
4420:that "law, rather than men, is supreme."
4352:Council for National Defense and Security
4283:All communist political systems practice
4062:became a people's republic following the
3785:1992 Constitution of the Republic of Cuba
1229:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
13280:Criticism of MarxistâLeninist party rule
11990:General Secretary of the Communist Party
10946:
10121:
9826:
9789:
9745:Royal Institute of International Affairs
9706:
9356:
9286:
9284:
9282:
9280:
8935:
8775:
8443:International Journal of Health Services
7932:
7906:
7851:
7836:
7555:
6742:
6584:
6533:. Kluwer Law International. p. 27.
6456:
6250:
6233:
5746:
5597:
5536:
5278:Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation
5249:Museum of Occupations and Freedom Fights
5230:
5189:International Journal of Health Services
5167:East German Minister of National Defence
4960:
4396:
4271:
3303:
3243:that are in the process of constructing
42:
13172:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
10420:Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999).
10255:
10043:The American Journal of Comparative Law
10032:
9885:
9811:
9636:The Indian Journal of Political Science
9112:
9029:Gille, Zsuzsa; Todorova, Maria (2012).
8903:
8439:
8328:
8250:
8066:
8000:
7988:
7744:
7732:
7717:
7705:
7690:
7678:
7663:
7651:
7634:
7619:
7598:
7586:
6976:
6953:
6941:
6929:
6917:
6905:
6890:
6875:
6863:
6851:
6839:
6824:
6803:
6784:
6672:
6425:
6293:
5897:
5836:
5646:
5303:Estonian Institute of Historical Memory
5291:Garden of the Provinces and Territories
5272:in 2007, having been authorized by the
4693:The rule of the MarxistâLeninist party.
3188:and are typically administered through
1254:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
14:
13392:
13250:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
12570:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
12182:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
10438:
10419:
10347:
10324:
10278:
10213:
10144:
10098:
10002:
9841:
9770:"The 19th Central Committee Politburo"
9767:
9728:
9676:School of Oriental and African Studies
9609:
9517:Southern Political Science Association
9432:
9357:Christie, Caroline (24 January 2019).
8641:
8201:
8189:
8177:
8152:
8137:
8125:
8108:
7976:
7964:
7894:
7875:
7797:
7785:
7773:
7756:
7314:
7205:
7193:
7174:
7155:
7061:
7037:
7025:
6988:
6262:
6066:
6054:
6042:
6027:
6015:
6003:
5970:fulfilling its internationalist duty".
5789:
5722:
5627:
5525:Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs
5509:(2nd ed.). pp. 221â222, 305.
5099:organisations, democratically elected
5005:Supreme Soviet of the National Economy
4901:have had by right office seats in the
4829:In the Chinese party-state model, the
4433:Procurator General of the Soviet Union
3973:MarxismâLeninism was mentioned in the
3145:, and the communist states within the
1335:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
661:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
330:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
12649:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
11734:
10920:
10508:
10468:Springer Science & Business Media
10393:
10218:. New York City: St. Martin's Press.
10167:
9659:
9547:
9500:
9277:
8816:
8759:Encyclopaedia of Contemporary Russian
8718:
8045:
7900:
7543:
7502:
7374:
7362:
7350:
7338:
7326:
7299:
7284:
7267:
7250:
7238:
7217:
6615:
6528:
6158:
6146:
6102:
6087:
5884:Sociology in Our Time: The Essentials
5865:Heilbroner, Robert L. (Winter 1991).
5678:Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey
5675:
5612:
5600:Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?
5598:Webb, Sidney; Webb, Beatrice (1935).
5504:
5003:, the State Planning Commission, the
4678:former Russian law, to the system of
4348:Supreme People's Procuracy of Vietnam
3932:, a classless and stateless society.
3924:, where the advanced elements of the
3688:later took a different path. After a
837:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
758:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
693:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
161:Intensification of the class struggle
13192:Sandinista National Liberation Front
12644:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
11760:
10461:
9959:
9645:Indian Political Science Association
9632:
9582:
9290:
8757:Smorodinskaya, Tatiana, ed. (2007).
8609:
8484:
8232:
7863:
7470:
7458:
7446:
7434:
7417:
7375:Wan, William; Qi, Li (3 June 2013).
7049:
6707:
6221:
6204:
6192:
6177:
6114:
4142:which was committed to constructing
1279:Sandinista National Liberation Front
753:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
13201:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
13152:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
11950:Socialist state of the whole people
10399:Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe
9590:Legal Studies Research Paper Series
9464:
9439:World Scientific Publishing Company
8694:"Corruption Perceptions Index 2014"
8551:
8389:Cereseto, S.; Waitzkin, H. (1986).
8061:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
8015:
7137:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7125:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7113:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7101:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7089:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
7077:Gardner, Schöpflin & White 1987
6714:. Routledge Companions to History.
5959:"VN Embassy - Constitution of 1992"
5521:"The Political Philosophy of Juche"
1234:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
13340:State ideology of the Soviet Union
13142:Communist Party of the Philippines
13132:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
10301:
9003:10.1093/oso/9780197549230.001.0001
8958:
8642:Volkov, Vladimir (26 April 2007).
8030:
6269:. Peterson Institute. p. 12.
5537:Atsuhito, Isozaki (21 June 2021).
5513:
5253:Museum of the Occupation of Latvia
5237:Ukrainian decommunization policies
4977:
4800:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
4776:scholarship in construing codes."
4436:This belief is also shared by the
4223:
3913:Soviet Russia Constitution of 1918
1433:State ideology of the Soviet Union
666:The History of the Communist Party
25:
13451:
12198:Scientific Outlook on Development
11813:Commanding heights of the economy
10304:Building the Rule of Law in China
9707:Kokoshin, Andrey (October 2016).
9435:China: Development and Governance
8989:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2021).
8396:American Journal of Public Health
6660:United States Department of State
6126:Lenin, Vladimir (21 April 1921).
5886:. Cengage Learning. pp. 125â127.
5837:Barrett, William (1 April 1978).
5676:Busky, Donald F. (20 July 2000).
5183:American Journal of Public Health
5125:and outreach of their respective
5052:Criticism of communist party rule
4876:
4623:Judicial organs and socialist law
4276:The meeting place of the Chinese
4257:The state system of unitary power
4218:commanding heights of the economy
4127:was introduced shortly after the
4070:also became a people's republic.
3310:People's Revolutionary Government
1366:Criticism of communist party rule
698:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
136:Commanding heights of the economy
13373:
13361:
13177:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
12595:Fundamentals of MarxismâLeninism
11970:Civilian control of the military
11925:People's democratic dictatorship
9933:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
9790:Mulvenon, James (January 2018).
9475:Asian Journal of Comparative Law
9315:
9256:
9219:
9207:
9195:
9183:
9171:
9159:
9134:
9106:
9081:
9044:
9023:
8979:
8952:
8929:
8897:
8841:
8810:
8769:
8750:
8731:
8712:
8686:
8658:
8635:
8618:
8603:
8574:
8545:
8513:
8478:
8433:
8382:
8350:
8322:
8285:
8263:
8226:
8207:
6652:"The Chinese Revolution of 1949"
6560:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23.
5418:
5404:
5111:structuresâin opposition to the
4212:. In the words of Soviet leader
3957:would not occur until after the
3656:at the end of 1917. In 1922, it
3064:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1259:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
683:Fundamentals of MarxismâLeninism
668:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
82:
11920:Dictatorship of the proletariat
11895:Theory of the productive forces
10445:Hoover Institution Publications
9513:The University of Chicago Press
9387:
9333:from the original on 4 May 2022
9251:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
9243:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
9076:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
9068:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115
7568:Stone Sweet, Bu & Zhuo 2023
7368:
6736:
6701:
6666:
6644:
6609:
6578:
6547:
6522:
6485:
6450:
6419:
6388:
6357:
6322:
6287:
6256:
6120:
5973:
5952:
5935:
5918:
5783:
5716:
5669:
5488:A Dictionary of Marxist Thought
5268:sculpture was dedicated as the
5210:dissolution of the Soviet Union
4913:
4908:
4391:
4356:National Supervisory Commission
3922:dictatorship of the proletariat
3798:
3734:dissolution of the Soviet Union
3690:war against Japanese occupation
3184:Communist states are typically
252:Theory of the productive forces
12872:People's Republic of Kampuchea
12590:A Critique of Soviet Economics
11945:State of socialist orientation
11445:Azerbaijan People's Government
9768:Miller, Alice (January 2018).
9225:Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014).
9113:Fekeiki, Omar (13 June 2007).
9050:Ghodsee, Kristen (Fall 2014).
8782:Journal of Infectious Diseases
8740:Urban Life in Post-Soviet Asia
8214:Samuel P., Huntington (1970).
5640:
5621:
5606:
5591:
5530:
5507:Dictionary of Historical Terms
5498:
5476:
5391:nostalgia for the Soviet Union
5186:and a 1992 study published in
4536:after the inauguration of the
3320:
3239:â they refer to themselves as
678:A Critique of Soviet Economics
13:
1:
11806:Soviet-type economic planning
11776:Administrative-command system
10033:Quigley, John (Autumn 1989).
10010:. In Mietzner, Marcus (ed.).
8936:Hoepller, Cristopher (2011).
8626:American Journal of Sociology
6746:Heads of State and Government
6364:Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009).
6329:Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014).
5469:
5439:List of anarchist communities
5352:In the decades following the
5270:Victims of Communism Memorial
4940:states in Article 4 that "he
4532:'s emasculation of Romania's
4334:), the government (named the
4117:national liberation movements
4113:capitalist mode of production
3852:) which acts as a collective
2616:Communist Party (Switzerland)
119:Soviet-type economic planning
99:Administrative-command system
13137:Communist Party of Kampuchea
12759:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
12684:Chinese Communist Revolution
11995:Highest organ of state power
11858:Proletarian internationalism
10891:Social dominance orientation
9833:. Vol. 12, no. 3.
9610:Hazard, John (August 1975).
9458:Articles and journal entries
8854:Emerging Infectious Diseases
8488:Europe Since 1989: A History
5312:According to anthropologist
4064:Chinese Communist Revolution
3959:socialist mode of production
3787:states that the role of the
1224:Communist Party of Kampuchea
867:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
198:Proletarian internationalism
51:that were flown besides the
7:
13167:Indochinese Communist Party
12804:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
12799:New People's Army rebellion
12580:Britain's Road to Socialism
11905:Wars of national liberation
11485:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad
10906:List of totalitarian states
10886:Right-wing authoritarianism
10331:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10285:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10235:Communist Political Systems
10197:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
10128:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
9872:Central Intelligence Agency
9327:WAMC Northeast Public Radio
8456:10.2190/B2TP-3R5M-Q7UP-DUA2
8316:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.1004
8257:University of Chicago Press
6457:Stankova, Marietta (2014).
5941:Andrai, Charles F. (1994).
5397:
5287:National Capital Commission
5145:and the restriction of the
5045:
4855:Central Military Commission
4779:
4688:withering away of the state
3955:withering away of the state
3809:vanguard of the proletariat
3299:
3129:. MarxismâLeninism was the
2957:International organizations
1249:Indochinese Communist Party
267:Wars of national liberation
10:
13456:
13285:Marxist schools of thought
13212:Portuguese Communist Party
13157:Communist Party of Vietnam
12150:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
10881:Left-wing authoritarianism
10716:Authoritarian conservatism
10281:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
10214:Furtak, Robert K. (1987).
10193:Encyclopedia of Soviet Law
10151:Cambridge University Press
9900:10.1177/000271625127700107
9672:Cambridge University Press
9484:Cambridge University Press
9392:
9367:. New York. Archived from
8493:Princeton University Press
8365:Cambridge University Press
6743:Da Graça, John V. (2000).
6624:Cambridge University Press
6494:Cabinets in Eastern Europe
6367:Mongolic Elements in Tuvan
5747:Williams, Raymond (1983).
5653:Cambridge University Press
5519:Lee, Grace (Spring 2003))
5505:Cooke, Chris, ed. (1998).
5322:2007â2008 financial crisis
5220:
5049:
4942:Communist Party of Vietnam
4883:Communist Party of Vietnam
4784:
4651:Supreme People's Procuracy
4639:National People's Congress
4626:
4509:Constitutional supervision
4465:primary stage of socialism
4324:National People's Congress
4278:National People's Congress
4260:
3702:People's Republic of China
3296:in general, among others.
3177:, and to a lesser extent,
1376:Marxist schools of thought
1269:Party of Labour of Albania
1239:Communist Party of Vietnam
49:Communist Party of Vietnam
29:
13357:
13243:
13219:
13162:Communist Party of Malaya
13117:Communist Party of Brazil
13090:
12831:
12814:Internal conflict in Peru
12607:
12558:
12279:
12090:KimilsungismâKimjongilism
12038:
12000:Leading role of the party
11957:
11935:National-democratic state
11930:People's democratic state
11913:
11768:
11719:
11580:
11512:
11437:
11344:
11313:
11227:
11216:
11145:
11124:
10955:
10858:
10708:
10580:Counterintelligence state
10550:
10439:Triska, Jan, ed. (1968).
9963:Studies in Soviet Thought
9848:Naval Postgraduate School
9684:10.1017/S0305741000030320
8823:World Health Organization
8646:. World Socialist Website
6134:. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
6132:Marxists Internet Archive
5790:Nation, R. Craig (1992).
5647:Getzler, Israel (2002) .
5630:Studies in Soviet Thought
5454:List of communist parties
5216:
5031:centrally-planned economy
5014:In communist states, the
4731:." This changed with the
4442:1954 Chinese constitution
4165:National Liberation Front
4125:national-democratic state
4107:National-democratic state
4017:people's republican state
4011:People's republican state
3997:people's democratic state
3991:People's democratic state
3984:1975 Chinese constitution
3375:Previous communist states
3247:and progressing toward a
3021:List of communist parties
2923:Victorian Socialist Party
53:Vietnamese national flags
13127:Communist Party of India
13097:Albanian Party of Labour
12220:Bill of Rights socialism
11873:Socialism in one country
11843:MarxistâLeninist atheism
10876:Inverted totalitarianism
10748:Authoritarian capitalism
10145:Ellman, Michael (2014).
10091:
10003:Thayer, Carlyle (2008).
9842:Snyder, Stanley (1987).
9800:China Leadership Monitor
9778:China Leadership Monitor
9595:University of California
9299:. Prague. Archived from
9262:Neumayer, Laure (2018).
9033:. Berghahn Books. p. 4.
9031:Post-Communist Nostalgia
8776:Galazkaa, Artur (2000).
7001:Rosser & Rosser 2003
6585:Paquette, Laure (2001).
6432:. Springer. p. 21.
5798:Cornell University Press
5735:Rosser & Rosser 2003
5434:List of socialist states
5383:University of Copenhagen
4839:Communist Party of China
4831:People's Liberation Army
4156:socialist-oriented state
4150:Socialist-oriented state
3979:1977 Soviet constitution
3898:
3337:Current communist states
1219:Communist Party of India
218:Socialism in one country
173:MarxistâLeninist atheism
36:List of communist states
13335:State ideology of China
13207:Workers' Party of Korea
13122:Communist Party of Cuba
13112:Chinese Communist Party
12769:Portuguese Colonial War
12565:Foundations of Leninism
12117:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
11828:Dialectical materialism
11495:North Korea (1947â1948)
11490:North Korea (1946â1947)
10760:Authoritarian socialism
10485:Wilczynski, J. (2008).
10099:Blasko, Dennis (2006).
10052:Oxford University Press
9741:Oxford University Press
9504:The Journal of Politics
9412:Chinese Communist Party
9297:Atlas of Transformation
9291:Boym, Svetlana (2011).
9115:"The Toll of Communism"
9089:Friendship Act (HR3000)
8995:Oxford University Press
8251:Amandae, Sonja (2003).
8088:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6616:Lampe, John R. (2000).
6506:10.1057/9781403905215_6
6426:Gjevori, Elvin (2018).
6398:Peoples of Eastern Asia
6294:Minahan, James (2013).
6263:Ă
slund, Anders (2009).
5907:. Springer. pp. 60â69.
5882:Kendall, Diana (2011).
5759:Oxford University Press
5576:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
5459:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
5178:University of Amsterdam
4938:Constitution of Vietnam
4928:Foundations of Leninism
4663:Austro-Hungarian Empire
4643:Chinese Communist Party
4534:Great National Assembly
4438:Chinese Communist Party
4185:revolutionary democracy
4081:ceased to use the term
3793:Workers' Party of Korea
3676:with the Soviet Union.
3206:political participation
1428:State ideology of China
1354:under communist regimes
1352:Crimes against humanity
1312:MarxismâLeninismâMaoism
1284:Workers' Party of Korea
1214:Communist Party of Cuba
1209:Chinese Communist Party
877:Portuguese Colonial War
703:The Governance of China
656:Foundations of Leninism
203:Protracted people's war
151:Dialectical materialism
13057:Bosnia and Herzegovina
12391:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
12301:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
11217:Current and historical
10489:. Aldine Transaction.
10168:Evans, Daniel (1993).
9812:Poelzer, Greg (1989).
9404:19th National Congress
9140:Satter, David (2011).
8866:10.3201/eid0404.980404
8485:Ther, Philipp (2016).
6529:HajdĂș, JĂłzsef (2011).
5379:
5342:double genocide theory
5274:United States Congress
5244:
5060:Countries such as the
4815:CPSU Central Committee
4769:1896 German civil code
4741:historical materialism
4641:, and through it, the
4635:Supreme People's Court
4280:
3940:In "The Tax in Kind",
3486:(now part of Tanzania)
3317:
3115:MarxistâLeninist state
2358:
2349:
2280:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1244:French Communist Party
1154:Bosnia and Herzegovina
463:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
378:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
60:
18:Marxist-Leninist state
13300:Post-MarxismâLeninism
13182:Nepal Communist Party
12779:Nicaraguan Revolution
12749:AlbanianâSoviet split
12446:Mengistu Haile Mariam
11985:Democratic centralism
11975:Collective leadership
10624:Dominant-party system
9945:10.1017/asjcl.2023.18
9732:International Affairs
9493:10.1017/asjcl.2016.22
9433:Gungwu, Wang (2012).
9266:. London: Routledge.
9146:Yale University Press
8915:. pp. 107, 115.
8520:Wilkinson, Richard G.
8409:10.2105/ajph.76.6.661
6708:Webb, Adrian (2008).
6531:Labour Law in Hungary
5370:
5334:neoliberal capitalism
5261:1989 Tiananmen Square
5234:
5143:right to own property
4967:democratic centralism
4961:Internal organisation
4891:CPV Central Committee
4859:CCP General Secretary
4837:, it is stated: "The
4710:The socialist law is
4397:Role of constitutions
4311:judicial independence
4297:Paris Commune of 1871
4293:proletarian democracy
4275:
4204:that seek to attract
4190:democratic centralism
3877:women's organisations
3861:consumer cooperatives
3813:democratic centralism
3680:would declare itself
3307:
3273:workers and peasants'
3190:democratic centralism
3026:Democratic centralism
2861:Socialist Alternative
2186:Revolutionary Faction
1264:Nepal Communist Party
887:Nicaraguan Revolution
523:Mengistu Haile Mariam
141:Democratic centralism
131:Collective leadership
46:
13380:Communism portal
13368:Socialism portal
12867:Democratic Kampuchea
12774:Black Power movement
12739:Non-Aligned Movement
11878:Socialist patriotism
11722:History of socialism
10462:Tung, W. L. (2012).
10287:. pp. 162â163.
10199:. pp. 202â204.
10130:. pp. 159â203.
9835:Taylor & Francis
9583:Hand, Keith (2016).
8997:. pp. 195â196.
8719:Hardt, John (2003).
8700:on 29 September 2014
8610:Targ, Harry (2006).
6591:. Nova. p. 55.
5945:. Armonk, New York:
5265:Goddess of Democracy
5147:right to free speech
4582:Council of Ministers
4340:Council of Ministers
4306:separation of powers
4198:military in Ethiopia
4095:also added the term
3947:first five-year plan
3830:separation of powers
3278:democratic socialist
3071:Communism portal
2866:Victorian Socialists
2176:Malaya and Singapore
1487:Socialism portal
1463:Communism portal
882:Black power movement
852:Non-Aligned Movement
223:Socialist patriotism
13290:National Bolshevism
12824:Revolutions of 1989
12809:Sino-Albanian split
12794:Naxalite insurgency
12784:Cultural Revolution
12664:Great Patriotic War
12516:Nur Muhammad Taraki
12062:Ho Chi Minh Thought
11980:Cult of personality
11818:Developed socialism
11658:Estonia (1918â1919)
11552:Hungary (1949â1989)
10811:Ecoauthoritarianism
10629:Illiberal democracy
10258:Marxist Governments
10239:Macmillan Education
9972:Springer Publishing
9881:on 21 January 2017.
9837:. pp. 241â262.
9820:Carleton University
9717:Belfer Center Paper
9663:The China Quarterly
9329:. 1 November 2011.
9120:The Washington Post
8817:Shubnikov, Eugene.
8552:McAaley, Alastair.
8083:"Central Committee"
7517:, pp. 202â203.
7382:The Washington Post
7103:, pp. 114â115.
6718:. pp. 80, 88.
6161:, pp. 188â189.
6105:, pp. 187â188.
5986:9 July 2011 at the
5965:9 July 2011 at the
5928:(2nd ed.). Oxford:
5613:Sloan, Pat (1937).
5602:. London: Longmans.
5354:Revolutions of 1989
5227:Communist nostalgia
5089:means of production
5009:New Economic Policy
4811:Ministry of Defense
4792:Soviet armed forces
4753:Borislav BlagojeviÄ
4414:liberal democracies
4330:(the Soviets had a
4289:bourgeois democracy
4285:unitary state power
3977:. Article 6 of the
3975:Soviet constitution
3873:youth organisations
3730:Revolutions of 1989
3260:people's democratic
3254:national-democratic
3159:Revolutions of 1989
1475:Politics portal
1381:National Bolshevism
1371:Cult of personality
907:Revolutions of 1989
902:Naxalite insurgency
892:Cultural Revolution
778:Great Patriotic War
633:Wojciech Jaruzelski
593:Nur Muhammad Taraki
300:Ho Chi Minh Thought
13420:Lists of countries
12819:Nepalese Civil War
12764:Great Leap Forward
12526:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
12401:Kaysone Phomvihane
12203:Xi Jinping Thought
11838:Labour aristocracy
11623:Byelorussia (1919)
10354:Palgrave Macmillan
10264:. pp. 22â33.
10262:Palgrave Macmillan
10147:Socialist Planning
9980:10.1007/BF00832025
9626:Cornell University
9617:Cornell Law Review
9551:The Russian Review
9441:. pp. 12â13.
8959:Poland, Marshall.
8829:on 11 October 2016
8562:on 23 January 2017
8361:Socialist Planning
7666:, pp. 798â99.
6751:St. Martin's Press
6498:Palgrave Macmillan
5579:(revised ed.)
5251:in Lithuania, the
5245:
5113:liberal democratic
4866:party CMC Chairman
4647:Prosecutor-General
4564:Chinese leadership
4458:people's democracy
4328:Standing Committee
4281:
4238:form of government
4192:is rarely upheld.
4140:Gamal Abdel Nasser
4097:socialist republic
4088:socialist republic
4073:During the 1960s,
4045:October Revolution
3765:North Korea (DPRK)
3505:Post-Soviet states
3318:
3294:social-democracies
3266:socialist-oriented
3218:factory committees
3127:communist ideology
3125:, a branch of the
3113:, also known as a
2903:Communist Alliance
2856:Socialist Alliance
1774:Dominican Republic
912:Nepalese Civil War
872:Great Leap Forward
800:Chinese Revolution
473:Kaysone Phomvihane
188:People's democracy
126:Collective farming
61:
13387:
13386:
12754:Sino-Soviet split
12714:TitoâStalin split
12659:Spanish Civil War
12600:Guerrilla Warfare
12559:Theoretical works
12491:WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka
12466:Nicolae CeauÈescu
12426:Nikos Zachariadis
12346:Nikita Khrushchev
12321:Palmiro Togliatti
12020:Transmission belt
11965:Central committee
11823:Dialectical logic
11728:
11727:
11715:
11714:
11711:
11710:
11508:
11507:
11250:Congo-Brazzaville
11146:Regional variants
10914:
10913:
10866:Democracy indices
10558:Absolute monarchy
10356:. pp. 1â13.
10333:. pp. 1â22.
10271:978-0-333-25704-3
9743:on behalf of the
9674:on behalf of the
9515:on behalf of the
9154:978-0-300-17842-5
9039:978-0-857-45643-4
8913:City Lights Books
8911:. San Francisco:
8522:(November 1996).
8343:978-0-87286-330-9
7991:, pp. 27â28.
7948:Staff writer 1980
7825:Staff writer 1980
7813:Staff writer 1980
6944:, pp. 54â55.
6932:, pp. 50â52.
6760:978-1-56159-269-2
6515:978-1-349-41148-1
6207:, pp. 42â43.
6128:"The Tax in Kind"
6069:, pp. 18â19.
6057:, pp. 16â17.
5800:. pp. 85â6.
5772:978-0-19-520469-8
5255:in Riga, and the
5077:Western societies
5073:liberal democracy
5035:private ownership
4899:CMC vice chairmen
4895:National Assembly
4771:until 1976 while
4655:National Assembly
4557:Mikhail Gorbachev
4530:Nicolae Ceausescu
4518:general secretary
4500:general secretary
4487:, not long after
4473:Nikita Khrushchev
4425:permanently fixed
4418:constitutionalism
4402:MarxistâLeninists
4338:in China and the
4234:socialist economy
4177:African socialism
4083:people's republic
4025:Völkisch movement
3842:liberal republics
3732:which led to the
3650:
3649:
3249:communist society
3214:direct democratic
3107:
3106:
3031:General Secretary
3016:Criticism of rule
3001:Central committee
1538:Communist parties
1523:
1522:
862:Sino-Soviet split
768:Spanish Civil War
688:Guerrilla Warfare
650:Theoretical works
568:WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka
548:Nicolae CeauÈescu
498:Nikos Zachariadis
418:Nikita Khrushchev
398:Palmiro Togliatti
168:Labor aristocracy
146:Dialectical logic
47:The flags of the
32:Communist society
16:(Redirected from
13447:
13430:MarxismâLeninism
13405:Authoritarianism
13400:Communist states
13378:
13377:
13376:
13366:
13365:
13325:State capitalism
12729:De-Stalinization
12724:Cuban Revolution
12546:Gennady Zyuganov
12531:Rohana Wijeweera
12386:Klement Gottwald
12381:Valko Chervenkov
12366:Lazar Kaganovich
12326:Dolores IbĂĄrruri
12193:Three Represents
12138:Intercommunalism
11958:Political system
11801:Central planning
11796:Anti-revisionism
11786:Anti-imperialism
11762:MarxismâLeninism
11755:
11748:
11741:
11732:
11731:
11578:
11577:
11435:
11434:
11225:
11224:
11220:socialist states
11099:African-American
10941:
10934:
10927:
10918:
10917:
10765:MarxismâLeninism
10646:Managerial state
10529:
10522:
10515:
10506:
10505:
10500:
10481:
10466:(2nd ed.).
10458:
10435:
10416:
10401:(4th ed.).
10390:
10367:
10344:
10321:
10302:Li, Lin (2017).
10298:
10283:(2nd ed.).
10275:
10252:
10237:(2nd ed.).
10229:
10210:
10195:(2nd ed.).
10187:
10164:
10149:(3rd ed.).
10141:
10126:(2nd ed.).
10118:
10086:
10084:
10082:
10076:
10070:. Archived from
10039:
10029:
10009:
9999:
9956:
9927:
9882:
9880:
9874:. Archived from
9869:
9859:
9838:
9823:
9808:
9805:Hoover Institute
9796:
9786:
9783:Hoover Institute
9774:
9764:
9725:
9713:
9703:
9656:
9629:
9606:
9579:
9544:
9497:
9495:
9471:
9465:Bui, T. (2016).
9452:
9429:
9423:
9415:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9371:on 29 March 2024
9364:Document Journal
9354:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9338:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9308:
9288:
9275:
9260:
9254:
9223:
9217:
9211:
9205:
9199:
9193:
9187:
9181:
9175:
9169:
9163:
9157:
9138:
9132:
9131:
9129:
9127:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9101:
9099:
9093:
9085:
9079:
9048:
9042:
9027:
9021:
9020:
8987:Ghodsee, Kristen
8983:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8972:
8963:. Archived from
8956:
8950:
8949:
8933:
8927:
8926:
8905:Parenti, Michael
8901:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8890:
8877:
8845:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8825:. Archived from
8814:
8808:
8807:
8797:
8773:
8767:
8766:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8735:
8729:
8728:
8716:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8690:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8679:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8639:
8633:
8622:
8616:
8615:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8598:
8596:
8578:
8572:
8571:
8569:
8567:
8558:. Archived from
8549:
8543:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8482:
8476:
8475:
8437:
8431:
8430:
8420:
8386:
8380:
8354:
8348:
8347:
8330:Parenti, Michael
8326:
8320:
8319:
8309:
8300:(6): 1004â1010.
8289:
8283:
8282:
8280:
8278:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8230:
8224:
8223:
8211:
8205:
8199:
8193:
8187:
8181:
8175:
8156:
8150:
8141:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8112:
8106:
8100:
8099:
8097:
8095:
8079:
8064:
8058:
8049:
8043:
8034:
8028:
8019:
8013:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7951:
7945:
7936:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7913:RAND Corporation
7904:
7898:
7892:
7879:
7873:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7849:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7822:
7816:
7810:
7801:
7795:
7789:
7783:
7777:
7771:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7742:
7736:
7730:
7721:
7715:
7709:
7703:
7694:
7688:
7682:
7676:
7667:
7661:
7655:
7649:
7638:
7632:
7623:
7617:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7571:
7565:
7559:
7553:
7547:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7518:
7512:
7506:
7500:
7491:
7485:
7474:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7450:
7444:
7438:
7432:
7421:
7415:
7394:
7393:
7391:
7389:
7372:
7366:
7360:
7354:
7348:
7342:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7318:
7312:
7303:
7297:
7288:
7282:
7271:
7265:
7254:
7248:
7242:
7236:
7221:
7215:
7209:
7203:
7197:
7191:
7178:
7172:
7159:
7153:
7140:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7110:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7074:
7065:
7059:
7053:
7047:
7041:
7035:
7029:
7023:
7004:
6998:
6992:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6957:
6951:
6945:
6939:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6909:
6903:
6894:
6888:
6879:
6873:
6867:
6861:
6855:
6849:
6843:
6837:
6828:
6822:
6807:
6801:
6788:
6782:
6769:
6768:
6749:(2nd ed.).
6740:
6734:
6733:
6705:
6699:
6698:
6670:
6664:
6663:
6648:
6642:
6641:
6613:
6607:
6606:
6582:
6576:
6575:
6551:
6545:
6544:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6454:
6448:
6447:
6423:
6417:
6416:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6361:
6355:
6354:
6326:
6320:
6319:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6260:
6254:
6248:
6237:
6231:
6225:
6219:
6208:
6202:
6196:
6190:
6181:
6175:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6135:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6106:
6100:
6091:
6085:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6046:
6040:
6031:
6025:
6019:
6013:
6007:
6001:
5992:
5977:
5971:
5956:
5950:
5939:
5933:
5922:
5916:
5901:
5895:
5880:
5874:
5863:
5857:
5856:
5851:
5849:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5821:
5819:
5814:on 1 August 2019
5810:. Archived from
5787:
5781:
5780:
5752:
5744:
5738:
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5615:Soviet Democracy
5610:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5534:
5528:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5484:Bottomore, T. B.
5480:
5444:Capitalist state
5428:
5426:Socialism portal
5423:
5422:
5414:
5412:Communism portal
5409:
5408:
5407:
5299:Kersti Kaljulaid
5235:Protest against
5085:social ownership
4988:Friedrich Engels
4950:vanguard parties
4761:
4751:Yugoslav jurist
4659:civil law system
4429:Andrey Vyshinsky
4136:anti-imperialist
4003:In the words of
3963:Andrey Vyshinsky
3953:warned that the
3934:Friedrich Engels
3905:MarxistâLeninist
3822:one-party system
3783:in 1976 and the
3642:
3635:
3628:
3616:Communism portal
3331:communist states
3325:
3324:
3241:socialist states
3210:Soviet democracy
3123:MarxismâLeninism
3099:
3092:
3085:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3036:MarxismâLeninism
2361:
2352:
2181:MarxistâLeninist
1525:
1524:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1485:
1484:
1473:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1418:State capitalism
842:De-Stalinization
623:Gennady Zyuganov
603:Rohana Wijeweera
458:Klement Gottwald
453:Valko Chervenkov
438:Lazar Kaganovich
114:Central planning
109:Anti-revisionism
104:Anti-imperialism
86:
76:MarxismâLeninism
63:
62:
21:
13455:
13454:
13450:
13449:
13448:
13446:
13445:
13444:
13440:Totalitarianism
13390:
13389:
13388:
13383:
13374:
13372:
13360:
13353:
13350:Totalitarianism
13330:State socialism
13239:
13215:
13086:
12827:
12669:Greek Civil War
12603:
12554:
12506:Mathieu Kérékou
12411:Leonid Brezhnev
12376:BolesĆaw Bierut
12371:Georgi Dimitrov
12356:Josip Broz Tito
12351:Walter Ulbricht
12275:
12122:Gonzalo Thought
12034:
11953:
11940:Socialist state
11909:
11764:
11759:
11729:
11724:
11707:
11688:Slovakia (1919)
11588:Alsace-Lorraine
11576:
11504:
11433:
11340:
11309:
11218:
11212:
11141:
11120:
10951:
10945:
10915:
10910:
10854:
10704:
10671:Socialist state
10656:One-party state
10575:Communist state
10546:
10533:
10503:
10497:
10478:
10455:
10432:
10413:
10387:
10364:
10352:. Vol. 1.
10341:
10318:
10295:
10272:
10260:. Vol. 1.
10249:
10226:
10207:
10184:
10161:
10138:
10115:
10094:
10089:
10080:
10078:
10074:
10037:
10026:
10007:
9878:
9867:
9794:
9772:
9753:10.2307/2619779
9711:
9525:10.2307/2127261
9469:
9460:
9455:
9449:
9417:
9416:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9384:
9374:
9372:
9355:
9346:
9336:
9334:
9321:
9320:
9316:
9306:
9304:
9289:
9278:
9261:
9257:
9224:
9220:
9212:
9208:
9200:
9196:
9188:
9184:
9176:
9172:
9164:
9160:
9139:
9135:
9125:
9123:
9111:
9107:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9086:
9082:
9049:
9045:
9028:
9024:
9013:
8984:
8980:
8970:
8968:
8957:
8953:
8934:
8930:
8923:
8902:
8898:
8888:
8886:
8846:
8842:
8832:
8830:
8815:
8811:
8788:(s1): 244â248.
8774:
8770:
8755:
8751:
8736:
8732:
8717:
8713:
8703:
8701:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8677:
8675:
8674:. 18 March 2010
8666:"Cops for Hire"
8664:
8663:
8659:
8649:
8647:
8640:
8636:
8623:
8619:
8608:
8604:
8594:
8592:
8591:. 16 April 2002
8580:
8579:
8575:
8565:
8563:
8550:
8546:
8518:
8514:
8503:
8495:. p. 132.
8483:
8479:
8438:
8434:
8387:
8383:
8357:Ellman, Michael
8355:
8351:
8344:
8327:
8323:
8307:10.1.1.397.4546
8290:
8286:
8276:
8274:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8249:
8245:
8231:
8227:
8212:
8208:
8200:
8196:
8188:
8184:
8176:
8159:
8151:
8144:
8136:
8132:
8124:
8115:
8111:, pp. 1â2.
8107:
8103:
8093:
8091:
8081:
8080:
8067:
8059:
8052:
8044:
8037:
8029:
8022:
8014:
8007:
7999:
7995:
7987:
7983:
7975:
7971:
7963:
7954:
7946:
7939:
7931:
7927:
7917:
7915:
7905:
7901:
7893:
7882:
7874:
7870:
7862:
7858:
7850:
7843:
7835:
7831:
7823:
7819:
7811:
7804:
7796:
7792:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7763:
7755:
7751:
7743:
7739:
7731:
7724:
7716:
7712:
7704:
7697:
7689:
7685:
7677:
7670:
7662:
7658:
7650:
7641:
7633:
7626:
7618:
7605:
7597:
7593:
7585:
7574:
7566:
7562:
7554:
7550:
7542:
7538:
7532:Feldbrugge 1985
7530:
7521:
7515:Feldbrugge 1985
7513:
7509:
7501:
7494:
7488:Feldbrugge 1985
7486:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7457:
7453:
7445:
7441:
7433:
7424:
7416:
7397:
7387:
7385:
7373:
7369:
7361:
7357:
7349:
7345:
7337:
7333:
7329:, p. xiii.
7325:
7321:
7313:
7306:
7298:
7291:
7283:
7274:
7266:
7257:
7249:
7245:
7237:
7224:
7216:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7192:
7181:
7173:
7162:
7154:
7143:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7111:
7107:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7068:
7060:
7056:
7048:
7044:
7036:
7032:
7024:
7007:
6999:
6995:
6987:
6983:
6975:
6960:
6952:
6948:
6940:
6936:
6928:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6904:
6897:
6889:
6882:
6874:
6870:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6810:
6802:
6791:
6783:
6772:
6761:
6741:
6737:
6726:
6706:
6702:
6691:
6671:
6667:
6650:
6649:
6645:
6634:
6626:. p. 233.
6614:
6610:
6599:
6583:
6579:
6568:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6527:
6523:
6516:
6490:
6486:
6475:
6467:. p. 148.
6455:
6451:
6440:
6424:
6420:
6409:
6393:
6389:
6378:
6362:
6358:
6347:
6327:
6323:
6312:
6304:. p. 296.
6292:
6288:
6277:
6261:
6257:
6249:
6240:
6232:
6228:
6220:
6211:
6203:
6199:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6165:
6157:
6153:
6145:
6138:
6125:
6121:
6113:
6109:
6101:
6094:
6086:
6073:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6049:
6041:
6034:
6026:
6022:
6014:
6010:
6006:, pp. 8â9.
6002:
5995:
5988:Wayback Machine
5978:
5974:
5967:Wayback Machine
5957:
5953:
5940:
5936:
5923:
5919:
5903:Li, He (2015).
5902:
5898:
5881:
5877:
5864:
5860:
5847:
5845:
5835:
5831:
5817:
5815:
5808:
5788:
5784:
5773:
5745:
5741:
5733:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5711:Wilczynski 2008
5709:
5702:
5692:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5645:
5641:
5626:
5622:
5611:
5607:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5580:
5567:
5563:
5549:
5547:
5535:
5531:
5518:
5514:
5503:
5499:
5492:Wiley-Blackwell
5481:
5477:
5472:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5375:totalitarianism
5366:Kristen Ghodsee
5314:Kristen Ghodsee
5257:House of Terror
5229:
5223:Decommunization
5219:
5097:communist party
5091:either through
5081:state ownership
5058:
5048:
5040:state ownership
4980:
4978:Economic system
4963:
4916:
4911:
4879:
4787:
4782:
4755:
4737:command economy
4631:
4625:
4577:
4511:
4410:fundamental law
4399:
4394:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4250:communist party
4230:socialist state
4226:
4224:Socialist state
4214:Leonid Brezhnev
4206:foreign capital
4202:mixed economies
4173:Socialist Burma
4163:, ruled by the
4152:
4129:death of Stalin
4109:
4013:
3993:
3901:
3815:, developed by
3805:communist party
3801:
3789:communist party
3781:communist party
3696:resulting in a
3646:
3610:
3499:
3370:
3329:
3323:
3302:
3229:communist state
3216:participation,
3119:one-party state
3111:communist state
3103:
3065:
3063:
3056:
3055:
2996:
2988:
2987:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2838:
2830:
2829:
2712:United Kingdom
2431:MunkĂĄspĂĄrt 2006
2225:
2217:
2216:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1547:
1519:
1479:
1467:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1447:
1443:Totalitarianism
1423:State socialism
1353:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1297:
1289:
1288:
1194:
1186:
1185:
925:
917:
916:
785:Greek Civil War
716:
708:
707:
667:
651:
643:
642:
583:Mathieu Kérékou
483:Leonid Brezhnev
448:BolesĆaw Bierut
443:Georgi Dimitrov
428:Josip Broz Tito
423:Walter Ulbricht
353:
345:
344:
285:
277:
276:
178:One-party state
163:under socialism
162:
94:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13453:
13443:
13442:
13437:
13432:
13427:
13422:
13417:
13412:
13407:
13402:
13385:
13384:
13382:
13370:
13358:
13355:
13354:
13352:
13347:
13345:Third-Worldism
13342:
13337:
13332:
13327:
13322:
13317:
13307:
13302:
13297:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13267:
13262:
13255:Anti-communism
13252:
13247:
13245:
13241:
13240:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13221:
13220:Related topics
13217:
13216:
13214:
13209:
13204:
13194:
13189:
13184:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13104:
13099:
13094:
13092:
13088:
13087:
13085:
13079:
13074:
13069:
13064:
13059:
13050:
13045:
13040:
13034:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12994:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12899:
12893:Czechoslovakia
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12869:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12833:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12821:
12816:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12705:
12700:
12695:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12611:
12609:
12605:
12604:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12587:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12562:
12560:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12536:Abimael GuzmĂĄn
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12501:Thomas Sankara
12498:
12493:
12488:
12486:Erich Honecker
12483:
12481:Maurice Bishop
12478:
12473:
12468:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12441:Agostinho Neto
12438:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12406:Khalid Bakdash
12403:
12398:
12393:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12336:VĂ” NguyĂȘn GiĂĄp
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12316:Maurice Thorez
12313:
12308:
12306:Ehmetjan Qasim
12303:
12298:
12296:Ernst ThÀlmann
12293:
12288:
12283:
12281:
12277:
12276:
12274:
12269:
12264:
12259:
12251:
12243:
12238:
12232:
12227:
12222:
12216:
12211:
12206:
12200:
12195:
12190:
12184:
12179:
12173:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12141:
12134:
12129:
12127:Prachanda Path
12124:
12119:
12113:
12108:
12103:
12098:
12092:
12087:
12081:
12074:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12053:
12047:
12042:
12040:
12036:
12035:
12033:
12032:
12027:
12022:
12017:
12012:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11992:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11972:
11967:
11961:
11959:
11955:
11954:
11952:
11947:
11942:
11937:
11932:
11927:
11922:
11917:
11915:
11911:
11910:
11908:
11907:
11902:
11897:
11892:
11891:
11890:
11885:
11875:
11870:
11868:Social fascism
11865:
11863:Self-criticism
11860:
11855:
11850:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11825:
11820:
11815:
11810:
11809:
11808:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11783:
11778:
11772:
11770:
11766:
11765:
11758:
11757:
11750:
11743:
11735:
11726:
11725:
11720:
11717:
11716:
11713:
11712:
11709:
11708:
11706:
11705:
11700:
11695:
11690:
11685:
11680:
11675:
11670:
11668:Hungary (1919)
11665:
11660:
11655:
11654:
11653:
11648:
11640:
11635:
11630:
11625:
11620:
11615:
11614:
11613:
11608:
11600:
11595:
11590:
11584:
11582:
11575:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11559:
11554:
11549:
11544:
11543:
11542:
11537:
11535:Czech Republic
11530:Czechoslovakia
11527:
11522:
11516:
11514:
11510:
11509:
11506:
11505:
11503:
11502:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11470:Inner Mongolia
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11450:East Turkestan
11447:
11441:
11439:
11432:
11431:
11430:
11429:
11419:
11414:
11409:
11404:
11399:
11394:
11389:
11384:
11379:
11378:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11359:
11354:
11348:
11346:
11342:
11341:
11339:
11338:
11333:
11328:
11323:
11317:
11315:
11311:
11310:
11308:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11292:
11287:
11282:
11277:
11272:
11271:
11270:
11265:
11257:
11252:
11247:
11242:
11237:
11231:
11229:
11222:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11210:
11205:
11200:
11195:
11190:
11185:
11180:
11175:
11170:
11165:
11160:
11155:
11149:
11147:
11143:
11142:
11140:
11139:
11134:
11132:United Kingdom
11128:
11126:
11122:
11121:
11119:
11118:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11103:
11102:
11101:
11091:
11089:United Kingdom
11086:
11081:
11076:
11071:
11066:
11061:
11056:
11051:
11046:
11041:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11025:
11024:
11019:
11014:
11013:
11012:
10999:
10994:
10993:
10992:
10982:
10977:
10976:
10975:
10965:
10959:
10957:
10953:
10952:
10944:
10943:
10936:
10929:
10921:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10908:
10903:
10898:
10893:
10888:
10883:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10862:
10860:
10856:
10855:
10853:
10852:
10847:
10846:
10845:
10835:
10830:
10829:
10828:
10823:
10813:
10808:
10807:
10806:
10801:
10791:
10786:
10785:
10784:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10745:
10744:
10743:
10738:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10712:
10710:
10706:
10705:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10700:
10695:
10685:
10684:
10683:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10638:
10637:
10636:
10626:
10621:
10620:
10619:
10614:
10609:
10604:
10597:
10595:Constitutional
10592:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10571:
10570:
10560:
10554:
10552:
10548:
10547:
10532:
10531:
10524:
10517:
10509:
10502:
10501:
10495:
10482:
10476:
10459:
10454:978-0817917012
10453:
10436:
10431:978-0875484495
10430:
10424:. Open Court.
10417:
10411:
10395:Staar, Richard
10391:
10386:978-0262182348
10385:
10368:
10362:
10345:
10339:
10322:
10316:
10299:
10293:
10276:
10270:
10253:
10247:
10230:
10224:
10211:
10205:
10188:
10182:
10165:
10159:
10142:
10136:
10119:
10113:
10095:
10093:
10090:
10088:
10087:
10077:on 17 May 2018
10060:10.2307/840224
10030:
10024:
10000:
9957:
9939:(3): 319â344.
9928:
9883:
9860:
9839:
9830:Soviet Studies
9824:
9809:
9787:
9765:
9726:
9704:
9657:
9630:
9607:
9580:
9568:10.2307/125763
9545:
9498:
9461:
9459:
9456:
9454:
9453:
9448:978-9814425841
9447:
9430:
9399:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9344:
9314:
9303:on 29 May 2024
9276:
9255:
9237:(2): 115â142.
9218:
9206:
9194:
9182:
9170:
9158:
9133:
9105:
9080:
9043:
9022:
9012:978-0197549247
9011:
8978:
8967:on 8 July 2016
8951:
8928:
8922:978-0872863293
8921:
8896:
8860:(4): 539â550.
8840:
8809:
8795:10.1086/315570
8768:
8749:
8730:
8727:. p. 481.
8711:
8685:
8657:
8634:
8617:
8602:
8588:Globe and Mail
8573:
8544:
8512:
8501:
8477:
8450:(2): 583â601.
8432:
8403:(6): 661â666.
8381:
8349:
8342:
8321:
8284:
8262:
8243:
8225:
8206:
8194:
8182:
8157:
8142:
8130:
8113:
8101:
8065:
8063:, p. 131.
8050:
8035:
8033:, p. 219.
8020:
8018:, p. 223.
8005:
7993:
7981:
7969:
7952:
7937:
7925:
7899:
7880:
7868:
7866:, p. 251.
7856:
7841:
7829:
7817:
7802:
7790:
7778:
7761:
7749:
7747:, p. 801.
7737:
7735:, p. 803.
7722:
7720:, p. 802.
7710:
7708:, p. 800.
7695:
7693:, p. 797.
7683:
7681:, p. 799.
7668:
7656:
7654:, p. 796.
7639:
7637:, p. 784.
7624:
7622:, p. 783.
7603:
7601:, p. 782.
7591:
7589:, p. 781.
7572:
7560:
7558:, p. 170.
7548:
7536:
7534:, p. 203.
7519:
7507:
7492:
7490:, p. 202.
7475:
7463:
7451:
7439:
7422:
7395:
7367:
7365:, p. 118.
7355:
7353:, p. 114.
7343:
7341:, p. 112.
7331:
7319:
7317:, p. xii.
7304:
7302:, p. 524.
7289:
7287:, p. xii.
7272:
7270:, p. 522.
7255:
7243:
7241:, p. 521.
7222:
7220:, p. 520.
7210:
7198:
7179:
7160:
7141:
7129:
7127:, p. 115.
7117:
7115:, p. 114.
7105:
7093:
7081:
7066:
7064:, p. 163.
7054:
7042:
7030:
7005:
6993:
6981:
6958:
6946:
6934:
6922:
6910:
6895:
6880:
6868:
6856:
6844:
6829:
6808:
6789:
6770:
6759:
6753:. p. 56.
6735:
6724:
6700:
6689:
6665:
6643:
6632:
6608:
6597:
6577:
6566:
6546:
6539:
6521:
6514:
6500:. p. 62.
6484:
6473:
6449:
6438:
6418:
6407:
6387:
6376:
6356:
6345:
6339:. p. 53.
6321:
6310:
6286:
6275:
6255:
6238:
6226:
6209:
6197:
6182:
6163:
6151:
6149:, p. 188.
6136:
6119:
6117:, p. 383.
6107:
6092:
6090:, p. 187.
6071:
6059:
6047:
6032:
6020:
6008:
5993:
5972:
5951:
5934:
5932:. pp. 657â662.
5917:
5896:
5875:
5858:
5829:
5807:978-0801480072
5806:
5782:
5771:
5739:
5727:
5715:
5700:
5691:978-0275968861
5690:
5668:
5662:978-0521894425
5661:
5639:
5620:
5605:
5590:
5561:
5529:
5512:
5497:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5415:
5399:
5396:
5346:anti-communist
5318:Nazi Holocaust
5218:
5215:
5193:populations."
5174:Michael Ellman
5151:heavy industry
5127:ruling parties
5093:administration
5047:
5044:
5027:Michael Ellman
5016:state planning
4979:
4976:
4962:
4959:
4954:Vladimir Lenin
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4878:
4877:Representation
4875:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4725:Soviet economy
4720:
4719:
4708:
4705:
4694:
4691:
4671:Russian Empire
4627:Main article:
4624:
4621:
4613:Czechoslovakia
4576:
4573:
4510:
4507:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4385:Supreme Soviet
4319:Supreme Soviet
4269:
4266:
4261:Main article:
4258:
4255:
4225:
4222:
4210:private sector
4169:Ba'athist Iraq
4151:
4148:
4144:Arab socialism
4108:
4105:
4093:Czechoslovakia
4043:following the
4041:Russian Empire
4012:
4009:
3992:
3989:
3942:Vladimir Lenin
3937:It dies out."
3930:pure communism
3918:class division
3900:
3897:
3888:Czechoslovakia
3834:Supreme Soviet
3826:representative
3817:Vladimir Lenin
3800:
3797:
3738:Eastern Europe
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3414:Czechoslovakia
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3322:
3319:
3301:
3298:
3292:, and Western
3143:Bolshevisation
3131:state ideology
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3003:
2997:
2995:Related topics
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2894:Former parties
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:United Kingdom
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Czechoslovakia
2772:
2764:Former parties
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2380:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2310:Czech Republic
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2145:Former parties
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:United States
1858:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1719:
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1717:
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1707:
1699:
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1692:
1687:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1661:
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1646:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1438:Third-Worldism
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1391:Post-communism
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1340:Anti-communism
1337:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:Related topics
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
998:
997:
992:
985:Czechoslovakia
982:
977:
972:
967:
966:
965:
960:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
781:
780:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
717:
714:
713:
710:
709:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
663:
658:
652:
649:
648:
645:
644:
641:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
578:Thomas Sankara
575:
570:
565:
563:Erich Honecker
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
513:Agostinho Neto
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
478:Khalid Bakdash
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
420:
415:
410:
408:VĂ” NguyĂȘn GiĂĄp
405:
400:
395:
393:Maurice Thorez
390:
385:
383:Ehmetjan Qasim
380:
375:
373:Ernst ThÀlmann
370:
365:
360:
358:Vladimir Lenin
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
343:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
286:
283:
282:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
248:
247:
237:
236:
235:
230:
220:
215:
213:Social fascism
210:
208:Self-criticism
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
122:
121:
111:
106:
101:
95:
92:
91:
88:
87:
79:
78:
72:
71:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13452:
13441:
13438:
13436:
13433:
13431:
13428:
13426:
13423:
13421:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13411:
13408:
13406:
13403:
13401:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13381:
13371:
13369:
13364:
13359:
13356:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13321:
13318:
13315:
13311:
13308:
13306:
13303:
13301:
13298:
13296:
13293:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13275:
13274:Mass killings
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13260:
13259:Mass killings
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13242:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13218:
13213:
13210:
13208:
13205:
13202:
13198:
13195:
13193:
13190:
13188:
13185:
13183:
13180:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13108:
13105:
13103:
13100:
13098:
13095:
13093:
13091:Organizations
13089:
13083:
13080:
13078:
13075:
13073:
13070:
13068:
13065:
13063:
13060:
13058:
13054:
13051:
13049:
13046:
13044:
13041:
13038:
13035:
13033:
13030:
13028:
13025:
13023:
13020:
13018:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12993:
12990:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12903:
12900:
12898:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12873:
12870:
12868:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12830:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12810:
12807:
12805:
12802:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12789:Prague Spring
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12709:
12706:
12704:
12701:
12699:
12696:
12694:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12637:
12634:
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12606:
12601:
12598:
12596:
12593:
12591:
12588:
12586:
12583:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12557:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12496:Samora Machel
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12472:
12469:
12467:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12416:Deng Xiaoping
12414:
12412:
12409:
12407:
12404:
12402:
12399:
12397:
12394:
12392:
12389:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12361:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12286:Joseph Stalin
12284:
12282:
12278:
12273:
12270:
12268:
12265:
12263:
12260:
12257:
12256:
12252:
12250:
12249:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12236:
12233:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12217:
12215:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12204:
12201:
12199:
12196:
12194:
12191:
12189:
12185:
12183:
12180:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12145:
12144:New Communism
12142:
12139:
12135:
12133:
12130:
12128:
12125:
12123:
12120:
12118:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12106:Khrushchevism
12104:
12102:
12099:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12082:
12080:
12079:
12075:
12073:
12070:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12057:
12054:
12052:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12037:
12031:
12028:
12026:
12025:Unified power
12023:
12021:
12018:
12016:
12013:
12011:
12008:
12006:
12003:
12001:
11998:
11996:
11993:
11991:
11988:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11968:
11966:
11963:
11962:
11960:
11956:
11951:
11948:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11936:
11933:
11931:
11928:
11926:
11923:
11921:
11918:
11916:
11912:
11906:
11903:
11901:
11898:
11896:
11893:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11880:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11864:
11861:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11853:Popular front
11851:
11849:
11846:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11831:
11829:
11826:
11824:
11821:
11819:
11816:
11814:
11811:
11807:
11804:
11803:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11756:
11751:
11749:
11744:
11742:
11737:
11736:
11733:
11723:
11718:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11643:
11641:
11639:
11638:Crimea (1919)
11636:
11634:
11631:
11629:
11626:
11624:
11621:
11619:
11616:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11594:
11591:
11589:
11586:
11585:
11583:
11579:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11558:
11555:
11553:
11550:
11548:
11545:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11532:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11511:
11501:
11500:South Vietnam
11498:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11442:
11440:
11436:
11428:
11427:North Vietnam
11425:
11424:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11413:
11410:
11408:
11405:
11403:
11400:
11398:
11395:
11393:
11390:
11388:
11385:
11383:
11380:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11358:
11355:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11347:
11343:
11337:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11327:
11324:
11322:
11319:
11318:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11291:
11288:
11286:
11283:
11281:
11278:
11276:
11273:
11269:
11266:
11264:
11261:
11260:
11258:
11256:
11253:
11251:
11248:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11232:
11230:
11226:
11223:
11221:
11215:
11209:
11206:
11204:
11201:
11199:
11196:
11194:
11191:
11189:
11186:
11184:
11181:
11179:
11176:
11174:
11171:
11169:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11159:
11156:
11154:
11151:
11150:
11148:
11144:
11138:
11137:United States
11135:
11133:
11130:
11129:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11114:
11110:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11100:
11097:
11096:
11095:
11094:United States
11092:
11090:
11087:
11085:
11082:
11080:
11077:
11075:
11072:
11070:
11067:
11065:
11062:
11060:
11057:
11055:
11052:
11050:
11047:
11045:
11042:
11040:
11037:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11023:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11011:
11008:
11007:
11006:
11003:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10991:
10988:
10987:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10974:
10973:New Australia
10971:
10970:
10969:
10966:
10964:
10961:
10960:
10958:
10954:
10949:
10942:
10937:
10935:
10930:
10928:
10923:
10922:
10919:
10907:
10904:
10902:
10899:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10887:
10884:
10882:
10879:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10863:
10861:
10857:
10851:
10850:ShĆwa Statism
10848:
10844:
10841:
10840:
10839:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10819:
10818:
10817:
10814:
10812:
10809:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10796:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10789:Caesaropapism
10787:
10783:
10782:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10762:
10761:
10758:
10754:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10746:
10742:
10739:
10737:
10734:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10718:
10717:
10714:
10713:
10711:
10707:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10690:
10689:
10686:
10682:
10681:Islamic state
10679:
10678:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10635:
10632:
10631:
10630:
10627:
10625:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10613:
10610:
10608:
10605:
10603:
10602:
10598:
10596:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10587:
10586:
10583:
10581:
10578:
10576:
10573:
10569:
10566:
10565:
10564:
10561:
10559:
10556:
10555:
10553:
10549:
10545:
10541:
10537:
10536:Authoritarian
10530:
10525:
10523:
10518:
10516:
10511:
10510:
10507:
10498:
10496:9780202362281
10492:
10488:
10483:
10479:
10477:9789401034432
10473:
10469:
10465:
10460:
10456:
10450:
10446:
10442:
10437:
10433:
10427:
10423:
10418:
10414:
10412:9780817976934
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10392:
10388:
10382:
10378:
10374:
10369:
10365:
10359:
10355:
10351:
10346:
10342:
10340:9789024729753
10336:
10332:
10328:
10323:
10319:
10317:9780128119303
10313:
10309:
10305:
10300:
10296:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10277:
10273:
10267:
10263:
10259:
10254:
10250:
10248:0-333-44108-7
10244:
10240:
10236:
10231:
10227:
10225:9780312625276
10221:
10217:
10212:
10208:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10189:
10185:
10183:9780275947637
10179:
10175:
10171:
10166:
10162:
10160:9781107427327
10156:
10152:
10148:
10143:
10139:
10137:9780742540095
10133:
10129:
10125:
10120:
10116:
10114:9781135988777
10110:
10106:
10102:
10097:
10096:
10073:
10069:
10065:
10061:
10057:
10053:
10049:
10045:
10044:
10036:
10031:
10027:
10025:9780415460354
10021:
10017:
10013:
10006:
10001:
9997:
9993:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9977:
9973:
9969:
9965:
9964:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9942:
9938:
9934:
9929:
9925:
9921:
9917:
9913:
9909:
9905:
9901:
9897:
9893:
9889:
9884:
9877:
9873:
9866:
9861:
9857:
9853:
9849:
9845:
9840:
9836:
9832:
9831:
9825:
9821:
9817:
9816:
9810:
9806:
9802:
9801:
9793:
9788:
9784:
9780:
9779:
9771:
9766:
9762:
9758:
9754:
9750:
9746:
9742:
9738:
9734:
9733:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9718:
9710:
9705:
9701:
9697:
9693:
9689:
9685:
9681:
9677:
9673:
9669:
9665:
9664:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9642:
9638:
9637:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9619:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9604:
9600:
9596:
9592:
9591:
9586:
9581:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9565:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9552:
9546:
9542:
9538:
9534:
9530:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9505:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9485:
9481:
9477:
9476:
9468:
9463:
9462:
9450:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9405:
9401:
9400:
9398:
9370:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9318:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9287:
9285:
9283:
9281:
9273:
9272:9781351141741
9269:
9265:
9259:
9252:
9248:
9244:
9240:
9236:
9232:
9228:
9222:
9215:
9210:
9203:
9198:
9191:
9186:
9179:
9174:
9167:
9162:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9137:
9122:
9121:
9116:
9109:
9090:
9084:
9077:
9073:
9069:
9065:
9061:
9057:
9053:
9047:
9040:
9036:
9032:
9026:
9019:
9014:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8992:
8988:
8982:
8966:
8962:
8955:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8932:
8924:
8918:
8914:
8910:
8906:
8900:
8885:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8867:
8863:
8859:
8855:
8851:
8844:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8787:
8783:
8779:
8772:
8764:
8760:
8753:
8745:
8741:
8734:
8726:
8722:
8715:
8699:
8695:
8689:
8673:
8672:
8671:The Economist
8667:
8661:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8613:
8606:
8590:
8589:
8583:
8577:
8561:
8557:
8556:
8548:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8509:
8504:
8502:9780691167374
8498:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8481:
8473:
8469:
8465:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8444:
8436:
8428:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8397:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8353:
8345:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8325:
8317:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8288:
8272:
8266:
8258:
8254:
8247:
8239:
8235:
8234:Lowy, Michael
8229:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8204:, p. 25.
8203:
8198:
8192:, p. 23.
8191:
8186:
8180:, p. 22.
8179:
8174:
8172:
8170:
8168:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8155:, p. 11.
8154:
8149:
8147:
8139:
8134:
8127:
8122:
8120:
8118:
8110:
8105:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8078:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8070:
8062:
8057:
8055:
8048:, p. 20.
8047:
8042:
8040:
8032:
8027:
8025:
8017:
8012:
8010:
8003:, p. 58.
8002:
7997:
7990:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7967:, p. 68.
7966:
7961:
7959:
7957:
7949:
7944:
7942:
7935:, p. 23.
7934:
7933:Kokoshin 2016
7929:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7897:, p. 27.
7896:
7891:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7877:
7872:
7865:
7860:
7853:
7852:Mulvenon 2018
7848:
7846:
7839:, p. 19.
7838:
7837:Kokoshin 2016
7833:
7826:
7821:
7814:
7809:
7807:
7800:, p. 13.
7799:
7794:
7788:, p. 30.
7787:
7782:
7776:, p. 28.
7775:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7759:, p. 47.
7758:
7753:
7746:
7741:
7734:
7729:
7727:
7719:
7714:
7707:
7702:
7700:
7692:
7687:
7680:
7675:
7673:
7665:
7660:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7636:
7631:
7629:
7621:
7616:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7570:, p. 18.
7569:
7564:
7557:
7556:Dimitrov 2006
7552:
7546:, p. 64.
7545:
7540:
7533:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7516:
7511:
7504:
7499:
7497:
7489:
7484:
7482:
7480:
7473:, p. 16.
7472:
7467:
7461:, p. 15.
7460:
7455:
7448:
7443:
7436:
7431:
7429:
7427:
7419:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7384:
7383:
7378:
7371:
7364:
7359:
7352:
7347:
7340:
7335:
7328:
7323:
7316:
7311:
7309:
7301:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7269:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7253:, p. xi.
7252:
7247:
7240:
7235:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7227:
7219:
7214:
7207:
7202:
7196:, p. 10.
7195:
7190:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7176:
7171:
7169:
7167:
7165:
7157:
7152:
7150:
7148:
7146:
7139:, p. 82.
7138:
7133:
7126:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7102:
7097:
7091:, p. 91.
7090:
7085:
7079:, p. 86.
7078:
7073:
7071:
7063:
7058:
7051:
7046:
7039:
7034:
7027:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7002:
6997:
6990:
6985:
6979:, p. 27.
6978:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6956:, p. 61.
6955:
6950:
6943:
6938:
6931:
6926:
6920:, p. 44.
6919:
6914:
6908:, p. 26.
6907:
6902:
6900:
6893:, p. 25.
6892:
6887:
6885:
6878:, p. 24.
6877:
6872:
6866:, p. 23.
6865:
6860:
6854:, p. 22.
6853:
6848:
6842:, p. 15.
6841:
6836:
6834:
6827:, p. 16.
6826:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6806:, p. 14.
6805:
6800:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6787:, p. 13.
6786:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6766:
6762:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6739:
6731:
6727:
6725:9781134065219
6721:
6717:
6713:
6712:
6704:
6696:
6692:
6690:9781317463764
6686:
6683:. p. 8.
6682:
6678:
6677:
6669:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6647:
6639:
6635:
6633:9780521774017
6629:
6625:
6621:
6620:
6612:
6604:
6600:
6598:9781560729693
6594:
6590:
6589:
6581:
6573:
6569:
6567:9780792332183
6563:
6559:
6558:
6550:
6542:
6540:9789041137920
6536:
6532:
6525:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6488:
6480:
6476:
6474:9781783082353
6470:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6453:
6445:
6441:
6439:9783319730714
6435:
6431:
6430:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6408:9780761475477
6404:
6400:
6399:
6391:
6383:
6379:
6377:9783447060950
6373:
6369:
6368:
6360:
6352:
6348:
6346:9781317805113
6342:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6325:
6317:
6313:
6311:9781135940102
6307:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6290:
6282:
6278:
6276:9780881325461
6272:
6268:
6267:
6259:
6253:, p. 21.
6252:
6251:Skilling 1961
6247:
6245:
6243:
6236:, p. 16.
6235:
6234:Skilling 1961
6230:
6224:, p. 42.
6223:
6218:
6216:
6214:
6206:
6201:
6195:, p. 41.
6194:
6189:
6187:
6180:, p. 43.
6179:
6174:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6160:
6155:
6148:
6143:
6141:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6116:
6111:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6089:
6084:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
6068:
6063:
6056:
6051:
6045:, p. 14.
6044:
6039:
6037:
6030:, p. 13.
6029:
6024:
6018:, p. 12.
6017:
6012:
6005:
6000:
5998:
5989:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5948:
5944:
5938:
5931:
5927:
5921:
5914:
5913:9781137427816
5910:
5906:
5900:
5893:
5892:9781111305505
5889:
5885:
5879:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5855:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5825:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5786:
5779:
5774:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5743:
5736:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5705:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5684:. p. 9.
5683:
5679:
5672:
5664:
5658:
5654:
5651:. Cambridge:
5650:
5643:
5636:(3): 229â230.
5635:
5631:
5624:
5616:
5609:
5601:
5594:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5558:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5533:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5508:
5501:
5494:. p. 54.
5493:
5489:
5485:
5479:
5475:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5416:
5413:
5402:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:welfare state
5384:
5378:
5376:
5369:
5367:
5364:According to
5362:
5359:
5358:Svetlana Boym
5355:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5297:by President
5296:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5283:Wall of Grief
5279:
5276:in 1993. The
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5242:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5224:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5205:Amartya Sen's
5202:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5163:Heinz Kessler
5159:
5158:laissez-faire
5154:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5057:
5056:Postsocialism
5053:
5043:
5041:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5025:According to
5023:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4958:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4934:
4933:Joseph Stalin
4930:
4929:
4923:
4921:
4906:
4904:
4903:CCP Politburo
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4887:CPV Politburo
4884:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:retained the
4766:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4676:
4675:socialist law
4672:
4668:
4667:German Empire
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4649:of Vietnam's
4648:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4629:Socialist law
4620:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4526:
4522:
4521:Joseph Stalin
4519:
4516:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4486:
4485:Deng Xiaoping
4482:
4478:
4477:Secret Speech
4474:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:new democracy
4446:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4389:
4386:
4380:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4344:Supreme Court
4341:
4337:
4336:State Council
4333:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4264:
4263:Unitary power
4254:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4037:its aftermath
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3988:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3951:Joseph Stalin
3948:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3903:According to
3896:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3854:head of state
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3700:victory, the
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3654:Soviet Russia
3643:
3638:
3636:
3631:
3629:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3578:South Ossetia
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:Germany (GDR)
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3267:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:authoritarian
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2127:SCP (Unified)
2125:
2123:
2122:SCP (Bakdash)
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1762:PC de C (MâL)
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:South Africa
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:Mass killings
1357:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1345:Mass killings
1343:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1193:Organizations
1190:
1189:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
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986:
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933:
931:
928:
927:
921:
920:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Prague Spring
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
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848:
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835:
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826:
823:
821:
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813:
811:
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788:
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749:
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734:
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724:
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719:
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676:
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669:
664:
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659:
657:
654:
653:
647:
646:
639:
638:Todor Zhivkov
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Harry Pollitt
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
573:Samora Machel
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
538:Hardial Bains
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
488:Deng Xiaoping
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
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471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
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441:
439:
436:
434:
433:MĂĄtyĂĄs RĂĄkosi
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
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404:
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399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
363:Joseph Stalin
361:
359:
356:
355:
349:
348:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
320:Khrushchevism
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
281:
280:
273:
272:Unified power
270:
268:
265:
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260:
258:
255:
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246:
243:
242:
241:
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224:
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219:
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211:
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206:
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201:
199:
196:
194:
193:Popular front
191:
189:
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176:
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171:
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166:
164:
159:
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154:
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107:
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100:
97:
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90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
64:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
13415:Dictatorship
13320:Second World
13197:Shining Path
13027:Turkmenistan
12963:Soviet Union
12908:East Germany
12708:2002âpresent
12679:Eastern Bloc
12614:Soviet Union
12521:Alfonso Cano
12471:GustĂĄv HusĂĄk
12461:SanzĆ Nosaka
12436:Fidel Castro
12341:Earl Browder
12267:Zachariadism
12253:
12246:
12230:Lovestoneism
12095:Kimjongunism
12076:
12014:
11914:Class system
11900:Third Period
11791:Anti-fascism
11598:BaranyaâBaja
11567:Soviet Union
11547:East Germany
11245:Burkina Faso
10779:
10693:Majoritarian
10666:Police state
10634:Totalitarian
10599:
10585:Dictatorship
10574:
10540:totalitarian
10486:
10463:
10440:
10421:
10403:Hoover Press
10398:
10372:
10349:
10326:
10303:
10280:
10257:
10234:
10215:
10192:
10169:
10146:
10123:
10100:
10079:. Retrieved
10072:the original
10047:
10041:
10011:
9988:20098938.pdf
9967:
9961:
9936:
9932:
9894:(1): 56â66.
9891:
9887:
9876:the original
9843:
9828:
9814:
9798:
9776:
9736:
9730:
9715:
9667:
9661:
9640:
9634:
9621:
9615:
9588:
9555:
9549:
9508:
9502:
9479:
9473:
9434:
9407:
9396:
9388:Bibliography
9373:. Retrieved
9369:the original
9362:
9335:. Retrieved
9326:
9317:
9305:. Retrieved
9301:the original
9296:
9263:
9258:
9234:
9230:
9221:
9209:
9197:
9185:
9173:
9161:
9141:
9136:
9124:. Retrieved
9118:
9108:
9096:. Retrieved
9083:
9059:
9055:
9046:
9030:
9025:
9016:
8993:. New York:
8990:
8981:
8969:. Retrieved
8965:the original
8954:
8945:
8941:
8931:
8908:
8899:
8887:. Retrieved
8857:
8853:
8843:
8831:. Retrieved
8827:the original
8812:
8785:
8781:
8771:
8758:
8752:
8739:
8733:
8720:
8714:
8702:. Retrieved
8698:the original
8688:
8676:. Retrieved
8669:
8660:
8648:. Retrieved
8637:
8629:
8625:
8620:
8611:
8605:
8593:. Retrieved
8585:
8576:
8564:. Retrieved
8560:the original
8554:
8547:
8523:
8515:
8506:
8487:
8480:
8447:
8441:
8435:
8400:
8394:
8384:
8360:
8352:
8333:
8324:
8297:
8293:
8287:
8275:. Retrieved
8265:
8252:
8246:
8237:
8228:
8215:
8209:
8197:
8185:
8140:, p. 9.
8133:
8128:, p. 2.
8104:
8092:. Retrieved
8086:
8001:Steiner 1951
7996:
7989:Harding 1981
7984:
7979:, p. 4.
7972:
7950:, p. 7.
7928:
7916:. Retrieved
7902:
7878:, p. 6.
7871:
7859:
7854:, p. 3.
7832:
7827:, p. 3.
7820:
7815:, p. 1.
7793:
7781:
7752:
7745:Quigley 1989
7740:
7733:Quigley 1989
7718:Quigley 1989
7713:
7706:Quigley 1989
7691:Quigley 1989
7686:
7679:Quigley 1989
7664:Quigley 1989
7659:
7652:Quigley 1989
7635:Quigley 1989
7620:Quigley 1989
7599:Quigley 1989
7594:
7587:Quigley 1989
7563:
7551:
7539:
7510:
7466:
7454:
7449:, p. 5.
7442:
7437:, p. 4.
7420:, p. 3.
7386:. Retrieved
7380:
7370:
7358:
7346:
7334:
7322:
7246:
7213:
7208:, p. 1.
7201:
7177:, p. 9.
7158:, p. 8.
7132:
7120:
7108:
7096:
7084:
7057:
7052:, p. 2.
7045:
7040:, p. 6.
7033:
7028:, p. 7.
6996:
6984:
6977:Harding 1981
6954:Poelzer 1989
6949:
6942:Poelzer 1989
6937:
6930:Poelzer 1989
6925:
6918:Poelzer 1989
6913:
6906:Poelzer 1989
6891:Poelzer 1989
6876:Poelzer 1989
6871:
6864:Poelzer 1989
6859:
6852:Poelzer 1989
6847:
6840:Poelzer 1989
6825:Poelzer 1989
6804:Poelzer 1989
6785:Poelzer 1989
6765:Google Books
6763:– via
6745:
6738:
6730:Google Books
6728:– via
6710:
6703:
6695:Google Books
6693:– via
6675:
6668:
6655:
6646:
6638:Google Books
6636:– via
6618:
6611:
6603:Google Books
6601:– via
6587:
6580:
6572:Google Books
6570:– via
6556:
6549:
6530:
6524:
6493:
6487:
6479:Google Books
6477:– via
6465:Anthem Press
6459:
6452:
6444:Google Books
6442:– via
6428:
6421:
6413:Google Books
6411:– via
6397:
6390:
6382:Google Books
6380:– via
6366:
6359:
6351:Google Books
6349:– via
6331:
6324:
6316:Google Books
6314:– via
6296:
6289:
6281:Google Books
6279:– via
6265:
6258:
6229:
6200:
6154:
6122:
6110:
6062:
6050:
6023:
6011:
5975:
5954:
5949:. pp. 24â25.
5947:M. E. Sharpe
5942:
5937:
5925:
5920:
5904:
5899:
5883:
5878:
5870:
5861:
5853:
5846:. Retrieved
5842:
5832:
5824:Google Books
5822:– via
5816:. Retrieved
5812:the original
5792:
5785:
5776:
5754:
5742:
5730:
5718:
5695:
5677:
5671:
5648:
5642:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5614:
5608:
5599:
5593:
5581:. Retrieved
5574:
5564:
5555:
5548:. Retrieved
5544:The Diplomat
5542:
5532:
5524:
5523:. v.3, n.1.
5515:
5506:
5500:
5487:
5478:
5380:
5371:
5363:
5351:
5330:inequalities
5311:
5263:
5246:
5201:Eastern Bloc
5197:Philipp Ther
5195:
5187:
5181:
5171:
5157:
5155:
5141:such as the
5135:legal rights
5109:co-operative
5062:Soviet Union
5059:
5024:
5020:hierarchical
5013:
4981:
4972:
4964:
4926:
4924:
4917:
4914:Leading role
4909:Ruling party
4905:since 1987.
4880:
4862:
4828:
4803:
4788:
4765:East Germany
4750:
4745:ruling class
4733:introduction
4721:
4714:rather than
4632:
4606:
4590:East Germany
4578:
4561:
4542:
4515:Soviet Union
4512:
4496:liberal term
4470:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4447:
4422:
4406:constitution
4400:
4392:Constitution
4381:
4376:rubber stamp
4372:
4360:
4316:
4282:
4227:
4194:
4181:
4153:
4133:
4124:
4110:
4096:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4056:Eastern Bloc
4049:
4014:
4005:Eugene Varga
4002:
3994:
3972:
3968:
3939:
3909:ruling class
3902:
3892:East Germany
3881:
3869:trade unions
3865:sports clubs
3858:
3839:
3802:
3799:Institutions
3746:
3726:Iron Curtain
3666:World War II
3662:Soviet Union
3651:
3596:Turkmenistan
3590:Transnistria
3588:
3576:
3514:
3490:Yemen (PDRY)
3474:Soviet Union
3361:Korea (DPRK)
3330:
3282:Western Bloc
3271:
3264:
3258:
3252:
3233:these states
3228:
3226:
3222:trade unions
3192:by a single
3183:
3151:Eastern Bloc
3135:Soviet Union
3114:
3110:
3108:
2929:New Zealand
2893:
2892:
2872:New Zealand
2820:West Germany
2805:Soviet Union
2780:East Germany
2763:
2762:
2612:Switzerland
2204:
2197:
2193:Saudi Arabia
2144:
2143:
2083:Philippines
1616:
1567:Burkina Faso
1413:Second World
1127:Turkmenistan
1062:Soviet Union
1002:East Germany
825:2002âpresent
795:Eastern Bloc
773:World War II
721:Soviet Union
598:Alfonso Cano
553:GustĂĄv HusĂĄk
543:SanzĆ Nosaka
508:Fidel Castro
413:Earl Browder
257:Third Period
239:
40:
13305:Red fascism
12943:North Korea
12838:Afghanistan
12744:Vietnam War
12734:Warsaw Pact
12654:Great Purge
12639:Great Break
12476:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
12451:Kim Il Sung
12431:Che Guevara
12396:Enver Hoxha
12331:Ho Chi Minh
12272:Brezhnevism
12255:RankoviÄism
12030:Vanguardism
12010:Secretariat
11848:Partiinost'
11581:Short-lived
11438:Short-lived
11407:South Yemen
11392:North Korea
11352:Afghanistan
11069:New Zealand
11064:Netherlands
10833:Imperialism
10799:Enlightened
10753:Pinochetism
10641:Mafia state
10612:Proletarian
10601:Dictablanda
10081:26 December
10054:: 781â808.
9856:10945/22490
9678:: 109â118.
9647:: 382â398.
9519:: 520â546.
9486:: 219â234.
9307:2 September
9293:"Nostalgia"
9126:19 November
9098:14 November
8725:M. E Sharpe
8220:Basic Books
8202:Ellman 2014
8190:Ellman 2014
8178:Ellman 2014
8153:Ellman 2014
8138:Ellman 2014
8126:Ellman 2014
8109:Ellman 2014
8094:26 December
7977:Miller 2018
7965:Thayer 2008
7918:27 December
7895:Blasko 2006
7876:Blasko 2006
7798:Loeber 1984
7786:Snyder 1987
7774:Snyder 1987
7757:Kramer 1985
7388:27 December
7315:Triska 1968
7206:Nelson 1982
7194:Nelson 1982
7175:Nelson 1982
7156:Nelson 1982
7062:Hazard 1985
7038:Nelson 1982
7026:Nelson 1982
6989:Steele 1999
6067:Furtak 1987
6055:Furtak 1987
6043:Furtak 1987
6028:Furtak 1987
6016:Furtak 1987
6004:Furtak 1987
5818:19 December
5750:"Socialism"
5723:Steele 1999
5571:"Communism"
5119:free-market
5070:multi-party
4946:Ho Chi Minh
4756: [
4712:prerogative
4698:private law
4538:July Theses
4123:. The term
4121:Third World
4068:North Korea
4058:. In Asia,
4033:World War I
3926:proletariat
3742:Third World
3718:North Korea
3682:non-aligned
3670:Soviet Army
3384:Afghanistan
3346:China (PRC)
3321:Development
3227:As a term,
3194:centralised
3179:North Korea
3155:Warsaw Pact
3051:Vanguardism
3046:Secretariat
2790:Netherlands
2493:Netherlands
2069:North Korea
1923:Bangladesh
1644:South Sudan
1582:Ivory Coast
1396:Red fascism
1057:South Yemen
1037:North Korea
930:Afghanistan
857:Vietnam War
847:Warsaw Pact
763:Great Purge
748:Great Break
618:Harpal Brar
558:JĂĄnos KĂĄdĂĄr
528:Kim Il Sung
503:Che Guevara
468:Enver Hoxha
403:Ho Chi Minh
262:Vanguardism
183:Partiinost'
13394:Categories
13236:Trotskyism
13226:Bolshevism
13072:Montenegro
13053:Yugoslavia
13037:Uzbekistan
13022:Tajikistan
12997:Kyrgyzstan
12992:Kazakhstan
12972:Azerbaijan
12938:Mozambique
12832:By country
12719:Korean War
12551:Xi Jinping
12511:Siad Barre
12291:Mao Zedong
12225:Browderism
12160:Pol Potism
12132:Pantherism
11693:Tarnobrzeg
11618:Bessarabia
11572:Yugoslavia
11295:Seychelles
11290:Mozambique
11285:Madagascar
11208:Vietnamese
11203:Venezuelan
11193:Nicaraguan
11188:Melanesian
11105:Venezuela
11017:Kuomintang
11010:since 1978
10980:Bangladesh
10956:By country
10950:by country
10871:Deep state
10731:Khomeinism
10709:Ideologies
10651:Ochlocracy
10617:Right-wing
10590:Benevolent
10544:government
10363:1349060860
10294:1349060860
10206:1349060860
9870:(Report).
9846:(Thesis).
9818:(Thesis).
9628:: 109â118.
9062:(2): 124.
8678:4 December
8650:31 January
8632:(1): 1â50.
8540:0415092353
8377:1107427320
8277:31 January
8240:(94): 264.
8046:Evans 1993
7544:Staar 1988
7503:Staar 1988
7363:Keith 1991
7351:Keith 1991
7339:Keith 1991
7327:Chang 1956
7300:Chang 1956
7285:Chang 1956
7268:Chang 1956
7251:Chang 1956
7239:Chang 1956
7218:Chang 1956
6159:Guins 1950
6147:Guins 1950
6103:Guins 1950
6088:Guins 1950
5843:Commentary
5761:. p.
5550:2 December
5470:References
5221:See also:
5116:capitalist
5050:See also:
4993:Bolsheviks
4920:capitalism
4863:ex officio
4847:Mao Zedong
4805:ex officio
4702:public law
4503:Xi Jinping
4492:Mao Zedong
4242:capitalism
4079:Yugoslavia
3773:capitalism
3678:Yugoslavia
3606:Uzbekistan
3584:Tajikistan
3552:Kyrgyzstan
3547:Kazakhstan
3527:Azerbaijan
3495:Yugoslavia
3454:Mozambique
3444:Madagascar
3328:History of
3153:, and the
3141:after its
2978:INITIATIVE
2899:Australia
2842:Australia
2825:Yugoslavia
2553:San Marino
2478:Luxembourg
2426:MunkĂĄspĂĄrt
2416:Anasintaxi
2255:Azerbaijan
2134:Tajikistan
2098:Sri Lanka
2029:Kyrgyzstan
2024:Kazakhstan
1890:Venezuela
1676:Argentina
1602:Madagascar
1317:Trotskyism
1302:Bolshevism
1169:Montenegro
1149:Yugoslavia
1137:Uzbekistan
1122:Tajikistan
1097:Kyrgyzstan
1092:Kazakhstan
1072:Azerbaijan
1032:Mozambique
924:By country
832:Korean War
628:Xi Jinping
588:Siad Barre
518:LĂșcio Lara
368:Mao Zedong
13435:Socialism
13410:Communism
13310:Red Scare
13295:New class
13107:Comintern
13067:Macedonia
13007:Lithuania
12703:1989â2002
12698:1976â1989
12693:1949â1976
12633:1982â1991
12628:1964â1982
12623:1953â1964
12618:1927â1953
12456:Chin Peng
12311:JosĂ© DĂaz
12262:DubÄekism
12209:Stalinism
12176:Nkrumaism
12171:Sankarism
12056:Guevarism
12051:Castroism
12005:Politburo
11651:1939â1940
11606:1918â1919
11375:1982â1992
11370:1979â1992
11365:1975â1979
11361:Cambodia
11336:Nicaragua
11268:1987â1991
11263:1974â1987
11259:Ethiopia
11198:Tanzanian
11079:Sri Lanka
11022:Hong Kong
11005:Communist
10968:Australia
10963:Argentina
10948:Socialism
10901:Strongman
10794:Despotism
10770:Stalinism
10726:Francoism
10721:Chiangism
10676:Theocracy
10661:Oligarchy
10563:Autocracy
10542:forms of
10377:MIT Press
10105:Routledge
10016:Routledge
9996:144486393
9974:: 39â58.
9953:258915998
9924:145485494
9908:0002-7162
9747:: 45â66.
9700:154980279
9541:154446161
9420:cite book
8763:Routledge
8744:CRC Press
8528:Routledge
8302:CiteSeerX
7864:Tung 2012
7471:Hand 2016
7459:Hand 2016
7447:Hand 2016
7435:Hand 2016
7418:Hand 2016
7050:Hand 2016
6716:Routledge
6681:Routledge
6337:Routledge
6302:Routledge
6222:Tang 1980
6205:Tang 1980
6193:Tang 1980
6178:Tang 1980
6115:Imam 1986
5871:Dissident
5557:rhetoric.
5464:Stalinism
5338:communism
5165:, former
5139:liberties
5123:influence
4984:Karl Marx
4796:Presidium
4716:normative
4680:Roman law
4617:president
4404:view the
4364:ethnicity
4332:Presidium
4301:mass line
4246:socialism
4029:Narodniks
3850:presidium
3846:Karl Marx
3777:socialism
3698:Communist
3694:civil war
3562:Lithuania
3439:Kampuchea
3245:socialism
3237:communism
3139:Comintern
3041:Politburo
3006:Communism
2973:Cominform
2968:Comintern
2586:PCE (MâL)
2546:RCWP-CPSU
2507:Portugal
2473:Lithuania
2284:Bulgaria
2166:Indonesia
2150:Cambodia
2079:Palestine
2047:CPN (UML)
1967:CPI-ML(L)
1849:PCdelPâPR
1753:Colombia
1401:Red Scare
1386:New class
1204:Comintern
1164:Macedonia
1107:Lithuania
954:Cambodia
820:1989â2002
815:1976â1989
810:1949â1976
741:1982â1991
736:1964â1982
731:1953â1964
726:1927â1953
533:Chin Peng
388:JosĂ© DĂaz
335:Stalinism
295:Guevarism
290:Castroism
245:Socialist
59:, Vietnam
13265:Cold War
13244:See also
13231:Leninism
13082:Slovenia
12977:Byelarus
12933:Mongolia
12913:Ethiopia
12902:Slovakia
12863:Cambodia
12858:Bulgaria
12674:Cold War
12541:Gus Hall
12248:Äilasism
12235:Marcyism
12214:American
12155:National
12101:Kadarism
12072:Husakism
12067:Hoxhaism
12039:Variants
11888:Yugoslav
11769:Concepts
11703:WĂŒrzburg
11678:Naissaar
11642:Finland
11602:Bavaria
11540:Slovakia
11525:Bulgaria
11455:Far East
11402:Mongolia
11314:Americas
11178:European
11109:Chavismo
11074:Pakistan
10859:See also
10736:Putinism
10607:Military
10397:(1988).
10308:Elsevier
10174:ABC-CLIO
9653:41855253
9406:(2017).
9375:29 March
9331:Archived
8907:(1997).
8804:10657222
8472:44945095
8359:(2014).
8332:(1997).
8016:Bui 2016
5984:Archived
5963:Archived
5930:Elsevier
5486:(1991).
5398:See also
5213:deaths.
5105:communes
5101:councils
5095:through
5046:Analysis
4931:(1924),
4868:and the
4819:Komsomol
4780:Military
4609:Bulgaria
4555:against
4489:Chairman
4462:and the
4368:language
4027:and the
4021:populist
3740:and the
3706:Cambodia
3664:. After
3516:Abkhazia
3484:Zanzibar
3449:Mongolia
3419:Ethiopia
3404:Bulgaria
3300:Overview
2731:CPGB-PCC
2697:Ukraine
2563:Slovakia
2437:Ireland
2422:Hungary
2382:Germany
2314:Denmark
2264:Belgium
2239:Austria
2212:Thailand
2092:PKP-1930
2074:Pakistan
2057:CPN (US)
2052:CPN (MC)
1972:CPI(Mst)
1834:Paraguay
1778:Ecuador
1671:Americas
1577:Eswatini
1562:Botswana
1530:a series
1528:Part of
1329:See also
1307:Leninism
1179:Slovenia
1077:Byelarus
1027:Mongolia
1007:Ethiopia
995:Slovakia
950:Bulgaria
790:Cold War
608:Gus Hall
315:KĂĄdĂĄrism
310:Husakism
305:Hoxhaism
284:Variants
233:Yugoslav
93:Concepts
68:a series
66:Part of
13102:Comecon
13062:Croatia
13043:Vietnam
13032:Ukraine
13012:Moldova
12987:Georgia
12982:Estonia
12967:Armenia
12958:Somalia
12953:Romania
12923:Hungary
12918:Grenada
12897:Czechia
12843:Albania
12608:History
12421:Pol Pot
12241:Titoism
12188:Dengism
12165:African
11673:Ireland
11663:Galicia
11562:Romania
11520:Albania
11475:Jiangxi
11422:Vietnam
11326:Grenada
11300:Somalia
11183:Israeli
11173:Chinese
11168:Burmese
11163:British
11153:African
11125:History
11116:Vietnam
11084:Tunisia
11034:Finland
11029:Estonia
10896:Statism
10816:Fascism
10688:Tyranny
10568:Tsarist
9916:1030252
9761:2619779
9670:(125).
9603:2624663
9593:(150).
9533:2127261
9393:General
9337:3 March
8971:18 July
8889:18 July
8884:9866730
8875:2640235
8833:18 July
8704:18 July
8595:17 July
8566:18 July
8464:1399170
8427:3706593
8418:1646771
8031:Li 2017
5848:14 June
5682:Praeger
5583:10 June
5326:leftist
5295:Tallinn
5241:Donetsk
5176:of the
5131:society
5087:of the
5029:, in a
5001:Gosplan
4798:of the
4785:Control
4735:of the
4602:Romania
4594:Hungary
4586:Albania
4544:Hungary
4525:Romania
4161:Algeria
4119:in the
4101:Albania
4075:Romania
3761:Vietnam
3722:Vietnam
3686:Albania
3601:Ukraine
3567:Moldova
3542:Georgia
3537:Estonia
3532:Belarus
3522:Armenia
3469:Somalia
3464:Romania
3434:Hungary
3429:Grenada
3389:Albania
3366:Vietnam
3314:Grenada
3202:Titoism
3175:Vietnam
3147:Comecon
3133:of the
3117:, is a
3010:history
2851:CPA(ML)
2837:Oceania
2800:Romania
2770:Albania
2756:RCPB-ML
2726:CPGB-ML
2627:Turkey
2597:Sweden
2527:Russia
2523:Romania
2488:Moldova
2402:Greece
2378:Georgia
2344:France
2340:Finland
2335:Estonia
2300:Croatia
2260:Belarus
2235:Armenia
2230:Albania
2199:Sarawak
2139:Vietnam
2039:Lebanon
1977:SUCI(C)
1919:Bahrain
1856:Uruguay
1827:PC(ml)P
1818:Panama
1793:Mexico
1701:Brazil
1697:Bolivia
1659:Tunisia
1624:Senegal
1618:RĂ©union
1612:Morocco
1607:Namibia
1592:Lesotho
1552:Algeria
1199:Comecon
1159:Croatia
1144:Vietnam
1132:Ukraine
1112:Moldova
1087:Georgia
1082:Estonia
1067:Armenia
1052:Somalia
1047:Romania
1017:Hungary
1012:Grenada
990:Czechia
963:1979â92
958:1975â79
935:Albania
715:History
493:Pol Pot
340:Titoism
13425:Maoism
13314:Second
13077:Serbia
13017:Russia
13002:Latvia
12948:Poland
12848:Angola
12280:People
12111:Maoism
12085:Songun
11883:Soviet
11683:Saxony
11628:Bremen
11557:Poland
11513:Europe
11480:Kuwait
11460:Fujian
11275:Guinea
11235:Angola
11228:Africa
11044:Greece
11039:France
11001:China
10997:Canada
10990:Lulism
10985:Brazil
10838:Nazism
10775:Maoism
10741:Ziaism
10493:
10474:
10451:
10428:
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10383:
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9781:(55).
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8532:p. 122
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6273:
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5688:
5659:
5217:Memory
5107:, and
4773:Poland
4669:, and
4600:, and
4598:Poland
4548:Poland
4513:After
4481:Maoist
4171:, and
4052:Allied
3875:, and
3763:, and
3720:, and
3692:and a
3684:, and
3674:allied
3668:, the
3658:joined
3572:Russia
3557:Latvia
3459:Poland
3394:Angola
3290:Sweden
3286:France
3220:, and
3208:(i.e.
3198:Maoism
3149:, the
3137:, the
2810:Turkey
2795:Poland
2721:CPB-ML
2691:TKP/ML
2681:TKEP/L
2631:DHKP/C
2567:Spain
2558:Serbia
2503:Poland
2498:Norway
2468:Latvia
2452:Italy
2305:Cyprus
2224:Europe
2206:Taiwan
2118:Syria
2043:Nepal
2019:Jordan
2009:Israel
1997:Toufan
1962:CPI(M)
1953:India
1939:Bhutan
1879:RCPUSA
1747:PC(AP)
1738:Chile
1732:CPC-ML
1722:Canada
1546:Africa
1406:Second
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1117:Russia
1102:Latvia
1042:Poland
940:Angola
352:People
325:Maoism
228:Soviet
13048:Yemen
12883:Congo
12878:China
12853:Benin
12689:China
12078:Juche
12045:Cuban
12015:State
11698:UĆŸice
11633:BihaÄ
11593:Banat
11465:Gilan
11412:Syria
11382:China
11357:Burma
11331:Chile
11305:Sudan
11280:Libya
11255:Egypt
11240:Benin
11059:Italy
11049:India
10781:Juche
10551:Forms
10092:Books
10075:(PDF)
10064:JSTOR
10050:(4).
10038:(PDF)
10008:(PDF)
9992:S2CID
9984:JSTOR
9970:(1).
9949:S2CID
9920:S2CID
9912:JSTOR
9879:(PDF)
9868:(PDF)
9795:(PDF)
9773:(PDF)
9757:JSTOR
9739:(1).
9712:(PDF)
9696:S2CID
9688:JSTOR
9649:JSTOR
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9624:(6).
9572:JSTOR
9560:Wiley
9558:(3).
9537:S2CID
9529:JSTOR
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9470:(PDF)
9247:JSTOR
9092:(PDF)
9072:JSTOR
8468:S2CID
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5066:China
4760:]
4727:that
4471:With
4408:as a
4060:China
3899:State
3890:, or
3884:China
3807:is a
3749:China
3409:Congo
3399:Benin
3163:China
2963:IMCWP
2785:Italy
2646:KDH/L
2483:Malta
2171:Korea
2014:Japan
1992:Tudeh
1983:Iran
1949:China
1944:Burma
1899:PCMLV
1864:CPUSA
1812:PCMML
1787:PCMLE
1705:PCdoB
1649:Sudan
1597:Libya
1587:Kenya
1572:Egypt
1557:Benin
975:Congo
970:China
945:Benin
805:China
240:State
57:Hanoi
12928:Laos
12888:Cuba
11833:Foco
11646:1918
11611:1919
11417:Tuva
11397:Laos
11387:Iraq
11345:Asia
11321:Cuba
11158:Arab
11054:Iran
10804:Soft
10698:Soft
10538:and
10491:ISBN
10472:ISBN
10449:ISBN
10426:ISBN
10407:ISBN
10381:ISBN
10358:ISBN
10335:ISBN
10312:ISBN
10289:ISBN
10266:ISBN
10243:ISBN
10220:ISBN
10201:ISBN
10178:ISBN
10155:ISBN
10132:ISBN
10109:ISBN
10083:2019
10020:ISBN
9904:ISSN
9599:SSRN
9443:ISBN
9426:link
9377:2024
9339:2022
9309:2024
9268:ISBN
9150:ISBN
9128:2020
9100:2020
9035:ISBN
9007:ISBN
8973:2016
8948:(1).
8917:ISBN
8891:2016
8880:PMID
8835:2016
8800:PMID
8706:2016
8680:2015
8652:2020
8597:2016
8586:The
8568:2016
8536:ISBN
8497:ISBN
8460:PMID
8423:PMID
8373:ISBN
8338:ISBN
8279:2020
8096:2019
7920:2019
7390:2019
6755:ISBN
6720:ISBN
6685:ISBN
6628:ISBN
6593:ISBN
6562:ISBN
6535:ISBN
6510:ISBN
6469:ISBN
6434:ISBN
6403:ISBN
6372:ISBN
6341:ISBN
6306:ISBN
6271:ISBN
5909:ISBN
5888:ISBN
5850:2020
5820:2014
5802:ISBN
5767:ISBN
5686:ISBN
5657:ISBN
5585:2020
5552:2022
5225:and
5137:and
5103:and
5064:and
5054:and
4986:and
4562:The
4553:coup
4546:and
4431:, a
4366:and
4317:The
4244:and
4077:and
4066:and
4035:and
4015:The
3995:The
3775:and
3757:Laos
3753:Cuba
3714:Laos
3710:Cuba
3479:Tuva
3356:Laos
3351:Cuba
3270:and
3171:Laos
3167:Cuba
2933:CPNZ
2741:NCPB
2686:TKIP
2676:TKEP
2671:TDKP
2666:MLKP
2641:HTKP
2636:EMEP
2591:PCTE
2581:PCPE
2536:CPRF
2516:PCTP
2396:MLPD
2371:PCRF
2366:PRCF
2359:PCOF
2154:KPRP
2112:FLSP
2102:CPSL
2062:NWPP
2034:Laos
2004:Iraq
1913:Asia
1839:Peru
1807:PPSM
1769:Cuba
1742:PCCh
1690:PCRA
1685:PCCE
1654:Togo
1637:SACP
1022:Laos
980:Cuba
156:Foco
10843:Neo
10826:Neo
10821:Eco
10056:doi
9976:doi
9941:doi
9896:doi
9892:277
9852:hdl
9749:doi
9680:doi
9668:125
9564:doi
9521:doi
9488:doi
9239:doi
9064:doi
8999:doi
8870:PMC
8862:doi
8790:doi
8786:181
8630:104
8452:doi
8413:PMC
8405:doi
8312:doi
6502:doi
5763:289
5239:in
5129:on
5083:or
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4861:is
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4700:by
3312:in
3200:or
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2938:SUP
2918:RSP
2913:DSP
2908:CPA
2886:SPA
2881:OMU
2846:CPA
2751:RCP
2746:RCG
2736:CPS
2716:CPB
2706:SKU
2701:KPU
2661:MKP
2656:TKP
2651:KKP
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2606:SKP
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2541:PDP
2511:PCP
2461:PRC
2446:WPI
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2411:ÎÎÎ
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2386:KPD
2350:PCF
2328:APK
2318:DKP
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2288:KPB
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2243:KPĂ
2159:CPK
2107:JVP
2087:CPP
1987:CPI
1957:CPI
1932:WPB
1927:CPB
1894:PCV
1884:PLP
1874:PSL
1869:WWP
1844:PCP
1822:PPP
1802:PPS
1782:PCE
1757:PCC
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