3153:
were substantially influenced by the intellectual traditions of that country. As far as atheism is concerned Lenin made it the immediate political task of the party. ... Lenin believed atheistic propaganda to be an urgent necessity. ... Convinced of the fundamental argument of militant materialism, Lenin went far beyond the
Russian tradition of political theism of Belinsky, Herzen and Pisarev and became the proponent of a systematic, aggressive and uncompromising movement of atheistic agitation, organized and fully supported by the party. He became the founder of a whole institution of professional atheistic propagandists, who spread all over the country after the revolution and played a very important role in the attack on the churches and the conversion of the faithful to the beliefs of the 'science-based materialistic world-view' of the communists. Lenin's unequivocally hostile attitude toward religion grew into a distinctive feature of the Bolshevik version of atheism. Compared with much milder views popular within the Social Democratic Party for example, Bolshevik atheism allowed for no compromise whatsoever with widely held religious views and sentiments even if this meant alienating some of the sympathetic, leftist-minded yet religious believing intellectuals, workers or peasants. ... In it he proclaimed that although traditional religion was conceptually wrong and ideologically biased towards the interests of the exploiting classes, it still cultivated in the masses emotion, moral values, desire which revolutionaries should take over and manipulate. ... He considered Lunacharsky's position harmful in the extreme, since according to Lenin, it dissolved Marxism into a mild liberal reformism. He thought that this position obscured the fact that the Church is the servant to the state, that religion all along has been a tool of ideological suppression of the masses. Lenin tried to expose the god-building programme as a dangerous and totally unnecessary programme as a dangerous and totally unnecessary compromise with the most reactionary forces in the Russian empire. Under the circumstances, he appealed to militant atheism as a criterion for the sincerity of Marxist commitments as a testing principle. ... So Lenin refused to allow for any compromise in the theoretical heritage of Marxism. He had the exammple of Marx's earlier rejection of Feuerbach's proposals for a religion of humanity, but in addition he had the conviction that under the confrontation of intense political pressures even the slightest deviation from the principles of materialism and atheism could degenerate into a betrayal of the cause of Communism altogether.
3198:, Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin (1983) p. 118. “Many of the previous — and often tactical — restraints upon the Party’s anti-religious stance disappeared, and, as time went by, the distinction, which Lenin had earlier drawn, between the attitude of the Party and the attitude of the State toward religion, became meaningless as the structures of the Party and the structures of the State increasingly began to coincide. Whilst the original constitution of the Russian Federal Republic guaranteed freedom of conscience, and included the right to both religious and anti-religious propaganda, this, in reality, meant freedom from religion — as was evidence when the decree proclaiming the new constitution forbade all private religious instruction for children under the age of eighteen, and when, shortly afterwards, Lenin ordered all religious literature, which had been previously published — along with all pornographic literature, to be destroyed. Eventually — in the Stalin constitution of 1936 — the provision for religious propaganda, other than religious worship, was withdrawn.”
2784:... old churches as Houses of the Lord should be demolished without any regret or mercy. As a materialist he believed that religious 'deceptions' were not worthy of any compromise or tolerance. They had to be destroyed. ... Feurbach insisted that the liberation of intrinsic human dignity from the reign of illusory images by the human mind in the form of religious beliefs could be achieved only if traditional faith as mercilessly attacked by a more decent and humanizing intellectual system. Religious commitments should be intellectually and emotionally destroyed by the catharsis of an intensive hatred of the old God. All previous religious institutions should be ruthlessly eradicated from the face of the earth and from the memory of coming generations, so that they could never regain power over people's minds through deception and the promotion of fear from the mystical forces of the Heavens. At this point young Marx was completely fascinated by Feuerbach's open rebellion against the powerful tradition of Christianity unconditionally as an intellectual revelation.
3168:, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles (1974) p. 64. “The political situation of the Russian Orthodox Church, and of all other religious groups, in the Soviet Union is governed by two principles, which are logically contradictory. On the one hand, the Soviet Constitution of 5 December 1936, Article 124, guarantees ‘freedom to hold religious services’. On the other hand, the Communist Party has never made any secret of the fact, either before or after 1917, that it regards ‘militant atheism’ as an integral part of its ideology, and will regard ‘religion as by no means a private matter’. It therefore uses ‘the means of ideological influence to educate people in the spirit of scientific materialism and to overcome religious prejudices. . . .’ Thus, it is the goal of the C.P.S.U. and thereby also of the Soviet state, for which it is, after all, the ‘guiding cell’, gradually to liquidate the religious communities.”
2803:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p. 13. “It was obvious at this point that reading Feuerhach was not the only source of inspiration for Marx’s atheism. The fascination with Feuerbach’s war against Christianity was, for young Marx, nothing more than an expression of his own readiness to pursue, in an anti-religious struggle, all the social and political extremes that materialistic determination required in principle. Yet, as David Aikman, in his most profound and erudite study of Marx and Marxism, notes, the clue to Marx’s passionate and violent atheism, or rather anti-theism, cannot be found in an intellectual tradition, alone. He traces Marx’s anti-theism to the young Marx’s preoccupation with the Promethean cult of ‘Satan as a destroyer’.
2190:
for it applies the materialist philosophy to the domain of history, to the domain of the social sciences. We must combat religion — that is the ABC of all materialism, and consequently of
Marxism. But Marxism is not a materialism which has stopped at the ABC. Marxism goes further. It says: "We must know how to combat religion, and in order to do so we must explain the source of faith and religion among the masses in a materialist way. The combating of religion cannot be confined to abstract ideological preaching, and it must not be reduced to such preaching. It must be linked up with the concrete practice of the class movement, which aims at eliminating the social roots of religion."
2015:. . . and when this act has been accomplished, when society, by taking possession of all means of production, and using them on a planned basis, has freed itself, and all its members, from the bondage in which they are now held, by these means of production, which they, themselves, have produced, but which confront them as an irresistible alien force, when, therefore, man no longer merely proposes, but also disposes — only then will the last alien force, which is still reflected in religion, vanish; and with it will also vanish the religious reflection itself, for the simple reason that then there will be nothing left to reflect.
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independent realm in the clouds can only be explained by the cleavages and self-contradictions within this secular basis. The latter must, therefore, in itself, be both understood in its contradiction and revolutionized in practice. Thus, for instance, after the earthly family is discovered to be the secret of the holy family, the former must then, itself, be destroyed in theory and in practice. Feuerbach, consequently, does not see that the "religious sentiment" is, itself, a social product, and that the abstract individual whom he analyses belongs to a particular form of society.
2519:, Lenin said that: “Religion is one of the forms of spiritual oppression, which everywhere weighs down heavily upon the masses of the people, over-burdened by their perpetual work for others, by want and isolation . . . Those who toil and live in want all their lives are taught, by religion, to be submissive and patient while here on Earth, and to take comfort in the hope of a heavenly reward. . . . Religion is opium for the people. Religion is a sort of spiritual booze, in which the slaves of capital drown their human image, their demand for a life more or less worthy of Man.”
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Of course, in periods when the political state, as such, is born violently out of civil society, when political liberation is the form in which men strive to achieve their liberation, the state can and must go as far as the abolition of religion, the destruction of religion. But it can do so only in the same way that it proceeds to the abolition of private property, to the maximum, to confiscation, to progressive taxation, just as it goes as far as the abolition of life, the guillotine.
2162:
2153:, which held that because religion "cultivated in the masses emotion, moral values, desire", revolutionaries should take advantage of that fact. As such, Vladimir Ilyich Lenin "appealed to militant atheism as a criterion for the sincerity of Marxist commitments as a testing principle." This rigid stance in favour of atheism and against religion resulted in the alienation of "some of the sympathetic, leftist-minded yet religious believing intellectuals, workers or peasants."
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2753:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p. 11. “. . . religious commitments should be intellectually and emotionally destroyed. . . . The catharsis of an intensive hatred towards the old God. . . . All previous religious institutions should be ruthlessly eradicated from the face of the Earth and from the memory of coming generations, so that they could never regain power over people's minds through deception and the promotion of fear from the mystical forces of the Heaven.”
1437:
1871:(1845), Marx said that "Communism begins from the outset (Owen) with atheism; but atheism is, at first, far from being communism; indeed, that atheism is still mostly an abstraction", and refined the atheism of Feuerbach into a considered critique of the material (socio-economic) conditions responsible for the invention of religion. He therefore held that atheism was the philosophical foundation stone of his ideology, but in itself was insufficient. About the
2820:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p. 11. “At this point young Marx was completely fascinated by Feuerbach’s ‘humanistic zest’, and he adopted Feuerbach’s open rebellion against the powerful tradition of Christianity, unconditionally, as an intellectual revelation. Very early in his career, Marx bought the seductive idea that the higher goals of humanity would justify any radicalism, not only the intellectual kind but the social and political as well.”
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2837:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p. 12. “Obviously Marx began his own theory of reality with an incomplete intellectual disdain for everything that religious thought, represented, theoretically, practically or emotionally. The cultural contributions of religion over the centuries were dismissed as unimportant and irrelevant to the well-being of the human mind."
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very cheap way of justifying their entire existence as exploiters, and selling them, at a moderate price, tickets to well-being in heaven. Religion is opium for the people. Religion is a sort of spiritual booze, in which the slaves of capital drown their human image, their demand for a life more or less worthy of man.
2967:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p. 23. "It had been taken over, however, by the ruling classes, says Marx, and gradually turned into a tool for the intellectual and emotional control of the masses. Marx insists on perceiving the history of Christianity as an enterprise for the preservation of the
3152:
The third major person who contributed profoundly to the shaping of modern
Communist ideology in the USSR was Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. Lenin's chief source of philosophical education was the writings of Marx and Engels. His views, however, evolved in the unique cultural context of Russia and hence they
2548:
As an integral part of the
Marxist–Leninist world-view, 'scientific atheism' is grounded in the view of the world and of Man enshrined in dialectical and historical materialism: The study of scientific atheism brings to light an integral part of the Marxist–Leninist world-view. Being a philosophical
2119:
Those who toil and live in want all their lives are taught, by religion, to be submissive and patient while here on earth, and to take comfort in the hope of a heavenly reward. But those who live by the labour of others are taught, by religion, to practise charity while on earth, thus offering them a
1719:
But the idea of deity coincides with the idea of humanity. All divine attributes, all the attributes which make God God, are attributes of the species — attributes which in the individual are limited, but the limits of which are abolished in the essence of the species, and even in its existence, in
1829:
The decomposition of man into Jew and citizen, Protestant and citizen, religious man and citizen, is neither a deception directed against citizenhood, nor is it a circumvention of political emancipation, it is political emancipation itself, the political method of emancipating oneself from religion.
2228:
The
Bolshevik government's anti-religion campaigns featured propaganda, anti-religious legislation, secular universal-education, anti-religious discrimination, political harassment, continual arrests and political violence. Initially, the Bolsheviks expected that religion would wither away with the
1883:
Feuerbach starts out from the fact of religious self-alienation, of the duplication of the world into a religious world and a secular one. His work consists in resolving the religious world into its secular basis. But that the secular basis detaches itself from itself, and establishes itself as an
1832:
At times of special self-confidence, political life seeks to suppress its prerequisite, civil society, and the elements composing this society, and to constitute itself as the real species-life of man, devoid of contradictions. But, it can achieve this only by coming into violent contradiction with
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Just as outrageous was the conduct of the NKVD abroad on those occasions where it was afforded the opportunity to enlarge the geographical scope of its work. Thousands of political suspects and
Lamaist priests were rounded up in Mongolia by the NKVD in concert with its local affiliate, executed on
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Marxism is materialism. As such, it is as relentlessly hostile to religion as was the materialism of the eighteenth-century
Encyclopaedists or the materialism of Feuerbach. This is beyond doubt. But the dialectical materialism of Marx and Engels goes further than the Encyclopaedists and Feuerbach,
2115:
Religion is one of the forms of spiritual oppression, which everywhere weighs down heavily upon the masses of the people, over-burdened by their perpetual work for others, by want and isolation. Impotence, of the exploited classes in their struggle against the exploiters, just as inevitably, gives
2057:
This modern materialism, the negation of the negation, is not the mere re-establishment of the old, but adds to the permanent foundations of this old materialism the whole thought-content of two thousand years of development of philosophy and natural science, as well as of the history of these two
1930:
It is self-evident, moreover, that "spectres", "bonds", "the higher being", "concept", "scruple", are merely the idealistic, spiritual expression, the conception, apparently, of the isolated individual , the image of very empirical fetters and limitations, within which the mode of production of
3110:
By 1976 all places of worship had been closed. However, the regime has had to admit that religion still maintains a following among
Albanians. In order to suppress religious life, the following article has been included in the 1976 constitution: "The state recognizes no religion and supports and
1858:
The abolition of religion, as the illusory happiness of the people, is the demand for their real happiness. To call on them to give up their illusions about their condition is to call on them to give up a condition that requires illusions. The criticism of religion is, therefore, in embryo, the
1728:
over the human mind through "the promotion of fear from the mystical forces of the Heaven", and with "an intensive hatred of the old God" said that houses of worship should be systematically destroyed and religious institutions eradicated. Experienced in that praxis of materialist philosophy,
1935:
In the establishment of a communist society, the philosophy of
Marxist–Leninist atheism interprets the social degeneration of organized religion — from psychological-solace to social-control — to justify the revolutionary abolition of an official state religion, and its replacement with
2144:
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin enshrined the dissemination of
Marxist-Leninist atheism as a task of the Communist Party, believing it to be an "urgent necessity." Lenin held a hostile attitude towards religion and this came to characterize Bolshevik atheism. He was a staunch critic of
3359:(Fundamentals of Scientific Atheism) was introduced into the curriculum of all higher educational institutions, including universities. The course was originally voluntary, but owing to the paucity of student response it has, from 1964, been compulsory for all students.
1776:
Religious suffering is, at one and the same time, the expression of real suffering, and a protest against real suffering. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heart-less world, and the soul of soul-less conditions. It is the opium of the
1752:
In his rejection of all religious thought, Marx considered the contributions of religion over the centuries to be unimportant and irrelevant to the future of humanity. The autonomy of humanity from the realm of supernatural forces was considered by Marx as an
1709:, concluding that humanity as a species (but just not as individuals) possessed within itself all the attributes that merited worship and that people had created God as a reflection of these attributes. About the conceptual separateness of Man from God, in
2132:
of the Tsar as the Russian head of state. Additionally, the populace also needed to be prepared in order to make a transition from religious beliefs to atheism, as Soviet Communism would require of them. Scientific atheism became a philosophic basis of
1833:
its own conditions of life, only by declaring the revolution to be permanent, and, therefore, the political drama necessarily ends with the re-establishment of religion, private property, and all elements of civil society, just as war ends with peace.
2035:
of people who required a religious explanation of the real world. In light of the scientific progress of the Industrial Revolution, the speculative philosophy of theology became obsolete in determining a place for every person in society. In the
1530:
To support those ideological premises, Marxist–Leninist atheism proposes an explanation for origin of religion and explains methods for the scientific criticism of religion. The philosophic roots of Marxist–Leninist atheism are in the works of
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carries out atheistic propaganda to implant the scientific materialistic world outlook in people" (Article 37). In its antireligious moves, the regime has gone so far as to order persons to change their names if they are of a religious origin.
1789:, and thus are masters of their individual reality, because the earthly authority of supernatural deities is not real. Marx opposed the social-control function of religion, which the churches realised by way of societal atomization; the
1837:
Therefore, because organised religion is a human product derived from the objective material conditions, and that economic systems, such as capitalism, affect the material conditions of society, the abolition of unequal systems of
2058:
thousand years. It is no longer a philosophy at all, but simply a world outlook, which has to establish its validity and be applied, not in a science of sciences, standing apart, but in the real sciences. Philosophy is therefore
2245:(1928–1941) that persecuted "bishops, priests, and lay believers" of all Christian denominations and had them "arrested, shot, and sent to labour camps". In the east, Buddhist Lamaist priests "were rounded up in Mongolia, by the
1684:
as a way of running the world; Karl Marx sided with the philosophy of the materialist atheists. Feuerbach separated philosophy from religion in order to grant intellectual autonomy to philosophers in their interpretations of
1757:
ontological truth that had been developed since ancient times, and he considered it to have an even more respectable tradition than Christianity. Marx held that the churches invented religion to justify the ruling classes'
3322:
By the time of the Nazi invasion in 1941, nearly 40,000 Christian churches and 25,000 Muslims mosques had been closed down and converted into schools, cinemas, clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or Museums of Scientific
2429:: “Marxist–Leninist atheism, with all its content is directed to the development of the abilities of the individual , religion deprives a person of his own “I”, doubles consciousness, creates conditions for him. . . . ”
2048:
By scientific advances, socio-economic and cultural progress required that atheistic materialism become a science rather than remain a philosophy apart from the sciences. In the "Negation of a Negation" section of the
3220:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol. 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
3089:
Dimitry V. Pospielovsky. A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer, vol 1: A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti-Religious Policies, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p.
2177:
The pragmatic policies of Lenin and the Communist Party indicated that religion was to be tolerated and suppressed as required by political conditions, yet there remained the ideal of an officially atheist society.
2563:, Volume 21. The Slovak Institute in North America. p. 231. "The origin of Marxist–Leninist atheism, as understood in the USSR, is linked with the development of the German philosophy of Hegel and Feuerbach."
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in concert with its local affiliate, executed on the spot or shipped off to the Soviet Union to be shot or die at hard labor in the mushrooming GULAG system" of labour camps; and by 1941, when Nazi Germany
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science, scientific atheism emanates from the basic tenets of dialectical and historical materialism, both in explaining the origin of religion, and its scientific criticism of . (ibid., p. 272.)
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2479:марксистско-ленинский атеизм всем своим содержанием «аправлен на развитие способностей личности. Религия лишает человека его собственного «я», раздваивает сознание, создает для него условия ...
2854:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) pg 12. "The cultural contributions of religion over the centuries were dismissed as unimportant and irrelevant to the well-being of the human mind."
2261:) was "introduced into the curriculum of all higher educational institutions" in the Soviet Union. In 1964, it was made compulsory for all pupils after a "paucity of student response".
2467:: “The highest form is Marxist–Leninist atheism. * It relies on a materialistic understanding, not only of Nature (which was typical of pre–Marxist atheism) but also of society. . . .”
2217:
was a philosophic requirement for membership to the Communist Party. For Lenin, the true socialist is a revolutionary who always combats religion and religious sentiment as enemies of
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The real unity of the world consists in its materiality, and this is proved, not by a few juggled phrases, but by a long and wearisome development of philosophy and natural science.
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naturally resulted from the interplay of the material forces (earth, wind, and fire) that exist in the physical world. That religion originated as psychological solace for the
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that psychologically divide human beings from themselves (as individual men and women) and that alienate people from each other (as parts of a social community). Hence, the
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rise to the belief in a better life after death, as impotence of the savage in his battle with Nature gives rise to belief in gods, devils, miracles, and the like.
2254:, 40,000 churches and 25,000 mosques had been closed and converted into schools, cinemas and clubs, warehouses and grain stores, or museums of scientific atheism.
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3211:, University of Notre Dame Press, South Bend (1973) p. 74. “The conscious rejection of religion is necessary in order for communism to be established.”
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in order to critically analyse the basic concepts of theology, and he redirected philosophy from the heavens to the Earth, to the subjects of human
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In that way, Marx transformed Feuerbach's antireligious philosophy into a political praxis, and into a philosophic basis of his nascent ideology,
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1850:, featuring neither a formal State apparatus nor a social-class system. About the nature and social-control function of religious sentiment, in
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said that a true communist would always promote atheism and combat religion, because it is the psychological opiate that robs people of their
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Thus for Marx atheist philosophy liberated men and women from suppressing their innate potential as human beings, and allowed people to
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The establishment of a socialist society in Russia required changing the socio-political consciousness of the people, thus, combating
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3237:. Vol. 33. Translated by David Skvirsky; George Hanna. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 227–236 – via marxists.org.
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History Of Marxist-Leninist Atheism And Soviet Antireligious: A History Of Soviet Atheism In Theory And Practice And The Believer
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with which men govern society. In that vein of political emancipation, represented in the culturally progressive concepts of
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Militant Atheist Objects: Anti-Religion Museums in the Soviet Union (Present Pasts, Vol. 1, 2009, 61-76, doi:10.5334/pp.13)
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2007:, a people's need to believe in a deity, as a spiritual reflection of the self, religion would gradually disappear. In the
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Marx, Karl (1932) . "Part I: Feuerbach: Opposition of the Materialist and Idealist Outlook. A: Idealism and Materialism".
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of the world. Engels proposed that religion is a fantasy about supernatural powers controlling and determining humanity's
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2477:Институт научного атеизма (Академия общественных наук) (1981). "Вопросы научного атеизма" (in Russian). Изд-во "Мысл".
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here, that is, “both overcome and preserved”; overcome as regards its form, and preserved as regards its real content.
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to advocate atheist politics in their home countries, and recommended scientific education as a means to overcome the
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In the ideological lexicon of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), Marxist-Leninist atheism is a fundamental doctrine.
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1594:, who separated philosophy from religion to allow philosophers the freedom to interpret the material reality of
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in an industrial society. Thus, despite the working-class origin of organised religion, the clergy allowed the
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the spot or shipped off to the Soviet Union to be shot or die at hard labor in the mushrooming GULAG system.
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2137:, the ideology of the Communist Party in Russia, as with other Marxist-Leninist countries, such as the
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industrial society; as such, religion is a drug that gives an emotional escape from the real world. In
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There were, however, Marxist voices that pointed out the disadvantages of such antireligious policies.
2107:. To combat the political legitimacy of religion, Lenin adapted the atheism of Marx and Engels to the
1635:(1807). Although critical of contemporary religion, as a 19th-century intellectual, Hegel pursued the
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The History of Scientific Atheism: A Comparative Study of Czechoslovakia and Soviet Union (1954–1991)
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to show that religion is a social construct used for social control by the ruling class of a society
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to control religious sentiment (the praxis of religion), which grants control of all society — the
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2111:. About the social-control function of religion, in "Socialism and Religion" (1905), Lenin said:
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429:
344:
199:
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3196:
Marxist–Leninist ‘Scientific Atheism’ and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the U. S. S. R.
2729:
Feuerbach, Ludwig (1841). "Chapter XVI. The Distinction between Christianity and Heathenism".
2498:
1643:
of Christianity, as a personal interest compatible with Christian theological explanations of
374:
4924:
4521:
4456:
4188:
3727:
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2241:. Yet by the late 1920s, when religion had not withered away, the Bolshevik government began
1798:
1763:
1230:
853:
489:
107:
97:
4103:
3308:
History for the IB Diploma: Origins and Development of Authoritarian and Single Party States
1846:
would wither away the State and the official religion, consequent to the establishment of a
399:
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4481:
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3930:
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3137:
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2134:
1888:
The philosophy of dialectical materialism proposed that the existential condition of being
1681:
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818:
549:
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50:
42:
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8:
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3062:. Vol. 10. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 83–87 – via www.marxists.org.
2371:
2336:
2301:
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2146:
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2024:
2020:
1969:
1959:, who identified religion as a person's need for a fantastic spiritual reflection of the
1922:
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873:
858:
599:
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266:
149:
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3630:
2899:, December 1843 – January 1844, Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, 7 and 10 February 1844.
1613:, i.e. "What is rational is real; and what is real is rational." In those debates about
524:
4561:
4506:
4381:
4268:
4143:
3945:
3897:
3337:
Marxist-Leninist "scientific Atheism" and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR
3105:
2534:
Marxist-Leninist "Scientific Atheism" and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR
2234:
1999:
moral squalor since early in human history; yet that such a lack of human control over
878:
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714:
439:
92:
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2476:
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4014:
3907:
3843:
3762:
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3625:
3580:
3565:
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3424:
Marxist–Leninist scientific atheism and the study of religion and atheism in the USSR
3409:
3394:
3379:
3344:
3340:
3311:
3255:
3141:
2773:
2644:
2637:
2612:
2583:
2579:
Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism and the Study of Religion and Atheism in the USSR
2537:
2485:
2444:
2326:
2238:
1847:
1839:
1794:
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519:
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112:
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they tolerated most religions, except for the Eastern Orthodox Church who supported
339:
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4128:
4123:
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supported the Tsarist monarchy, voiding the credibility of religion would void the
1980:
1956:
1677:
1591:
1536:
1453:
1429:
1384:
808:
589:
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75:
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1622:
1441:
1409:
1389:
751:
449:
409:
394:
389:
211:
206:
169:
144:
4203:
1975:
1550:
Marxist–Leninist atheism informed public policy in various nations, such as the
509:
5087:
5042:
4997:
4243:
4228:
4223:
4183:
4148:
4058:
4048:
3610:
3231:
Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (1972) . "On the Significance of Militant Materialism".
2108:
2096:
1996:
1706:
1544:
1404:
1357:
1306:
544:
529:
479:
444:
359:
349:
324:
179:
3997:
3391:
Religion and the State in Russia and China: Suppression, Survival, and Revival
2678:
Was vernünftig ist, das ist Wirklich; und was wirklich ist, das ist vernünftig
2023:
incompatible with communist philosophy and urged the communist parties of the
5136:
4531:
4238:
4158:
4028:
3972:
3848:
3767:
3595:
3446:
3419:
2897:"A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction"
2866:
Introduction to A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right
2381:
1937:
1909:
1571:
1500:
863:
604:
579:
539:
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454:
329:
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238:
159:
1729:
thought, and action, the apprentice Karl Marx became a radical philosopher.
484:
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1379:
1028:
968:
761:
739:
564:
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379:
223:
2425:
Institute of Scientific Atheism of the Academy of Social Sciences (1981).
2071:
5047:
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4193:
4173:
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1913:
1806:
1745:
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1362:
1023:
1003:
823:
813:
729:
584:
494:
469:
434:
369:
228:
3990:
3183:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
3106:
The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University
3078:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2998:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2965:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2852:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2835:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2818:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2801:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
2751:
A History of Marxist–Leninist Atheism and Soviet Anti–Religious Policies
1772:, Marx described the contradictory nature of religious sentiment, that:
1436:
4978:
4968:
4461:
4293:
4253:
4033:
3967:
3874:
3406:
A History of Marxist–Leninist atheism and Soviet antireligious policies
3134:
A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Antireligious Policies
2361:
1917:
1720:
so far as it has its complete existence only in all men taken together.
1625:
in service to the insights of Christian religious comprehension, which
1283:
1268:
798:
594:
554:
334:
3023:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/index.htm
3011:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/index.htm
5052:
5037:
4198:
3951:
3918:
3913:
3798:
3747:
3376:"Godless communists": atheism and society in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932
3179:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
3074:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2994:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2982:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1877/anti-duhring/ch27.htm
2961:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2848:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2831:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2814:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2797:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2747:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2691:
A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory, and Practice, and the Believer
2210:
2084:
2028:
2000:
1810:
1782:
1741:
1665:
1657:— which he clarified, systematized, and justified in his philosophy.
1602:
1540:
1367:
1352:
499:
301:
261:
5007:
4973:
4416:
4318:
The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
4283:
3814:
3809:
3473:
3286:
2634:
2286:
2206:
1984:
1702:
1636:
1587:
1524:
1273:
756:
574:
276:
271:
3083:
4844:
4785:
4163:
3983:
3214:
2257:
In 1959, the academic course Fundamentals of Scientific Atheism (
2222:
2104:
1992:
1988:
1926:(1845), about the psychology of religious faith, Marx said that:
1694:
1686:
1618:
1563:
1520:
1165:
1110:
459:
306:
3853:
3827:
2218:
2004:
1790:
1645:
1614:
1595:
1512:
291:
5105:
3021:
Friedrich Engels, Anti-Dühring, 1,13, Negation of a Negation,
1952:
1859:
criticism of that vale of tears of which religion is the halo.
1448:
4620:
3820:
2181:
To the Russians, Lenin communicated the atheist worldview of
1983:
addressed contemporary social problems with critiques of the
1889:
1852:
A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right
1769:
A Contribution to the Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right
1754:
1661:
936:
2605:
Religion in China: Survival and Revival Under Communist Rule
2103:, of their volition, as men and women, to control their own
1737:
4670:
4655:
4630:
3575:
2246:
1960:
988:
973:
946:
122:
1801:
of theology (religious ideology) must be removed from the
2949:. Marx-Engels Institute, Moscow – via marxists.org.
2003:
would end with the abolition of religion. That by way of
1970:
Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Ideology
1931:
life, and the form of intercourse coupled with it, move.
1802:
1515:, Marxist–Leninist atheism proposes that religion is the
27:
Irreligious and anti-clerical element of Marxism–Leninism
3452:
Marxist-Leninist Scientific Atheism - Thomas J. Blakeley
1601:
In training as a philosopher in the early 19th century,
2735:. Translated by Eliot, George – via marxists.org.
1987:
worldview, especially religious interpretations of the
5013:
Crimes against humanity under Marxist–Leninist regimes
1609:, specifically about the interpretations presented in
1963:, by which to have some control over life and reality
2268:
3457:Марксисткий теизм:Атеизм основоположников марксизма
3280:
3268:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
2763:
2761:
2759:
1558:for example. Some non-Soviet Marxists opposed this
3393:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2011.
2639:The Politics of Latin American Liberation Theology
2636:
1660:After his death in 1831, Hegel's philosophy about
1574:, Marxist–Leninist atheism was rejected entirely.
3463:University of Cambridge: Marxist–Leninist atheism
2402:Soviet Union anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)
2352:Persecution of Muslims in the former Soviet Union
1744:, who synthesized anti-religious philosophy with
5134:
3116:
3080:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987), pp. 18–19.
3039:"The Attitude of the Workers' Party to Religion"
2756:
2706:, New York: Harper Torch Books, 1957. pp. 13–14.
2575:
2397:Soviet Union anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)
2392:Soviet Union anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)
2387:Soviet Union anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)
1689:. He objected to the religious basis of Hegel's
3099:
3056:Lenin, V.I. (1965) . "Socialism and Religion".
3032:
3030:
3000:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) pp. 16–17.
1916:— with Christian slaves hoping for a rewarding
3299:
2463:Kruglov, Anatoly Agapeevich. (Belarus, 1983).
4930:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
3524:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism
3489:
3166:Church, State, and Opposition in the U.S.S.R.
2768:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V (29 September 1987).
2719:, New York: Harper Torch Books, 1957. p. 152.
2347:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union
2342:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc
1473:
1241:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
3328:
3287:George Ginsburgs, William B. Simons (1994).
3131:
3027:
2767:
2635:Richard L. Rubenstein, John K. Roth (1988).
2377:Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania
5143:Anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union
3291:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 12.
3185:, St Martin's Press, New York (1987) p. 34.
2505:
2443:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 143.
2169:in Moscow, whose demolition was ordered by
4328:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
3496:
3482:
3378:Northern Illinois University Press. 2002.
3310:. Cambridge University Press. p. 53.
3306:Todd, Allan; Waller, Sally (19 May 2011).
3305:
1724:Feuerbach thought that religion exercised
1480:
1466:
640:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
4890:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
3254:. Cambridge University Press. p. 4.
2772:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 10–11.
2728:
2571:
2569:
1621:, the Hegelians considered philosophy an
1196:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
5023:Criticism of Marxist–Leninist party rule
3733:General Secretary of the Communist Party
2432:
2193:
2160:
2070:
1951:
1736:
1586:
4915:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
3334:
2531:
2407:Soviet Union anti-religious legislation
2307:Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union
2091:, glaring at an Eastern Orthodox church
1940:, the latter being characteristic of a
1221:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
14:
5135:
4993:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4313:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
3925:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
3447:Theomachy of Leninism - Православие.Ru
3037:Lenin, Vladimir Ilyich (13 May 1909).
2566:
1577:
1302:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
628:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
297:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
4392:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
3477:
3274:
3247:
3230:
3055:
3036:
2438:
1511:understanding of humanity's place in
804:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
725:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
660:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
128:Intensification of the class struggle
4935:Sandinista National Liberation Front
4387:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
3503:
3251:Religious Policy in the Soviet Union
2942:
2602:
1762:of the working classes, by way of a
1246:Sandinista National Liberation Front
720:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
5173:Religious persecution by communists
4944:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
4895:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3693:Socialist state of the whole people
3102:Communist Regimes in Eastern Europe
2669:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
1947:
1649:— explanations of the questions of
1582:
1519:; thus, Marxism–Leninism advocates
1497:Marxist–Leninist scientific atheism
1201:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
24:
5083:State ideology of the Soviet Union
4885:Communist Party of the Philippines
4875:Communist Party of India (Marxist)
3367:
3248:Ramet, Sabrina Petra, ed. (1992).
2582:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 135.
2465:Fundamentals of Scientific Atheism
1605:participated in debates about the
1400:State ideology of the Soviet Union
633:The History of the Communist Party
25:
5184:
3941:Scientific Outlook on Development
3556:Commanding heights of the economy
3439:
2124:Since the social ideology of the
2066:
1333:Criticism of communist party rule
665:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
103:Commanding heights of the economy
5116:
5104:
4920:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
4338:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
3713:Civilian control of the military
3668:People's democratic dictatorship
3355:In 1959, a new course, entitled
3009:Friedrich Engels, Anti-Dühring,
2980:Anti-Dühring, Friedrich Engels,
2910:"Private Property and Communism"
2285:
2271:
2019:Engels considered religion as a
1629:had elaborately rationalized in
1562:stance, and in certain forms of
1447:
1435:
1423:
1226:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
650:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
635:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
49:
3663:Dictatorship of the proletariat
3638:Theory of the productive forces
3241:
3224:
3201:
3188:
3171:
3158:
3093:
3066:
3049:
3015:
3003:
2986:
2974:
2953:
2936:
2915:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2857:
2840:
2823:
2806:
2789:
2739:
2722:
2709:
2696:
2683:
2660:
2628:
2427:Questions of Scientific Atheism
2322:Institute of Scientific Atheism
2225:, and socio-economic progress.
2167:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2156:
1875:of religious sentiment, in the
219:Theory of the productive forces
4615:People's Republic of Kampuchea
4333:A Critique of Soviet Economics
3688:State of socialist orientation
3132:Pospielovsky, Dimitry (1987).
2643:. Washington Institute Press.
2596:
2554:
2525:
2470:
2457:
2419:
2357:Polish anti-religious campaign
2149:, who proposed the concept of
1869:Private Property and Communism
645:A Critique of Soviet Economics
13:
1:
3549:Soviet-type economic planning
3519:Administrative-command system
2413:
1785:that they possess individual
1627:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1533:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
86:Soviet-type economic planning
66:Administrative-command system
4880:Communist Party of Kampuchea
4502:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
4427:Chinese Communist Revolution
3738:Highest organ of state power
3601:Proletarian internationalism
2367:Religion in the Soviet Union
2312:Christianity in East Germany
2139:People's Republic of Albania
1732:
1191:Communist Party of Kampuchea
834:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
165:Proletarian internationalism
7:
5168:Atheism in the Soviet Union
4910:Indochinese Communist Party
4547:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
4542:New People's Army rebellion
4323:Britain's Road to Socialism
3648:Wars of national liberation
3426:. Walter de Gruyter. 1983.
2732:The Essence of Christianity
2439:Tesař, Jan (15 July 2019).
2264:
2200:League of Militant Atheists
2171:Central Executive Committee
2087:revolutionary, bearing the
1712:The Essence of Christianity
1632:The Phenomenology of Spirit
1216:Indochinese Communist Party
234:Wars of national liberation
10:
5189:
5028:Marxist schools of thought
4955:Portuguese Communist Party
4900:Communist Party of Vietnam
3893:Kaysone Phomvihane Thought
2198:Membership booklet of the
1556:People's Republic of China
1343:Marxist schools of thought
1236:Party of Labour of Albania
1206:Communist Party of Vietnam
5100:
4986:
4962:
4905:Communist Party of Malaya
4860:Communist Party of Brazil
4833:
4574:
4557:Internal conflict in Peru
4350:
4301:
4022:
3833:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
3781:
3743:Leading role of the party
3700:
3678:National-democratic state
3673:People's democratic state
3656:
3511:
3177:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
3072:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
3045:– via marxists.org.
2992:Pospielovsky. Dimitry V.
2959:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
2846:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
2829:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
2812:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
2795:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
2745:Pospielovsky, Dimitry V.
2689:Dimitry V. Pospielovsky.
2576:De James Thrower (1983).
2521:Marxists Internet Archive
2517:Marxists Internet Archive
1821:as a social identity, in
1783:intellectually understand
4870:Communist Party of India
4840:Albanian Party of Labour
3963:Bill of Rights socialism
3616:Socialism in one country
3586:Marxist–Leninist atheism
3357:Osnovy nauchnogo ateizma
2884:"On the Jewish Question"
2259:Osnovy nauchnogo ateizma
2252:invaded the Soviet Union
1896:who live the reality of
1854:(1843), Marx said that:
1715:(1841), Feuerbach said:
1493:Marxist–Leninist atheism
1186:Communist Party of India
185:Socialism in one country
140:Marxist–Leninist atheism
18:Marxist-Leninist atheism
5078:State ideology of China
4950:Workers' Party of Korea
4865:Communist Party of Cuba
4855:Chinese Communist Party
4512:Portuguese Colonial War
4308:Foundations of Leninism
3860:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
3571:Dialectical materialism
3404:Pospielovsky, Dimitry.
3335:Thrower, James (1983).
3234:Lenin's Collected Works
2717:Essence of Christianity
2704:Essence of Christianity
2609:Oxford University Press
2603:Yang, Fenggang (2012).
2532:Thrower, James (1983).
2243:anti-religion campaigns
2126:Eastern Orthodox Church
1865:dialectical materialism
1623:intellectual enterprise
1509:dialectical-materialist
1395:State ideology of China
1321:under communist regimes
1319:Crimes against humanity
1279:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1251:Workers' Party of Korea
1181:Communist Party of Cuba
1176:Chinese Communist Party
844:Portuguese Colonial War
670:The Governance of China
623:Foundations of Leninism
170:Protracted people's war
118:Dialectical materialism
5158:Philosophy and atheism
4800:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4134:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
4044:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
3207:Hyde, Douglas Arnold.
2202:
2192:
2174:
2122:
2092:
2064:
2046:
2017:
1964:
1942:Marxist–Leninist state
1933:
1886:
1861:
1835:
1823:On the Jewish Question
1779:
1760:exploitation of labour
1749:
1722:
1607:philosophy of religion
1598:
1566:thinking, such as the
1211:French Communist Party
1121:Bosnia and Herzegovina
430:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
345:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
5043:Post-Marxism–Leninism
4925:Nepal Communist Party
4522:Nicaraguan Revolution
4492:Albanian–Soviet split
4189:Mengistu Haile Mariam
3728:Democratic centralism
3718:Collective leadership
3289:Law in Eastern Europe
3100:Richard Felix Staar.
3059:Lenin Collected Works
2923:"Theses on Feuerbach"
2536:. Walter de Gruyter.
2197:
2187:
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2113:
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2055:
2042:
2013:
1955:
1928:
1881:
1856:
1827:
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1717:
1590:
1231:Nepal Communist Party
854:Nicaraguan Revolution
490:Mengistu Haile Mariam
108:Democratic centralism
98:Collective leadership
5153:Politics and atheism
5123:Communism portal
5111:Socialism portal
4610:Democratic Kampuchea
4517:Black Power movement
4482:Non-Aligned Movement
3621:Socialist patriotism
3389:Marsh, Christopher.
3138:Macmillan Publishers
2971:, as an elaborate ."
2929:24 June 2017 at the
2332:Marxism and religion
2130:political legitimacy
2095:As a revolutionary,
1707:purpose of existence
1691:philosophy of spirit
1682:religious philosophy
1674:materialist atheists
1535:(1770–1831) and of
1454:Socialism portal
1430:Communism portal
849:Black power movement
819:Non-Aligned Movement
190:Socialist patriotism
5033:National Bolshevism
4567:Revolutions of 1989
4552:Sino-Albanian split
4537:Naxalite insurgency
4527:Cultural Revolution
4407:Great Patriotic War
4259:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3805:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3723:Cult of personality
3561:Developed socialism
3408:. Macmillan. 1987.
2946:The German Ideology
2873:, vol. 3. New York.
2715:Feuerbach, Ludwig.
2702:Feuerbach, Ludwig.
2515:, 3 December 1905,
2513:Novaya Zhizn No. 28
2372:Religious communism
2337:Opium of the people
2302:Cultural Revolution
2147:Anatoli Lunacharsky
2025:First International
2021:false consciousness
1923:The German Ideology
1877:Theses on Feuerbach
1764:socially stratified
1705:and of what is the
1680:— who rejected all
1668:was debated by the
1578:Philosophical bases
1568:liberation theology
1543:(1818–1883) and of
1517:opium of the people
1442:Politics portal
1348:National Bolshevism
1338:Cult of personality
874:Revolutions of 1989
869:Naxalite insurgency
859:Cultural Revolution
745:Great Patriotic War
600:Wojciech Jaruzelski
560:Nur Muhammad Taraki
267:Ho Chi Minh Thought
4562:Nepalese Civil War
4507:Great Leap Forward
4269:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
4144:Kaysone Phomvihane
3946:Xi Jinping Thought
3581:Labour aristocracy
3374:Husband, William.
2235:October Revolution
2233:, hence after the
2203:
2175:
2093:
1973:(1846) and in the
1965:
1842:and of stratified
1825:, Marx said that:
1750:
1599:
879:Nepalese Civil War
839:Great Leap Forward
767:Chinese Revolution
440:Kaysone Phomvihane
155:People's democracy
93:Collective farming
5130:
5129:
4497:Sino-Soviet split
4457:Tito–Stalin split
4402:Spanish Civil War
4343:Guerrilla Warfare
4302:Theoretical works
4234:Władysław Gomułka
4209:Nicolae Ceaușescu
4169:Nikos Zachariadis
4089:Nikita Khrushchev
4064:Palmiro Togliatti
3763:Transmission belt
3708:Central committee
3566:Dialectical logic
3341:Walter de Gruyter
3140:. p. 18-20.
2863:Marx, K.H. 1976.
2650:978-0-88702-040-7
2618:978-0-19-973564-8
2589:978-90-279-3060-6
2493:Missing or empty
2450:978-3-647-31086-2
2327:Jewish Bolshevism
2239:Tsarist autocracy
2229:establishment of
1894:exploited workers
1848:communist society
1840:political economy
1795:social alienation
1490:
1489:
829:Sino-Soviet split
735:Spanish Civil War
655:Guerrilla Warfare
617:Theoretical works
535:Władysław Gomułka
515:Nicolae Ceaușescu
465:Nikos Zachariadis
385:Nikita Khrushchev
365:Palmiro Togliatti
135:Labor aristocracy
113:Dialectical logic
16:(Redirected from
5180:
5163:Marxism–Leninism
5121:
5120:
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5109:
5108:
5068:State capitalism
4472:De-Stalinization
4467:Cuban Revolution
4289:Gennady Zyuganov
4274:Rohana Wijeweera
4129:Klement Gottwald
4124:Valko Chervenkov
4109:Lazar Kaganovich
4069:Dolores Ibárruri
3936:Three Represents
3881:Intercommunalism
3701:Political system
3544:Central planning
3539:Anti-revisionism
3529:Anti-imperialism
3505:Marxism–Leninism
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2135:Marxism–Leninism
1993:material poverty
1989:material reality
1981:Friedrich Engels
1957:Friedrich Engels
1948:Friedrich Engels
1938:official atheism
1799:social authority
1687:material reality
1678:Ludwig Feuerbach
1592:Ludwig Feuerbach
1583:Ludwig Feuerbach
1539:(1804–1872), of
1537:Ludwig Feuerbach
1525:religious belief
1505:Marxism–Leninism
1495:, also known as
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1385:State capitalism
809:De-Stalinization
590:Gennady Zyuganov
570:Rohana Wijeweera
425:Klement Gottwald
420:Valko Chervenkov
405:Lazar Kaganovich
81:Central planning
76:Anti-revisionism
71:Anti-imperialism
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4249:Mathieu Kérékou
4154:Leonid Brezhnev
4119:Bolesław Bierut
4114:Georgi Dimitrov
4099:Josip Broz Tito
4094:Walter Ulbricht
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3865:Gonzalo Thought
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2081:Boris Kustodiev
2069:
2053:, Engels said:
2040:, Engels said:
2011:, Engels said:
2001:human existence
1950:
1873:social artifice
1831:
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1699:meaning of life
1670:Young Hegelians
1585:
1580:
1507:. Based upon a
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1390:State socialism
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550:Mathieu Kérékou
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410:Georgi Dimitrov
395:Josip Broz Tito
390:Walter Ulbricht
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130:under socialism
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4998:Anti-communism
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2611:. p. 45.
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2109:Russian Empire
2097:Vladimir Lenin
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1844:social classes
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1545:Vladimir Lenin
1523:, rather than
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78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5185:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5124:
5114:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5099:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:Mass killings
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:Mass killings
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4834:Organizations
4832:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4532:Prague Spring
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4300:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4239:Samora Machel
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4159:Deng Xiaoping
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4104:Mátyás Rákosi
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Joseph Stalin
4027:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3887:New Communism
3885:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Khrushchevism
3847:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3825:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3768:Unified power
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3596:Popular front
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3476:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3433:
3432:90-279-3060-0
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3414:0-333-42326-7
3411:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:1-4411-1247-2
3396:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:0-87580-595-7
3381:
3377:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3358:
3352:
3350:9789027930606
3346:
3342:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3319:
3317:9780521189347
3313:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3283:
3277:, p. 15.
3276:
3271:
3263:
3261:9780521022309
3257:
3253:
3252:
3244:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3154:
3149:
3147:9780312381325
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3086:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3006:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2956:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2898:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2836:
2832:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2779:9781349188383
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2742:
2734:
2733:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2705:
2699:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2591:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2572:
2570:
2562:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2543:9789027930606
2539:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2500:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2382:State atheism
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2269:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2184:
2179:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2075:The painting
2073:
2063:
2061:
2054:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2034:
2033:superstitions
2030:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1910:working class
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1879:, Marx said:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1701:, of what is
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1575:
1573:
1572:Latin America
1570:movements in
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:antireligious
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:(1870–1924).
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:antireligious
1498:
1494:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1326:Mass killings
1324:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1312:Mass killings
1310:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:Organizations
1157:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
963:
960:
958:
955:
954:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
888:
887:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:Prague Spring
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
746:
743:
742:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
690:
689:
686:
685:
679:
678:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
620:
614:
613:
606:
605:Todor Zhivkov
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
580:Harry Pollitt
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Samora Machel
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
505:Hardial Bains
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
455:Deng Xiaoping
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:Mátyás Rákosi
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
330:Joseph Stalin
328:
326:
323:
322:
316:
315:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
287:Khrushchevism
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
240:
239:Unified power
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
160:Popular front
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
41:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
5063:Second World
4940:Shining Path
4770:Turkmenistan
4706:Soviet Union
4651:East Germany
4451:2002–present
4422:Eastern Bloc
4357:Soviet Union
4264:Alfonso Cano
4214:Gustáv Husák
4204:Sanzō Nosaka
4179:Fidel Castro
4084:Earl Browder
4010:Zachariadism
3996:
3989:
3973:Lovestoneism
3838:Kimjongunism
3819:
3657:Class system
3643:Third Period
3585:
3534:Anti-fascism
3459:(in Russian)
3423:
3405:
3390:
3375:
3356:
3354:
3336:
3330:
3321:
3307:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3282:
3275:Ramet (1992)
3270:
3250:
3243:
3233:
3226:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3178:
3173:
3165:
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3151:
3133:
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3101:
3095:
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3077:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3051:
3042:
3017:
3005:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2963:, Volume 1:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2938:
2917:
2904:
2891:
2878:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2847:
2842:
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2808:
2800:
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2716:
2711:
2703:
2698:
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2677:
2673:
2667:
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2638:
2630:
2622:
2604:
2598:
2578:
2560:
2556:
2547:
2533:
2527:
2512:
2507:
2478:
2472:
2464:
2459:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2421:
2317:God-Building
2258:
2256:
2227:
2215:supernatural
2204:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2157:Soviet Union
2151:God-Building
2143:
2123:
2114:
2101:human agency
2094:
2076:
2059:
2056:
2051:Anti-Dühring
2050:
2047:
2043:
2038:Anti-Dühring
2037:
2018:
2014:
2009:Anti-Dühring
2008:
1997:dehumanizing
1976:Anti-Dühring
1974:
1968:
1966:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1906:middle class
1902:ruling class
1898:wage slavery
1887:
1882:
1876:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:social norms
1787:human agency
1780:
1775:
1767:
1751:
1723:
1718:
1710:
1690:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1641:epistemology
1630:
1600:
1552:Soviet Union
1549:
1529:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1380:Second World
1094:Turkmenistan
1029:Soviet Union
969:East Germany
792:2002–present
762:Eastern Bloc
740:World War II
688:Soviet Union
565:Alfonso Cano
520:Gustáv Husák
510:Sanzō Nosaka
475:Fidel Castro
380:Earl Browder
224:Third Period
139:
5048:Red fascism
4686:North Korea
4581:Afghanistan
4487:Vietnam War
4477:Warsaw Pact
4397:Great Purge
4382:Great Break
4219:János Kádár
4194:Kim Il Sung
4174:Che Guevara
4139:Enver Hoxha
4074:Ho Chi Minh
4015:Brezhnevism
3998:Rankovićism
3773:Vanguardism
3753:Secretariat
3591:Partiinost'
2921:Karl Marx.
2908:Karl Marx.
2895:Karl Marx.
2882:Karl Marx.
2693:, pp. 9–10.
2183:materialism
1914:proletariat
1819:citizenship
1746:materialism
1611:Hegelianism
1503:element of
1363:Red fascism
1024:South Yemen
1004:North Korea
897:Afghanistan
824:Vietnam War
814:Warsaw Pact
730:Great Purge
715:Great Break
585:Harpal Brar
525:János Kádár
495:Kim Il Sung
470:Che Guevara
435:Enver Hoxha
370:Ho Chi Minh
229:Vanguardism
150:Partiinost'
5148:Antitheism
5137:Categories
4979:Trotskyism
4969:Bolshevism
4815:Montenegro
4796:Yugoslavia
4780:Uzbekistan
4765:Tajikistan
4740:Kyrgyzstan
4735:Kazakhstan
4715:Azerbaijan
4681:Mozambique
4575:By country
4462:Korean War
4294:Xi Jinping
4254:Siad Barre
4034:Mao Zedong
3968:Browderism
3903:Pol Potism
3875:Pantherism
3181:, vol. 1:
2969:status quo
2495:|url=
2414:References
2362:Red Terror
2213:, and the
2083:depicts a
1985:idealistic
1918:after-life
1912:, and the
1811:traditions
1809:, and the
1676:— such as
1284:Trotskyism
1269:Bolshevism
1136:Montenegro
1116:Yugoslavia
1104:Uzbekistan
1089:Tajikistan
1064:Kyrgyzstan
1059:Kazakhstan
1039:Azerbaijan
999:Mozambique
891:By country
799:Korean War
595:Xi Jinping
555:Siad Barre
485:Lúcio Lara
335:Mao Zedong
5053:Red Scare
5038:New class
4850:Comintern
4810:Macedonia
4750:Lithuania
4446:1989–2002
4441:1976–1989
4436:1949–1976
4376:1982–1991
4371:1964–1982
4366:1953–1964
4361:1927–1953
4199:Chin Peng
4054:José Díaz
4005:Dubčekism
3952:Stalinism
3919:Nkrumaism
3914:Sankarism
3799:Guevarism
3794:Castroism
3748:Politburo
3043:Proletary
2996:, vol 1:
2850:, vol 1:
2833:, vol. 1:
2816:, vol 1:
2799:, vol 1:
2749:, vol 1:
2231:socialism
2211:mysticism
2085:Bolshevik
2077:Bolshevik
2029:mysticism
1755:axiomatic
1742:Karl Marx
1733:Karl Marx
1666:existence
1651:existence
1603:Karl Marx
1541:Karl Marx
1499:, is the
1368:Red Scare
1353:New class
1171:Comintern
1131:Macedonia
1074:Lithuania
921:Cambodia
787:1989–2002
782:1976–1989
777:1949–1976
708:1982–1991
703:1964–1982
698:1953–1964
693:1927–1953
500:Chin Peng
355:José Díaz
302:Stalinism
262:Guevarism
257:Castroism
212:Socialist
5008:Cold War
4987:See also
4974:Leninism
4825:Slovenia
4720:Byelarus
4676:Mongolia
4656:Ethiopia
4645:Slovakia
4606:Cambodia
4601:Bulgaria
4417:Cold War
4284:Gus Hall
3991:Đilasism
3978:Marcyism
3957:American
3898:National
3844:Kadarism
3815:Husakism
3810:Hoxhaism
3782:Variants
3631:Yugoslav
3512:Concepts
3323:Atheism.
3076:, vol 1:
2927:Archived
2672:(1821),
2486:cite web
2265:See also
2207:religion
2089:red flag
2060:sublated
1979:(1878),
1793:and the
1703:morality
1697:and the
1672:and the
1639:and the
1637:ontology
1296:See also
1274:Leninism
1146:Slovenia
1044:Byelarus
994:Mongolia
974:Ethiopia
962:Slovakia
917:Bulgaria
757:Cold War
575:Gus Hall
282:Kádárism
277:Husakism
272:Hoxhaism
251:Variants
200:Yugoslav
60:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
4845:Comecon
4805:Croatia
4786:Vietnam
4775:Ukraine
4755:Moldova
4730:Georgia
4725:Estonia
4710:Armenia
4701:Somalia
4696:Romania
4666:Hungary
4661:Grenada
4640:Czechia
4586:Albania
4351:History
4164:Pol Pot
3984:Titoism
3931:Dengism
3908:African
2674:Vorrede
2223:science
2173:in 1931
2105:reality
1815:citizen
1777:people.
1695:dignity
1653:and of
1619:reality
1564:Marxist
1521:atheism
1166:Comecon
1126:Croatia
1111:Vietnam
1099:Ukraine
1079:Moldova
1054:Georgia
1049:Estonia
1034:Armenia
1019:Somalia
1014:Romania
984:Hungary
979:Grenada
957:Czechia
930:1979–92
925:1975–79
902:Albania
682:History
460:Pol Pot
307:Titoism
5057:Second
4820:Serbia
4760:Russia
4745:Latvia
4691:Poland
4591:Angola
4023:People
3854:Maoism
3828:Songun
3626:Soviet
3430:
3412:
3397:
3382:
3347:
3314:
3258:
3144:
3090:18–19.
2776:
2647:
2615:
2586:
2540:
2447:
2219:reason
2005:theism
1908:, the
1805:, the
1791:anomie
1646:Dasein
1615:reason
1596:nature
1513:nature
1373:Second
1141:Serbia
1084:Russia
1069:Latvia
1009:Poland
907:Angola
319:People
292:Maoism
195:Soviet
4791:Yemen
4626:Congo
4621:China
4596:Benin
4432:China
3821:Juche
3788:Cuban
3758:State
1920:. In
1890:human
1867:. In
1726:power
1662:being
1655:being
942:Congo
937:China
912:Benin
772:China
207:State
4671:Laos
4631:Cuba
3576:Foco
3428:ISBN
3410:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3380:ISBN
3345:ISBN
3312:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3142:ISBN
2774:ISBN
2645:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2584:ISBN
2538:ISBN
2499:help
2445:ISBN
2247:NKVD
2165:The
2031:and
1995:and
1961:self
1817:and
1664:and
1617:and
1554:and
989:Laos
947:Cuba
123:Foco
2511:In
2141:.
2079:by
1967:In
1803:law
5139::
3422:.
3353:.
3343:.
3339:.
3320:.
3221:8.
3150:.
3136:.
3118:^
3108:.
3104:.
3041:.
3029:^
2925:.
2869:.
2782:.
2758:^
2680:.
2676::
2653:.
2621:.
2607:.
2568:^
2546:.
2490::
2488:}}
2484:{{
2221:,
2209:,
2185::
1944:.
1527:.
37:on
5059:)
5055:(
5019:)
5015:(
5004:)
5000:(
4946:)
4942:(
4827:)
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3858:(
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3792:(
3497:e
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2886:.
2592:.
2501:)
2497:(
2453:.
1481:e
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1467:v
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