Tibetan Buddhism - Knowledge

6576: 7082: 6645: 6891: 3517: 7108: 5454: 6750: 6351: 6328:

like me, all one in wanting happiness. This pain of mine does not afflict or cause discomfort to another's body, and yet this pain is hard for me to bear because I cling and take it for my own. And other beings' pain I do not feel, and yet, because I take them for myself, their suffering is mine and therefore hard to bear. And therefore I'll dispel the pain of others, for it is simply pain, just like my own. And others I will aid and benefit, for they are living beings, like my body. Since I and other beings both, in wanting happiness, are equal and alike, what difference is there to distinguish us, that I should strive to have my bliss alone?"

3245: 2718:, the oldest tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. Padmasambhava, who is considered by the Tibetans as Guru Rinpoche ("Precious Master"), is also credited with building the first monastery building named "Samye" around the late 8th century. According to some legend, it is noted that he pacified the Bon demons and made them the core protectors of Dharma. Modern historians also argue that Trisong Detsen and his followers adopted Buddhism as an act of international diplomacy, especially with the major power of those times such as China, India, and states in Central Asia that had strong Buddhist influence in their culture. 2646: 6872: 6674: 2271: 8992: 10552: 3723: 2810: 3620:

been included in the religious administration, and relations between the different lamas and schools are now on the whole very positive. This is a considerable achievement, since the relations between these groups were often competitive and conflict-ridden in Tibet before 1959, and mutual distrust was initially widespread. The Dalai Lama's government at Dharamsala has also continued under difficult circumstances to argue for a negotiated settlement rather than armed struggle with China.

4658: 993: 6462: 5127: 2660: 1646: 17032: 55: 6772: 6832:(calming) practice as well as a way to transform the mind through the symbolic meaning of the mantra. In Buddhism, it is important to have the proper intention, focus and faith when practicing mantras, if one does not, they will not work. Unlike in Hinduism, mantras are not believed to have inherent power of their own, and thus without the proper faith, intention and mental focus, they are just mere sounds. Thus according to the Tibetan philosopher 17043: 5417: 14441: 14428: 3474:(1966–76) saw religion as one of the main political targets of the Chinese Communist Party, and most of the several thousand temples and monasteries in Tibet were destroyed, with many monks and lamas imprisoned. During this time, private religious expression, as well as Tibetan cultural traditions, were suppressed. Much of the Tibetan textual heritage and institutions were destroyed, and monks and nuns were forced to disrobe. 5002: 3094: 2227: 14418: 7334: 3390: 11101:"Yoginitantras are in the secondary literature often called Anuttarayoga. But this is based on a mistaken back translation of the Tibetan translation (rnal byor bla med kyi rgyud) of what appears in Sanskrit texts only as Yogānuttara or Yoganiruttara (cf. SANDERSON 1994: 97–98, fn.1)." Isabelle Onians, "Tantric Buddhist Apologetics, or Antinomianism as a Norm," D.Phil. dissertation, Oxford, Trinity Term 2001. pg 70 4677: 3625: 7349: 6162:), though exactly what constitutes each category and what is included and excluded in each is a matter of debate and differs among the various lineages. According to Tsongkhapa for example, what separates Tantra from Sutra is the practice of Deity yoga. Furthermore, the adherents of the Nyingma school consider Dzogchen to be a separate and independent vehicle, which transcends both sutra and tantra. 2796: 7123: 5358:) exists in an ultimate sense, because of this, it is often seen as inferior to Madhyamaka. However, other Tibetan thinkers deny that the Indian Yogacāra masters held the view of the ultimate existence of the mind, and thus, they place Yogācāra on a level comparable to Madhyamaka. This perspective is common in the Nyingma school, as well as in the work of the 6804:" (the mantra vehicle). Mantras are widely recited, chanted, written or inscribed, and visualized as part of different forms of meditation. Each mantra has symbolic meaning and will often have a connection to a particular Buddha or Bodhisattva. Each deity's mantra is seen as symbolizing the function, speech and power of the deity. 5050:, "continuum") generally refers to forms of religious practice which emphasize the use of unique ideas, visualizations, mantras, and other practices for inner transformation. The Vajrayana is seen by most Tibetan adherents as the fastest and most powerful vehicle for enlightenment because it contains many skillful means ( 8886:(Oxford, 2004): "an obsolete term formerly used by Western scholars to denote the specifically Tibetan form of Buddhism due to the prominence of the lamas in the religious culture. . . should be avoided as it is misleading as well as disliked by Tibetans." Robert E. Buswell Jr. and David S. Lopez Jr., eds., "Lamaism", 5439:

philosophical point of view, to more and more complex and subtle views on the ultimate nature of reality, culminating in the philosophy of the Mādhyamikas, which is widely believed to present the most sophisticated point of view. Non-Tibetan scholars point out that historically, Madhyamaka predates Yogacara, however.

5419: 5424: 5422: 5418: 6277:(giving) while traditionally referring to offerings of food to the monastics can also refer to the ritual offering of bowls of water, incense, butter lamps and flowers to the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas on a shrine or household altar. Similar offerings are also given to other beings such as hungry ghosts, 8164:

school. This tradition was founded in 1049 by the Kadam teacher Mudra Chenpo, who also established the Bodong E Monastery. Its most famous teacher was Bodong Penchen Lénam Gyelchok (1376–1451) who authored over one hundred and thirty-five volumes. This tradition is also known for maintaining a female

7356:

Women in Tibetan society, though still unequal, tended to have a relatively greater autonomy and power than in surrounding societies. This might be because of the smaller household sizes and low population density in Tibet. Women traditionally took many roles in Tibetan Buddhism, from lay supporters,

7068:

The views and practices associated with Dzogchen and Mahāmudrā are also often seen as the culmination of the Buddhist path. In some traditions, they are seen as a separate vehicle to liberation. In the Nyingma school (as well as in Bon), Dzogchen is considered to be a separate and independent vehicle

3655:

in the 1960s, and most are now supported by non-Tibetan followers of Tibetan lamas. Some of these westerners went on to learn Tibetan, undertake extensive training in the traditional practices and have been recognized as lamas. Fully ordained Tibetan Buddhist Monks have also entered Western societies

3619:

The Dharamsala administration under the Dalai Lama has nevertheless managed, over time, to create a relatively inclusive and democratic structure that has received broad support across the Tibetan communities in exile. Senior figures from the three non-Gelukpa Buddhist schools and from the Bonpo have

2575:

The Provisional Government of Russia, by a decree of 7 July 1917, prohibited the appellation of Buryat and Kalmyk Buddhists as "Lamaists" in official papers. After the October revolution the term "Buddho-Lamaism" was used for some time by the Bolsheviks with reference to Tibetan Buddhism, before they

8789:

The attainment of the rainbow body ('ja' lus) as understood by the Nyingma tradition of Tibetan Buddhism is always connected to the practice of the great perfection . The Nyingma tradition describes a set of nine vehicles, the highest of which is that of the great perfection, considered the swiftest

7731:

Each school also traces itself to a certain lineage going back to India as well as certain important Tibetan founders. While all the schools share most practices and methods, each school tends to have a certain preferred focus (see table below). Another common but trivial differentiation is into the

6551:

to the throne on which he will teach due to its symbolism, or to an image of the Buddha behind that throne, then students will do prostrations to the lama after he is seated. Merit accrues when one's interactions with the teacher are imbued with such reverence in the form of guru devotion, a code of

7444:

In the modern era, Tibetan Buddhist nuns have taken full ordinations through East Asian Vinaya lineages. The Dalai Lama has authorized followers of the Tibetan tradition to be ordained as nuns in traditions that have such ordination. The official lineage of Tibetan Buddhist bhikṣuṇīs recommenced on

2765:

this was because "Tantric (Vajrayana) Buddhism came to provide the principal set of techniques by which Tibetans dealt with the dangerous powers of the spirit world Buddhism, in the form of Vajrayana ritual, provided a critical set of techniques for dealing with everyday life. Tibetans came to see

8670:

Sometimes in religion there has been an emphasis on male importance. In Buddhism, however, the highest vows, namely the bhikshu and bhikshuni ones, are equal and entail the same rights. This is the case despite the fact that in some ritual areas, due to social custom, bhikshus go first. But Buddha

6823:

Mantras are effective because they help keep your mind quiet and peaceful, automatically integrating it into one-pointedness. They make your mind receptive to very subtle vibrations and thereby heighten your perception. Their recitation eradicates gross negativities and the true nature of things

5423: 3503:

Within the Tibetan Autonomous Region, violence against Buddhists has been escalating since 2008. Widespread reports document the arrests and disappearances of nuns and monks, while the Chinese government classifies religious practices as "gang crime". Reports include the demolition of monasteries,

8645:

In 2005, the Dalai Lama repeatedly spoke about the bhikṣuṇī ordination in public gatherings. In Dharamsala, he encouraged, "We need to bring this to a conclusion. We Tibetans alone can't decide this. Rather, it should be decided in collaboration with Buddhists from all over the world. Speaking in

6963:

If Buddhahood is a source of infinite potentiality accessible at any time, then the Tantric deities are in a sense partial aspects, refractions of that total potentiality. Visualizing one of these deities, or oneself identifying with one of them, is not, in Tibetan Tantric thought, a technique to

6327:

Strive at first to meditate upon the sameness of yourself and others. In joy and sorrow all are equal; Thus be guardian of all, as of yourself. The hand and other limbs are many and distinct, But all are one—the body to kept and guarded. Likewise, different beings, in their joys and sorrows, are,

6132:

An emphasis on oral transmission as more important than the printed word derives from the earliest period of Indian Buddhism, when it allowed teachings to be kept from those who should not hear them. Hearing a teaching (transmission) readies the hearer for realization based on it. The person from

5175:

has also been very influential in Tibetan Buddhism, but there is more disagreement among the various schools and philosophers regarding its status. While the Gelug school generally sees Yogācāra views as either false or provisional (i.e. only pertaining to conventional truth), philosophers in the

6587:

In Vajrayāna particularly, Tibetan Buddhists subscribe to a voluntary code of self-censorship, whereby the uninitiated do not seek and are not provided with information about it. This self-censorship may be applied more or less strictly depending on circumstances such as the material involved. A

6165:

While it is generally held that the practices of Vajrayāna are not included in Sutrayāna, all Sutrayāna practices are common to Vajrayāna practice. Traditionally, Vajrayāna is held to be a more powerful and effective path, but potentially more difficult and dangerous and thus they should only be

5398:) and is ultimately beyond concepts. There are various further classifications, sub-schools and interpretations of Madhymaka in Tibetan Buddhism and numerous debates about various key disagreements remain a part of Tibetan Buddhist scholasticism today. One of the key debates is that between the 3495:

After the liberalization policies in China during the 1980s, the religion began to recover with some temples and monasteries being reconstructed. Tibetan Buddhism is now an influential religion among Chinese people, and also in Taiwan. However, the Chinese government retains strict control over

7174:

Lamas are generally skilled and experienced tantric practitioners and ritual specialists in a specific initiation lineage and may be laypersons or monastics. They act not just as teachers, but as spiritual guides and guardians of the lineage teachings that they have received through a long and

5438:

The tenet systems are used in monasteries and colleges to teach Buddhist philosophy in a systematic and progressive fashion, each philosophical view being seen as more subtle than its predecessor. Therefore, the four tenets can be seen as a gradual path from a rather easy-to-grasp, "realistic"

7666:

There are various schools or traditions of Tibetan Buddhism. The four main traditions overlap markedly, such that "about eighty percent or more of the features of the Tibetan schools are the same". Differences include the use of apparently, but not actually, contradictory terminology, opening

6632:

Traditionally Tibetan lamas have tended to the lay populace by helping them with issues such as protection and prosperity. Common traditions have been the various rites and rituals for mundane ends, such as purifying one's karma, avoiding harm from demonic forces and enemies, and promoting a

5526: 5094:

in Tantric ritual as a path to enlightenment, as opposed to non-Tantric Buddhism which affirms that one must renounce all sense pleasures. These practices are based on the theory of transformation which states that negative or sensual mental factors and physical actions can be cultivated and

7418:). When Buddhism traveled from India to Tibet, apparently the quorum of bhikṣuṇīs required for bestowing full ordination never reached Tibet. Despite an absence of ordination there, bhikṣuṇīs did travel to Tibet. A notable example was the Sri Lankan nun Candramāla, whose work with Śrījñāna ( 6840:

if a mantra is thought to be something ordinary and not seen for what it is, it will not be able to perform its intended function. Mantras are like non-conceptual wish-fulfilling jewels. Infusing one's being with the blessings of mantra, like the form of a moon reflected on a body of water,

6476:

is believed by Tibetan Buddhists to be the fastest method for attaining Buddhahood but for unqualified practitioners it can be dangerous. To engage in it one must receive an appropriate initiation (also known as an "empowerment") from a lama who is fully qualified to give it. The aim of

7692:

downplayed these differences, as still reflected in the stance of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, who states that there are no fundamental differences between these schools. However, there are still philosophical disagreements between the different traditions, such as the debate regarding

6811:

in order to train the mind, and transform their thoughts in line with the divine qualities of the mantra's deity and special power. Tibetan Buddhists see the etymology of the term mantra as meaning "mind protector", and mantras is seen as a way to guard the mind against negativity.

3127:

is the nominal head of the Gelug school, though its most influential figure is the Dalai Lama. The Ganden Tripa is an appointed office and not a reincarnation lineage. The position can be held by an individual for seven years and this has led to more Ganden Tripas than Dalai Lamas

6575: 3350:, including many near-extinct teachings. Without Khyentse and Kongtrul's collecting and printing of rare works, the suppression of Buddhism by the Communists would have been much more final. The Rimé movement is responsible for a number of scriptural compilations, such as the 6492:

activities that yield merit like hearing teachings, prostrations, offerings, prayers and acts of kindness and compassion, but chief among the preliminary practices are realizations through meditation on the three principal stages of the path: renunciation, the altruistic

5421: 7406:

While monasticism is practiced there by women, it is much less common (2 percent of the population in the 20th century compared to 12 percent of men). Nuns were also much less respected by Tibetan society than monks and may receive less lay support than male monastics.

6697:) is central to Tantric practice. These rituals consecrate a practitioner into a particular Tantric practice associated with individual mandalas of deities and mantras. Without having gone through initiation, one is generally not allowed to practice the higher Tantras. 2456:, which has been strongly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism (particularly the Nyingma school). While each of the four major schools is independent and has its own monastic institutions and leaders, they are closely related and intersect with common contact and dialogue. 8661:"This is the 21st century. Everywhere we are talking about equality….Basically Buddhism needs equality. There are some really minor things to remember as a Buddhist—a bhikshu always goes first, then a bhikshuni….The key thing is the restoration of the bhikshuni vow." 6841:

necessitates the presence of faith and other conditions that set the stage for the spiritual attainments of mantra. Just as the moon's reflection cannot appear without water, mantras cannot function without the presence of faith and other such factors in one's being.

4785:

could limit the ability of the Buddhas to help them. Thus, although Buddhas possess no limitation from their side on their ability to help others, sentient beings continue to experience suffering as a result of the limitations of their own former negative actions.

7250:

In some cases a lama is the leader of a spiritual community. Some lamas gain their title through being part of particular family which maintains a lineage of hereditary lamas (and are thus often laypersons). One example is the Sakya family of Kon, who founded the

6421:), defined as "a serviceability of mind and body such that the mind can be set on a virtuous object of observation as long as one likes; it has the function of removing all obstructions." This is also said to be very joyful and blissful for the body and the mind. 2967:

All the sub-schools of the Kagyu tradition of Tibetan Buddhism surviving today, including the Drikung Kagyu, the Drukpa Kagyu and the Karma Kagyu, are branches of the Dagpo Kagyu. The Karma Kagyu school is the largest of the Kagyu sub-schools and is headed by the

7169:

those who were monks, living in monasteries; those who lived a lay life, with their homes in villages; lay masters who lived as tent-dwelling nomads, travelling with their disciples, in some cases following their herds; and those who were yogis, often living in

8658:, he instructed, "I prefer that Western Buddhist nuns carry out this work… Go to different places for further research and discuss with senior monks (from various Buddhist countries). I think, first, senior bhikshunis need to correct the monks' way of thinking. 6552:

practices governing them that derives from Indian sources. By such things as avoiding disturbance to the peace of mind of one's teacher, and wholeheartedly following his prescriptions, much merit accrues and this can significantly help improve one's practice.

3036:, with the Sakya hierarchy retaining nominal power over religious and regional political affairs, while the Mongols retained structural and administrative rule over the region, reinforced by the rare military intervention. Tibetan Buddhism was adopted as the 6563:

in this general sense. However, he will typically have one held in special esteem as his own root guru and is encouraged to view the other teachers who are less dear to him, however more exalted their status, as embodied in and subsumed by the root guru.

5105:

Those things by which evil men are bound, others turn into means and gain thereby release from the bonds of existence. By passion the world is bound, by passion too it is released, but by heretical Buddhists this practice of reversals is not

6517:. The merit acquired in the preliminary practices facilitates progress in Vajrayāna. While many Buddhists may spend a lifetime exclusively on sutra practices, an amalgam of the two to some degree is common. For example, in order to train in 7667:

dedications of texts to different deities and whether phenomena are described from the viewpoint of an unenlightened practitioner or of a Buddha. On questions of philosophy, there has historically been disagreement regarding the nature of

8176:

considers itself a separate religion with pre-Buddhist origins, and it is considered as non-Buddhist by the main Tibetan traditions, it shares so many similarities and practices with mainstream Tibetan Buddhism that some scholars such as

6592:

may be less public than that of a deity. That of a higher tantric deity may be less public than that of a lower. The degree to which information on Vajrayāna is now public in western languages is controversial among Tibetan Buddhists.

5199:). While the classical tenets-system is limited to four tenets (Vaibhāṣika, Sautrāntika, Yogācāra, and Madhyamaka), there are further sub-classifications within these different tenets (see below). This classification does not include 6620:. There are various lists of these and they may differ depending on the practice and one's lineage or individual guru. Upholding these vows is said to be essential for tantric practice and breaking them is said to cause great harm. 8894:, or "teachings of the lamas", the term is considered pejorative by Tibetans, as it carries the negative connotation that the Tibetan tradition is something distinct from the mainstream of Buddhism." John Bowker, ed., "Lamaism", 5891:

system of North India, however, Tibetan Buddhism carries on a tradition of eclectic accumulation and systematisation of diverse Buddhist elements, and pursues their synthesis. Prominent among these achievements have been the

8653:

during a 2005 conference of Tibetan Buddhist Centers, he said, "Now I think the time has come; we should start a working group or committee" to meet with monks from other Buddhist traditions. Looking at the German bhikṣuṇī

6436:, which is based on contemplating and thinking rationally about ideas and concepts. As part of this process, entertaining doubts and engaging in internal debate over them is encouraged in some traditions. The other type of 6403:

as "fixing the mind upon any object so as to maintain it without distraction...focusing the mind on an object and maintaining it in that state until finally it is channeled into one stream of attention and evenness." The

7497:, a German nun, thus making her the world's first female geshe. In 2013 Tibetan women were able to take the geshe exams for the first time. In 2016 twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns became the first Tibetan women to earn 7542:

outlines the "Eight Great Practice Lineages" which were transmitted to Tibet. His approach is not concerned with "schools" or sects, but rather focuses on the transmission of crucial meditation teachings. They are:

8671:

gave the basic rights equally to both sangha groups. There is no point in discussing whether or not to revive the bhikshuni ordination; the question is merely how to do so properly within the context of the Vinaya.

4778:

It is said that there are countless beings who have attained Buddhahood. Buddhas spontaneously, naturally and continuously perform activities to benefit all sentient beings. However it is believed that one's

17545: 7474:, an American woman, who is the first bhikṣuṇī in the Drikung lineage of Buddhism, having been ordained in Taiwan in 2002. She is also the first westerner, male or female, to be installed as an abbot in the 6497:

wish to attain enlightenment and the wisdom realizing emptiness. For a person without the basis of these three in particular to practice Vajrayāna can be like a small child trying to ride an unbroken horse.

6485:) is to start the student on the correct path for such higher teachings. Just as Sutrayāna preceded Vajrayāna historically in India, so sutra practices constitute those that are preliminary to tantric ones. 6139:

or the author in the case of a book. Then the hearing constitutes an authentic lineage of transmission. Authenticity of the oral lineage is a prerequisite for realization, hence the importance of lineages.

12040: 7235:

Medium to large communities of celibate monastics. These could maintain several hundred monks and might have extensive land holdings, be financially independent, and sometimes also act as trading centers.

6399:(calm abiding) is one of focusing one's mind on a single object such as a Buddha figure or the breath. Through repeated practice one's mind gradually becomes more stable, calm and happy. It is defined by 7486: 7208:). According to Samuel, in the more remote parts of the Himalayas, communities were often led by lay religious specialists. Thus, while the large monastic institutions were present in the regions of the 5420: 3182:

The Ming Dynasty also supported the propagation of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia during this period. Tibetan Buddhist missionaries also helped spread the religion in Mongolia. It was during this era that

10369:

The 2007 U.S. State Department report on religious freedom in Bhutan notes that "Mahayana Buddhism is the state religion..." and that the Bhutanese government supports both the Kagyu and Nyingma sects.

5410:

method. There are further disagreements regarding just how useful an intellectual understanding of emptiness can be and whether emptiness should only be described as an absolute negation (the view of

7272:

and the use of the possessions of the deceased lama, and therefore are able to receive extensive training. They are sometimes groomed to become leaders of monastic institutions. Examples include the

7372:. It seems that even though it might have been more difficult for women to become serious tantric yoginis, it was still possible for them to find lamas that would teach them high tantric practices. 7268:("incarnations"). Tülkus are figures which are recognized as reincarnations of a particular bodhisattva or a previous religious figure. They are often recognized from a young age through the use of 3663:...that of a national or international network, generally centred around the teachings of a single individual lama. Among the larger ones are the FPMT, which I have already mentioned, now headed by 2724:, the most important female in the Nyingma Vajrayana lineage, was a member of Trisong Detsen's court and became Padmasambhava's student before gaining enlightenment. Trisong Detsen also invited the 10557: 10555: 9101: 6097:

The root tantras themselves are almost unintelligible without the various Indian and Tibetan commentaries, therefore, they are never studied without the use of the tantric commentarial apparatus.

12121:"Nonfiction Book Review: The Revolutionary Life of Freda Bedi: British Feminist, Indian Nationalist, Buddhist Nun by Vicki Mackenzie. Shambhala, $ 16.95 trade paper (208p) ISBN 978-1-61180-425-6" 2702:(755–797 CE) established it as the official religion of the state and commanded his army to wear robes and study Buddhism. Trisong Detsen invited Indian Buddhist scholars to his court, including 7061:

from a master and are often seen as the most advanced form of Buddhist practice. The instructions associated with these approaches to meditation and realization are collectively referred to as

6964:

worship an external entity. Rather, it is a way of accessing or tuning into something that is an intrinsic part of the structure of the universe—as of course is the practitioner him or herself.

5469:

of classic texts as well as other ritual texts is expected as part of traditional monastic education. Another important part of higher religious education is the practice of formalized debate.

2851:

His erudition supported the translation of major Buddhist texts, which evolved into the canons of Bka'-'gyur (Translation of the Buddha Word) and Bstan-'gyur (Translation of Teachings). The

9145: 9499: 5624:), the six being: Nagarjuna, Aryadeva, Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga, and Dharmakirti and the two being: Gunaprabha and Shakyaprabha (or Nagarjuna and Asanga depending on the tradition). 12433: 6857:

says that mantra "protects the mind from ordinary appearances and conceptions". This is because in Tibetan Buddhist Tantric praxis, one must develop a sense that everything is divine.

13328: 3171:, during this era, Tibetan Buddhist monks "conducted court rituals, enjoyed privileged status and gained access to the jealously guarded, private world of the emperors". The Ming 9815: 2848:(982–1054) arrived in Tibet at the invitation of a west Tibetan king and further aided dissemination of Buddhist values in Tibetan culture and in consequential affairs of state. 12290: 8646:

general terms, were the Buddha to come to this 21st century world, I feel that most likely, seeing the actual situation in the world now, he might change the rules somewhat...."

4969:

texts cover much the same subject areas, subjects within them may be arranged in different ways and with different emphasis depending on the school and tradition it belongs to.

4771:. In this state, all limitations on one's ability to help other living beings are removed. Tibetan Buddhism teaches methods for achieving Buddhahood more quickly (known as the 17510: 17505: 8902:, 1895) to describe Tibetan Buddhism. Although the term is not accurate does at least convey the great emphasis placed on the role of the spiritual teacher by this religion." 6989:

In the completion stage, one dissolves the visualization of and identification with the yidam in the realization ultimate reality. Completion stage practices can also include

7360:

There is evidence for the importance of female practitioners in Indian Tantric Buddhism and pre-modern Tibetan Buddhism. At least one major lineage of tantric teachings, the

18160: 6567:

One particular feature of the Tantric view of teacher student relationship is that in Tibetan Buddhist Tantra, one is instructed to regard one's guru as an awakened Buddha.

2371:

period (500–1200 CE), along with numerous native Tibetan developments. In the pre-modern era, Tibetan Buddhism spread outside of Tibet primarily due to the influence of the

10641: 6824:

can then be reflected in your mind's resulting clarity. By practising a transcendental mantra, you can in fact purify all the defiled energy of your body, speech, and mind.

2390:

escaped to India, the Indian subcontinent is also known for its renaissance of Tibetan Buddhism monasteries, including the rebuilding of the three major monasteries of the

7081: 17535: 12317: 10061: 2558:

In the west, the term "Indo-Tibetan Buddhism" has become current in acknowledgement of its derivation from the latest stages of Buddhist development in northern India. "

2758:, a period of disunity during the 9th and 10th centuries. During this era, the political centralization of the earlier Tibetan Empire collapsed and civil wars ensued. 12362: 5575:, the two authoritative systems of Mahayana Philosophy (viz. that of Asaṅga – Yogacara and that of Nāgārjuna – Madhyamaka) are based on specific Mahāyāna sūtras: the 2476:). "Insider" means someone who seeks the truth not outside but within the nature of mind. This is contrasted with other forms of organized religion, which are termed 1605: 2568:

Another term, "Himalayan" (or "Trans-Himalayan") Buddhism is sometimes used to indicate how this form of Buddhism is practiced not just in Tibet but throughout the

17320: 5594:, for Tsongkhapa, "at the heart of these two hermeneutical systems lies their interpretations of the Perfection of Wisdom sūtras, the archetypal example being the 2448:(19th century), meaning "no sides", is a more recent non-sectarian movement that attempts to preserve and understand all the different traditions. The predominant 7069:(also called Atiyoga), as well as the highest of all vehicles. Similarly, in Kagyu, Mahāmudrā is sometimes seen as a separate vehicle, the "Sahajayana" (Tibetan: 7466:

In 2010 the first Tibetan Buddhist nunnery in America, Vajra Dakini Nunnery in Vermont, was officially consecrated. It offers novice ordination and follows the

5856:. The commentaries and interpretations that are used to shed light on these texts differ according to tradition. The Gelug school for example, use the works of 3109:

With the decline and end of the Mongol Yuan dynasty, Tibet regained independence and was ruled by successive local families from the 14th to the 17th century.

7162:. According to Geoffrey Samuel this is where "religious leadership in Tibetan Buddhism contrasts most strongly with much of the rest of the Buddhist world." 5627:

Since the late 11th century, traditional Tibetan monastic colleges generally organized the exoteric study of Buddhism into "five great textual traditions" (

15182: 6133:

whom one hears the teaching should have heard it as one link in a succession of listeners going back to the original speaker: the Buddha in the case of a

4834:

The path of preparation – Is attained when one reaches the union of calm abiding and higher insight meditations (see below) and one becomes familiar with

2543:

signifies a certain subset of practices and traditions that are not only part of Tibetan Buddhism but also prominent in other Buddhist traditions such as

7143:(monastic rule) and many religious leaders come from the monastic community. That being said, there are also many religious leaders or teachers (called 16097: 14572: 6628:

There has been a "close association" between the religious and the secular, the spiritual and the temporal in Tibet. The term for this relationship is

957: 5616:. Some of the most important works are those by the six great Indian Mahayana authors which are known as the Six Ornaments and Two Supreme Ones (Tib. 17860: 6186:(perfections, transcendent virtues) is a key set of virtues which constitute the major practices of a bodhisattva in non-tantric Mahayana. They are: 6541:

As in other Buddhist traditions, an attitude of reverence for the teacher, or guru, is also highly prized. At the beginning of a public teaching, a

4049: 17766: 10525:– desire, anger, and ignorance. The latter are subtle imprints, traces or "stains" of delusion that involves the imagination of inherent existence. 9382: 4579: 9198: 5168:). Madhyamaka is generally seen as the highest philosophical view by most Tibetan philosophers, but it is interpreted in numerous different ways. 16101: 9142: 3135:, and the strong localism of the various fiefs and political-religious factions, led to a long series of internal conflicts. The minister family 6704:

which are supposed to assure that one has a positive rebirth and a good spiritual path in the future. Of central importance to Tibetan Buddhist

4056: 3480:

Meanwhile, the spread of Tibetan Buddhism in the Western world was accomplished by many of the refugee Tibetan Lamas who escaped Tibet, such as

2382:, who ruled China, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia. In the Modern era, Tibetan Buddhism has spread outside of Asia because of the efforts of the 16325: 12611:

Buell, Paul D. (2011). "Tibetans, Mongols and the Fusion of Eurasian Cultures". In Akasoy, Anna; Burnett, Charles; Yoeli-Tlalim, Ronit (eds.).

12554: 12076:

DAMCHÖ DIANA FINNEGAN and CAROLA ROLOFF (BHIKṢUṆĪ JAMPA TSEDROEN). "Women Receive Full Ordination in Bhutan For First Time in Modern History",

11037: 9177: 9074: 7453:

Buddhist author Michaela Haas notes that Tibetan Buddhism is undergoing a sea change in the West, with women playing a much more central role.

1708: 10340: 5852:

While the Indian texts are often central, original material by key Tibetan scholars is also widely studied and collected into editions called

5537:. He is seated at a special sutra stool, wearing the traditional woolen Ladakhi hat and robe, allowed by Vinaya for extremely cold conditions. 2576:

finally reverted, in the early 1920s, to a more familiar term "Lamaism", which remains in official and scholarly usage in Russia to this day.

17477: 9994:

Bianchi, Ester (2004). "The Tantric Rebirth Movement in Modern China, Esoteric Buddhism re-vivified by the Japanese and Tibetan traditions".

9750: 6447:

A meditation routine may involve alternating sessions of vipaśyanā to achieve deeper levels of realization, and samatha to consolidate them.

12294: 5303:), as well as the view that we do not directly perceive the external world only the mental images caused by objects and our sense faculties. 4763:). When one is freed from all mental obscurations, one is said to attain a state of continuous bliss mixed with a simultaneous cognition of 17865: 14542: 9269: 8469: 13130: 7136:

is an important part of the Tibetan Buddhist tradition, all the major and minor schools maintain large monastic institutions based on the

6433: 6644: 6309:) practices are also particularly important in Tibetan Buddhism. One of the foremost authoritative texts on the Bodhisattva path is the 5922:

In Tibetan Buddhism, the Buddhist Tantras are divided into four or six categories, with several sub-categories for the highest Tantras.

4977:

expanded the short root-text of Atiśa into an extensive system to understand the entire Buddhist philosophy. In this way, subjects like

17893: 17457: 14650: 12108:

Of all these changes that we are watching Buddhism undergo in the West, the most momentous may be that women are playing an equal role.

12014: 9826: 2449: 14385: 10285: 7478:

lineage of Buddhism, having been installed as the abbot of the Vajra Dakini Nunnery in 2004. The Vajra Dakini Nunnery does not follow

6610:

specifically. In Buddhist teachings generally, too, there is caution about revealing information to people who may be unready for it.

6600:

since its earliest period in India. Tibetans today maintain greater or lesser degrees of confidentiality also with information on the

3722: 17741: 17325: 14407: 14207: 13682: 13364: 6366:) as "familiarization of the mind with an object of meditation." Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhism follows the two main approaches to 3470:

and a great number of clergy and citizenry fled the country, to settle in India and other neighbouring countries. The events of the

17442: 17126: 12197: 5930: 1244: 17183: 6890: 6579:

The 14th Dalai Lama praying in the pavilion, closing the Kālacakra mandala and offering flowers, during a Kālacakra initiation in

2766:

these techniques as vital for their survival and prosperity in this life." This includes dealing with the local gods and spirits (

16917: 16369: 5259:

system affirms an atomistic view of reality which states ultimate reality is made up of a series of impermanent phenomena called

2559: 12325: 6113:

holders traditionally can take place in small groups or mass gatherings of listeners and may last for seconds (in the case of a

3451:, 1902–1980) promoted Tibetan Buddhism and translated Tibetan works into Chinese. This movement was severely damaged during the 2622:

During the 3rd century CE, Buddhism began to spread into the Tibetan region, and its teachings affected the Bon religion in the

18123: 17234: 17080: 16572: 14552: 3288: 950: 427: 12090: 4663: 2528:, as early as 1822. Insofar as it implies a discontinuity between Indian and Tibetan Buddhism, the term has been discredited. 13269: 13222: 13203: 13065: 13005: 12914: 12852: 12833: 12808: 12772: 12530: 11736: 11699: 10045: 9890: 9865: 9706: 9547: 8595: 7675:

teachings (and whether these are of expedient meaning or ultimate meaning), which still colours the current presentations of

7379:

and Sakya Jetsün Kushok Chimey Luding. There have also been cases of influential female lamas who were also tertöns, such as

5917: 5887:

practitioners, but the bulk of the canon that is not commentary was translated from Indian sources. True to its roots in the

4065: 3837: 3580:, both formerly independent kingdoms, are also home to significant Tibetan Buddhist populations, as are the Indian states of 5118:. While in many cases these transgressions were interpreted only symbolically, in other cases they are practiced literally. 18277: 17805: 14735: 14577: 12366: 10133: 9314: 8439: 7039:("Great Perfection"). These traditions focus on direct experience of the very nature of reality, which is variously termed 4572: 12223: 9622: 8890:(Princeton, 2017): "an obsolete English term that has no correlate in Tibetan. . . Probably derived from the Chinese term 8181:

see it as "essentially a variant of Tibetan Buddhism". Yungdrung Bon is closely related to Nyingma Buddhism, and includes

5517:

Numerous texts have also recently been translated into Western languages by Western academics and Buddhist practitioners.

5465:

Study of major Buddhist Indian texts is central to the monastic curriculum in all four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.

4888:, presented by different teachers of the Nyingma, Kagyu and Gelug schools (the Sakya school uses a different system named 3516: 17315: 16912: 14091: 13871: 12794: 1612: 330: 5363: 17420: 17375: 16809: 16359: 14454: 13866: 12893: 12731: 11986: 11159:

Germano, David (1994). "Architecture and Absence in the Secret Tantric History of the Great Perfection (rdzogs chen)".

10321: 10303: 10183: 9448: 8767:

Rainbow Body and Resurrection: Spiritual Attainment, the Dissolution of the Material Body, and the Case of Khenpo A Chö

4841:

The path of seeing – one perceives emptiness directly, all thoughts of subject and object are overcome, one becomes an

3528:

in 2016. Due to his widespread popularity, the Dalai Lama has become the modern international face of Tibetan Buddhism.

3264: 2257: 1703: 1660: 929: 7398:) with male lamas, and thus took part in the sexual practices associated with the highest levels of tantric practice. 7107: 6428:(clear seeing, higher insight), which in Tibetan Buddhism is generally practiced after having attained proficiency in 4102: 2498:

Westerners unfamiliar with Tibetan Buddhism initially turned to China for understanding. In Chinese, the term used is

17447: 14655: 13288: 13250: 13181: 13162: 13046: 13027: 12977: 12951: 12871: 12753: 12692: 12669: 12632: 12601: 12482: 12389: 11298: 9141:

by Alexander Berzin from Tsepon, W. D. Shakabpa, Tibet: A Political History. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1967:

9047: 8867: 8775: 8717: 7364:, traces itself to Indian female teachers and there have been a series of important female Tibetan teachers, such as 5453: 3477:

Outside of Tibet, however, there has been a renewed interest in Tibetan Buddhism in places such as Nepal and Bhutan.

3424: 943: 16902: 9465: 7459:

was a British woman who was the first Western woman to take ordination in Tibetan Buddhism, which occurred in 1966.

6749: 4935:

The lesser person is to focus on the preciousness of human birth as well as contemplation of death and impermanence.

3158:

sect. They would play a pivotal role in the events which led to the rise of power of the Dalai Lama's in the 1640s.

3115:(1302–1364) became the strongest political family in the mid 14th century. During this period the reformist scholar 16587: 16332: 13991: 13926: 12724:

The Buddha within : Tathagatagarbha doctrine according to the Shentong interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga

5580: 5359: 4421: 250: 17500: 14334: 13946: 13333: 7294:(treasure discoverer), who are considered capable of revealing or discovering special revelations or texts called 3881: 1481: 18237: 18118: 17952: 17400: 17360: 17093: 16979: 16969: 14798: 13429: 12168: 10680: 7771: 7593: 7328: 7252: 5266: 4824: 4565: 3339: 3311: 2891: 2879:

comprises 3,626 texts and 224 volumes on such things as hymns, commentaries and suppplementary tantric material.

2761:

In spite of this loss of state power and patronage however, Buddhism survived and thrived in Tibet. According to

2433: 867: 81: 9738:. Serie Orientale Roma. Vol. 65. Rome: Instituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente. pp. 85–143. 5514:

During the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, many texts from the Tibetan canon were also translated into Chinese.

3985: 2675:

While some stories depict Buddhism in Tibet before this period, the religion was formally introduced during the

1077: 17795: 17761: 17570: 17173: 16924: 16577: 16379: 16270: 16215: 14788: 5821: 4880:("stages of the path") is a Tibetan Buddhist schema for presenting the stages of spiritual practice leading to 9587:

his grandson Godan Khan invaded Tibet with 30000 men and destroyed several Buddhist monasteries north of Lhasa

9143:

http://studybuddhism.com/web/en/archives/e-books/unpublished_manuscripts/survey_tibetan_history/chapter_1.html

7352:

Painting of Ayu Khandro at Merigar West. The seat of Chogyal Namkhai Norbu and The Dzogchen Community in Italy

17810: 17611: 16894: 16592: 16275: 14567: 14400: 14354: 13357: 9242: 6149: 5997: 2186: 1881: 1474: 1229: 17855: 13971: 12790: 11337: 10637: 10617: 10605: 10581: 10546: 10534: 10514: 10465: 9573:, p. 61: 'thirty thousand troops, under the command of Leje and Dorta, reached Phanpo, north of Lhasa.' 7225:

Small communities of lay practitioners attached to a temple and a lama. Lay practitioners might stay in the

4010: 3797: 2826:

The late 10th and 11th centuries saw a revival of Buddhism in Tibet with the founding of "New Translation" (

18211: 17815: 17657: 17467: 17296: 16477: 16349: 16320: 16022: 14339: 12272: 8565:

written by Mo-ho-yen says their side won, and some scholars conclude that the entire episode is fictitious.

8474: 7031:

Another form of high level Tibetan Buddhist practice are the meditations associated with the traditions of

6718:), the intermediate or liminal state between life and death. Rituals and the readings of texts such as the 5270: 2680: 2596: 2131: 1906: 1866: 1104: 1034: 1028: 5699: 4116: 18272: 17618: 17410: 17370: 17116: 16168: 16077: 15547: 15192: 14705: 14600: 13310: 6311: 5813: 5746: 5681: 5188: 4759:

Buddhahood is defined as a state free of the obstructions to liberation as well as those to omniscience (

4095: 4042: 3931: 3612: 3112: 2585: 905: 545: 15712: 13475: 12704:

Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra

9695:

The Story of China: The Epic History of a World Power from the Middle Kingdom to Mao and the China Dream

6652:

Ritual is generally more elaborate than in other forms of Buddhism, with complex altar arrangements and

6411:

Once a meditator has reached the ninth level of this schema they achieve what is termed "pliancy" (Tib.

5961:), which correspond to the "Anuttarayoga-tantra". For the Nyingma school, important tantras include the 5808: 3191:

Mongols, converted to Buddhism, and allied with the Gelug school, conferring the title of Dalai Lama to

17898: 17827: 17820: 17778: 17560: 17345: 17073: 17017: 16497: 15973: 15459: 14582: 14415: 13713: 11372:, pp. 77–87. For a current perspective on the guru-disciple relationship in Tibetan Buddhism, see 10208: 9037: 8664: 6350: 5735: 4789:

An important schema which is used in understanding the nature of Buddhahood in Tibetan Buddhism is the

4707:(mind of awakening)—an altruistic intention to become enlightened for the sake of all sentient beings. 4698: 3397: 15907: 13677: 8105: 7961: 5177: 4466: 3500:. Quotas on the number of monks and nuns are maintained, and their activities are closely supervised. 3167:

In China, Tibetan Buddhism continued to be patronized by the elites of the Ming Dynasty. According to

3154:, which expanded its power in different directions of Tibet in the following decades and favoured the 18267: 17903: 17837: 17690: 17681: 17565: 17555: 17355: 17178: 17131: 16907: 16720: 16710: 16582: 15565: 15145: 14906: 14881: 13986: 6026: 5803: 4881: 4850:

The path of meditation – one removes subtler traces from one's mind and perfects one's understanding.

4231: 3504:

forced disrobing, forced reeducation, and detentions of nuns and monks, especially those residing at

3417: 3330:

institutions pushed the other traditions into the corners of Tibet's cultural life, scholars such as

3014: 2544: 2006: 1488: 1045: 36: 14931: 12291:"Geshe Kelsang Wangmo, An Interview with the World's First Female Geshe « Mandala Publications" 9286: 3782: 1816: 372: 18027: 17540: 17246: 17216: 17188: 17012: 16364: 16178: 16156: 16149: 16052: 15585: 15205: 15021: 14966: 14587: 14393: 13861: 13856: 13698: 13551: 13404: 13350: 13305: 12926:

The Adornment of the Middle Way Shantarakshita's Madhyamakalankara with Commentary by Jamgon Mipham

12142: 9690: 9473: 9216: 8434: 7756: 7739:

The features of each major school (along with one influential minor school, Jonang) is as follows:

7709: 7571: 7304:("hidden valleys"), which are power places associated with deities and hidden religious treasures. 7058: 6796:) is another widespread feature of Tibetan Buddhist practice. So common is the use of mantras that 5300: 4804: 3366: 3162: 2899: 2827: 2011: 1961: 1572: 1125: 503: 444: 355: 76: 14106: 13826: 7950: 6010:– Contain "a balance between external activities and internal practices", mainly referring to the 5775: 5187:

In Tibetan Buddhist scholasticism, Buddhist philosophy is traditionally propounded according to a

3772: 3408:

In 1912, following the fall of the Qing Dynasty, Tibet became de facto independent under the 13th

18194: 17753: 17606: 17601: 17121: 16949: 16929: 16260: 16240: 15997: 15727: 14971: 14086: 14056: 13956: 13901: 13846: 11979:

Dakini Power: Twelve Extraordinary Women Shaping the Transmission of Tibetan Buddhism in the West

7463:

was the first American woman to be ordained as a Buddhist nun in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition.

7232:

Small communities of celibate monastics attached to a temple and a lama, often part of a village.

7062: 6833: 6686: 6079: 5869: 4416: 3331: 2612: 2171: 1446: 263: 232: 17: 12059: 11373: 10410:

Bruce A (ed). One World – Many Paths to Peace ANU E-Press 2009 (launched by the 14th Dalai Lama)

10267: 9266: 1467: 17525: 17484: 16959: 16799: 16467: 16437: 16210: 16161: 16002: 15950: 15945: 15707: 15528: 15425: 15177: 15172: 14921: 14171: 13961: 13911: 13806: 13150: 10881:

A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries

9287:"The Core Elements of Indian Buddhism Introduced into Tibet: A Contrast with Japanese Buddhism" 9087: 7380: 7212:

which were more centralized politically, in other regions they were absent and instead smaller

7126: 6976:). In the generation stage, one dissolves the mundane world and visualizes one's chosen deity ( 6506: 6260: 6118: 5448: 4625: 3300: 3055: 2250: 1986: 1971: 1951: 1876: 1871: 1786: 1693: 1377: 825: 783: 664: 491: 400: 15289: 13142: 12904: 12655:. Translated by Sharpa Tulku (3rd ed.). Dharmsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. 12520: 12341:"Tibetan Buddhist Nuns Make History: Congratulations Geshema Nuns! – The Tibetan Nuns Project" 12015:"A New Possibility: Introducing Full Ordination for Women into the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition" 10158: 9981: 9858:

Han-Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911

9120: 8030: 6871: 4709: 4391: 4017: 2645: 18188: 18044: 18039: 18016: 17783: 17462: 17435: 17395: 17350: 17303: 17283: 17226: 17066: 16964: 16934: 16515: 16447: 16280: 16195: 16190: 16114: 16109: 16027: 14557: 14308: 14111: 14081: 13624: 13501: 9698: 9539: 7930: 7885: 7616: 7479: 7419: 7375:

Some Tibetan women become lamas by being born in one of the hereditary lama families such as

7256: 5730: 5724: 5557: 5377: 5327: 5280: 5238: 5208: 4546: 4331: 4081: 4032: 3647:

and throughout the world. Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and centers were first established in

3296: 3244: 3082: 2981: 2949: 2707: 2406: 2191: 2181: 2136: 1565: 1362: 1111: 591: 137: 119: 15580: 12845:

The Ri-Me Philosophy of Jamgon Kongtrul the Great: A Study of the Buddhist Lineages of Tibet

12681: 12018: 10253: 8859: 8853: 7902: 7238:

Large teaching monasteries with thousands of monks, such as the big Gelug establishments of

6613:

Practicing tantra also includes the maintaining of a separate set of vows, which are called

6247: 6052: 5969: 4381: 17788: 17520: 17425: 17198: 16987: 16954: 16939: 16457: 16354: 16300: 16185: 16124: 16092: 16087: 16072: 16057: 16047: 16012: 15925: 15617: 15540: 14843: 14783: 14532: 14499: 14449: 14359: 14344: 14329: 14273: 14016: 14001: 13811: 10371: 8849: 8464: 8166: 7504: 7434: 7133: 7085: 6012: 5645: 4551: 4541: 4536: 4193: 3807: 3557: 3287:) was the high mark for this promotion of Tibetan Buddhism in China, with the visit of the 3271:(who controlled Tibet) in 1720, and lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The 2995: 2754: 2201: 2161: 2156: 2121: 1966: 1846: 1754: 1739: 1683: 1655: 1081: 910: 343: 298: 16827: 15442: 15311: 15237: 15113: 14851: 9413: 7920: 6724:

are done to ensure that the dying person can navigate this intermediate state skillfully.

5976: 5130:

A statue of one of the most important Buddhist philosophers for Tibetan Buddhist thought,

4904: 2986:

Tibetan Buddhism exerted a strong influence from the 11th century CE among the peoples of

2740:, without consensus on the victor, and some scholars consider the event to be fictitious. 1460: 8: 17999: 17832: 17530: 17472: 17241: 16794: 16673: 16507: 16482: 16472: 16432: 16409: 16292: 16265: 16225: 16144: 16134: 16062: 15989: 15420: 15277: 15058: 15036: 14988: 14808: 14608: 14464: 14444: 13546: 12095: 11466:"The Relationship Between Religion and State (chos srid zung 'brel) In Traditional Tibet" 11415:

II, 124) encourages the student to view the guru as representative of the Buddha himself.

8041: 7987: 7906: 7004: 6904: 6400: 6033: 5204: 5151: 5110:

Another element of the Tantras is their use of transgressive practices, such as drinking

4511: 4001: 3992: 3777: 3615:

which was initially dominated by the Gelug school, however, according to Geoffrey Samuel:

3471: 3452: 3132: 2211: 2166: 2104: 2044: 1981: 1926: 1921: 1676: 1665: 1439: 922: 917: 486: 64: 14768: 14695: 14101: 14061: 12201: 9414:"Organizing religion: situating the three-vow texts of the Tibetan Buddhist renaissance" 8574:

Under the Mulasarvastivadin Vinaya, as with the two other extant Vinaya lineages today (

7682: 5503:, however, the Tibetan Buddhist canon was also translated into other languages, such as 5223: 4858: 3926: 3817: 3179:, now known as "the Yongle Kanjur", and seen as an important edition of the collection. 18175: 18140: 17957: 17927: 17773: 17642: 17585: 17385: 17380: 17365: 16857: 16762: 16604: 16567: 16562: 16492: 16442: 16389: 16384: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16235: 16220: 16205: 16200: 16139: 16119: 16082: 16007: 15812: 15513: 15437: 15315: 15257: 15098: 14998: 14926: 14901: 14547: 14477: 14324: 14253: 14248: 13796: 13100: 11031: 10115: 9494: 9171: 8898:(Oxford, 2000): "a now antiquated term used by early W commentators (as L. A. Waddell, 8459: 7861: 7165:

According to Namkhai Norbu, in Tibet, Tibetan lamas had four main types of lifestyles:

6816: 6296:) practice. In addition to these, there are also numerous sets of Tantric vows, termed 6110: 5962: 5913: 5504: 5091: 4986: 4982: 4621: 4531: 4496: 4158: 4088: 3676: 3604:. Religious communities, refugee centers and monasteries have also been established in 3569: 3292: 3088: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3007: 2196: 2176: 2116: 2111: 1999: 1901: 1894: 1821: 1811: 1718: 1598: 1495: 1453: 1265: 1118: 1085: 974: 877: 603: 562: 417: 383: 367: 16656: 13821: 7441:

in Tibet, but very little is known about the exact circumstances of their ordination.

6673: 6405: 5656: 5432:, Tibet, 2013. Debate is seen as an important practice in Tibetan Buddhist education. 3680: 3485: 18150: 17937: 17932: 17515: 17405: 17390: 17035: 16997: 16693: 16678: 16641: 16626: 16399: 16315: 16230: 16067: 16032: 16017: 15744: 15734: 15415: 15262: 15247: 15118: 15041: 14961: 14896: 14828: 14715: 14472: 14303: 14243: 14096: 13996: 13916: 13816: 13791: 13739: 13556: 13516: 13284: 13265: 13246: 13218: 13199: 13177: 13158: 13108: 13092: 13061: 13042: 13023: 13001: 12973: 12966: 12947: 12910: 12889: 12867: 12848: 12829: 12804: 12800:

Liberation in the Palm of Your Hand: A Concise Discourse on the Path to Enlightenment

12778: 12768: 12749: 12727: 12688: 12665: 12628: 12597: 12526: 12120: 11982: 11732: 11695: 11294: 10107: 10069: 10041: 9886: 9861: 9796: 9702: 9553: 9543: 9444: 9043: 8863: 8790:

of the tantric methods for attaining supreme realization, identified with buddhahood.

8771: 8713: 8682:

Sometimes spelled Frida Bedi, also named Sister Palmo, or Gelongma Karma Kechog Palmo

8549: 8429: 7979: 7694: 7646:

Dorje Naljor Druk (the 'Six Branch Practice of Vajrayoga') which is derived from the

7460: 7324: 7243: 7050: 6808: 6502: 6466: 5981: 5845: 5670: 5564: 5500: 5399: 4781: 4617: 4593: 4521: 4506: 4501: 4484: 4163: 4074: 4024: 3704: 3601: 3284: 3168: 2692: 2616: 2552: 2418: 2314: 2243: 2141: 2126: 1931: 1806: 1749: 1713: 1698: 1629: 751: 669: 613: 596: 586: 557: 422: 405: 393: 15979: 14773: 14673: 13541: 7653:

Dorje sumgyi nyendrup ('Approach and Accomplishment of the Three Vajras'), from the

7640: 7507:

gained international attention in the late 1980s as the first Western woman to be a

7369: 7337: 6339: 5996:– These have an emphasis on purification and ritual acts and include texts like the 5472:

The canon was mostly finalized in the 13th century, and divided into two parts, the

5234: 4857:

The schema of the five paths is often elaborated and merged with the concept of the

3901: 2684: 479: 18230: 18130: 18081: 18064: 17881: 17721: 17550: 17452: 17430: 17101: 16683: 16636: 16631: 16487: 16452: 16427: 16422: 16173: 16042: 15717: 15373: 15366: 15150: 15026: 14690: 14562: 14268: 14258: 14166: 14071: 13931: 13921: 13836: 13138: 13084: 12961: 12825: 12707: 12363:"Twenty Tibetan Buddhist nuns are first ever to earn Geshema degrees – Lion's Roar" 10521:, pp. 183ff. The former are the afflictions, negative states of mind, and the 10286:"Monk from Tibet's Amdo Ngaba arrested over social media posts on Tibetan Language" 10003: 9788: 8619: 8081: 7916: 7910: 7843: 7717: 7712:(or "New Translation") traditions, which follow different canons of scripture (the 7376: 7295: 7137: 7097: 6952: 6580: 5876: 5037: 4803:

A central schema for spiritual advancement used in Tibetan Buddhism is that of the

4718: 4489: 4356: 4153: 3977: 3941: 3640: 3581: 3561: 3489: 3459: 3428: 3280: 3078: 2868: 2833: 2604: 2548: 2512: 2383: 2151: 2071: 1936: 1502: 1210: 1205: 1050: 793: 788: 625: 620: 579: 569: 54: 15762: 13424: 12525:. Tibetan Historical Studies. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. p. 155. 11400: 11291:

The Practice of Tranquillity & Insight: A Guide to Tibetan Buddhist Meditation

10699: 7689: 7531: 7445:

23 June 2022 in Bhutan when 144 nuns, most of them Butanese, were fully ordained.

7065:

since both provide practical guidance on the "recognition of the nature of mind."

6559:. A student may have taken teachings from many authorities and revere them all as 6166:

undertaken by the advanced who have established a solid basis in other practices.

5861: 5400:

rangtong (self-empty) interpretation and the shentong (other empty) interpretation

4221: 3307: 2683:

from India were first translated into Tibetan under the reign of the Tibetan king

2445: 132: 106: 18145: 18135: 18032: 17671: 17666: 17652: 17415: 17278: 17266: 17160: 17147: 17047: 16992: 16944: 16872: 16742: 16540: 16520: 16462: 16374: 16037: 15935: 15782: 15518: 15501: 15486: 15464: 15016: 14886: 14720: 14700: 14293: 14288: 14026: 14006: 13896: 13891: 13667: 13323: 13191: 12881: 12819: 12798: 12741: 12719: 12644:

Schijn en werkelijkheid. De twee waarheden in de vier boeddhistische leerstelsels

9273: 9149: 8975:"What is the Koyasan Shingon Sect? | Koyasan Shingon Sect Main Temple Kongobu-ji" 8765: 8667:

referred to the Dalai Lama having said on occasion of the 2007 Hamburg congress:

8635: 8178: 7836: 7560: 7535: 7209: 7003:

inner fire), as well as other practices that can be found in systems such as the

6777:

Visualizing mantric syllables is a common form of meditation in Tibetan Buddhism.

6359: 6289: 6121:). It is held that a transmission can even occur without actually hearing, as in 5865: 5840: 5764: 5542: 5508: 5367: 5299:. As opposed to Vaibhāṣika, this view holds that only the present moment exists ( 5247: 5191:

of four classical Indian philosophical schools, known as the "four tenets" (Tib.

5154:

in Tibetan Buddhism. In Madhyamaka, the true nature of reality is referred to as

4843: 4745: 4741: 4729: 4683: 4461: 4396: 4236: 3954: 3936: 3921: 3812: 3792: 3688: 3533: 3521: 3467: 3378: 3374: 3352: 3335: 3217: 3208: 2864: 2762: 2737: 2651:

Map of the Tibetan Empire at its greatest extent between the 780s and the 790s CE

2562:" is sometimes used to refer to Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, for example, in the Brill 2231: 2146: 1946: 1856: 1801: 832: 657: 647: 642: 325: 320: 222: 142: 15792: 14946: 14936: 12664:. Translated by Sharpa Tulku. Dharmsala: Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. 10424:

Tantric Revisionings: New Understandings of Tibetan Buddhism and Indian Religion

10007: 9318: 7891: 7826:

and his students. Ceased to exist as an independent school by the 16th century.

7677: 6607: 6338:(sending and taking love and suffering respectively). Practices associated with 5156: 4835: 4764: 4256: 2736:. Some sources state that a debate ensued between Moheyan and the Indian master 2725: 2270: 1796: 18246: 18201: 18181: 18107: 18049: 17165: 17002: 16705: 16555: 16337: 15917: 15897: 15817: 15506: 15496: 15430: 15267: 14753: 14616: 14298: 14283: 14151: 14046: 14041: 13981: 13966: 13841: 13786: 13781: 12394: 12227: 9776: 8655: 8611: 8587: 8531:和尚摩訶衍; his name consists of the same Chinese characters used to transliterate " 8444: 7713: 7552: 7508: 7494: 7239: 6956: 6845:

Mantras are part of the highest tantric practices in Tibetan Buddhism, such as

6437: 6425: 6385: 6106: 6073: 5664: 5550: 5530: 5489: 5429: 5407: 5096: 5080: 4667: 4526: 4441: 4198: 3962: 3861: 3762: 3565: 3481: 3370: 3268: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3172: 3040: 2860: 2699: 2688: 2676: 2635: 2368: 2330: 2091: 2021: 1976: 1834: 1421: 1059: 837: 806: 768: 758: 652: 630: 552: 315: 152: 147: 13112: 10409: 10134:"Bhutan's Religious History in a Thousand Words | Mandala Collections - Texts" 9792: 8949: 5719: 5276: 4693:

The Mahāyāna goal of spiritual development is to achieve the enlightenment of

18261: 18155: 17623: 16772: 16621: 15930: 15832: 15690: 15491: 15469: 15405: 15076: 14871: 14866: 14758: 14427: 14131: 14126: 14076: 14066: 14011: 13951: 13941: 13936: 13906: 13851: 13755: 13708: 13672: 13652: 13647: 13612: 13318: 13096: 13015: 12864:

China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th-14th Centuries

11024:

Studies in the Literature of the Great Vehicle: Three Mahayana Buddhist Texts

10522: 10111: 10073: 9800: 9557: 9535: 9504: 8924: 8579: 8069: 8046: 8008: 7945: 7672: 7622: 7600: 7556: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7365: 7361: 7046: 6986:

and companion deities, resulting in identification with this divine reality.

6285: 6175: 6086:

Non-dual tantras, which balance the above elements, and mainly refers to the

6068: 5834: 5613: 5591: 5572: 5411: 5261: 5181: 5061: 4819:

The path of accumulation – in which one collects wisdom and merit, generates

4426: 4411: 4351: 4183: 4143: 3886: 3827: 3767: 3752: 3684: 3652: 3644: 3272: 3248: 3116: 3098: 3033: 3026: 2929: 2816: 2809: 2721: 2703: 2398: 2372: 1916: 1911: 1851: 1286: 1279: 736: 635: 467: 310: 281: 245: 227: 207: 15230: 15220: 14592: 9162:

Beckwith, C. I. (2003). "The revolt of 755 in Tibet". In McKay, Alex (ed.).

6417: 6305: 6154:

In Tibetan Buddhism, practices are generally classified as either Sutra (or

5115: 3683:'s organization and now headed by his son; and the networks associated with 3213: 2056: 1861: 1398: 18113: 18069: 18059: 18011: 18006: 17989: 17637: 17308: 16862: 16847: 16817: 16767: 16757: 16599: 16394: 15887: 15722: 15600: 15388: 15383: 15210: 15081: 14956: 14417: 14051: 13881: 13831: 13765: 13703: 13662: 13511: 13215:

History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles versus the People's Republic of China

13075:

Wylie, Turnell (1990). "The First Mongol Conquest of Tibet Reinterpreted".

12620: 10341:"New Images Reveal Extent of Demolitions at Yarchen Gar Buddhist Monastery" 9125: 8761: 7733: 7636: 6948: 6917: 6760: 6720: 6706: 6555:

There is a general sense in which any Tibetan Buddhist teacher is called a

6518: 5493: 5466: 5354:). Some Tibetan philosophers interpret Yogācāra as the view that the mind ( 5350:

due to its main doctrine, the view that only ideas or mental images exist (

5227: 4950: 4828: 4768: 4657: 4451: 4436: 4276: 3525: 3260: 3229: 3124: 3062:(1290–1364). A part of this project included the carving of the canon into 3044: 2907: 2485: 2375: 2365: 2322: 1956: 1841: 1759: 1645: 1013: 872: 857: 697: 217: 15645: 15630: 15590: 15287: 14951: 14527: 12662:

An Anthology of Well-Spoken Advice on the Graded Paths of the Mind, Vol. I

9529: 8802: 6473: 6218: 5018: 4772: 4266: 4062: 4030: 3998: 3975: 3365:

During the Qing, Tibetan Buddhism also remained the major religion of the

3358: 2540: 2532: 373: 18094: 18089: 16832: 16661: 15802: 15787: 15570: 15378: 15306: 15086: 14916: 14818: 14665: 14537: 14121: 13976: 13619: 13536: 13262:

Tibetan Buddhism From the Ground Up: A Practical Approach for Modern Life

9531:

Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance–and Why They Fall

8582:), in order to ordain bhikṣuṇīs, there must be quorums of both bhikṣuṇīs 8454: 8075: 7940: 7935: 7830: 7388: 7308: 7273: 7159: 6990: 6653: 6597: 6548: 6510: 6461: 6041: 5759: 5403: 5296: 5273:, as well the view that perception directly experiences external objects. 5212: 5126: 5090:

Tantric texts also generally affirm the use of sense pleasures and other

4954: 4884:. In Tibetan Buddhist history there have been many different versions of 4311: 4286: 4271: 3968: 3911: 3854: 3737: 3628: 3605: 3589: 3585: 3505: 3401: 3155: 3048: 2999: 2957: 2379: 2297:. It also has a sizable number of adherents in the areas surrounding the 2026: 1584: 1180: 850: 388: 190: 17847: 16822: 15282: 12679:

Ehrhard, Franz-Karl (2005). "Buddhism, Schools of: Himalayan Buddhism".

10793: 10119: 10095: 7280:, each of which are seen as key leaders in their respective traditions. 6408:

is the main progressive framework used for śamatha in Tibetan Buddhism.

6114: 3866: 2964:

who merged Marpa's lineage teachings with the monastic Kadam tradition.

2659: 18206: 17994: 17800: 17291: 17155: 16777: 16735: 16611: 16417: 16342: 15956: 15940: 15902: 15882: 15777: 15752: 15660: 15595: 15575: 15321: 15252: 15123: 15006: 14976: 14911: 14861: 14519: 14509: 14482: 14116: 14031: 13760: 13657: 13496: 13455: 13104: 12418:

The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Eight, Part Four: Esoteric Instructions

10159:"A Brief Historical Background of the Religious Institutions of Bhutan" 8639: 7993: 7955: 7698: 7654: 7647: 7456: 7410:

Traditionally, Tibetan Buddhist nuns were also not "fully ordained" as

7384: 7269: 7179: 7093: 7041: 7008: 6928: 6866: 6854: 6846: 6729: 6634: 6536: 6494: 6367: 6316: 6048: 5938: 5934: 5857: 5741: 5689: 5676: 5651: 5635: 5373: 5343: 5256: 5252: 5143: 5135: 5071:

An important element of Tantric practice are tantric deities and their

5057: 4990: 4974: 4820: 4753: 4749: 4703: 4694: 4431: 4341: 4326: 4251: 4246: 4123: 3871: 3850: 3747: 3742: 3668: 3593: 3409: 3393: 3184: 3102: 3074: 2987: 2911: 2623: 2414: 2402: 2387: 2031: 1791: 1688: 1416: 1384: 1355: 1258: 1251: 1187: 1175: 1150: 887: 692: 532: 520: 510: 474: 212: 17716: 15797: 14793: 13531: 13521: 12968:

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists & Their Tibetan Successors

12172: 10860: 8063: 7972: 7579: 6924:) which allow the practitioner to realize the true nature of reality. 6478: 6456: 6429: 6396: 6377: 6024:, is mainly concerned with internal yogic techniques and includes the 5770: 5292: 4717:

literally "awakening hero") are revered beings who have conceived the

4261: 3802: 3291:

to Beijing, and the building of temples in the Tibetan style, such as

3275:

rulers of the Qing dynasty supported Tibetan Buddhism, especially the

3140: 2883: 1341: 1089: 17962: 17676: 17511:

29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1793)

17506:

13-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet (1751)

17256: 16752: 16725: 15892: 15767: 15479: 15395: 15272: 15162: 15135: 15128: 15091: 15048: 15011: 14778: 14743: 14710: 14685: 14640: 14364: 14036: 13506: 13480: 13470: 12249: 11270: 8575: 8131:

The Riwo Gendenpas (i.e. Gelugpas) emphasize the ways of the learned.

8092: 7881: 7668: 7612: 7411: 7312: 7032: 7020: 6941: 6797: 6725: 6678: 6530: 6514: 6204: 6181: 6087: 6059: 5694: 5385: 5226:("the disciples' vehicle"), and are both related to the north Indian 5200: 5196: 5131: 5064:) as the path (and hence is sometimes known as the "effect vehicle", 5010: 4958: 4737: 4733: 4641: 4632:). They also uphold various other Buddhist doctrines associated with 4456: 4216: 4168: 3906: 3896: 3891: 3876: 3822: 3664: 3597: 3136: 3123:

school which would have a decisive influence on Tibet's history. The

2945: 2749: 2569: 2357: 2298: 2076: 2051: 1348: 1019: 982: 882: 515: 498: 268: 16525: 15361: 15215: 14981: 14763: 14632: 14624: 14374: 13602: 13243:

Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau

13088: 12711: 10685: 9973: 9971: 9846:

Indica et Tibetica 28, Suhrllekhah. Festgabe für Helmut Eimer, 1998.

9121:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

8650: 7585: 7298:(lit. "hidden treasure"). They are also associated with the idea of 7291: 6771: 5245:). The primary source for the Vaibhāṣika in Tibetan Buddhism is the 4386: 4316: 3089:

From family rule to Ganden Phodrang government (14th–18th centuries)

726: 17632: 17211: 17042: 16882: 16837: 16782: 16747: 16651: 16310: 15877: 15872: 15822: 15757: 15675: 15640: 15635: 15296: 15167: 15155: 15066: 14725: 14422: 14021: 13729: 13597: 13450: 13389: 13342: 13155:

Gates to Buddhist Practice: Essential Teachings of a Tibetan Master

12273:"2,500 Years After The Buddha, Tibetan Buddhists Acknowledge Women" 11465: 10805: 9525: 9039:

Soviet Russia and Tibet The Debacle of Secret Diplomacy, 1918-1930s

8562: 8532: 8182: 8161: 8146:

When compared to any other school, they have something of them all.

8142:

Many are blessed through the power of recitation and visualisation,

8115:

They pursue the highest view and delight in conduct that is stable.

8013: 7867: 7857: 7604: 7564: 7551:

traditions, associated with the first transmission figures such as

7221:

Samuel outlines four main types of religious communities in Tibet:

7156: 7057:. These techniques do not rely on deity yoga methods but on direct 7036: 6944: 6883: 6785: 6638: 6589: 6126: 5958: 5946: 5826: 5705: 5394: 5389: 5347: 5335: 5315: 5308: 5219: 5172: 5161: 4633: 4376: 4301: 4226: 4178: 4128: 3916: 3712: 3545: 3537: 3151: 3003: 2953: 2600: 2410: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2338: 2326: 2294: 2282: 2086: 2066: 2061: 1941: 1637: 778: 714: 439: 195: 157: 86: 17536:

Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet (1906)

15867: 15857: 15842: 15665: 15535: 14803: 14187: 13801: 12782: 11692:

Pointing Out the Dharmakaya: Teachings on the Ninth Karmapa's Text

9182:(discusses the political background and the motives of the ruler). 8144:

They value their own ways and their regular practice is excellent.

7967: 7823: 7575: 6234: 6226:: patience, tolerance, forbearance, acceptance, endurance (བཟོད་པ 6135: 5901: 5525: 5207:. It also does not include other Indian Buddhist schools, such as 5001: 4406: 4371: 4361: 4321: 3188: 3093: 2668:

was the first gompa (Buddhist monastery) built in Tibet (775–779).

170: 18100: 18054: 17969: 17261: 17058: 16787: 16730: 16715: 15862: 15852: 15827: 15702: 15697: 15655: 15625: 15557: 15523: 15410: 15351: 15346: 15200: 15103: 14941: 14891: 14678: 14504: 14263: 14217: 14161: 14156: 13886: 13876: 13734: 13592: 13419: 9968: 9623:"How Tibet Emerged Within the Wider Chinese Power-Political Zone" 8449: 8126:

And many gain accomplishment through perseverance in the practice

8086: 8051: 8019: 7749: 7725: 7721: 7705: 7608: 7548: 7516: 7333: 7287:

is popularly held to be a Tibetan alteration to Indian Buddhism.

7277: 7242:(with over 6000 monks in the first half of the 20th century) and 7089: 6983: 6895: 6850: 6829: 6789: 6733: 6701: 6700:

Another important ritual occasion in Tibetan Buddhism is that of

6677:

The reading of the text – the 'lung' – during an empowerment for

6661: 6657: 6372: 6334: 6278: 6217: 5954: 5950: 5884: 5754: 5608: 5534: 5485: 5477: 5473: 5184:, hold that Yogācāra ideas are as important as Madhyamaka views. 5072: 5006: 4970: 4791: 4609: 4366: 4296: 4291: 4188: 4133: 3832: 3787: 3549: 3492:

the first Tibetan Buddhist Centre to be established in the West.

3436: 3389: 3347: 3319: 3252: 3176: 3147: 2991: 2969: 2961: 2903: 2890:

school of Tibetan Buddhism, one of the first Sarma schools. The

2887: 2841: 2729: 2711: 2539:) is occasionally misused for Tibetan Buddhism. More accurately, 2425: 1766: 1547: 1319: 1298: 862: 818: 813: 709: 608: 574: 362: 286: 71: 15474: 15242: 13445: 11376:

Relating to a Spiritual Teacher: Building a Healthy Relationship

9908:

Emblems of Empire: Selections from the Mactaggart Art Collection

8974: 8735:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: Social History of the Tantric Movement

7632: 7433:

There are accounts of fully ordained Tibetan women, such as the

7341: 7205: 6875: 6432:. This is generally seen as having two aspects, one of which is 6252:: one-pointed concentration, meditation, contemplation (བསམ་གཏན 6191: 5488:

school also maintains a separate collection of texts called the

4592:

Tibetan Buddhism upholds classic Buddhist teachings such as the

2417:. The primary language of scriptural study in this tradition is 2409:, as well as methods that are seen as transcending tantra, like 17979: 17628: 17271: 16867: 16852: 16688: 16550: 16530: 16305: 15967: 15847: 15837: 15772: 15400: 15356: 15341: 15331: 15301: 15225: 15108: 14876: 14748: 14492: 14487: 14349: 14278: 14202: 14197: 14192: 13587: 13582: 13561: 13465: 13460: 13409: 13337: 12594:

The Center of the Sunlit Sky: Madhyamaka in the Kagyu Tradition

9012:

Trans-Himalayan Buddhism: Reconnecting Spaces, Sharing Concerns

8479: 8124:

Many find that receiving the lineage's blessings is sufficient.

8113:

Nyingma followers of Secret Mantra emphasize the actual tantra.

8036: 8025: 8003: 7998: 7895: 7875: 7871: 7785: 7626: 7589: 7519: 7437:(1422–1455), who was once ranked the highest female master and 7415: 7183: 7140: 7116: 7101: 6879: 6615: 6602: 6354:

A Tibetan Buddhist Monk meditating using chanting and drumming.

6297: 6122: 5900:

literature, both stemming from teachings by the Indian scholar

5897: 5893: 5830: 5783: 5640: 5492:, assembled by Ratna Lingpa in the 15th century and revised by 5339: 5043: 5033: 4943: 4899: 4890: 4872: 4601: 4401: 4336: 4306: 4241: 4138: 3648: 3577: 3573: 3175:(r. 1402–1424) promoted the carving of printing blocks for the 2925: 2921: 2914: 2872: 2856: 2845: 2775: 2465: 2441: 2361: 2310: 2306: 2290: 2226: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1734: 1579: 1537: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1326: 1305: 1222: 1157: 1143: 763: 527: 462: 185: 180: 175: 96: 10766: 9823:

Culture, Courtiers and Competition, The Ming Court (1368–1644)

9042:(Brill's Tibetan Studies Library, Volume: 4 ed.). Brill. 8122:

Kagyü followers, the protectors of beings, emphasize devotion.

7470:

lineage of Buddhism. The abbot of the Vajra Dakini nunnery is

7348: 4853:

The path of no more learning – which culminates in Buddhahood.

3624: 3416:, maintaining the current territory of what is now called the 18165: 17984: 17974: 17089: 17007: 16842: 16700: 16666: 16646: 16616: 16545: 15962: 15807: 15685: 15680: 15650: 15605: 15452: 15447: 15326: 15031: 14856: 14823: 14813: 14369: 14227: 14222: 14212: 13607: 13526: 13414: 13399: 13039:

The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment

13020:

The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment

11781:

The Crystal and the Way of Light: Sutra, Tantra, and Dzogchen

11623: 11368:. For a traditional perspective on devotion to the guru, see 11059: 9944: 8185:

teachings, similar deities, rituals and forms of monasticism.

8133:

They are fond of analytical meditation and delight in debate.

8057: 7778: 7764: 7619:, and includes the four major and eight minor Kagyu lineages. 7512: 7498: 7490: 7438: 7300: 7284: 7264: 7213: 7016: 7012: 6995: 6978: 6756: 6711: 6666: 6117:, for example) or months (as in the case of a section of the 5541:

Among the most widely studied sutras in Tibetan Buddhism are

5111: 5052: 5023: 4978: 4939: 4676: 4446: 4346: 4281: 3757: 3659:

Samuel sees the character of Tibetan Buddhism in the West as

3632: 3541: 3497: 3463: 3413: 3343: 3327: 3315: 3276: 3233: 3225: 3120: 2933: 2928:(probably died ca. 1040). Their teachings, via their student 2785: 2733: 2665: 2608: 2525: 2437: 2429: 2391: 2318: 2302: 2286: 2016: 1542: 1391: 1370: 1312: 1217: 992: 773: 731: 721: 674: 101: 91: 13083:(1). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Yenching Institute: 103–133. 11433: 10430: 9929: 8586:

bhikṣus; without both, a woman cannot be ordained as a nun (

8140:

The glorious Sakyapas emphasize approach and accomplishment.

4682:

The eleven faced and thousand armed form of the bodhisattva

2774:

which became a specialty of some Tibetan Buddhist lamas and

2743: 2401:, Tibetan Buddhism also includes tantric practices, such as 17711: 17706: 17206: 16877: 15670: 15336: 14833: 13577: 12340: 11470:

Proceedings of a Seminar Held in Lumbini, Nepal, March 2008

9363: 9339: 8741: 8155:

It can bring the qualities of learning and accomplishment.

8137:

They are popular, prosperous, and put effort into learning.

8135:

And they impress all with their elegant, exemplary conduct.

8128:

They are similar to, and mix together with, the Nyingmapas.

8117:

Many reach the vidyādhara levels and attain accomplishment,

7151: 7145: 6909: 6543: 6284:

Like other forms of Mahayana Buddhism, the practice of the

3672: 3553: 3022: 3018: 2334: 1333: 704: 13037:

Tsong-kha-pa (2002). Cutler, Joshua; Newland, Guy (eds.).

12192: 12190: 11850: 11823: 11787: 11754:

Mind at Ease: Self-liberation Through Mahamudra Meditation

11578: 11183: 11003: 10817: 10710: 10209:"A Brief History of Kagyu Samye Ling | SamyeLing.org" 9663:

Huntington, John C.; Bangdel, Dina; Thurman, Robert A. F.

8151:

Have but one real source, even if they arose individually.

8119:

And many are mantrins, whose power is greater than others.

7122: 6501:

The most widespread preliminary practices include: taking

6067:

Mother tantras, which emphasize the development stage and

3263:(1644–1912) established a Chinese rule over Tibet after a 3058:

was compiled, primarily led by the efforts of the scholar

2752:(r. 836–842), and his death was followed by the so-called 2687:(618–649 CE). This period also saw the development of the 2629: 2397:

Apart from classical Mahāyāna Buddhist practices like the

17942: 16535: 15071: 13394: 12420:. Translated by Sarah Harding. Shambhala. pp. 27–28. 11689: 11288: 10887: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10391: 9956: 9603: 8173: 4148: 3323: 2975: 2795: 2453: 12660:

Dhargyey, Geshe Ngawang (1982). Alexander Berzin (ed.).

12651:

Dhargyey, Geshe Ngawang (1978). Alexander Berzin (ed.).

11677:

Secret of the Vajra World, The Tantric Buddhism of Tibet

11527: 10964: 10661: 10381: 10379: 9777:"On the History of Refining Mercury in Tibetan Medicine" 6959:, along mantra repetition. According to Geoffrey Samuel: 6209:

virtue, morality, discipline, proper conduct (ཚུལ་ཁྲིམས

6109:

of teachings in Tibetan Buddhism. Oral transmissions by

4728:

Widely revered Bodhisattvas in Tibetan Buddhism include

2524:). The term was taken up by western scholars, including 12803:. Translated by Richards, Michael. Simon and Schuster. 12451: 12436:, Study Buddhism, Berzin Archives, Retrieved 04.06.2016 12187: 11708: 11694:. Ithaca, New York: Snow Lion Publications. p. 5. 11500: 11071: 10952: 10587: 10351: 7493:, a Tibetan Buddhist academic degree for monastics, on 7340:, a famous female tantrika, teacher and founder of the 6908:

the emphasis is on various spiritual practices, called

6332:

A popular compassion meditation in Tibetan Buddhism is

17561:

Sino-Indian Trade Agreement over Tibetan Border (1954)

17546:

Treaty of friendship and alliance with Mongolia (1913)

12928:. Translated by Padmakara Translation Group. Shambala. 12568: 12555:"Getting to know the Four Schools of Tibetan Buddhism" 12041:"Summary of Speeches at the Bhikshuni Congress: Day 3" 11995: 11934: 11922: 11910: 11898: 11886: 11874: 11862: 11811: 11799: 11760: 11626:

Tantra in Tibet: The Great Exposition of Secret Mantra

11590: 11551: 11488: 11476: 11445: 11343: 11140: 10722: 10683:

school, too, has a somewhat similar textual form, the

10475: 9938:

Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West

9715: 9576: 9564: 9393: 8855:

Prisoners of Shangri-La: Tibetan Buddhism and the West

7704:

The four major schools are sometimes divided into the

6968:

Deity yoga involves two stages, the generation stage (

5860:, while other schools may use the more recent work of 4946:(suffering) and the benefits of liberation and refuge. 3101:

in Lhasa, chief residence and political center of the

2998:

influenced each other. This was done with the help of

2952:. One of the most famous Kagyu figures was the hermit 12500: 11656: 11644: 11632: 11539: 11258: 11246: 11234: 11222: 11210: 11171: 11116: 11104: 11083: 10991: 10911: 10899: 10829: 10739: 10649: 10442: 10376: 10234: 9671: 9088:"Timeline of Tibetan Buddhist History – Major Events" 9010:

see for example the title of Suchandana Chatterjee's

8153:

Whichever one you follow, if you practise it properly

8149:

Ema! All four dharma traditions of this land of Tibet

7175:

intimate process of apprenticeship with their Lamas.

7129:, a tulku and a ngagpa (note the white and red robes) 6641:

are examples of practices a lama might use for this.

6342:(Avalokiteshvara), also tend to focus on compassion. 6323:, Shantideva describes meditation on Karunā as thus: 5392:, which affirms that everything is empty of essence ( 5146:("Middle Way" or "Centrism") philosophy, also called 4919:

system generally divides practitioners into those of

3310:, a 19th-century nonsectarian movement involving the 3143:(West Central Tibet), dominated politics after 1435. 2611:, then to Korean peninsula in 3rd century during the 12923: 12439: 12033: 11958: 11946: 11128: 11055:. Lives of the Masters. Shambhala. pp. 219–220. 10866: 10811: 10799: 10487: 9940:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 190. 9662: 9641: 9591: 9351: 9192: 9190: 9188: 7870:

study and practice in a monastic setting, source of

7489:(IBD) in Dharamsala, India, conferred the degree of 7290:

Another title unique to Tibetan Buddhism is that of

6648:

Ritual musical instruments from Tibet; MIM Brussels.

5160:, which is the fact that all phenomena are empty of 3532:

Today, Tibetan Buddhism is adhered to widely in the

3146:

In 1565, the Rinpungpa family was overthrown by the

12613:

Islam and Tibet: Interactions Along the Musk Routes

12429: 12427: 12264: 11751: 11611:

Luminous Essence: A Guide to the Guhyagarbha Tantra

11364:is the literal Tibetan translation of the Sanskrit 10304:"China: Tibet Anti-Crime Campaign Silences Dissent" 9816:"The Ming Court and the Legacy of the Yuan Mongols" 9658: 9656: 9017: 8818:

Wild Awakening: The Heart of Mahamudra and Dzogchen

6807:Tibetan Buddhist practitioners repeat mantras like 3671:; the New Kadampa, in origin a break-away from the 3427:, the "Chinese Tantric Buddhist Revival Movement" ( 3338:(1813–1899) compiled together the teachings of the 3066:, and the first copies of these texts were kept at 13196:Living in the Face of Death: The Tibetan Tradition 12965: 12726:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 12687:(2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. 12680: 12463: 8764:(2016). "Later Developments in Dzogchen History". 7394:Some of these figures were also tantric consorts ( 6788:) prayer formulas, incantations or phrases called 6300:, which are given as part of Tantric initiations. 6047:Father tantras, which emphasize illusory body and 5601: 5402:. Another major disagreement is the debate on the 3369:(1635–1912), as well as the state religion of the 3279:sect, during most of their rule. The reign of the 3239: 2748:A reversal in Buddhist influence began under King 2360:elements). It thus preserves many Indian Buddhist 2321:. Smaller groups of practitioners can be found in 12512: 12161: 10322:"Further Evictions and Repression at Yarchen Gar" 10040:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 91. 9883:Profound Meditation Practices in Tibetan Buddhism 9185: 9139:A Survey of Tibetan History - Reading Notes Taken 8905: 8858:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 7073:), also known as the vehicle of self-liberation. 6440:is a non-analytical, "simple" yogic style called 5218:Two tenets belong to the path referred to as the 5040:(dating from around the 7th century CE onwards). 4949:The superior scope is said to encompass the four 3029:(1182–1251) as Viceroy of Central Tibet in 1249. 2452:in Tibet before the introduction of Buddhism was 18259: 12789: 12424: 11276: 10878: 10035: 9923:Cultural Intersections in Later Chinese Buddhism 9653: 9500:McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online 8896:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 7096:(the first Western nun in Tibetan Buddhism), at 6444:in Tibetan, which means "without complication". 6239:: energy, diligence, vigor, effort (བརྩོན་འགྲུས 3643:, Tibetan Buddhism has also gained adherents in 3198:During a Tibetan civil war in the 17th century, 2424:Tibetan Buddhism has four major schools, namely 11517: 11515: 11423: 11421: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10844: 10783: 10781: 10756: 10754: 10224: 10222: 10096:"Historical Observations on Buddhism in Bhutan" 10062:"Opinion | Nepal is the birthplace of Buddhism" 10019: 10017: 8833: 8102:The Four Dharma Traditions of the Land of Tibet 7414:(who take the full set of monastic vows in the 7357:to monastics, lamas and tantric practitioners. 6100: 3206:, conquered and unified Tibet to establish the 12972:. Vol. 2. Boston: Shambala Publications. 12942:Sopa, Geshe Lhundup; Hopkins, Jeffrey (1977). 12434:How Do the Tibetan Buddhist Traditions Differ? 10985:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia 9665:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art 8925:"T'ang Dynasty Esoteric School, Buddha, China" 8770:. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books. 7255:school and another is the hereditary lamas of 6849:and are recited and visualized during tantric 6465:Buddhists performing prostrations in front of 5606:The study of Indian Buddhist treatises called 5499:Among Tibetans, the main language of study is 5307:The other two tenets are the two major Indian 5171:The other main Mahayana philosophical school, 5036:, which is espoused in the texts known as the 4647: 2710:(725–788), who are considered the founders of 17478:Self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China 17074: 14401: 13358: 13018:(2000). Cutler, Joshua; Newland, Guy (eds.). 12365:. Lionsroar.com. 15 July 2016. Archived from 11570:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 11322: 11050: 8165:tulku lineage of incarnated lamas called the 7218:and more lay oriented communities prevailed. 5346:. Yogacara is often interpreted as a form of 5334:). Yogacārins base their views on texts from 4938:The middling person is taught to contemplate 4701:attain this state. This motivation is called 4573: 3446: 3440: 3322:schools of Tibetan Buddhism, along with some 3032:In this way, Tibet was incorporated into the 2607:through the Silk Route in 1st century CE via 2516: 2503: 2464:The native Tibetan term for Buddhism is "The 2251: 1606: 951: 15183:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 13036: 13014: 12998:Buddhist Women Across Cultures: Realizations 12706:(PhD dissertation). University of Virginia. 12318:"Buddhist nun professors or none? – OnFaith" 12242: 12135: 11512: 11418: 11369: 10879:Asanga; Brunnholzl, Karl (2019). "Preface". 10841: 10778: 10751: 10518: 10469: 10219: 10014: 8108:described the four main schools as follows: 7833:was founded in the 12th century by Gampopa. 7318: 6894:A section of the Northern wall mural at the 6040:, contains more advanced techniques such as 5596:Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines 3435:) took place, and important figures such as 2511:) to distinguish it from a then-traditional 2352:Buddhism stemming from the latest stages of 12941: 12842: 12765:Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction 12483:"The four main schools of Tibetan Buddhism" 12390:"U.S. Woman Is Named Reborn Buddhist Saint" 12143:"Works by Chögyam Trungpa and His Students" 11206:. Shambhala Publications. pp. 122–123. 11065: 10929: 8950:"Shingon Buddhist Intl. Institute: History" 8815: 7661: 7178:Tibetan Buddhism also includes a number of 6860: 6281:, protector deities, and local divinities. 5875:A corpus of extra-canonical scripture, the 5829:perspective, which are often attributed to 17081: 17067: 14408: 14394: 13365: 13351: 13234:A Concise Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 13055: 12960: 12591: 12564:. pp. 18–21 – via FPMT website. 12457: 11293:. Shambhala Publications. pp. 91–93. 11036:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11022:Gomez, Luis O.; Silk, Jonathan A. (1989). 10772: 10036:Cantwell, Cathy; Kawanami, Hiroko (2016). 9996:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hung 9962: 9950: 9885:. Bluerose Publisher Pvt. Ltd. p. 5. 9860:. Leuven University Press. pp. 67ff. 9844:Notes on the history of the Yongle Kanjur. 9243:"Buddhism and Empire IV: Converting Tibet" 9240: 9176:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8998: 8712:. Princeton University Press. p. 21. 7829:Transmitted by Marpa in the 11th century. 7599:Marpa Kagyu, the lineage which stems from 7487:Institute for Buddhist Dialectical Studies 7076: 6898:Temple depicting completion stage practice 6828:Mantras also serve to focus the mind as a 5533:from an old woodblock copy of the Tibetan 4993:are gradually explained in logical order. 4580: 4566: 3548:(on the north-west shore of the Caspian), 3025:and appointed the great scholar and abbot 3017:in 1240 and 1244. They eventually annexed 2920:Other influential Indian teachers include 2786:Second dissemination (10th–12th centuries) 2472:) or "The Buddha Dharma of the insiders" ( 2258: 2244: 1613: 1599: 958: 944: 13129:Cabezón, José Ignacio (26 October 2006). 12057: 11846:. London: Readers Union Ltd. p. 195. 11608: 11325:The Gem Ornament of Manifold Instructions 11021: 9905: 9284: 9128:, United States National Museum, page 671 8189: 7448: 7026: 6424:The other form of Buddhist meditation is 5529:Buddhist monk Geshe Konchog Wangdu reads 5287:). The main sources for this view is the 5203:, the only surviving of the 18 classical 5150:(the emptiness doctrine) is the dominant 4748:of the Vajradhatu mandala as well as the 3656:in other ways, such as working academia. 3611:The 14th Dalai Lama is the leader of the 3236:from the mid-17th to mid-20th centuries. 2832:) lineages as well as the appearance of " 2744:Era of fragmentation (9th–10th centuries) 2444:is a smaller school that exists, and the 13327:) is being considered for deletion. See 12932: 12762: 12659: 12650: 12415: 12226:. Vajradakininunnery.org. Archived from 12200:. Vajradakininunnery.org. Archived from 11714: 11569: 11521: 11506: 11494: 11482: 11427: 11189: 11077: 11053:Tsongkhapa A Buddha in the Land of Snows 10958: 10854: 10787: 10760: 10716: 10692: 10633: 10629: 10577: 10573: 10510: 10506: 10461: 10357: 10228: 10023: 9977: 9855: 9813: 9609: 9570: 9345: 9166:. Vol. 1. London. pp. 273–285. 9161: 9102:"The Empire of the Early Kings of Tibet" 9036:Andreyev, Alexandr E. (1 January 2003). 9035: 8732: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8196: 7347: 7332: 7121: 7106: 7080: 6889: 6870: 6672: 6643: 6574: 6460: 6450: 6349: 6345: 5797: 5590:respectively. Furthermore, according to 5524: 5476:(containing sutras and tantras) and the 5452: 5415: 5125: 5095:transformed in a ritual setting. As the 5000: 3623: 3515: 3388: 3243: 3202:(1595–1657 CE), the chief regent of the 3092: 3054:It was also during this period that the 2269: 16370:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 13143:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.003.0010 13135:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 12986: 12944:Practice and Theory of Tibetan Buddhism 12902: 12861: 12740: 12718: 12702:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (1 May 2004). 12678: 12653:Tibetan Tradition of Mental Development 12615:. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 188–208. 12445: 12388:Stevens, William K. (26 October 1988). 12387: 12381: 12216: 11731:. Oxford University Press. p. 82. 11158: 10933: 10593: 10561: 10481: 9993: 9721: 9582: 9073:was invoked but never defined (see the 9023: 8834:Powers, John; Templeman, David (2012). 7819:Developed from the 8th century onwards 7588:, traced back to the Indian Mahasiddha 6664:), many ritual objects, hand gestures ( 6570: 6521:, one might visualize a tantric deity. 6196:: generosity, giving (Tibetan: སབྱིན་པ 5987:In the Sarma schools, the division is: 5825:, a text on the Mahayana path from the 4798: 3508:'s center, the most highly publicized. 2815:The Tibetan householder and translator 2630:First dissemination (7th–9th centuries) 14: 18260: 17235:Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs 16573:List of Buddhist architecture in China 13000:. State University of New York Press. 12880: 12817: 12701: 12574: 12553:Powers, John (October–November 2007). 12506: 12001: 11940: 11928: 11916: 11904: 11892: 11880: 11868: 11856: 11829: 11817: 11805: 11793: 11766: 11662: 11650: 11638: 11624:Tsoṅ-kha-pa Blo-bzaṅ-grags-pa (1987). 11596: 11584: 11557: 11545: 11533: 11451: 11349: 11264: 11252: 11240: 11228: 11216: 11201: 11177: 11146: 11122: 11110: 11089: 11009: 10997: 10982: 10970: 10883:. Vol. I. Shambhala Publications. 10745: 10733: 10667: 10655: 10493: 10448: 10436: 10397: 10385: 10240: 9906:Vollmer, John E.; Simcox, Jacqueline. 9880: 9733: 9677: 9463: 9438: 9369: 9357: 9196: 8747: 5849:are the major sources for meditation. 5833:. Practiced focused texts such as the 4829:right effort (the "four abandonments") 4666:, surrounded by numerous peaceful and 3687:Rinpoche (the Dzogchen Community) and 2976:Mongol dominance (13th–14th centuries) 2844:tradition. In 1042 the Bengali saint, 2348:Tibetan Buddhism evolved as a form of 2333:, and some regions of Russia, such as 2274:Inside of a Tibetan Buddhist monastery 17316:People's Republic of China (PRC) rule 17062: 14389: 13346: 13074: 12995: 12767:. New York: Oxford University Press. 12641: 12619: 12610: 12469: 12293:. Mandalamagazine.org. Archived from 12123:. Publishersweekly.com. 28 March 2017 12091:"A Female Dalai Lama? Why It Matters" 11981:. Shambhala Publications. p. 6. 11964: 11952: 11783:. Snow Lion Publications. p. 63. 11778: 11726: 11439: 11399:, "Fifty Verses of Guru-Devotion" by 11134: 10946: 10917: 10905: 10893: 10835: 10823: 10338: 10093: 9935: 9774: 9647: 9597: 9399: 9335:. Vol. 1. Macmillan. p. 70. 9063: 8911: 8848: 8803:"A Brief History of Nyingma Buddhism" 8707: 8616:དཔལ་ཟླ་བའི་ཕྲེང་བའི་རྒྱུད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་པོ 7262:In other cases, lamas may be seen as 7182:and lay tantric specialists, such as 5925:In the Nyingma, the division is into 5918:Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism 5907: 4744:. The most important Buddhas are the 3496:Tibetan Buddhist Institutions in the 3306:This period also saw the rise of the 3251:, a temple of the Gelug tradition in 2906:, Drogmi Shākya. It is headed by the 2902:(1034–1102), a disciple of the great 2502:(literally, "doctrine of the lamas": 17443:1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet 13372: 12518: 12338: 12270: 11976: 11572:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 11463: 9689: 9524: 8888:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 8829: 8827: 8760: 8440:Death horoscopes in Tibetan Buddhism 6670:), chants, and musical instruments. 6596:Buddhism has always had a taste for 5322:(the doctrine of consciousness) and 4905:A Lamp for the Path to Enlightenment 13306:A Day In The Life Of A Tibetan Monk 12924:Shantarakshita; Mipham, Ju (2005). 12642:Cornu, Philippe (2001). "Nawoord". 11841: 9920: 9683: 9487: 9411: 9383:"How Did Tibetan Buddhism Develop?" 9199:"How Did Tibetan Buddhism Develop?" 9068: 8561:However, a Chinese source found in 8470:Tibetan Buddhist spiritual teachers 7842:Dates to 1409 with the founding of 7377:Mindrolling Jetsün Khandro Rinpoche 6882:drum and hand-bell, as well as the 6736:rites used to dispose of the body. 6376:) taught in all forms of Buddhism, 6292:is part of Tibetan Buddhist moral ( 5056:) and because it takes the effect ( 5005:A depiction of the tantric figures 3588:and the district of Lahaul-Spiti), 3303:(modeled after the potala palace). 3073:Tibetan Buddhism in China was also 27:Form of Buddhism practiced in Tibet 24: 17421:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910) 17376:Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720) 17088: 16360:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 13867:Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche 13176:. Boston: Shambhala Publications. 13121: 13077:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 12866:. University of California Press. 11690:Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche (2003). 11628:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 47. 11289:Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche (1994). 10867:Shantarakshita & Mipham (2005) 10812:Shantarakshita & Mipham (2005) 10800:Shantarakshita & Mipham (2005) 10421: 10138:texts.mandala.library.virginia.edu 9748: 9375: 8805:. Palri Pema Od Ling. 23 May 2019. 6955:such as Buddhas, Bodhisattvas and 6513:meditation, mandala offerings and 6488:Preliminary practices include all 6044:practices and is subdivided into: 5802:Also of great importance are the " 5461:(Perfection of Wisdom) manuscript. 5442: 5176:other three main schools, such as 5075:. These deities come in peaceful ( 2944:which focuses on the practices of 2590: 1709:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 1704:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 428:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction 25: 18289: 17458:Protests and uprisings since 1950 17448:1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet 13331:to help reach a consensus. › 13299: 12906:Historical Dictionary of Mongolia 12058:Mackenzie, Vicki (22 July 2024). 10644:Hinayana and Mahayana: Comparison 10339:Lewis, Craig (6 September 2019). 10188:United States Department of State 9775:Czaja, Olaf (17 September 2013). 9697:(First U.S. ed.). New York: 8900:The Buddhism of Tibet, or Lamaism 8824: 8737:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 2. 8708:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 8160:There is another minor sect, the 7525: 6319:. In the eighth section entitled 6013:Mahāvairocana Abhisaṃbodhi Tantra 17566:70,000 Character Petition (1962) 17556:Seventeen Point Agreement (1951) 17041: 17031: 17030: 16588:Thai temple art and architecture 16333:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 14573:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 14439: 14426: 14416: 13992:Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama 13927:Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche 13133:. In Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.). 12946:. New Delhi: B.I. Publications. 12821:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 12546: 12522:The Ancient Tibetan Civilization 12475: 12409: 12355: 12332: 12315: 12309: 12283: 12171:. Gampoabbey.org. Archived from 12113: 12083: 12070: 12051: 12007: 11970: 11835: 11772: 11745: 11720: 11683: 11668: 11617: 11602: 11563: 11457: 11405: 11381: 11355: 11331: 11316: 11307: 11282: 11195: 11152: 11095: 11044: 11015: 10983:Orzech, Charles D., ed. (2011). 10976: 10939: 10923: 10872: 10673: 10623: 10611: 10599: 10567: 10272:International Campaign for Tibet 10254:Freedom In The World 2020: Tibet 9466:"The Eastern (Nestorian) Church" 9069:Cite error: The named reference 8676: 8628: 8605: 8568: 7307:Tibetan teachers, including the 6770: 6748: 6685:A special kind of ritual called 5883:) literature is acknowledged by 4894:). However, all versions of the 4675: 4656: 3721: 3255:established in the Qing Dynasty. 3228:lineages of the Dalai Lamas and 3212:government with the help of the 2910:, and traces its lineage to the 2840:) literature which reshaped the 2808: 2794: 2658: 2644: 2225: 1644: 1293:Thought forms and visualisation: 991: 53: 17541:Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) 14440: 13281:The Essence of Tibetan Buddhism 13245:. Boston: Wisdom Publications. 12933:Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967). 12888:. Routledge (World Religions). 11674: 10540: 10528: 10499: 10454: 10415: 10403: 10363: 10332: 10314: 10296: 10278: 10260: 10246: 10201: 10176: 10151: 10126: 10087: 10054: 10029: 9987: 9914: 9899: 9874: 9849: 9836: 9807: 9768: 9742: 9727: 9615: 9518: 9457: 9441:Dictionary of World Monasticism 9432: 9405: 9325: 9307: 9278: 9260: 9234: 9209: 9155: 9131: 9112: 9094: 9080: 9029: 9004: 8967: 8942: 8917: 8876: 8838:. Scarecrow Press. p. 566. 8555: 8542: 8525: 8080: 8056: 8024: 7992: 7966: 7929: 7914: 7900: 7889: 7879: 7865: 7855: 7847: 7841: 7835: 7828: 7822:Founded in the 11th century by 7821: 7818: 7810: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7798: 7795: 7426:) resulted in the tantric text 7401: 7329:Ordination of women in Buddhism 6940:) is a fundamental practice of 5612:is central to Tibetan Buddhist 5602:Treatises of the Indian masters 5555:sutras, and others such as the 4825:four foundations of mindfulness 3667:and the child-reincarnation of 3564:and northeast China. It is the 3511: 3445:, 1886–1967) and Master Fazun ( 3384: 3240:Qing rule (18th–20th centuries) 3232:maintained regional control of 2459: 17796:Patron and priest relationship 17762:Central Tibetan Administration 17571:Memorandum on Genuine Autonomy 16578:Japanese Buddhist architecture 16380:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 15460:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 14651:Places where the Buddha stayed 13872:Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö 12903:Sanders, Alan (9 April 2003). 12584: 12339:Nuns, Tibetan (14 July 2016). 12271:Haas, Michaela (18 May 2011). 11679:. Shambhala. pp. 112–113. 11277:Rinpoche & Rinpoche (2006) 10290:Central Tibetan Administration 8882:Damien Keown, ed., "Lamaism", 8842: 8836:Historical Dictionary of Tibet 8809: 8795: 8753: 8726: 8701: 8493: 7860:and its texts, as well as the 6949:visualization of mental images 5114:substances such as alcohol or 5017:Tibetan Buddhism incorporates 4752:(first Buddha), called either 3326:scholars. Having seen how the 2956:, an 11th-century mystic. The 13: 1: 18161:Historical and cultural sites 17526:Convention of Calcutta (1890) 16593:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 13947:Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama 13316: 13283:. Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. 13174:A Handbook of Tibetan Culture 13172:Coleman, Graham, ed. (1993). 12763:Kapstein, Matthew T. (2014). 12064:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 10700:"Stages of the Path (Lamrim)" 10038:Religions in the Modern World 9736:Central Tibet and The Mongols 9241:Van Schaik, Sam (July 2009). 8816:Dzogchen Ponlop. "Glossary". 8689: 8407:transmission and realisation 7592:, and today preserved in the 7019:) and the Six Vajra-yogas of 6150:Tantra techniques (Vajrayana) 5121: 4961:as well as Tantric practices. 4721:to dedicate their lives with 4630:rten cing ’brel bar ’byung ba 3488:who in 1967 were founders of 3425:Republic of China (1912–1949) 2932:, are the foundations of the 2855:has six main categories: (1) 2474:nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos 2325:, some regions of China like 17501:Treaty of Tingmosgang (1684) 16350:Buddhism and the Roman world 16326:Decline of Buddhism in India 16321:History of Buddhism in India 14421: Topics in 13279:Yeshe, Lama Thubten (2001). 12996:Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (1999). 12886:Introducing Tibetan Buddhism 9464:Jenott, Lance (7 May 2002). 9217:"How Buddhism Came to Tibet" 9118:William Woodville Rockhill, 8733:Davidson, Ronald M. (2004). 8694: 8475:Traditional Tibetan medicine 8415: 8412: 8409: 8406: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8387: 8384: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8359: 8356: 8353: 8350: 8345: 8342: 8339: 8336: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8294: 8289: 8286: 8283: 8280: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8261: 8258: 8255: 8252: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8224: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8193: 7741: 6972:) and the completion stage ( 6878:sadhana, showing the use of 6687:an initiation or empowerment 6524: 6265:: wisdom, knowledge (ཤེས་རབ 6143: 6101:Transmission and realization 5806:" including the influential 4996: 4725:for the sake of all beings. 3695: 3524:meeting with U.S. President 2871:, (5) Other sutras, and (6) 2681:Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures 2597:Buddhism originated in India 1907:Buddhist Paths to liberation 1105:Gateway of the Hidden Flower 1029:Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism 7: 18278:History of Buddhism in Asia 17521:Treaty of Thapathali (1856) 17411:British expedition to Tibet 17401:Nepal-Tibet War (1855–1856) 17371:Battle of the Salween River 15548:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 15288: 13308:– article and slideshow by 13217:. Oxford University Press. 13041:. Vol. II. Snow Lion. 12625:A Short History of Buddhism 10008:10.1556/AOrient.57.2004.1.3 9814:Robinson, David M. (2008). 9751:"Gelug Monasteries: Ganden" 8548:Kamalaśīla wrote the three 8422: 7708:(or "Old Translation") and 6999:(lit. "Fierce Woman", Skt. 6732:are traditionally the main 6219: 6169: 6105:There is a long history of 6051:practices and includes the 5255:and its commentaries. This 5189:hierarchical classification 4863:or the bodhisattva levels. 4697:in order to help all other 4648:Buddhahood and Bodhisattvas 4063: 4031: 3999: 3976: 3613:Tibetan government in exile 3131:Internal strife within the 2924:(988–1069) and his student 2586:History of Tibetan Buddhism 1560:Ordination and transmission 374: 10: 18294: 17894:Postage and postal history 17346:Tibetan attack on Songzhou 16498:The unanswerable questions 13198:. Snow Lion Publications. 13131:"Tibetan Buddhist Society" 13022:. Vol. I. Snow Lion. 12989:Essential Tibetan Buddhism 12935:Tibet: A Political History 12828:: Snow Lion Publications. 12627:(2nd ed.). Oneworld. 11338:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 11204:The Way of the Bodhisattva 11026:. Ann Arbor. p. viii. 10642:Berzin, Alexander (2002). 10638:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10618:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10606:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10582:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10547:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10535:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10515:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 10466:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 9856:Taveirne, Patrick (2004). 9443:. McFarland. p. 101. 9197:Berzin, Alexander (2000). 8552:texts (修習次第三篇) after that. 7848:Dates to the 12th century 7322: 6993:energy practices, such as 6864: 6800:is also sometimes called " 6534: 6528: 6454: 6173: 6147: 5911: 5804:Five Treatises of Maitreya 5446: 4902:'s 11th-century root text 4870: 3677:Shambhala Buddhist network 3398:Gandantegchinlen Monastery 3160: 2979: 2732:to transmit the Dharma at 2633: 2583: 2579: 1035:Filipino Esoteric Buddhism 18224: 18080: 17923: 17916: 17889: 17880: 17846: 17749: 17740: 17699: 17597: 17593: 17584: 17493: 17356:Mongol invasions of Tibet 17336: 17140: 17109: 17100: 17026: 16978: 16893: 16808: 16583:Buddhist temples in Korea 16506: 16408: 16291: 15988: 15916: 15743: 15616: 15556: 15191: 15146:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 15057: 15049:Three planes of existence 14997: 14842: 14734: 14664: 14656:Buddha in world religions 14518: 14463: 14435: 14317: 14236: 14180: 14144: 13987:Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo 13774: 13748: 13722: 13691: 13640: 13633: 13570: 13489: 13438: 13382: 13260:Wallace, B. Alan (1993). 13236:. Snow Lion Publications. 13060:. Yale University Press. 12592:Brunnhölzl, Karl (2004). 12416:Kongtrul, Jamgon (2009). 12060:"Making the Sangha Whole" 11752:Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche. 10930:Sopa & Hopkins (1977) 10704:Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron 10094:Marks, Thomas A. (1977). 9936:Lopez, Donald S. (1998). 9881:Dudeja, Jai Paul (2023). 9793:10.1163/15734218-12341290 9542:. pp. 116–119, 121. 9285:Yamaguchi, Zuihō (n.d.). 8623: 8615: 8591: 8206:Sanskrit transliteration 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7754: 7747: 7744: 7574:Lineage, associated with 7319:Women in Tibetan Buddhism 6739: 6623: 5520: 5291:, as well as the work of 5028:), "Secret Mantra" (Skt. 4866: 4795:(Three bodies) doctrine. 4640:) as well as the tantric 3447: 3441: 3432: 3418:Tibetan Autonomous Region 3224:and the successive Gelug 2898:) school, was founded by 2698:In the 8th century, King 2545:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 2517: 2504: 17754:Tibet Autonomous Region 17516:Treaty of Chushul (1842) 17468:1987–1989 Tibetan unrest 16365:Persecution of Buddhists 15586:Four stages of awakening 14967:Three marks of existence 14553:Physical characteristics 13862:Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche 13857:Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche 13552:Tibetan tantric practice 13329:templates for discussion 13056:Van Schaik, Sam (2011). 12987:Thurman, Robert (1997). 12937:. Yale University Press. 12862:Rossabi, Morris (1983). 12683:Encyclopedia of Religion 11729:A Dictionary of Buddhism 11413:Saddharmapundarika Sutra 11327:. Snow Lion. p. 21. 10256:(Report). Freedom House. 9474:University of Washington 9333:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 8884:A Dictionary of Buddhism 8642:has said on this issue: 8486: 8435:Debates in ancient India 7662:Tibetan Buddhist schools 7534:(non-sectarian) scholar 7428:Śrīcandramāla Tantrarāja 7115:(religious building) in 7059:pointing-out instruction 6861:Tantric sadhana and yoga 6321:Meditative Concentration 3572:. The Indian regions of 3265:Qing expeditionary force 3119:(1357–1419) founded the 3064:wood blocks for printing 2960:was founded by the monk 2882:Atiśa's chief disciple, 2378:(1271–1368), founded by 1573:Pointing-out instruction 1126:True Awakening Tradition 457:Practices and attainment 445:Pointing-out instruction 356:Three marks of existence 17861:TAR People's Government 17821:Serfs' Emancipation Day 17361:Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war 15728:Ten principal disciples 14611:(aunt, adoptive mother) 14087:Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche 14057:Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche 13957:Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche 13902:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo 13847:Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen 13264:. Wisdom Publications. 13241:Smith, E. Gene (2001). 12746:Meditation on Emptiness 11977:Haas, Michaela (2013). 11779:Norbu, Namkhai (2000). 10163:buddhism.lib.ntu.edu.tw 9921:Weidner, Marsha Smith. 9439:Olderr, Steven (2020). 8315:rang-bzhin-gyi grub-pa 7962:Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso 7732:Yellow Hat (Gelug) and 7311:, occasionally consult 7077:Institutions and clergy 6370:or mental cultivation ( 6160:Vajrayāna or Mantrayāna 5870:Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso 5586:Akṣayamatinirdeśa Sūtra 5582:Questions of Akṣayamati 5484:and commentaries). The 4066:Śūraṅgama Samādhi Sūtra 3462:, Tibet was annexed by 3367:Mongols under Qing rule 3332:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo 2801:The Indian master Atiśa 2782:, mantra specialists). 2564:Dictionary of Religion. 2386:(1959 onwards). As the 1927:Philosophical reasoning 17531:Treaty of Lhasa (1904) 17485:Special Frontier Force 16438:Buddhism and democracy 15951:Tibetan Buddhist canon 15946:Chinese Buddhist canon 15178:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 15173:Early Buddhist schools 13962:Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa 13912:Karma Thinley Rinpoche 13807:Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche 13151:Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche 12252:. Vajra Dakini Nunnery 12250:"Vajra Dakini Nunnery" 12198:"Women Making History" 11727:Keown, Damien (2003). 11442:, pp. 26 and 52f. 11411:Indian tradition (Cf. 11323:Kalu Rinpoche (1986). 11051:Thupten Jinpa (2019). 10439:, pp. 65, 71, 75. 10412:(accessed 11 May 2013) 9418:escholarship.mcgill.ca 8750:, pp. 392–3, 415. 8673: 8501:Tibeto-Mongol Buddhism 8365:preliminary practices 8337:motivational training 8323:mind of enlightenment 8190:Glossary of terms used 8158: 7894:as the basis of their 7540:Treasury of Knowledge, 7449:Western nuns and lamas 7353: 7345: 7229:for periodic retreats. 7172: 7130: 7127:Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche 7119: 7104: 7027:Dzogchen and Mahamudra 6966: 6899: 6887: 6843: 6826: 6763:inscribed with mantras 6682: 6649: 6584: 6470: 6355: 6330: 6312:Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra 6119:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5812:, a compendium of the 5747:Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra 5682:Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra 5622:rgyan drug mchog gnyis 5538: 5462: 5449:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5433: 5404:Svātantrika Madhyamaka 5384:) – The philosophy of 5222:("lesser vehicle") or 5139: 5108: 5014: 4769:true nature of reality 4096:Tathāgataguhyaka Sūtra 4043:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 3693: 3636: 3622: 3592:(the hill stations of 3529: 3405: 3301:Putuo Zongcheng Temple 3256: 3106: 3056:Tibetan Buddhist canon 2689:Tibetan writing system 2679:(7th–9th century CE). 2275: 1694:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1006:Historical traditions: 826:Tibetan Buddhist canon 17904:Qinghai–Tibet railway 17899:Qinghai-Tibet Highway 17866:TAR People's Congress 17838:India–Tibet relations 17811:Independence movement 17463:1959 Tibetan uprising 17351:Battle of Dafei River 17199:Era of Fragmentation 16448:Eight Consciousnesses 14558:Life of Buddha in art 14309:Tashilhunpo Monastery 14112:Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche 14107:Tsele Natsok Rangdröl 14082:Thubten Zopa Rinpoche 13827:Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche 13714:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 13532:Preparatory practices 13232:Powers, John (2008). 13213:Powers, John (2004). 12818:Powers, John (2007). 12646:. KunchabPublicaties. 11464:Cueppers, Christoph. 10987:. Brill. p. 540. 10636:, pp. 3, 303ff; 9372:, pp. 12–13, 32. 8668: 8505:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 8281:foundational vehicle 8253:devotion to the guru 8110: 8068:the founder of Gelug 7951:Rongzom Chökyi Zangpo 7886:Six Dharmas of Naropa 7695:rangtong and shentong 7657:Orgyenpa Rinchen Pal. 7635:which originate from 7617:Six Dharmas of Naropa 7480:The Eight Garudhammas 7351: 7336: 7323:Further information: 7257:Mindrolling monastery 7167: 7125: 7110: 7084: 6961: 6951:consisting mainly of 6893: 6874: 6838: 6821: 6676: 6647: 6630:chos srid zung 'brel. 6578: 6479:preliminary practices 6464: 6451:Preliminary practices 6353: 6346:Samatha and Vipaśyanā 6325: 6027:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 5798:Other important texts 5577:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 5558:Saṃdhinirmocana-sūtra 5528: 5456: 5427: 5129: 5103: 5013:, Tibet, 18th century 5004: 4931:scopes or attitudes: 4057:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 4034:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra 3978:Buddhāvataṃsaka Sūtra 3963:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 3661: 3627: 3617: 3519: 3466:in 1950. In 1959 the 3392: 3247: 3096: 3083:Chinese folk religion 3015:Mongols invaded Tibet 2982:Tibet under Yuan rule 2950:Six Dharmas of Nāropā 2706:(8th century CE) and 2624:Kingdom of Zhangzhung 2613:Three Kingdoms period 2492:(Jesus dharma system) 2407:Six Dharmas of Naropa 2356:(which included many 2273: 1962:Aids to Enlightenment 1787:Dependent Origination 1566:Esoteric transmission 1489:Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra 401:Dependent origination 18212:Traditional medicine 17426:Xinhai Lhasa turmoil 17247:Relations with Ming 17217:Relations with Song 17189:Relations with Tang 17127:European exploration 16925:East Asian religions 16355:Buddhism in the West 15926:Early Buddhist texts 15541:Four Right Exertions 15007:Ten spiritual realms 14500:Noble Eightfold Path 14274:Namdroling Monastery 14017:Second Beru Khyentse 14002:Rechung Dorje Drakpa 13887:Gorampa Sonam Sengye 13490:Individual practices 13157:. Padma Publishing. 12843:Ringu Tulku (2006). 12021:on 28 September 2007 11842:Spencer, Chapman F. 10580:, pp. 242–266; 9420:. Lara E. Braitstein 9164:The History of Tibet 8850:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 8465:Songs of realization 8374:prārambhika kriyāni 8357:thams-cad mkhyen-pa 8267:fixation meditation 8225:analytic meditation 8167:Samding Dorje Phagmo 7984:Chaba Chokyi Senge, 7977:Ngog Legpai Sherab, 7505:Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo 7435:Samding Dorje Phagmo 7134:Buddhist monasticism 7086:Rangjung Rigpe Dorje 6633:successful harvest. 6571:Esotericism and vows 6406:nine mental abidings 6362:defines meditation ( 5836:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra 5822:Mahayanasutralankara 5700:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 5646:Abhidharma-samuccaya 5547:Perfection of Wisdom 5142:The Indian Buddhist 4989:and the practice of 4898:are elaborations of 4799:The Bodhisattva path 3808:Bodhisattva Precepts 3768:Transcendent Virtues 3412:government based in 3377:(1634–1758) and the 3163:Ming–Tibet relations 2755:Era of Fragmentation 2617:transmitted to Japan 1932:Devotional practices 1755:Noble Eightfold Path 1112:New Kadampa Buddhism 900:History and overview 299:Samding Dorje Phagmo 164:Second dissemination 17856:Regional Government 17833:CIA Tibetan program 17816:Serfdom controversy 17700:Traditional regions 17551:Simla Accord (1914) 17473:2008 Tibetan unrest 17297:List of Qing ambans 17242:Phagmodrupa dynasty 17048:Religion portal 16795:Temple of the Tooth 16674:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 15713:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 15206:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 14989:Two truths doctrine 14809:Mahapajapati Gotamī 14609:Mahapajapati Gotamī 13699:Khön Könchok Gyalpo 13571:Institutional roles 13311:National Geographic 12909:. Scarecrow Press. 12797:(3 November 2006). 12519:Arya, T.G. (2022). 12322:The Washington Post 12175:on 17 November 2010 12096:The Huffington Post 11859:, pp. 140–141. 11844:Lhasa the Holy City 11832:, pp. 159–162. 11796:, pp. 131–134. 11587:, pp. 266–267. 11374:Berzin, Alexander. 11370:Tsong-kha-pa (2000) 11279:, p. 66, 212f. 11012:, pp. 103–104. 10826:, p. 145, 150. 10802:, pp. 117–122. 10775:, pp. 125–126. 10519:Tsong-kha-pa (2002) 10470:Tsong-kha-pa (2002) 10426:. pp. 303–304. 10400:, pp. 242–243. 9953:, pp. 165–169. 9749:Berzin, Alexander. 9734:Petech, L. (1990). 9348:, pp. 53, 173. 9321:on 1 November 2013. 9137:Berzin, Alexander. 8393:stages of the path 8309:inherent existence 8259:bla-ma-la bsten-pa 8042:Khon Konchog Gyalpo 7988:Patsab Nyima Drakpa 7907:Cakrasamvara Tantra 7866:Emphasizes classic 7736:(non-Gelug) sects. 7697:interpretations of 7485:In April 2011, the 7035:("Great Seal") and 7005:Six Yogas of Naropa 6886:(thighbone trumpet) 6784:The use of (mainly 6710:is the idea of the 6434:analytic meditation 6401:Takpo Tashi Namgyal 6080:Cakrasamvara Tantra 6036:Anuttarayoga-tantra 5710:Four Hundred Verses 5205:schools of Buddhism 5152:Buddhist philosophy 4479:Regional traditions 4018:Lalitavistara Sūtra 3993:Mahāsaṃnipāta Sūtra 3986:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra 3882:Prajñāpāramitā Devī 3798:Non-abiding Nirvana 3763:Transcendent Wisdom 3639:In the wake of the 3631:Buddhist center in 3472:Cultural Revolution 3453:Cultural Revolution 3133:Phagmodrupa dynasty 2900:Khön Könchok Gyelpo 2450:spiritual tradition 2413:. Its main goal is 2232:Buddhism portal 2105:Buddhism by country 1867:Sanskrit literature 1482:Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti 1475:Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa 1447:Cakrasaṃvara Tantra 1440:Anuttarayoga Tantra 687:Institutional roles 126:First dissemination 18273:Himalayan Buddhism 18170:(ceremonial scarf) 18141:Dzong architecture 17958:Imperial Preceptor 17828:Sovereignty debate 17774:Etymology of Tibet 17386:Lhasa riot of 1750 17381:Jinchuan campaigns 17366:Battle of Dartsedo 17284:Qing dynasty rule 17227:Yuan dynasty rule 17201:(9th–13th century) 16970:Western philosophy 16568:Dzong architecture 16390:Vipassana movement 16385:Buddhist modernism 15813:Emperor Wen of Sui 15581:Pratyekabuddhayāna 15514:Threefold Training 15316:Vipassana movement 15032:Hungry Ghost realm 14852:Avidyā (Ignorance) 14799:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 14548:Great Renunciation 14543:Eight Great Events 14425: 14254:Dzongsar Monastery 14249:Dzogchen Monastery 12791:Rinpoche, Pabongka 12748:. Boston: Wisdom. 12169:"Ani Pema Chödrön" 11397:bla-ma lnga-bcu-pa 11066:Ringu Tulku (2006) 10932:, pp. 67–69; 10896:, p. 146-147. 10513:, pp. 257ff; 10422:Samuel, Geoffrey. 10308:Human Rights Watch 10268:"Self-Immolations" 9832:on 6 October 2016. 9699:St. Martin's Press 9505:StudyLamp Software 9272:2013-11-02 at the 9148:2016-06-17 at the 9014:(2019), Routledge. 8710:Tantra in Practice 8537:Hwa shang Mahayana 8517:Himalayan Buddhism 8513:Lamaistic Buddhism 8460:Pure Land Buddhism 8312:rangzhingi drubpa 8276:nibandhita dhyāna 7903:Guhyasamāja Tantra 7862:Guhyagarbha Tantra 7354: 7346: 7204:(practitioners of 7131: 7120: 7105: 6905:higher yoga tantra 6902:In what is called 6900: 6888: 6817:Lama Zopa Rinpoche 6683: 6650: 6585: 6537:Guru § In Buddhism 6471: 6413:shin tu sbyangs pa 6356: 6054:Guhyasamaja Tantra 5970:Guhyasamaja Tantra 5964:Guhyagarbha Tantra 5914:Tantras (Buddhism) 5908:Tantric literature 5894:Stages of the Path 5618:gyen druk chok nyi 5539: 5463: 5434: 5428:Monks debating at 5271:philosophy of time 5265:. It also defends 5162:inherent existence 5140: 5015: 4987:Buddhist cosmology 4756:or Samantabhadra. 4103:Kāraṇḍavyūha Sūtra 4089:Golden Light Sutra 4002:Vimalakirtinirdeśa 3818:Bodhisattva stages 3783:Consciousness-only 3637: 3530: 3406: 3293:Xumi Fushou Temple 3283:(respected as the 3257: 3187:the leader of the 3107: 3068:Narthang monastery 3060:Butön Rinchen Drup 3008:Church of the East 3006:influenced by the 2996:Mongolian Buddhism 2994:, and Tibetan and 2490:Yi shu'i chos lugs 2468:of the insiders" ( 2276: 1719:Buddhist modernism 1496:Vajrasekhara Sutra 1454:Guhyagarbha Tantra 1266:Anuttarayogatantra 1238:Fourfold division: 1230:Tantric techniques 1119:Shambhala Buddhism 984:Vajrayana Buddhism 878:Tree of physiology 418:Four Tenets system 18255: 18254: 18220: 18219: 17912: 17911: 17876: 17875: 17779:Foreign relations 17736: 17735: 17732: 17731: 17580: 17579: 17436:Qinghai–Tibet War 17406:Sikkim expedition 17396:Dogra–Tibetan War 17391:Sino-Nepalese War 17326:political leaders 17304:Post-Qing to 1950 17257:Rinpungpa dynasty 17168:(7th–9th century) 17056: 17055: 16694:Om mani padme hum 16400:Women in Buddhism 16316:Buddhist councils 16186:Western countries 15974:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 15735:Shaolin Monastery 15312:Samatha-vipassanā 14922:Pratītyasamutpāda 14726:Metteyya/Maitreya 14644: 14636: 14628: 14620: 14612: 14604: 14596: 14473:Four Noble Truths 14383: 14382: 14304:Shechen Monastery 14264:Jokhang Monastery 14244:Drepung Monastery 14140: 14139: 14097:Trulshik Rinpoche 13997:Ratna Vajra Sakya 13917:Khamtrul Rinpoche 13817:Chetsang Rinpoche 13792:Anagarika Govinda 13740:Thang Tong Gyalpo 13557:Transfer of merit 13271:978-0-86171-075-1 13224:978-0-19-517426-7 13205:978-1-55939-908-1 13067:978-0-300-15404-7 13007:978-0-7914-4138-1 12962:Snellgrove, David 12916:978-0-8108-6601-0 12854:978-1-59030-286-6 12835:978-1-55939-282-2 12824:(Rev. ed.). 12810:978-0-86171-500-8 12795:Rinpoche, Trijang 12774:978-0-19-973512-9 12532:978-93-90752-72-0 12458:Brunnhölzl (2004) 12369:on 5 October 2016 12045:studybuddhism.com 11738:978-0-19-860560-7 11701:978-1-59030-055-8 11675:Ray, Reginald A. 11536:, pp. 23–24. 11192:, pp. 45–46. 10973:, pp. 19–20. 10869:, pp. 27–28. 10773:Snellgrove (1987) 10719:, pp. 52–53. 10670:, pp. 93–96. 10576:, pp. 61ff; 10509:, pp. 64ff; 10345:The Buddhist Door 10292:. 5 October 2019. 10213:www.samyeling.org 10100:The Tibet Journal 10047:978-0-415-85881-6 9963:Van Schaik (2011) 9951:Van Schaik (2011) 9892:978-93-5741-206-3 9867:978-90-5867-365-7 9708:978-1-250-20257-4 9612:, pp. 61–62. 9549:978-0-385-51284-8 9470:Silk Road Seattle 9402:, pp. 104ff. 9387:studybuddhism.com 9203:StudyBuddhism.com 9106:studybuddhism.com 8999:Snellgrove (1987) 8979:www.koyasan.or.jp 8521:Northern Buddhism 8430:Buddhism in China 8420: 8419: 8385:rtsa-ba'i bla-ma 8329:byang-chhub sems 8098: 8097: 7980:Ngog Loden Sherab 7921:Ratnagotravibhāga 7839:founded in 1073. 7688:The 19th century 7625:, the lineage of 7396:sangyum, kandroma 7325:Women in Buddhism 6809:Om Mani Padme Hum 6467:Jokhang Monastery 6107:oral transmission 6071:and includes the 5999:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa 5977:Kulayarāja Tantra 5809:Ratnagotravibhāga 5776:Pramāṇa-samuccaya 5736:Madhyamākalaṃkāra 5671:Abhisamayalankara 5565:Samādhirāja Sūtra 5501:classical Tibetan 5425: 4910:Bodhipathapradīpa 4823:, cultivates the 4626:dependent arising 4594:four noble truths 4590: 4589: 4075:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 4050:Śrīmālādevī Sūtra 4025:Samādhirāja Sūtra 3748:Mind of Awakening 3714:Mahāyāna Buddhism 3602:Arunachal Pradesh 3373:(1630–1771), the 3285:Emperor Manjushri 3169:David M. Robinson 3113:Jangchub Gyaltsän 2990:, especially the 2716:The Ancient Ones) 2693:classical Tibetan 2570:Himalayan Regions 2560:Northern Buddhism 2419:classical Tibetan 2364:practices of the 2315:Arunachal Pradesh 2268: 2267: 1750:Four Noble Truths 1623: 1622: 1515:Symbols and tools 1461:Kulayarāja Tantra 1275: 1273:Twofold division: 1240: 968: 967: 930:Index of articles 546:Major monasteries 504:Tantra techniques 423:Rangtong-Shentong 331:10th Panchen Lama 120:Key personalities 16:(Redirected from 18285: 18268:Tibetan Buddhism 18240: 18233: 18171: 17948:Tibetan Buddhism 17921: 17920: 17887: 17886: 17757: 17747: 17746: 17595: 17594: 17591: 17590: 17453:Battle of Chamdo 17431:Sino-Tibetan War 17287: 17250: 17230: 17220: 17202: 17192: 17179:List of emperors 17169: 17151: 17132:Historical money 17107: 17106: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17060: 17059: 17046: 17045: 17034: 17033: 16873:Sacred languages 16721:Maya Devi Temple 16684:Mahabodhi Temple 16488:Secular Buddhism 16453:Engaged Buddhism 15293: 15141:Tibetan Buddhism 15092:Vietnamese Thiền 14691:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 14642: 14634: 14626: 14618: 14610: 14602: 14594: 14443: 14442: 14430: 14420: 14410: 14403: 14396: 14387: 14386: 14340:Himachal Pradesh 14279:Palyul Monastery 14269:Kathok Monastery 14259:Ganden Monastery 14102:Tsangnyön Heruka 14092:Trijang Rinpoche 14072:Thrangu Rinpoche 14062:Tenzin Ösel Hita 13932:Lama Jampa Thaye 13922:Khandro Rinpoche 13837:Dezhung Rinpoche 13812:Chatral Rinpoche 13638: 13637: 13439:Practice systems 13376: 13375:Tibetan Buddhism 13367: 13360: 13353: 13344: 13343: 13334:Tibetan Buddhism 13294: 13275: 13256: 13237: 13228: 13209: 13192:Mullin, Glenn H. 13187: 13168: 13146: 13116: 13071: 13058:Tibet: A History 13052: 13033: 13011: 12992: 12983: 12971: 12957: 12938: 12929: 12920: 12899: 12882:Samuel, Geoffrey 12877: 12858: 12839: 12826:Ithaca, New York 12814: 12786: 12759: 12742:Hopkins, Jeffrey 12737: 12715: 12698: 12686: 12675: 12656: 12647: 12638: 12616: 12607: 12578: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12559: 12550: 12544: 12543: 12541: 12539: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12443: 12437: 12431: 12422: 12421: 12413: 12407: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12359: 12353: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12336: 12330: 12329: 12324:. Archived from 12316:Haas, Michaela. 12313: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12297:on 15 April 2013 12287: 12281: 12280: 12268: 12262: 12261: 12259: 12257: 12246: 12240: 12239: 12237: 12235: 12220: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12209: 12194: 12185: 12184: 12182: 12180: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12156: 12154: 12139: 12133: 12132: 12130: 12128: 12117: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12103: 12087: 12081: 12080:, JUNE 27, 2022. 12074: 12068: 12067: 12055: 12049: 12048: 12037: 12031: 12030: 12028: 12026: 12017:. Archived from 12011: 12005: 11999: 11993: 11992: 11974: 11968: 11962: 11956: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11920: 11914: 11908: 11902: 11896: 11890: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11866: 11860: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11776: 11770: 11764: 11758: 11757: 11756:. pp. 7–11. 11749: 11743: 11742: 11724: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11705: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11672: 11666: 11660: 11654: 11648: 11642: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11606: 11600: 11594: 11588: 11582: 11576: 11575: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11510: 11504: 11498: 11492: 11486: 11480: 11474: 11473: 11461: 11455: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11416: 11409: 11403: 11385: 11379: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11328: 11320: 11314: 11313:Pabongkha, p.649 11311: 11305: 11304: 11286: 11280: 11274: 11268: 11262: 11256: 11250: 11244: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11207: 11199: 11193: 11187: 11181: 11175: 11169: 11168: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11048: 11042: 11041: 11035: 11027: 11019: 11013: 11007: 11001: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10980: 10974: 10968: 10962: 10956: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10876: 10870: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10785: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10758: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10731: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10696: 10690: 10677: 10671: 10665: 10659: 10653: 10647: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10571: 10565: 10559: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10485: 10479: 10473: 10472:, pp. 48–9. 10458: 10452: 10446: 10440: 10434: 10428: 10427: 10419: 10413: 10407: 10401: 10395: 10389: 10383: 10374: 10367: 10361: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10318: 10312: 10311: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10250: 10244: 10238: 10232: 10226: 10217: 10216: 10205: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10194: 10180: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10146: 10144: 10130: 10124: 10123: 10091: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10080: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10033: 10027: 10021: 10012: 10011: 9991: 9985: 9975: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9941: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9903: 9897: 9896: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9853: 9847: 9842:Silk, Jonathan. 9840: 9834: 9833: 9831: 9825:. Archived from 9820: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9719: 9713: 9712: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9660: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9634: 9619: 9613: 9607: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9580: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9534:(1st ed.). 9522: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9436: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9412:Dickson, Alnis. 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9379: 9373: 9367: 9361: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9317:. Archived from 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9291: 9282: 9276: 9264: 9258: 9257: 9255: 9253: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9229: 9227: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9194: 9183: 9181: 9175: 9167: 9159: 9153: 9135: 9129: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9008: 9002: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8962: 8960: 8946: 8940: 8939: 8937: 8935: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8831: 8822: 8821: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8793: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8762:Tiso, Francis V. 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8705: 8683: 8680: 8674: 8665:Alexander Berzin 8632: 8626: 8625: 8617: 8609: 8603: 8593: 8572: 8566: 8559: 8553: 8546: 8540: 8529: 8523: 8497: 8346:autsukya dhyāna 8262:guruparyupāsati 8234:yauktika dhyāna 8194: 8082:Yumo Mikyo Dorje 7917:Kalacakra Tantra 7911:Kalacakra Tantra 7844:Ganden monastery 7811:New Translation 7808:New Translation 7805:New Translation 7802:New Translation 7799:New Translation 7796:Old Translation 7742: 7683:ultimate reality 7681:(emptiness) and 7155:) which are not 7138:Mulasarvastivada 7098:Rumtek Monastery 7071:lhen chig kye pa 6953:Buddhist deities 6934:lha'i rnal 'byor 6834:Jamgon Ju Mipham 6774: 6752: 6702:mortuary rituals 6581:Washington, D.C. 6395:The practice of 6290:bodhisattva vows 6273:The practice of 6222: 6089:Kalacakra Tantra 6069:clear light mind 6049:completion stage 5982:Dzogchen Tantras 5790:Vinayamula Sutra 5725:Madhyamakāvatāra 5426: 5243:bye brag smra ba 5038:Buddhist Tantras 4679: 4660: 4598:pakpé denpa shyi 4582: 4575: 4568: 4357:Hongzhi Zhengjue 4174:Tibetan Buddhism 4082:Ghanavyūha sūtra 4070: 4038: 4011:Pure Land Sutras 4006: 3981: 3942:Wrathful deities 3725: 3715: 3700: 3699: 3679:, deriving from 3641:Tibetan diaspora 3584:(which includes 3582:Himachal Pradesh 3562:Russian Far East 3490:Kagyu Samye Ling 3460:Battle of Chamdo 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3434: 3334:(1820–1892) and 3289:6th Panchen Lama 3281:Qianlong Emperor 3079:Chinese Buddhism 2869:Avataṃsaka Sūtra 2834:hidden treasures 2812: 2798: 2662: 2648: 2605:arrived in China 2595:Centuries after 2520: 2519: 2513:Chinese Buddhism 2507: 2506: 2432:(11th century), 2384:Tibetan diaspora 2317:, as well as in 2301:, including the 2279:Tibetan Buddhism 2260: 2253: 2246: 2230: 2229: 1957:Sublime abidings 1648: 1625: 1624: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1503:Yuthok Nyingthig 1271: 1236: 1211:Completion stage 1206:Generation stage 995: 985: 970: 969: 960: 953: 946: 883:Festival thangka 377: 350:General Buddhist 57: 47: 46:Tibetan Buddhism 32: 31: 21: 18293: 18292: 18288: 18287: 18286: 18284: 18283: 18282: 18258: 18257: 18256: 18251: 18243: 18236: 18229: 18216: 18169: 18076: 17908: 17872: 17842: 17755: 17728: 17695: 17672:Tibetan Plateau 17667:Rongbuk Glacier 17653:Yarlung Tsangpo 17576: 17489: 17416:Batang uprising 17338: 17332: 17285: 17279:Khoshut Khanate 17267:Ganden Phodrang 17262:Tsangpa dynasty 17248: 17228: 17218: 17200: 17190: 17167: 17161:Yarlung dynasty 17149: 17136: 17096: 17087: 17057: 17052: 17040: 17022: 16974: 16889: 16804: 16541:Ordination hall 16502: 16404: 16375:Buddhist crisis 16287: 15984: 15936:Mahayana sutras 15912: 15908:Thích Nhất Hạnh 15739: 15612: 15552: 15502:Bodhisattva vow 15187: 15053: 14993: 14952:Taṇhā (Craving) 14887:Five hindrances 14838: 14730: 14660: 14514: 14459: 14431: 14414: 14384: 14379: 14313: 14294:Sanga Monastery 14289:Sakya Monastery 14232: 14176: 14136: 14027:Sogyal Rinpoche 14007:Reting Rinpoche 13897:Jamgon Kongtrul 13892:Gyalwang Drukpa 13822:Chögyam Trungpa 13770: 13744: 13718: 13687: 13683:Dudjom Rinpoche 13668:Patrul Rinpoche 13629: 13566: 13485: 13434: 13378: 13374: 13371: 13332: 13302: 13297: 13291: 13278: 13272: 13259: 13253: 13240: 13231: 13225: 13212: 13206: 13190: 13184: 13171: 13165: 13149: 13128: 13124: 13122:Further reading 13119: 13089:10.2307/2718667 13068: 13049: 13030: 13008: 12991:. Castle Books. 12980: 12954: 12917: 12896: 12874: 12855: 12836: 12811: 12775: 12756: 12734: 12712:10.18130/V3V80T 12695: 12672: 12635: 12604: 12587: 12582: 12581: 12573: 12569: 12557: 12552: 12551: 12547: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12517: 12513: 12505: 12501: 12491: 12489: 12481: 12480: 12476: 12468: 12464: 12456: 12452: 12444: 12440: 12432: 12425: 12414: 12410: 12400: 12398: 12386: 12382: 12372: 12370: 12361: 12360: 12356: 12346: 12344: 12337: 12333: 12328:on 7 June 2013. 12314: 12310: 12300: 12298: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12277:Huffington Post 12269: 12265: 12255: 12253: 12248: 12247: 12243: 12233: 12231: 12224:"Khenmo Drolma" 12222: 12221: 12217: 12207: 12205: 12196: 12195: 12188: 12178: 12176: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12152: 12150: 12141: 12140: 12136: 12126: 12124: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12101: 12099: 12089: 12088: 12084: 12075: 12071: 12056: 12052: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12024: 12022: 12013: 12012: 12008: 12000: 11996: 11989: 11975: 11971: 11963: 11959: 11951: 11947: 11939: 11935: 11927: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11903: 11899: 11891: 11887: 11879: 11875: 11867: 11863: 11855: 11851: 11840: 11836: 11828: 11824: 11816: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11792: 11788: 11777: 11773: 11765: 11761: 11750: 11746: 11739: 11725: 11721: 11715:Kapstein (2014) 11713: 11709: 11702: 11688: 11684: 11673: 11669: 11661: 11657: 11649: 11645: 11637: 11633: 11622: 11618: 11609:Jamgon Mipham. 11607: 11603: 11595: 11591: 11583: 11579: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11544: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11522:Kapstein (2014) 11520: 11513: 11507:Kapstein (2014) 11505: 11501: 11495:Kapstein (2014) 11493: 11489: 11483:Kapstein (2014) 11481: 11477: 11462: 11458: 11450: 11446: 11438: 11434: 11428:Kapstein (2014) 11426: 11419: 11410: 11406: 11386: 11382: 11360: 11356: 11348: 11344: 11336: 11332: 11321: 11317: 11312: 11308: 11301: 11287: 11283: 11275: 11271: 11263: 11259: 11251: 11247: 11239: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11215: 11211: 11200: 11196: 11190:Kapstein (2014) 11188: 11184: 11176: 11172: 11157: 11153: 11145: 11141: 11133: 11129: 11121: 11117: 11109: 11105: 11100: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11078:Kapstein (2014) 11076: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11049: 11045: 11029: 11028: 11020: 11016: 11008: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10981: 10977: 10969: 10965: 10959:Kapstein (2014) 10957: 10953: 10944: 10940: 10928: 10924: 10916: 10912: 10904: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10877: 10873: 10865: 10861: 10855:Kapstein (2014) 10853: 10842: 10834: 10830: 10822: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10788:Kapstein (2014) 10786: 10779: 10771: 10767: 10761:Kapstein (2014) 10759: 10752: 10744: 10740: 10732: 10723: 10717:Kapstein (2014) 10715: 10711: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10678: 10674: 10666: 10662: 10654: 10650: 10634:Dhargyey (1982) 10630:Dhargyey (1978) 10628: 10624: 10616: 10612: 10604: 10600: 10596:, pp. 2–3. 10592: 10588: 10578:Dhargyey (1982) 10574:Dhargyey (1978) 10572: 10568: 10560: 10553: 10545: 10541: 10533: 10529: 10511:Dhargyey (1982) 10507:Dhargyey (1978) 10504: 10500: 10492: 10488: 10480: 10476: 10464:, p. 111; 10462:Dhargyey (1978) 10459: 10455: 10447: 10443: 10435: 10431: 10420: 10416: 10408: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10384: 10377: 10368: 10364: 10358:Kapstein (2014) 10356: 10352: 10337: 10333: 10320: 10319: 10315: 10302: 10301: 10297: 10284: 10283: 10279: 10266: 10265: 10261: 10252: 10251: 10247: 10239: 10235: 10229:Kapstein (2014) 10227: 10220: 10207: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10190: 10182: 10181: 10177: 10167: 10165: 10157: 10156: 10152: 10142: 10140: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10092: 10088: 10078: 10076: 10068:. 24 May 2023. 10066:Washington Post 10060: 10059: 10055: 10048: 10034: 10030: 10024:Kapstein (2014) 10022: 10015: 9992: 9988: 9978:Kapstein (2014) 9976: 9969: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9934: 9930: 9919: 9915: 9904: 9900: 9893: 9879: 9875: 9868: 9854: 9850: 9841: 9837: 9829: 9818: 9812: 9808: 9773: 9769: 9759: 9757: 9747: 9743: 9732: 9728: 9720: 9716: 9709: 9701:. p. 363. 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9661: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9632: 9630: 9629:. 18 April 2015 9627:Long Revolution 9621: 9620: 9616: 9610:Shakabpa (1967) 9608: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9585:, p. 309: 9581: 9577: 9571:Shakabpa (1967) 9569: 9565: 9550: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9507: 9493: 9492: 9488: 9478: 9476: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9437: 9433: 9423: 9421: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9381: 9380: 9376: 9368: 9364: 9356: 9352: 9346:Shakabpa (1967) 9344: 9340: 9331: 9330: 9326: 9315:"敦煌唐代写本顿悟大乘正理决" 9313: 9312: 9308: 9298: 9296: 9289: 9283: 9279: 9274:Wayback Machine 9265: 9261: 9251: 9249: 9239: 9235: 9225: 9223: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9195: 9186: 9169: 9168: 9160: 9156: 9150:Wayback Machine 9136: 9132: 9117: 9113: 9100: 9099: 9095: 9086: 9085: 9081: 9070: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9034: 9030: 9022: 9018: 9009: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8973: 8972: 8968: 8958: 8956: 8954:www.shingon.org 8948: 8947: 8943: 8933: 8931: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8881: 8877: 8870: 8847: 8843: 8832: 8825: 8814: 8810: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8758: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8731: 8727: 8720: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8686: 8681: 8677: 8636:Thubten Chodron 8633: 8629: 8610: 8606: 8573: 8569: 8560: 8556: 8547: 8543: 8530: 8526: 8498: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8425: 8354:t’amcé k’yempa 8318:svabhāvasiddha 8295:incarnate lama 8200:spoken Tibetan 8192: 8186: 8179:Geoffrey Samuel 8157: 8154: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8106:Mipham Rinpoche 8090: 8085: 8073: 8067: 8061: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8034: 8029: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7985: 7983: 7978: 7976: 7971: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7837:Sakya Monastery 7728:respectively). 7664: 7561:Trisong Deutsen 7536:Jamgon Kongtrul 7528: 7451: 7404: 7331: 7321: 7285:incarnate lamas 7210:Tibetan plateau 7079: 7029: 6869: 6863: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6753: 6742: 6626: 6588:depiction of a 6573: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6459: 6453: 6360:14th Dalai Lama 6348: 6178: 6172: 6152: 6146: 6103: 5920: 5912:Main articles: 5910: 5866:Jamgon Kongtrul 5815:tathāgatagarbha 5800: 5765:Pramāṇavarttika 5657:Abhidharma-kośa 5604: 5543:Mahāyāna sutras 5531:Mahayana sutras 5523: 5451: 5445: 5443:Texts and study 5416: 5406:method and the 5368:Jamgon Kongtrul 5364:Seventh Karmapa 5248:Abhidharma-kośa 5124: 4999: 4875: 4869: 4801: 4730:Avalokiteshvara 4715:jangchup semba, 4699:sentient beings 4691: 4690: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684:Avalokiteshvara 4680: 4672: 4671: 4661: 4650: 4638:theg pa chen po 4610:five aggregates 4586: 4557: 4556: 4480: 4472: 4471: 4467:Thích Nhất Hạnh 4462:14th Dalai Lama 4397:Abhayākaragupta 4212: 4204: 4203: 4119: 4109: 4108: 3957: 3955:Mahayana sutras 3947: 3946: 3857: 3843: 3842: 3813:Bodhisattva vow 3733: 3713: 3698: 3689:Sogyal Rinpoche 3681:Chögyam Trungpa 3534:Tibetan Plateau 3522:14th Dalai Lama 3514: 3486:Chögyam Trungpa 3468:14th Dalai Lama 3387: 3379:Khoshut Khanate 3375:Dzungar Khanate 3353:Rinchen Terdzod 3336:Jamgön Kongtrül 3242: 3222:Ganden Phodrang 3218:Khoshut Mongols 3209:Ganden Phodrang 3165: 3091: 3047:(1271–1368) of 2984: 2978: 2865:Ratnakūṭa Sūtra 2824: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2813: 2804: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2788: 2763:Geoffrey Samuel 2746: 2734:Samye Monastery 2673: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2638: 2632: 2593: 2591:Pre–6th century 2588: 2582: 2531:Another term, " 2480:(dharma system) 2462: 2428:(8th century), 2399:ten perfections 2264: 2224: 2217: 2216: 2107: 2097: 2096: 2047: 2037: 2036: 2002: 1992: 1991: 1897: 1887: 1886: 1857:Mahayana Sutras 1837: 1827: 1826: 1767:Five Aggregates 1745: 1744: 1724: 1723: 1714:Later Buddhists 1679: 1619: 1590: 1589: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1516: 1508: 1507: 1468:Mahāmāyā Tantra 1435: 1427: 1426: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1378:Luminosity yoga 1201: 1193: 1192: 1171: 1163: 1162: 1139: 1131: 1130: 1003: 983: 964: 935: 934: 901: 893: 892: 853: 843: 842: 833:Mahayana sutras 809: 799: 798: 754: 744: 743: 688: 680: 679: 548: 538: 537: 458: 450: 449: 346: 336: 335: 326:14th Dalai Lama 321:13th Dalai Lama 305: 294: 276: 258: 240: 223:Patrul Rinpoche 165: 127: 122: 112: 111: 67: 45: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 18291: 18281: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18253: 18252: 18250: 18249: 18242: 18241: 18234: 18226: 18225: 18222: 18221: 18218: 18217: 18215: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18198: 18197: 18192: 18185: 18173: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18127: 18126: 18121: 18119:wall paintings 18116: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18086: 18084: 18078: 18077: 18075: 18074: 18073: 18072: 18067: 18062: 18057: 18050:Tibetan people 18047: 18045:Social classes 18042: 18037: 18036: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18022: 18021: 18020: 18019: 18009: 18004: 18003: 18002: 17992: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17966: 17965: 17960: 17945: 17935: 17930: 17924: 17918: 17914: 17913: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17890: 17884: 17878: 17877: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17869: 17868: 17858: 17852: 17850: 17844: 17843: 17841: 17840: 17835: 17830: 17825: 17824: 17823: 17813: 17808: 17803: 17798: 17793: 17792: 17791: 17781: 17776: 17771: 17770: 17769: 17759: 17750: 17744: 17738: 17737: 17734: 17733: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17726: 17725: 17724: 17714: 17709: 17703: 17701: 17697: 17696: 17694: 17693: 17688: 17687: 17686: 17685: 17684: 17682:Nature Reserve 17669: 17664: 17663: 17662: 17661: 17660: 17647: 17646: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17626: 17616: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17598: 17588: 17582: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17574: 17568: 17563: 17558: 17553: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17533: 17528: 17523: 17518: 17513: 17508: 17503: 17497: 17495: 17491: 17490: 17488: 17487: 17482: 17481: 17480: 17475: 17470: 17465: 17455: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17439: 17438: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17342: 17340: 17334: 17333: 17331: 17330: 17329: 17328: 17323: 17321:PRC annexation 17313: 17312: 17311: 17301: 17300: 17299: 17294: 17281: 17276: 17275: 17274: 17264: 17259: 17254: 17253: 17252: 17239: 17238: 17237: 17224: 17223: 17222: 17214: 17209: 17196: 17195: 17194: 17186: 17181: 17176: 17163: 17158: 17153: 17144: 17142: 17138: 17137: 17135: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17122:List of rulers 17119: 17113: 17111: 17104: 17098: 17097: 17086: 17085: 17078: 17071: 17063: 17054: 17053: 17051: 17050: 17038: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17005: 17000: 16995: 16990: 16984: 16982: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16905: 16899: 16897: 16891: 16890: 16888: 16887: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16845: 16840: 16835: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16814: 16812: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16745: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16697: 16696: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16670: 16669: 16664: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16639: 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16614: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16605:Greco-Buddhist 16597: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16585: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16559: 16558: 16556:Burmese pagoda 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16528: 16523: 16512: 16510: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16414: 16412: 16406: 16405: 16403: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16346: 16345: 16338:Greco-Buddhism 16335: 16330: 16329: 16328: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16303: 16297: 16295: 16289: 16288: 16286: 16285: 16284: 16283: 16278: 16273: 16271:United Kingdom 16268: 16263: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16216:Czech Republic 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16183: 16182: 16181: 16176: 16166: 16165: 16164: 16154: 16153: 16152: 16147: 16137: 16132: 16127: 16122: 16117: 16112: 16107: 16106: 16105: 16095: 16090: 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16040: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15994: 15992: 15986: 15985: 15983: 15982: 15980:Abhidharmadīpa 15977: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15953: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15922: 15920: 15914: 15913: 15911: 15910: 15905: 15900: 15898:B. R. Ambedkar 15895: 15890: 15885: 15880: 15875: 15870: 15865: 15860: 15855: 15850: 15845: 15840: 15835: 15830: 15825: 15820: 15818:Songtsen Gampo 15815: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15795: 15790: 15785: 15780: 15775: 15770: 15765: 15760: 15755: 15749: 15747: 15741: 15740: 15738: 15737: 15732: 15731: 15730: 15720: 15715: 15710: 15705: 15700: 15695: 15694: 15693: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15622: 15620: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15583: 15578: 15573: 15568: 15562: 15560: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15545: 15544: 15543: 15533: 15532: 15531: 15526: 15521: 15511: 15510: 15509: 15504: 15499: 15497:Eight precepts 15494: 15484: 15483: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15457: 15456: 15455: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15434: 15433: 15428: 15423: 15413: 15408: 15403: 15398: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15386: 15376: 15371: 15370: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15285: 15275: 15270: 15268:Five Strengths 15265: 15260: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15234: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15208: 15203: 15197: 15195: 15189: 15188: 15186: 15185: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15159: 15158: 15153: 15148: 15143: 15133: 15132: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15063: 15061: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15051: 15046: 15045: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15009: 15003: 15001: 14995: 14994: 14992: 14991: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14907:Mental factors 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14848: 14846: 14840: 14839: 14837: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14759:Mahamoggallāna 14756: 14751: 14746: 14740: 14738: 14732: 14731: 14729: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14682: 14681: 14674:Avalokiteśvara 14670: 14668: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14647: 14646: 14638: 14630: 14622: 14614: 14606: 14598: 14585: 14580: 14575: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14540: 14535: 14530: 14524: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14502: 14497: 14496: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14475: 14469: 14467: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14436: 14433: 14432: 14413: 14412: 14405: 14398: 14390: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14377: 14372: 14367: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14321: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14311: 14306: 14301: 14299:Sera Monastery 14296: 14291: 14286: 14284:Ramoche Temple 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14240: 14238: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14195: 14190: 14184: 14182: 14181:Ritual objects 14178: 14177: 14175: 14174: 14169: 14164: 14159: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14142: 14141: 14138: 14137: 14135: 14134: 14129: 14124: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14094: 14089: 14084: 14079: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14054: 14049: 14047:Tenga Rinpoche 14044: 14042:Tarthang Tulku 14039: 14034: 14029: 14024: 14019: 14014: 14009: 14004: 13999: 13994: 13989: 13984: 13982:Penor Rinpoche 13979: 13974: 13969: 13967:Orgyen Tobgyal 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13849: 13844: 13842:Dilgo Khyentse 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13799: 13797:Arija Rinpoche 13794: 13789: 13787:Akong Rinpoche 13784: 13782:Trisong Detsen 13778: 13776: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13726: 13724: 13720: 13719: 13717: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13695: 13693: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13685: 13680: 13675: 13670: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13644: 13642: 13635: 13631: 13630: 13628: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13590: 13585: 13580: 13574: 13572: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13493: 13491: 13487: 13486: 13484: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13442: 13440: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13386: 13384: 13380: 13379: 13370: 13369: 13362: 13355: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13314: 13301: 13300:External links 13298: 13296: 13295: 13289: 13276: 13270: 13257: 13251: 13238: 13229: 13223: 13210: 13204: 13188: 13182: 13169: 13163: 13147: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13117: 13072: 13066: 13053: 13047: 13034: 13028: 13012: 13006: 12993: 12984: 12978: 12958: 12952: 12939: 12930: 12921: 12915: 12900: 12895:978-0415456654 12894: 12878: 12872: 12859: 12853: 12840: 12834: 12815: 12809: 12787: 12773: 12760: 12754: 12738: 12733:978-0791403587 12732: 12716: 12699: 12693: 12676: 12670: 12657: 12648: 12639: 12633: 12617: 12608: 12602: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12579: 12577:, p. 232. 12567: 12545: 12531: 12511: 12499: 12474: 12462: 12450: 12446:Hookham (1991) 12438: 12423: 12408: 12395:New York Times 12380: 12354: 12331: 12308: 12282: 12263: 12241: 12230:on 1 June 2010 12215: 12204:on 1 June 2010 12186: 12160: 12149:. 23 June 1999 12134: 12112: 12082: 12069: 12050: 12032: 12006: 12004:, p. 213. 11994: 11988:978-1559394079 11987: 11969: 11957: 11945: 11943:, p. 211. 11933: 11931:, p. 215. 11921: 11919:, p. 216. 11909: 11907:, p. 214. 11897: 11895:, p. 206. 11885: 11883:, p. 144. 11873: 11871:, p. 146. 11861: 11849: 11834: 11822: 11820:, p. 158. 11810: 11808:, p. 141. 11798: 11786: 11771: 11769:, p. 130. 11759: 11744: 11737: 11719: 11707: 11700: 11682: 11667: 11655: 11643: 11631: 11616: 11613:. p. 147. 11601: 11599:, p. 267. 11589: 11577: 11562: 11560:, p. 265. 11550: 11538: 11526: 11511: 11499: 11487: 11475: 11456: 11454:, p. 315. 11444: 11432: 11417: 11404: 11380: 11354: 11352:, p. 295. 11342: 11330: 11315: 11306: 11299: 11281: 11269: 11257: 11245: 11233: 11221: 11209: 11194: 11182: 11170: 11151: 11149:, p. 271. 11139: 11127: 11115: 11103: 11094: 11082: 11070: 11058: 11043: 11014: 11002: 10990: 10975: 10963: 10951: 10938: 10934:Hopkins (1996) 10922: 10920:, p. 145. 10910: 10908:, p. 138. 10898: 10886: 10871: 10859: 10840: 10838:, p. 135. 10828: 10816: 10804: 10792: 10777: 10765: 10750: 10738: 10736:, p. 250. 10721: 10709: 10691: 10672: 10660: 10648: 10632:, p. 74; 10622: 10610: 10598: 10594:Thurman (1997) 10586: 10566: 10562:Hopkins (1996) 10551: 10539: 10527: 10498: 10486: 10484:, p. 291. 10482:Thurman (1997) 10474: 10453: 10451:, p. 102. 10441: 10429: 10414: 10402: 10390: 10388:, p. 240. 10375: 10362: 10360:, p. 109. 10350: 10331: 10328:. 8 July 2019. 10313: 10310:. 14 May 2020. 10295: 10277: 10259: 10245: 10243:, p. 238. 10233: 10231:, p. 110. 10218: 10200: 10175: 10150: 10125: 10086: 10053: 10046: 10028: 10026:, p. 108. 10013: 9986: 9967: 9965:, p. 169. 9955: 9943: 9928: 9925:. p. 173. 9913: 9910:. p. 154. 9898: 9891: 9873: 9866: 9848: 9835: 9806: 9781:Asian Medicine 9767: 9755:Study Buddhism 9741: 9726: 9724:, p. 194. 9722:Rossabi (1983) 9714: 9707: 9682: 9680:, p. 162. 9670: 9652: 9650:, p. 104. 9640: 9614: 9602: 9600:, p. 194. 9590: 9583:Sanders (2003) 9575: 9563: 9548: 9517: 9486: 9456: 9450:978-1476683096 9449: 9431: 9404: 9392: 9374: 9362: 9350: 9338: 9324: 9306: 9294:Thezensite.com 9277: 9259: 9233: 9221:Learn Religion 9208: 9184: 9154: 9130: 9111: 9093: 9079: 9062: 9048: 9028: 9024:Ehrhard (2005) 9016: 9003: 8991: 8966: 8941: 8929:www.tangmi.com 8916: 8904: 8875: 8868: 8841: 8823: 8808: 8794: 8776: 8752: 8740: 8725: 8718: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8684: 8675: 8663: 8662: 8659: 8656:Jampa Tsedroen 8647: 8638:, the current 8627: 8604: 8567: 8554: 8541: 8524: 8499:Also known as 8491: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8445:Derge Parkhang 8442: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8330: 8327: 8326:changchub sem 8324: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8306: 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8291: 8288: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8260: 8257: 8256:lama-la tenpa 8254: 8250: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8204: 8203:Wylie Tibetan 8201: 8198: 8191: 8188: 8111: 8096: 8095: 8079: 8055: 8031:Ratnākaraśānti 8023: 7991: 7965: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7913: 7899: 7892:Hevajra Tantra 7888: 7878: 7864: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7827: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7790: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7753: 7746: 7714:Nyingma Gyubum 7663: 7660: 7659: 7658: 7651: 7644: 7641:Machig Labdrön 7637:Padampa Sangyé 7629: 7620: 7597: 7583: 7578:and his pupil 7568: 7553:Shantarakshita 7527: 7526:Major lineages 7524: 7509:Penor Rinpoche 7495:Kelsang Wangmo 7450: 7447: 7403: 7400: 7370:Machig Labdrön 7338:Machig Labdrön 7320: 7317: 7283:The system of 7248: 7247: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7078: 7075: 7063:mind teachings 7028: 7025: 6957:fierce deities 6862: 6859: 6776: 6769: 6768: 6767: 6754: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6625: 6622: 6572: 6569: 6529:Main article: 6526: 6523: 6452: 6449: 6347: 6344: 6271: 6270: 6257: 6244: 6231: 6214: 6201: 6174:Main article: 6171: 6168: 6145: 6142: 6125:'s visions of 6102: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6084: 6074:Hevajra Tantra 6065: 6031: 6017: 6003: 5909: 5906: 5877:treasure texts 5864:scholars like 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5768: 5752: 5751: 5750: 5739: 5728: 5717: 5703: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5674: 5665:Prajnaparamita 5662: 5661: 5660: 5649: 5603: 5600: 5552:Prajñāpāramitā 5522: 5519: 5490:Nyingma Gyubum 5459:Prajñāpāramitā 5457:A leaf from a 5447:Main article: 5444: 5441: 5436: 5435: 5430:Sera monastery 5371: 5352:vijñapti-mātra 5326:("Mind-Only", 5318:, also called 5311:philosophies: 5305: 5304: 5289:Abhidharmakośa 5274: 5269:regarding the 5123: 5120: 5098:Hevajra Tantra 5032:) or Buddhist 4998: 4995: 4963: 4962: 4947: 4936: 4871:Main article: 4868: 4865: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4839: 4832: 4800: 4797: 4681: 4674: 4673: 4668:fierce deities 4662: 4655: 4654: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4588: 4587: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4422:Rangjung Dorje 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4392:Ratnākaraśānti 4389: 4384: 4382:Śaṅkaranandana 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4332:Shāntarakshita 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4199:Chung Tai Shan 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4060: 4053: 4046: 4039: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3966: 3958: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902:Avalokiteśvara 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3841: 3840: 3838:Three Turnings 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3793:Three vehicles 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Skillful Means 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3727: 3726: 3718: 3717: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3694: 3566:state religion 3513: 3510: 3482:Akong Rinpoche 3386: 3383: 3371:Kalmyk Khanate 3241: 3238: 3204:5th Dalai Lama 3200:Sonam Choephel 3173:Yongle Emperor 3090: 3087: 3043:by the Mongol 3041:state religion 3002:and Mongolian 2980:Main article: 2977: 2974: 2861:Prajñāpāramitā 2814: 2807: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2745: 2742: 2700:Trisong Detsen 2685:Songtsän Gampo 2677:Tibetan Empire 2664: 2657: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2636:Tibetan Empire 2634:Main article: 2631: 2628: 2615:from where it 2592: 2589: 2584:Main article: 2581: 2578: 2461: 2458: 2369:early medieval 2331:Inner Mongolia 2266: 2265: 2263: 2262: 2255: 2248: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2103: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2022:Pratyekabuddha 2019: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1977:Buddhist chant 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1838: 1835:Buddhist texts 1833: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1633: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1617: 1610: 1603: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1463: 1457: 1456: 1450: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1422:Ullambana Puja 1419: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1374: 1373: 1367: 1366: 1359: 1358: 1352: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1330: 1329: 1323: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1301: 1290: 1289: 1283: 1282: 1269: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1255: 1254: 1248: 1247: 1226: 1225: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1147: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1108: 1107: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1074: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1025: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1014:Burmese-Bengal 1004: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 988: 987: 979: 978: 966: 965: 963: 962: 955: 948: 940: 937: 936: 933: 932: 926: 925: 920: 914: 913: 908: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 891: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 868:Wall paintings 865: 860: 854: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 838:Nyingma Gyubum 835: 829: 828: 822: 821: 816: 810: 805: 804: 801: 800: 797: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 769:Galdan Namchot 766: 761: 759:Chotrul Duchen 755: 750: 749: 746: 745: 742: 741: 740: 739: 729: 724: 718: 717: 712: 707: 701: 700: 695: 689: 686: 685: 682: 681: 678: 677: 672: 667: 661: 660: 655: 650: 645: 639: 638: 633: 628: 623: 617: 616: 611: 606: 600: 599: 594: 589: 583: 582: 577: 572: 566: 565: 560: 555: 549: 544: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 530: 524: 523: 518: 513: 507: 506: 501: 495: 494: 489: 483: 482: 480:Avalokiteśvara 477: 471: 470: 465: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 436: 435: 431: 430: 425: 420: 414: 413: 409: 408: 403: 397: 396: 391: 386: 380: 379: 370: 365: 359: 358: 352: 351: 347: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 316:5th Dalai Lama 313: 307: 306: 296: 295: 290: 289: 284: 278: 277: 272: 271: 266: 260: 259: 254: 253: 251:Rangjung Dorje 248: 242: 241: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 204: 203: 199: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 160: 155: 153:Trisong Detsen 150: 148:Songtsen Gampo 145: 140: 135: 129: 128: 123: 118: 117: 114: 113: 110: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 68: 63: 62: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18290: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18248: 18245: 18244: 18239: 18235: 18232: 18228: 18227: 18223: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18190: 18186: 18184: 18183: 18179: 18178: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18168: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18129: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18109: 18105: 18103: 18102: 18098: 18096: 18093: 18092: 18091: 18088: 18087: 18085: 18083: 18079: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18052: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18018: 18015: 18014: 18013: 18010: 18008: 18005: 18001: 17998: 17997: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17987: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17964: 17961: 17959: 17956: 17955: 17954: 17951: 17950: 17949: 17946: 17944: 17941: 17940: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17925: 17922: 17919: 17915: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17891: 17888: 17885: 17883: 17879: 17867: 17864: 17863: 17862: 17859: 17857: 17854: 17853: 17851: 17849: 17845: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17829: 17826: 17822: 17819: 17818: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17804: 17802: 17799: 17797: 17794: 17790: 17787: 17786: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17768: 17765: 17764: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17752: 17751: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17739: 17723: 17720: 17719: 17718: 17715: 17713: 17710: 17708: 17705: 17704: 17702: 17698: 17692: 17689: 17683: 17680: 17679: 17678: 17675: 17674: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17654: 17651: 17650: 17648: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17630: 17627: 17625: 17622: 17621: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17599: 17596: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17583: 17572: 17569: 17567: 17564: 17562: 17559: 17557: 17554: 17552: 17549: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17534: 17532: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17519: 17517: 17514: 17512: 17509: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17498: 17496: 17492: 17486: 17483: 17479: 17476: 17474: 17471: 17469: 17466: 17464: 17461: 17460: 17459: 17456: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17437: 17434: 17433: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17343: 17341: 17335: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17318: 17317: 17314: 17310: 17307: 17306: 17305: 17302: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17289: 17288: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17273: 17270: 17269: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17258: 17255: 17251: 17245: 17244: 17243: 17240: 17236: 17233: 17232: 17231: 17225: 17221: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17204: 17203: 17197: 17193: 17187: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17175: 17172: 17171: 17170: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17139: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17114: 17112: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17091: 17084: 17079: 17077: 17072: 17070: 17065: 17064: 17061: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17037: 17029: 17028: 17025: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17004: 17001: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16983: 16981: 16977: 16971: 16968: 16966: 16963: 16961: 16958: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16900: 16898: 16896: 16892: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16875: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16815: 16813: 16811: 16810:Miscellaneous 16807: 16801: 16800:Vegetarianism 16798: 16796: 16793: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16695: 16692: 16691: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16680: 16677: 16675: 16672: 16668: 16665: 16663: 16660: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16640: 16638: 16635: 16633: 16630: 16628: 16625: 16623: 16622:Buddha in art 16620: 16618: 16615: 16613: 16610: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16584: 16581: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16557: 16554: 16553: 16552: 16549: 16547: 16544: 16542: 16539: 16537: 16534: 16532: 16529: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16514: 16513: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16413: 16411: 16407: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16344: 16341: 16340: 16339: 16336: 16334: 16331: 16327: 16324: 16323: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16294: 16290: 16282: 16279: 16277: 16276:United States 16274: 16272: 16269: 16267: 16264: 16262: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16188: 16187: 16184: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16171: 16170: 16167: 16163: 16160: 16159: 16158: 16155: 16151: 16148: 16146: 16143: 16142: 16141: 16138: 16136: 16133: 16131: 16128: 16126: 16123: 16121: 16118: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16103: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16085: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16059: 16056: 16054: 16051: 16049: 16046: 16044: 16041: 16039: 16036: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15991: 15987: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15975: 15971: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15958: 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15923: 15921: 15919: 15915: 15909: 15906: 15904: 15901: 15899: 15896: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15879: 15876: 15874: 15871: 15869: 15866: 15864: 15861: 15859: 15856: 15854: 15851: 15849: 15846: 15844: 15841: 15839: 15836: 15834: 15833:Padmasambhava 15831: 15829: 15826: 15824: 15821: 15819: 15816: 15814: 15811: 15809: 15806: 15804: 15801: 15799: 15796: 15794: 15791: 15789: 15786: 15784: 15781: 15779: 15776: 15774: 15771: 15769: 15766: 15764: 15761: 15759: 15756: 15754: 15751: 15750: 15748: 15746: 15745:Major figures 15742: 15736: 15733: 15729: 15726: 15725: 15724: 15721: 15719: 15716: 15714: 15711: 15709: 15706: 15704: 15701: 15699: 15696: 15692: 15691:Western tulku 15689: 15688: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15623: 15621: 15619: 15615: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15588: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15567: 15564: 15563: 15561: 15559: 15555: 15549: 15546: 15542: 15539: 15538: 15537: 15534: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15516: 15515: 15512: 15508: 15505: 15503: 15500: 15498: 15495: 15493: 15492:Five precepts 15490: 15489: 15488: 15485: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15470:Dhamma vicaya 15468: 15466: 15463: 15462: 15461: 15458: 15454: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15399: 15397: 15394: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15381: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15317: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15292: 15291: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15279: 15276: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15266: 15264: 15261: 15259: 15256: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15238:Buddhābhiṣeka 15236: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15213: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15198: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15184: 15181: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15134: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15073: 15070: 15069: 15068: 15065: 15064: 15062: 15060: 15056: 15050: 15047: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15014: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15004: 15002: 15000: 14996: 14990: 14987: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14882:Enlightenment 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14872:Dhamma theory 14870: 14868: 14867:Buddha-nature 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14845: 14841: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14741: 14739: 14737: 14733: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14706:Samantabhadra 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14675: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14667: 14663: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14645: 14639: 14637: 14631: 14629: 14623: 14621: 14615: 14613: 14607: 14605: 14599: 14597: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14586: 14584: 14581: 14579: 14576: 14574: 14571: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14525: 14523: 14521: 14517: 14511: 14508: 14506: 14503: 14501: 14498: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14480: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14466: 14462: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14438: 14437: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14411: 14406: 14404: 14399: 14397: 14392: 14391: 14388: 14376: 14373: 14371: 14368: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14322: 14320: 14316: 14310: 14307: 14305: 14302: 14300: 14297: 14295: 14292: 14290: 14287: 14285: 14282: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14241: 14239: 14235: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14179: 14173: 14172:Tibetan canon 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14133: 14132:Zong Rinpoche 14130: 14128: 14127:Yudra Nyingpo 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14078: 14077:Thubten Yeshe 14075: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14067:Thinley Norbu 14065: 14063: 14060: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14028: 14025: 14023: 14020: 14018: 14015: 14013: 14012:Sakya Chokden 14010: 14008: 14005: 14003: 14000: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13952:Namkhai Norbu 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13942:Marpa Lotsawa 13940: 13938: 13937:Ling Rinpoche 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13907:Kalu Rinpoche 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13852:Drukpa Kunley 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13800: 13798: 13795: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13773: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13756:Je Tsongkhapa 13754: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13727: 13725: 13721: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13709:Sakya Pandita 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13696: 13694: 13690: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13673:Dudjom Lingpa 13671: 13669: 13666: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13653:Yeshe Tsogyal 13651: 13649: 13648:Padmasambhava 13646: 13645: 13643: 13639: 13636: 13632: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13614: 13613:Western tulku 13611: 13610: 13609: 13606: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13589: 13586: 13584: 13581: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13443: 13441: 13437: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13377: 13368: 13363: 13361: 13356: 13354: 13349: 13348: 13345: 13339: 13335: 13330: 13326: 13325: 13320: 13315: 13313: 13312: 13307: 13304: 13303: 13292: 13290:1-891868-08-X 13286: 13282: 13277: 13273: 13267: 13263: 13258: 13254: 13252:0-86171-179-3 13248: 13244: 13239: 13235: 13230: 13226: 13220: 13216: 13211: 13207: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13183:1-57062-002-4 13179: 13175: 13170: 13166: 13164:1-881847-02-0 13160: 13156: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13127: 13126: 13114: 13110: 13106: 13102: 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13078: 13073: 13069: 13063: 13059: 13054: 13050: 13048:1-55939-168-5 13044: 13040: 13035: 13031: 13029:1-55939-152-9 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12990: 12985: 12981: 12979:0-87773-379-1 12975: 12970: 12969: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12953:0-09-125621-6 12949: 12945: 12940: 12936: 12931: 12927: 12922: 12918: 12912: 12908: 12907: 12901: 12897: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12873:0-520-04383-9 12869: 12865: 12860: 12856: 12850: 12847:. Shambhala. 12846: 12841: 12837: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12822: 12816: 12812: 12806: 12802: 12801: 12796: 12792: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12770: 12766: 12761: 12757: 12755:0-86171-110-6 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12720:Hookham, S.K. 12717: 12713: 12709: 12705: 12700: 12696: 12694:0-02-865733-0 12690: 12685: 12684: 12677: 12673: 12671:81-86470-29-8 12667: 12663: 12658: 12654: 12649: 12645: 12640: 12636: 12634:1-85168-066-7 12630: 12626: 12622: 12621:Conze, Edward 12618: 12614: 12609: 12605: 12603:1-55939-218-5 12599: 12596:. Shambhala. 12595: 12590: 12589: 12576: 12575:Samuel (2012) 12571: 12563: 12556: 12549: 12534: 12528: 12524: 12523: 12515: 12509:, p. 56. 12508: 12507:Samuel (2012) 12503: 12488: 12484: 12478: 12471: 12466: 12459: 12454: 12447: 12442: 12435: 12430: 12428: 12419: 12412: 12397: 12396: 12391: 12384: 12368: 12364: 12358: 12342: 12335: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12312: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12278: 12274: 12267: 12251: 12245: 12229: 12225: 12219: 12203: 12199: 12193: 12191: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12148: 12144: 12138: 12122: 12116: 12109: 12098: 12097: 12092: 12086: 12079: 12073: 12065: 12061: 12054: 12046: 12042: 12036: 12020: 12016: 12010: 12003: 12002:Samuel (2012) 11998: 11990: 11984: 11980: 11973: 11967:, p. 76. 11966: 11961: 11955:, p. 22. 11954: 11949: 11942: 11941:Samuel (2012) 11937: 11930: 11929:Samuel (2012) 11925: 11918: 11917:Samuel (2012) 11913: 11906: 11905:Samuel (2012) 11901: 11894: 11893:Samuel (2012) 11889: 11882: 11881:Samuel (2012) 11877: 11870: 11869:Samuel (2012) 11865: 11858: 11857:Samuel (2012) 11853: 11845: 11838: 11831: 11830:Samuel (2012) 11826: 11819: 11818:Samuel (2012) 11814: 11807: 11806:Samuel (2012) 11802: 11795: 11794:Samuel (2012) 11790: 11782: 11775: 11768: 11767:Samuel (2012) 11763: 11755: 11748: 11740: 11734: 11730: 11723: 11717:, p. 87. 11716: 11711: 11703: 11697: 11693: 11686: 11678: 11671: 11665:, p. 45. 11664: 11663:Garson (2004) 11659: 11653:, p. 52. 11652: 11651:Garson (2004) 11647: 11641:, p. 71. 11640: 11639:Samuel (2012) 11635: 11627: 11620: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11597:Powers (2007) 11593: 11586: 11585:Powers (2007) 11581: 11573: 11566: 11559: 11558:Powers (2007) 11554: 11548:, p. 74. 11547: 11546:Samuel (2012) 11542: 11535: 11534:Powers (2007) 11530: 11524:, p. 94. 11523: 11518: 11516: 11509:, p. 81. 11508: 11503: 11496: 11491: 11484: 11479: 11471: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11452:Powers (2007) 11448: 11441: 11436: 11430:, p. 80. 11429: 11424: 11422: 11414: 11408: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11393:Lama Ngachupa 11390: 11389:Gurupancasika 11384: 11378: 11377: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11358: 11351: 11350:Powers (2007) 11346: 11339: 11334: 11326: 11319: 11310: 11302: 11300:0-87773-943-9 11296: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11273: 11267:, p. 91. 11266: 11265:Powers (2007) 11261: 11255:, p. 90. 11254: 11253:Powers (2007) 11249: 11243:, p. 88. 11242: 11241:Powers (2007) 11237: 11231:, p. 86. 11230: 11229:Powers (2007) 11225: 11219:, p. 81. 11218: 11217:Powers (2007) 11213: 11205: 11198: 11191: 11186: 11180:, p. 50. 11179: 11178:Samuel (2012) 11174: 11166: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11147:Powers (2007) 11143: 11137:, p. 26. 11136: 11131: 11125:, p. 78. 11124: 11123:Samuel (2012) 11119: 11113:, p. 32. 11112: 11111:Samuel (2012) 11107: 11098: 11092:, p. 20. 11091: 11090:Samuel (2012) 11086: 11080:, p. 64. 11079: 11074: 11067: 11062: 11054: 11047: 11039: 11033: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11010:Powers (2007) 11006: 11000:, p. 21. 10999: 10998:Samuel (2012) 10994: 10986: 10979: 10972: 10971:Samuel (2012) 10967: 10961:, p. 63. 10960: 10955: 10948: 10942: 10935: 10931: 10926: 10919: 10914: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10863: 10857:, p. 67. 10856: 10851: 10849: 10847: 10845: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10820: 10814:, p. 26. 10813: 10808: 10801: 10796: 10790:, p. 83. 10789: 10784: 10782: 10774: 10769: 10763:, p. 82. 10762: 10757: 10755: 10748:, p. 69. 10747: 10746:Samuel (2012) 10742: 10735: 10734:Powers (2007) 10730: 10728: 10726: 10718: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10695: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10676: 10669: 10668:Powers (2007) 10664: 10658:, p. 54. 10657: 10656:Samuel (2012) 10652: 10646: 10645: 10640:, 13f, 280f; 10639: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10619: 10614: 10607: 10602: 10595: 10590: 10583: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10558: 10556: 10548: 10543: 10536: 10531: 10524: 10523:three poisons 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10496:, p. 75. 10495: 10494:Samuel (2012) 10490: 10483: 10478: 10471: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10450: 10449:Powers (2007) 10445: 10438: 10437:Powers (2007) 10433: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10406: 10399: 10398:Samuel (2012) 10394: 10387: 10386:Samuel (2012) 10382: 10380: 10373: 10366: 10359: 10354: 10346: 10342: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10309: 10305: 10299: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10255: 10249: 10242: 10241:Samuel (2012) 10237: 10230: 10225: 10223: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10189: 10185: 10179: 10164: 10160: 10154: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10090: 10075: 10071: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10049: 10043: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10020: 10018: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9979: 9974: 9972: 9964: 9959: 9952: 9947: 9939: 9932: 9924: 9917: 9909: 9902: 9894: 9888: 9884: 9877: 9869: 9863: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9839: 9828: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9802: 9798: 9794: 9790: 9787:(1): 75–105. 9786: 9782: 9778: 9771: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9718: 9710: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9691:Wood, Michael 9686: 9679: 9678:Powers (2007) 9674: 9667:. p. 48. 9666: 9659: 9657: 9649: 9644: 9628: 9624: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9599: 9594: 9588: 9584: 9579: 9572: 9567: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9532: 9527: 9521: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9490: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9460: 9452: 9446: 9442: 9435: 9419: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9396: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9371: 9370:Samuel (2012) 9366: 9360:, p. 10. 9359: 9358:Samuel (2012) 9354: 9347: 9342: 9334: 9328: 9320: 9316: 9310: 9295: 9288: 9281: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9263: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9222: 9218: 9212: 9204: 9200: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9179: 9173: 9165: 9158: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9127: 9124:, p. 671, at 9123: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9103: 9097: 9089: 9083: 9076: 9066: 9051: 9049:9789004487871 9045: 9041: 9040: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9007: 9000: 8995: 8980: 8976: 8970: 8955: 8951: 8945: 8930: 8926: 8920: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8889: 8885: 8879: 8871: 8869:0-226-49311-3 8865: 8861: 8857: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8837: 8830: 8828: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8798: 8791: 8779: 8777:9781583947968 8773: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8756: 8749: 8748:Powers (2007) 8744: 8736: 8729: 8721: 8719:0-691-05779-6 8715: 8711: 8704: 8700: 8679: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8657: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8634:According to 8631: 8621: 8613: 8608: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8580:Dharmaguptaka 8577: 8571: 8564: 8558: 8551: 8545: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8496: 8492: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8416:āgamādhigama 8405: 8391: 8377: 8363: 8349: 8335: 8321: 8307: 8293: 8279: 8265: 8251: 8239:calm abiding 8237: 8223: 8209: 8195: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8175: 8174:Yungdrung Bon 8170: 8168: 8163: 8156: 8109: 8107: 8103: 8100:In his work, 8094: 8088: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8070:Je Tsongkhapa 8065: 8062:his disciple 8059: 8053: 8048: 8047:Sakya Pandita 8043: 8038: 8032: 8027: 8021: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7981: 7974: 7969: 7963: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7946:Padmasambhava 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7859: 7852: 7851: 7845: 7838: 7832: 7825: 7815: 7814: 7792: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7781: 7780: 7774: 7773: 7767: 7766: 7759: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7729: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7690:Rimé movement 7686: 7684: 7680: 7679: 7674: 7673:Buddha-nature 7670: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7624: 7623:Shangpa Kagyu 7621: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7557:Padmasambhava 7554: 7550: 7546: 7545: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7483: 7481: 7477: 7476:Drikung Kagyu 7473: 7472:Khenmo Drolma 7469: 7468:Drikung Kagyu 7464: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7399: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7367: 7366:Yeshe Tsogyal 7363: 7362:Shangpa Kagyu 7358: 7350: 7343: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7305: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7074: 7072: 7066: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7048: 7047:buddha nature 7044: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6985: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6974:nispannakrama 6971: 6965: 6960: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6906: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6820: 6818: 6815:According to 6813: 6810: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6773: 6762: 6759:woman with a 6758: 6751: 6737: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6591: 6582: 6577: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6420: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6407: 6402: 6398: 6393: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6352: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6324: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6307: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6286:five precepts 6282: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6251: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6215: 6212: 6208: 6206: 6202: 6199: 6195: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6184: 6177: 6167: 6163: 6161: 6158:) or Tantra ( 6157: 6151: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6098: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6056: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6022: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6009: 6008: 6004: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5971: 5966: 5965: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5943:Inner Tantras 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5927:Outer Tantras 5923: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5898:mind training 5895: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5873: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5862:Rimé movement 5859: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5791: 5788:Gunaprabha's 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629:zhungchen-nga 5625: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5614:scholasticism 5611: 5610: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592:Thupten Jinpa 5589: 5587: 5583: 5578: 5574: 5571:According to 5569: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5527: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5468: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5440: 5431: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360:Third Karmapa 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5216: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5182:Sakya Chokden 5179: 5174: 5169: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5099: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5078: 5074: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5062:Buddha nature 5059: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5025: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4957:vow, the six 4956: 4952: 4951:Brahmaviharas 4948: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4861: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4817: 4816: 4815:) which are: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4685: 4678: 4669: 4665: 4664:Samantabhadra 4659: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4569: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4560: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4412:Sakya Pandita 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4352:Dahui Zonggao 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4184:Fo Guang Shan 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4121: 4118: 4117:Major schools 4113: 4112: 4105: 4104: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4084: 4083: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3956: 3951: 3950: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3932:Samantabhadra 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3887:Bhaiṣajyaguru 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3828:Luminous mind 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3753:Buddha-nature 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3701: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3685:Namkhai Norbu 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3653:North America 3650: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3501: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3456: 3454: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3382: 3381:(1642–1717). 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308:Rimé movement 3304: 3302: 3298: 3297:Puning Temple 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3267:defeated the 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3249:Yonghe Temple 3246: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3230:Panchen Lamas 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3201: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117:Je Tsongkhapa 3114: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3099:Potala Palace 3095: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3034:Mongol Empire 3030: 3028: 3027:Sakya Pandita 3024: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2818: 2811: 2797: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2756: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2722:Yeshe Tsogyal 2719: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704:Padmasambhāva 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2667: 2661: 2647: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2587: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2514: 2510: 2501: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2484:For example, 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2446:Rimé movement 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285:practiced in 2284: 2281:is a form of 2280: 2272: 2261: 2256: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2041: 2040: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1996: 1995: 1988: 1987:Vegetarianism 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1942:Recollections 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1912:Five precepts 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1877:Chinese canon 1875: 1873: 1872:Tibetan canon 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1839: 1836: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1611: 1609: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1512: 1511: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434:Tantric texts 1431: 1430: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287:Outer Tantras 1285: 1284: 1281: 1280:Inner Tantras 1278: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1099:New branches: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 1007: 999: 998: 994: 990: 989: 986: 981: 980: 976: 972: 971: 961: 956: 954: 949: 947: 942: 941: 939: 938: 931: 928: 927: 924: 921: 919: 916: 915: 912: 909: 907: 904: 903: 897: 896: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 852: 847: 846: 839: 836: 834: 831: 830: 827: 824: 823: 820: 817: 815: 812: 811: 808: 803: 802: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 753: 748: 747: 738: 737:Western tulku 735: 734: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 702: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 684: 683: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 662: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 618: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 550: 547: 542: 541: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 505: 502: 500: 497: 496: 493: 490: 488: 485: 484: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 454: 453: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 433: 432: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 411: 410: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 378: 376: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 345: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 311:Je Tsongkhapa 309: 308: 303: 302: 301: 300: 292: 291: 288: 285: 283: 282:Sakya Pandita 280: 279: 274: 273: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 256: 255: 252: 249: 247: 244: 243: 238: 237: 234: 231: 229: 228:Dudjom Lingpa 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 208:Yeshe Tsogyal 206: 205: 201: 200: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 163: 162: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 133:Padmasambhāva 131: 130: 125: 124: 121: 116: 115: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 66: 61: 60: 56: 52: 51: 48: 43: 42: 38: 34: 33: 30: 19: 18187: 18180: 18166: 18114:sand mandala 18106: 18099: 18040:Sinicization 18012:Panchen Lama 18007:Lhamo La-tso 17990:Ganden Tripa 17947: 17784:Human rights 17658:Grand Canyon 17638:Namcha Barwa 17631: / 17309:Tibetan Army 17207:Guge kingdom 16988:Bodhisattvas 16908:Christianity 16903:Baháʼí Faith 16768:Dharmachakra 16758:Prayer wheel 16748:Prayer beads 16516:Architecture 16395:969 Movement 16179:Saudi Arabia 16157:Central Asia 16150:South Africa 16129: 15972: 15955: 15888:Panchen Lama 15793:Buddhapālita 15389:Satipatthana 15384:Mindful Yoga 15297:Recollection 15211:Brahmavihara 15140: 15082:Japanese Zen 15077:Chinese Chan 15037:Animal realm 14844:Key concepts 14666:Bodhisattvas 14478:Three Jewels 14052:Tenzin Palmo 13882:Ganden Tripa 13832:Dampa Sangye 13766:Panchen Lama 13704:Sakya Trizin 13663:Jigme Lingpa 13373: 13322: 13309: 13280: 13261: 13242: 13233: 13214: 13195: 13173: 13154: 13134: 13080: 13076: 13057: 13038: 13019: 13016:Tsong-kha-pa 12997: 12988: 12967: 12943: 12934: 12925: 12905: 12885: 12863: 12844: 12820: 12799: 12764: 12745: 12723: 12703: 12682: 12661: 12652: 12643: 12624: 12612: 12593: 12570: 12561: 12548: 12536:. Retrieved 12521: 12514: 12502: 12490:. Retrieved 12486: 12477: 12470:Cornu (2001) 12465: 12453: 12441: 12417: 12411: 12399:. Retrieved 12393: 12383: 12371:. Retrieved 12367:the original 12357: 12345:. Retrieved 12334: 12326:the original 12321: 12311: 12299:. Retrieved 12295:the original 12285: 12276: 12266: 12254:. Retrieved 12244: 12232:. Retrieved 12228:the original 12218: 12206:. Retrieved 12202:the original 12177:. Retrieved 12173:the original 12163: 12151:. Retrieved 12147:Dharma Haven 12146: 12137: 12125:. Retrieved 12115: 12107: 12100:. Retrieved 12094: 12085: 12077: 12072: 12063: 12053: 12044: 12035: 12023:. Retrieved 12019:the original 12009: 11997: 11978: 11972: 11965:Tsomo (1999) 11960: 11953:Tsomo (1999) 11948: 11936: 11924: 11912: 11900: 11888: 11876: 11864: 11852: 11843: 11837: 11825: 11813: 11801: 11789: 11780: 11774: 11762: 11753: 11747: 11728: 11722: 11710: 11691: 11685: 11676: 11670: 11658: 11646: 11634: 11625: 11619: 11610: 11604: 11592: 11580: 11571: 11565: 11553: 11541: 11529: 11502: 11497:, p. 5. 11490: 11485:, p. 2. 11478: 11469: 11459: 11447: 11440:Conze (1993) 11435: 11412: 11407: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11383: 11375: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11345: 11333: 11324: 11318: 11309: 11290: 11284: 11272: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11224: 11212: 11203: 11202:Shantideva. 11197: 11185: 11173: 11164: 11160: 11154: 11142: 11135:Conze (1993) 11130: 11118: 11106: 11097: 11085: 11073: 11061: 11052: 11046: 11023: 11017: 11005: 10993: 10984: 10978: 10966: 10954: 10947:Conze (1993) 10941: 10925: 10918:Cornu (2001) 10913: 10906:Cornu (2001) 10901: 10894:Cornu (2001) 10889: 10880: 10874: 10862: 10836:Cornu (2001) 10831: 10824:Cornu (2001) 10819: 10807: 10795: 10768: 10741: 10712: 10703: 10694: 10684: 10675: 10663: 10651: 10643: 10625: 10613: 10601: 10589: 10569: 10542: 10530: 10501: 10489: 10477: 10456: 10444: 10432: 10423: 10417: 10405: 10393: 10365: 10353: 10344: 10334: 10325: 10316: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10280: 10271: 10262: 10248: 10236: 10212: 10203: 10191:. Retrieved 10187: 10178: 10166:. Retrieved 10162: 10153: 10141:. Retrieved 10137: 10128: 10106:(2): 74–91. 10103: 10099: 10089: 10077:. Retrieved 10065: 10056: 10037: 10031: 10002:(1): 31–54. 9999: 9995: 9989: 9958: 9946: 9937: 9931: 9922: 9916: 9907: 9901: 9882: 9876: 9857: 9851: 9843: 9838: 9827:the original 9822: 9809: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9758:. Retrieved 9754: 9744: 9735: 9729: 9717: 9694: 9685: 9673: 9664: 9648:Wylie (1990) 9643: 9631:. Retrieved 9626: 9617: 9605: 9598:Buell (2011) 9593: 9586: 9578: 9566: 9530: 9520: 9508:. Retrieved 9498: 9495:"Nestorians" 9489: 9477:. Retrieved 9469: 9459: 9440: 9434: 9422:. Retrieved 9417: 9407: 9400:Conze (1993) 9395: 9386: 9377: 9365: 9353: 9341: 9332: 9327: 9319:the original 9309: 9297:. Retrieved 9293: 9280: 9262: 9250:. Retrieved 9246: 9236: 9224:. Retrieved 9220: 9211: 9202: 9163: 9157: 9138: 9133: 9126:Google Books 9119: 9114: 9105: 9096: 9082: 9065: 9053:. Retrieved 9038: 9031: 9019: 9011: 9006: 8994: 8982:. Retrieved 8978: 8969: 8957:. Retrieved 8953: 8944: 8932:. Retrieved 8928: 8919: 8912:Conze (1993) 8907: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8878: 8854: 8844: 8835: 8817: 8811: 8797: 8788: 8783:11 September 8781:. Retrieved 8766: 8755: 8743: 8734: 8728: 8709: 8703: 8678: 8669: 8630: 8607: 8599: 8583: 8570: 8557: 8550:Bhāvanākrama 8544: 8536: 8535:" (Tibetan: 8527: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8351:omniscience 8304:nirmānakāya 8171: 8159: 8112: 8101: 8099: 8035:the founder 7931:Śāntarakṣita 7927:Key figures 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7748: 7738: 7730: 7703: 7701:philosophy. 7687: 7676: 7665: 7611:, practices 7582:(1005–1064). 7539: 7530:The Tibetan 7529: 7503: 7484: 7465: 7461:Pema Chödrön 7455: 7452: 7443: 7432: 7427: 7424:dpal ye shes 7423: 7409: 7405: 7402:Eastern nuns 7395: 7393: 7381:Sera Khandro 7374: 7359: 7355: 7315:for advice. 7306: 7299: 7289: 7282: 7263: 7261: 7249: 7246:(over 7000). 7226: 7220: 7214: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7150: 7144: 7132: 7112: 7070: 7067: 7052: 7040: 7030: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6977: 6973: 6970:utpattikrama 6969: 6967: 6962: 6937: 6936:; Sanskrit: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6844: 6839: 6827: 6822: 6814: 6806: 6801: 6793: 6783: 6761:prayer wheel 6721:Bardo Thodol 6719: 6715: 6707:Ars moriendi 6705: 6699: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6665: 6654:works of art 6651: 6629: 6627: 6614: 6612: 6601: 6595: 6586: 6566: 6560: 6556: 6554: 6549:prostrations 6542: 6540: 6519:calm abiding 6500: 6489: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6446: 6441: 6423: 6416: 6412: 6410: 6394: 6389: 6381: 6371: 6363: 6357: 6333: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6310: 6304: 6303:Compassion ( 6302: 6293: 6283: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6259: 6253: 6246: 6241:brtson-’grus 6240: 6233: 6227: 6216: 6211:tshul-khrims 6210: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6179: 6164: 6159: 6156:Pāramitāyāna 6155: 6153: 6134: 6131: 6104: 6096: 6088: 6078: 6072: 6058: 6053: 6035: 6034: 6025: 6020: 6019: 6011: 6006: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5942: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5888: 5880: 5874: 5853: 5851: 5846:Bhāvanākrama 5844: 5835: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5789: 5774: 5763: 5745: 5734: 5731:Śāntarakṣita 5723: 5713: 5709: 5698: 5680: 5669: 5655: 5644: 5628: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5595: 5585: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5545:such as the 5540: 5516: 5513: 5498: 5494:Jigme Lingpa 5481: 5480:(containing 5471: 5467:Memorization 5464: 5458: 5437: 5393: 5381: 5355: 5351: 5332:sems-tsam-pa 5331: 5323: 5319: 5306: 5288: 5284: 5260: 5246: 5242: 5228:Sarvastivada 5217: 5209:Mahasamghika 5195:, Sanskrit: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5165: 5164:or essence ( 5155: 5147: 5141: 5109: 5104: 5097: 5089: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5065: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5029: 5022: 5016: 4966: 4964: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4903: 4895: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4859: 4856: 4842: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4790: 4788: 4780: 4777: 4760: 4758: 4746:five Buddhas 4727: 4722: 4719:will and vow 4714: 4710:Bodhisattvas 4708: 4702: 4692: 4637: 4629: 4613: 4605: 4597: 4591: 4516: 4452:D. T. Suzuki 4257:Buddhapālita 4173: 4101: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4048: 4041: 4033: 4023: 4016: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3984: 3969: 3961: 3855:Bodhisattvas 3788:Three bodies 3662: 3658: 3638: 3618: 3610: 3531: 3526:Barack Obama 3512:21st century 3502: 3494: 3479: 3476: 3457: 3422: 3407: 3385:20th century 3364: 3357: 3351: 3305: 3261:Qing dynasty 3258: 3221: 3207: 3197: 3193:Sonam Gyatso 3181: 3166: 3145: 3130: 3125:Ganden Tripa 3111: 3108: 3072: 3053: 3045:Yuan dynasty 3037: 3031: 3012: 2985: 2966: 2941: 2938:Oral lineage 2937: 2919: 2908:Sakya Trizin 2895: 2886:founded the 2881: 2876: 2852: 2850: 2837: 2828: 2825: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2760: 2753: 2747: 2720: 2715: 2708:Śāntarakṣita 2697: 2674: 2621: 2594: 2574: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2536: 2535:" (Tibetan: 2530: 2521: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2486:Christianity 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2463: 2460:Nomenclature 2440:(1409). The 2436:(1073), and 2423: 2396: 2376:Yuan dynasty 2347: 2323:Central Asia 2278: 2277: 2206: 2081: 1937:Merit making 1902:Three Jewels 1842:Buddhavacana 1772:Impermanence 1760:Dharma wheel 1332: 1331: 1292: 1291: 1272: 1270: 1237: 1235: 1228: 1227: 1098: 1097: 1071: 1066: 1010:Ari-Acharya 1005: 873:Ashtamangala 858:Sand mandala 698:Panchen Lama 665:Tashi Lhunpo 297: 218:Jigme Lingpa 138:Śāntarakṣita 44: 29: 18124:wall murals 18028:Catholicism 17612:Environment 17286:(1720–1912) 17249:(1368–1644) 17229:(1270–1350) 17150:(Neolithic) 17148:Prehistory 16833:Dharma talk 16662:Asalha Puja 16458:Eschatology 16261:Switzerland 16241:New Zealand 16169:Middle East 16078:Philippines 15998:Afghanistan 15803:Bodhidharma 15788:Buddhaghosa 15708:Householder 15618:Monasticism 15571:Bodhisattva 15426:Prostration 15379:Mindfulness 15307:Anapanasati 15290:Kammaṭṭhāna 15087:Korean Seon 15027:Asura realm 15022:Human realm 14962:Ten Fetters 14917:Parinirvana 14819:Uppalavanna 14784:Mahākaccana 14769:Mahākassapa 14701:Kṣitigarbha 14696:Ākāśagarbha 14593:Suddhodāna 14538:Four sights 14465:Foundations 14335:Dharamshala 14237:Monasteries 14122:Vimalamitra 13977:Pema Lingpa 13634:Key figures 13620:Vajracharya 13547:Six Dharmas 13502:Empowerment 13317:‹ The 12585:Works cited 12256:19 November 12234:19 November 12208:19 November 12179:19 November 12078:Lion's Roar 10936:, p. . 10564:, p. . 9247:Early Tibet 9001:, p. . 8984:7 September 8959:7 September 8934:7 September 8592:དགེ་སློང་མ་ 8455:Prayer flag 8413:lung-rtogs 8371:sngon-'gro 8343:blo-sbyong 8332:bodhicitta 8231:dpyad-sgom 8217:nyon-mongs 8211:affliction 8076:Dalai Lamas 7941:Vimalamitra 7936:Garab Dorje 7915:Focuses on 7901:Focuses on 7890:Favors the 7880:Emphasizes 7856:Emphasizes 7831:Dagpo Kagyu 7793:Traditions 7716:along with 7631:Shyijé and 7515:within the 7389:Ayu Khandro 7309:Dalai Lamas 7274:Dalai Lamas 7088:, the 16th 6991:subtle body 6938:Devata-yoga 6755:An elderly 6716:antarābhava 6714:(Sanskrit: 6693:, Tibetan: 6689:(Sanskrit: 6618:(dam tshig) 6598:esotericism 6511:Vajrasattva 6507:prostration 6042:subtle body 6021:Yoga-tantra 6007:Charya-yoga 5980:and the 17 5760:Dharmakirti 5720:Candrakīrti 5714:Catuhsataka 5320:Vijñānavāda 5297:Dharmakīrti 5277:Sautrāntika 5230:tradition: 5224:Sravakayana 5213:Pudgalavada 5193:drubta shyi 5116:sexual yoga 5092:defilements 5060:itself, or 5030:Guhyamantra 4955:bodhisattva 4644:tradition. 4604:(not-self, 4490:Han Chinese 4312:Amoghavajra 4287:Bodhidharma 4277:Candrakīrti 4272:Dharmakīrti 4267:Bhāvaviveka 4222:Ashvaghosha 4211:Key figures 3970:Lotus Sūtra 3927:Ākāśagarbha 3922:Kṣitigarbha 3912:Vajrasattva 3803:One Vehicle 3738:Bodhisattva 3629:Kagyu-Dzong 3606:South India 3590:West Bengal 3586:Dharamshala 3540:, northern 3506:Yarchen Gar 3455:, however. 3423:During the 3402:Ulaanbaatar 3156:Karma Kagyu 3150:Dynasty of 3139:, based in 3103:Dalai Lamas 3075:syncretized 3049:Kublai Khan 3004:theologians 3000:Kublai Khan 2958:Dagpo Kagyu 2940:) tradition 2877:Bstan-'gyur 2819:(1012–1097) 2537:dorje tegpa 2394:tradition. 2380:Kublai Khan 2305:regions of 2172:New Zealand 2027:Bodhisattva 2012:Four Stages 1967:Monasticism 1947:Mindfulness 1917:Perfections 1847:Early Texts 1585:Vajracharya 1181:Bodhisattva 1067:Inner Asian 1042:East Asian 592:Mindrolling 389:Bodhisattva 191:Sukhasiddhi 181:Abhayakirti 18262:Categories 18207:Tibetology 18176:Literature 17995:Dalai Lama 17848:Government 17806:Tibet Area 17801:Golden Urn 17767:Parliament 17292:Lifan Yuan 17219:(960–1279) 17156:Zhangzhung 17141:Chronology 16950:Psychology 16930:Gnosticism 16918:Comparison 16913:Influences 16895:Comparison 16778:Bhavacakra 16736:Kushinagar 16711:Pilgrimage 16657:Māgha Pūjā 16612:Bodhi Tree 16428:Buddhology 16418:Abhidharma 16410:Philosophy 16343:Menander I 16211:Costa Rica 16162:Uzbekistan 16003:Bangladesh 15957:Dhammapada 15941:Pali Canon 15903:Ajahn Chah 15883:Dalai Lama 15783:Kumārajīva 15778:Vasubandhu 15753:The Buddha 15661:Zen master 15596:Sakadagami 15576:Buddhahood 15507:Pratimokṣa 15322:Shikantaza 15278:Meditation 15253:Deity yoga 15124:Madhyamaka 15017:Deva realm 14912:Mindstream 14862:Bodhicitta 14774:Aṅgulimāla 14641:Devadatta 14617:Yaśodharā 14520:The Buddha 14510:Middle Way 14117:Vairotsana 14032:Tai Situpa 13972:Phabongkha 13761:Dalai Lama 13658:Longchenpa 13625:Vidyadhara 13497:Deity yoga 13383:Traditions 13113:6015211726 12783:2013006676 12487:Rigpa Wiki 12153:14 October 10549:, 243, 258 10326:Free Tibet 10193:2 December 10168:2 December 10143:2 December 10079:2 December 9980:, p. 9299:20 October 8690:References 8649:Later, in 8640:Dalai Lama 8382:zawé lama 8379:root guru 8301:sprul-sku 8287:theg sman 8273:'jog-sgom 7994:Maitripada 7956:Longchenpa 7909:, and the 7760:(defunct) 7699:Madhyamaka 7655:mahasiddha 7648:Kalachakra 7567:teachings. 7511:enthroned 7457:Freda Bedi 7385:Tare Lhamo 7270:divination 7180:lay clergy 7094:Freda Bedi 7042:dharmakaya 7013:Bardo Yoga 7009:Dream Yoga 6947:involving 6932:(Tibetan: 6929:Deity Yoga 6867:Deity yoga 6865:See also: 6855:Tsongkhapa 6847:Deity Yoga 6802:Mantrayāna 6792:(Tibetan: 6730:sky burial 6635:Divination 6535:See also: 6495:bodhicitta 6455:See also: 6418:prasrabdhi 6368:meditation 6317:Shantideva 6148:See also: 5993:Kriya-yoga 5939:Yogatantra 5935:Charyayoga 5858:Tsongkhapa 5841:Kamalaśīla 5819:, and the 5817:literature 5742:Shantideva 5690:Madhyamaka 5677:Shantideva 5652:Vasubandhu 5636:Abhidharma 5573:Tsongkhapa 5412:Tsongkhapa 5408:Prasaṅgika 5374:Madhyamaka 5344:Vasubandhu 5324:Cittamātra 5301:presentism 5285:mdo sde pa 5267:eternalism 5257:Abhidharma 5253:Vasubandhu 5235:Vaibhāṣika 5144:Madhyamaka 5138:(Scotland) 5136:Samye Ling 5122:Philosophy 5058:Buddhahood 4991:meditation 4975:Tsongkhapa 4882:liberation 4821:bodhicitta 4809:pañcamārga 4805:five paths 4761:sarvajñana 4754:Vajradhara 4750:Adi Buddha 4723:bodhicitta 4704:bodhicitta 4695:Buddhahood 4636:Buddhism ( 4432:Longchenpa 4427:Tsongkhapa 4342:Mazu Daoyi 4327:Shāntideva 4252:Sthiramati 4247:Vasubandhu 4237:Kumārajīva 4194:Fa Gu Shan 4124:Mādhyamaka 3872:Adi-Buddha 3862:Shakyamuni 3823:Pure Lands 3778:Two truths 3743:Buddhahood 3669:Lama Yeshe 3594:Darjeeling 3458:After the 3410:Dalai Lama 3404:, Mongolia 3394:Autochrome 3214:Güshi Khan 3185:Altan Khan 3161:See also: 2988:Inner Asia 2912:mahasiddha 2896:Grey Earth 2853:Bka'-'gyur 2738:Kamalaśīla 2488:is termed 2415:Buddhahood 2403:deity yoga 2388:Dalai Lama 2366:post-Gupta 2045:Traditions 1982:Pilgrimage 1922:Meditation 1882:Post-canon 1862:Pāli Canon 1792:Middle Way 1689:The Buddha 1417:Ganachakra 1392:Death yoga 1385:Dream yoga 1371:Inner heat 1356:Deity yoga 1259:Yogatantra 1252:Charyayoga 1188:Kalachakra 1176:Buddhahood 1151:Mahasiddha 1002:Traditions 888:Mani stone 693:Dalai Lama 533:Buddhahood 521:Dream yoga 511:Deity yoga 487:Meditation 475:Bodhicitta 213:Longchenpa 143:Kamalaśīla 18189:Chronicle 18151:Festivals 17963:Dpon-chen 17933:Languages 17928:Education 17677:Changtang 17619:Mountains 17586:Geography 17494:Documents 17339:conflicts 17191:(618–907) 17110:Overviews 17018:Festivals 16998:Buddhists 16960:Theosophy 16763:Symbolism 16753:Hama yumi 16726:Bodh Gaya 16493:Socialism 16468:Evolution 16443:Economics 16281:Venezuela 16196:Australia 16191:Argentina 16115:Sri Lanka 16110:Singapore 16028:Indonesia 15990:Countries 15931:Tripiṭaka 15893:Ajahn Mun 15768:Nagarjuna 15763:Aśvaghoṣa 15646:Anagārika 15641:Śrāmaṇerī 15636:Śrāmaṇera 15631:Bhikkhunī 15591:Sotāpanna 15480:Passaddhi 15421:Offerings 15396:Nekkhamma 15273:Iddhipada 15193:Practices 15163:Theravada 15136:Vajrayana 15129:Yogachara 15099:Pure Land 15012:Six Paths 14999:Cosmology 14779:Anuruddha 14754:Sāriputta 14744:Kaundinya 14736:Disciples 14711:Vajrapāṇi 14563:Footprint 14528:Tathāgata 14365:Shambhala 14037:Taranatha 13507:Guru yoga 13481:Vajrayana 13476:Pure Land 13471:Mahamudra 13456:Kālacakra 13097:0073-0548 12373:4 October 12347:4 October 12343:. Tnp.org 12301:25 August 11401:Aśvaghoṣa 11395:, Wylie: 11387:notably, 11032:cite book 10372:State.gov 10112:0970-5368 10074:0190-8286 9801:1573-420X 9558:123079516 9540:Doubleday 9526:Chua, Amy 9424:31 August 9172:cite book 9075:help page 8892:lama jiao 8759:Compare: 8695:Citations 8576:Theravada 8388:mūlaguru 8360:sarvajña 8290:hīnayāna 8284:t’ek män 8245:zhi-gnas 8214:nyönmong 8093:Taranatha 7882:Mahamudra 7853:Emphasis 7613:Mahamudra 7563:and with 7559:and King 7538:, in his 7501:degrees. 7412:bhikṣuṇīs 7160:monastics 7051:"basis' ( 7049:, or the 7033:Mahāmudrā 7021:Kalacakra 6942:Vajrayana 6798:Vajrayana 6726:Cremation 6679:Chenrezig 6656:(such as 6608:emptiness 6531:Guru yoga 6525:Guru yoga 6515:guru yoga 6490:Sutrayāna 6474:Vajrayāna 6438:vipaśyanā 6426:vipaśyanā 6386:vipaśyanā 6340:Chenrezig 6254:bsam-gtan 6207:pāramitā: 6183:pāramitās 6144:Practices 6060:Yamantaka 5931:Kriyayoga 5695:Nagarjuna 5505:Mongolian 5386:Nāgārjuna 5382:dbu-ma-pa 5201:Theravada 5197:siddhānta 5178:Ju Mipham 5148:Śūnyavāda 5132:Nagarjuna 5066:phalayana 5019:Vajrayāna 5011:Nairātmyā 4997:Vajrayāna 4965:Although 4959:paramitas 4915:Atisha's 4836:emptiness 4773:Vajrayāna 4765:emptiness 4738:Vajrapani 4734:Manjushri 4642:Vajrayāna 4547:Indonesia 4457:Sheng-yen 4232:Lokakṣema 4217:Nāgārjuna 4169:Vajrayāna 4159:Pure Land 3907:Vajrapāṇi 3892:Vairocana 3877:Akshobhya 3773:Emptiness 3732:Teachings 3696:Teachings 3665:Lama Zopa 3598:Kalimpong 3400:in 1913, 3396:photo of 3359:Sheja Dzö 3195:in 1578. 3137:Rinpungpa 2946:Mahāmudrā 2780:mantrikas 2772:shipdak), 2750:Langdarma 2603:Buddhism 2541:Vajrayāna 2533:Vajrayāna 2509:lama jiao 2478:chos lugs 2470:nang chos 2358:Vajrayāna 2299:Himalayas 2192:Sri Lanka 2182:Singapore 2137:Indonesia 2077:Vajrayāna 2052:Theravāda 2007:Awakening 1895:Practices 1852:Tripiṭaka 1822:Cosmology 1797:Emptiness 1777:Suffering 1411:Festivals 1363:Six yogas 1349:Guru yoga 1245:Kriyayoga 1200:Practices 752:Festivals 516:Guru yoga 499:Vajrayana 468:Pāramitās 368:Cosmology 344:Teachings 269:Taranatha 18247:Category 18131:Calendar 18065:Diaspora 17938:Religion 17742:Politics 17643:Tanggula 17633:Changtse 17337:Wars and 17212:Tsongkha 17174:Timeline 17117:Timeline 17094:articles 17036:Category 16965:Violence 16935:Hinduism 16883:Sanskrit 16838:Hinayana 16823:Amitābha 16783:Swastika 16652:Uposatha 16642:Holidays 16627:Calendar 16473:Humanism 16311:Kanishka 16301:Timeline 16125:Thailand 16093:Kalmykia 16088:Buryatia 16073:Pakistan 16058:Mongolia 16053:Maldives 16048:Malaysia 16013:Cambodia 15878:Shamarpa 15873:Nichiren 15823:Xuanzang 15758:Nagasena 15676:Rinpoche 15406:Pāramitā 15248:Devotion 15168:Navayana 15156:Dzogchen 15119:Nichiren 15067:Mahayana 15059:Branches 14937:Saṅkhāra 14686:Mañjuśrī 14643:(cousin) 14635:(cousin) 14603:(mother) 14595:(father) 14583:Miracles 14533:Birthday 14450:Glossary 14423:Buddhism 14360:Mongolia 14345:Kalmykia 14330:Buryatia 14022:Shamarpa 13730:Milarepa 13598:Rinpoche 13451:Dzogchen 13319:template 13194:(2008). 13153:(1993). 12964:(1987). 12884:(2012). 12744:(1996). 12722:(1991). 12623:(1993). 12538:11 March 11391:, Tib.: 11068:, ch. 3. 10517:, 364f; 10468:, 533f; 10184:"Bhutan" 10120:43299858 9760:13 April 9693:(2020). 9633:23 March 9536:New York 9528:(2007). 9270:Archived 9267:定解宝灯论新月释 9252:13 April 9226:13 April 9146:Archived 9055:11 April 8852:(1999). 8600:gélongma 8563:Dunhuang 8533:Mahayana 8423:See also 8410:lungtok 8402:pātheya 8399:lam-rim 8368:ngöndro 8248:śamatha 8197:English 8183:Dzogchen 8074:and the 8014:Milarepa 7884:and the 7868:Mahayana 7858:Dzogchen 7720:and the 7669:Yogacara 7650:lineage. 7615:and the 7605:Milarepa 7565:Dzogchen 7278:Karmapas 7276:and the 7198:Serkyims 7194:Gomchens 7157:celibate 7111:A small 7037:Dzogchen 7001:caṇḍālī, 6945:Buddhism 6918:sadhanas 6884:Kangling 6853:. Thus, 6851:sadhanas 6786:Sanskrit 6691:Abhiseka 6662:thangkas 6658:mandalas 6639:exorcism 6547:will do 6390:lhaktong 6364:bsgom pa 6267:shes-rab 6263:pāramitā 6250:pāramitā 6237:pāramitā 6224:pāramitā 6198:sbyin-pa 6194:pāramitā 6176:Pāramitā 6170:Pāramitā 6127:Maitreya 5959:Dzogchen 5947:Mahayoga 5827:Yogacara 5706:Aryadeva 5609:shastras 5579:and the 5562:and the 5482:shastras 5395:svabhava 5390:Āryadeva 5348:Idealism 5336:Maitreya 5316:Yogācāra 5309:Mahayana 5220:Hinayana 5173:Yogācāra 5166:svabhava 5101:states: 5081:fierce ( 5073:mandalas 4929:superior 4925:middling 4634:Mahāyāna 4614:phung po 4606:bdag med 4542:Malaysia 4537:Mongolia 4377:Nichiren 4302:Xuanzang 4227:Āryadeva 4179:Dzogchen 4164:Nichiren 4129:Yogācāra 3917:Maitreya 3897:Mañjuśrī 3867:Amitabha 3705:a series 3703:Part of 3691:(Rigpa). 3645:the West 3558:Buryatia 3546:Kalmykia 3538:Mongolia 3356:and the 3269:Dzungars 3152:Shigatse 3038:de facto 2954:Milarepa 2948:and the 2601:Mahayana 2411:Dzogchen 2405:and the 2354:Buddhism 2350:Mahāyāna 2343:Kalmykia 2339:Buryatia 2327:Xinjiang 2295:Mongolia 2283:Buddhism 2202:Thailand 2162:Mongolia 2157:Malaysia 2122:Cambodia 2087:Navayana 2067:Hinayana 2062:Mahāyāna 1972:Lay life 1802:Morality 1782:Not-self 1740:Concepts 1699:Councils 1684:Timeline 1656:Glossary 1638:Buddhism 1630:a series 1628:Part of 1399:Sex yoga 1144:Tantrism 1076:Altaic ( 1060:Nepalese 1051:Japanese 975:a series 973:Part of 911:Timeline 779:Dosmoche 715:Rinpoche 604:Narthang 563:Dzogchen 440:Dzogchen 293:Bodongpa 196:Milarepa 158:Ralpacan 37:a series 35:Part of 18231:Outline 18195:writers 18136:Cuisine 18101:thangka 18082:Culture 18055:Changpa 17970:Nyingma 17917:Society 17882:Economy 17717:Ü-Tsang 17691:Valleys 17649:Rivers 17624:Kailash 17184:Lönchen 17166:Empire 17102:History 17013:Temples 16993:Buddhas 16955:Science 16945:Judaism 16940:Jainism 16858:Lineage 16818:Abhijñā 16788:Thangka 16731:Sarnath 16716:Lumbini 16637:Funeral 16632:Cuisine 16508:Culture 16483:Reality 16433:Creator 16423:Atomism 16293:History 16266:Ukraine 16226:Germany 16145:Senegal 16135:Vietnam 16063:Myanmar 15863:Shinran 15853:Karmapa 15828:Shandao 15798:Dignāga 15723:Śrāvaka 15703:Donchee 15698:Kappiya 15656:Sayadaw 15626:Bhikkhu 15601:Anāgāmi 15558:Nirvana 15524:Samadhi 15411:Paritta 15352:Tonglen 15347:Mandala 15302:Smarana 15283:Mantras 15231:Upekkha 15201:Bhavana 15151:Shingon 15104:Tiantai 14957:Tathātā 14947:Śūnyatā 14942:Skandha 14932:Saṃsāra 14927:Rebirth 14902:Kleshas 14892:Indriya 14794:Subhūti 14679:Guanyin 14633:Ānanda 14625:Rāhula 14505:Nirvana 14445:Outline 14218:Thangka 14208:Serkyem 14162:Tengyur 14157:Kangyur 13877:Gampopa 13735:Karmapa 13641:Nyingma 13593:Rigdzin 13542:Sadhana 13512:Mandala 13420:Nyingma 13321:below ( 13105:2718667 12562:Mandala 12492:31 July 12401:26 July 12127:10 June 12025:28 June 9510:1 March 9479:1 March 8624:吉祥月鬘本續王 8620:Chinese 8612:Tibetan 8588:Tibetan 8509:Lamaism 8450:Kum Nye 8396:lamrim 8340:lojong 8270:joggom 8087:Dolpopa 8064:Dromtön 8052:Gorampa 8020:Gampopa 7973:Dromtön 7898:system 7816:Origin 7750:Nyingma 7745:School 7734:Red Hat 7726:Kangyur 7722:Tengyur 7706:Nyingma 7678:sunyata 7609:Gampopa 7596:school. 7580:Dromtön 7549:Nyingma 7517:Nyingma 7344:lineage 7313:oracles 7244:Drepung 7202:Chödpas 7185:Ngagpas 7092:, with 7090:Karmapa 6984:mandala 6982:), its 6922:druptap 6896:Lukhang 6830:samatha 6790:mantras 6757:Tibetan 6734:funeral 6695:Wangkur 6590:mandala 6583:, 2011. 6483:ngöndro 6457:Ngöndro 6430:śamatha 6415:, Skt. 6397:śamatha 6378:śamatha 6373:bhavana 6335:tonglen 6279:dakinis 6228:bzod-pa 6111:lineage 5955:Atiyoga 5951:Anuyoga 5941:); and 5885:Nyingma 5854:sungbum 5771:Dignāga 5755:Pramana 5620:, Wyl. 5535:Kangyur 5486:Nyingma 5478:Tengyur 5474:Kangyur 5293:Dignāga 5262:dharmas 5157:Śūnyatā 5085:) forms 5026:vehicle 5007:Hevajra 4983:rebirth 4971:Gampopa 4813:lam nga 4811:; Tib. 4792:Trikaya 4775:path). 4622:rebirth 4608:), the 4602:anatman 4517:Tibetan 4512:Vietnam 4442:Hanshan 4417:Dolpopa 4367:Shinran 4297:Shandao 4292:Huineng 4262:Dignāga 4189:Tzu Chi 4154:Shingon 4134:Tiantai 3851:Buddhas 3833:Dharani 3560:), the 3550:Siberia 3437:Nenghai 3429:Chinese 3348:Nyingma 3320:Nyingma 3253:Beijing 3216:of the 3177:Kangyur 3148:Tsangpa 2992:Mongols 2970:Karmapa 2962:Gampopa 2904:scholar 2888:Kadampa 2884:Dromtön 2842:Nyingma 2776:ngagpas 2730:Moheyan 2728:master 2712:Nyingma 2580:History 2549:Shingon 2522:fo jiao 2500:Lamaism 2426:Nyingma 2362:tantric 2212:Vietnam 2167:Myanmar 2082:Tibetan 2072:Chinese 2000:Nirvāṇa 1817:Saṃsāra 1812:Rebirth 1677:History 1666:Outline 1548:Yab-Yum 1342:Ngöndro 1320:Thangka 1299:Mandala 1170:Pursuit 1138:History 1086:b, t, k 1072:Tibetan 1046:Chinese 923:Culture 918:Outline 906:History 863:Thangka 819:Tengyur 814:Kangyur 794:Losoong 789:Sho Dun 710:Karmapa 670:Tsurphu 631:Ramoche 614:Pabonka 609:Nechung 597:Namgyal 587:Labrang 575:Jokhang 558:Drepung 553:Tradruk 528:Thukdam 434:Nyingma 412:Tibetan 384:Rebirth 375:Saṃsāra 363:Skandha 304:Gelugpa 287:Gorampa 264:Dolpopa 202:Nyingma 72:Nyingma 65:Schools 18:Lamaist 18182:Annals 18146:Emblem 18108:tsakli 17980:Jonang 17629:Lhotse 17573:(2008) 17272:Kashag 17092: 17008:Sutras 17003:Suttas 16868:Siddhi 16853:Koliya 16828:Brahmā 16743:Poetry 16689:Mantra 16679:Kasaya 16551:Pagoda 16531:Kyaung 16526:Vihāra 16521:Temple 16463:Ethics 16306:Ashoka 16256:Sweden 16251:Poland 16246:Norway 16236:Mexico 16221:France 16206:Canada 16201:Brazil 16140:Africa 16120:Taiwan 16083:Russia 16008:Bhutan 15968:Vinaya 15848:Naropa 15838:Saraha 15773:Asanga 15529:Prajñā 15438:Refuge 15401:Nianfo 15362:Tertön 15357:Tantra 15342:Ganana 15332:Tukdam 15258:Dhyāna 15226:Mudita 15221:Karuṇā 15114:Risshū 15109:Huayan 15042:Naraka 14982:Anattā 14977:Dukkha 14972:Anicca 14877:Dharma 14829:Channa 14764:Ānanda 14749:Assaji 14716:Skanda 14619:(wife) 14588:Family 14568:Relics 14493:Sangha 14488:Dharma 14483:Buddha 14350:Ladakh 14325:Bhutan 14318:Places 14203:Phurba 14198:Ghanta 14193:Damaru 14152:Gyubum 13678:Mipham 13603:Tertön 13588:Ngakpa 13583:Khenpo 13562:Tukdam 13537:Refuge 13517:Mantra 13466:Lamrim 13461:Lamdre 13410:Jonang 13390:Bodong 13338:Curlie 13324:Curlie 13287: 13268: 13249: 13221: 13202: 13180: 13161: 13111: 13103: 13095: 13064: 13045: 13026: 13004: 12976: 12950: 12913: 12892: 12870: 12851: 12832: 12807: 12781: 12771: 12752: 12730: 12691: 12668: 12631: 12600: 12529: 11985: 11735: 11698: 11297: 10686:lamdré 10608:, 252f 10537:, 152f 10118: 10110: 10072: 10044: 9889: 9864: 9799: 9705: 9556: 9546: 9447: 9046: 8866: 8860:6, 19f 8774: 8716: 8651:Zürich 8622:: 8519:, and 8480:Tukdam 8298:tülku 8242:shiné 8228:jegom 8220:kleśa 8172:While 8162:Bodong 8037:Drogmi 8026:Naropa 8004:Tilopa 7999:Naropa 7905:, the 7896:Lamdre 7876:lamrim 7872:lojong 7786:Jonang 7718:Termas 7627:Niguma 7590:Virupa 7586:Lamdré 7576:Atisha 7520:Palyul 7416:Vinaya 7296:Termas 7292:Tertön 7265:tülkus 7215:gompas 7200:, and 7190:mantrī 7188:(Skt. 7170:caves. 7141:Vinaya 7117:Ladakh 7102:Sikkim 7007:(like 6916:) and 6914:naljor 6880:Damaru 6794:sngags 6740:Mantra 6624:Ritual 6616:Samaya 6603:vinaya 6503:refuge 6442:trömeh 6384:) and 6380:(Tib. 6306:karuṇā 6298:samaya 6261:Prajñā 6248:Dhyāna 6220:Kṣānti 6123:Asanga 6115:mantra 6062:Tantra 5967:, the 5831:Asanga 5784:Vinaya 5641:Asanga 5521:Sutras 5509:Manchu 5362:, the 5340:Asaṅga 5106:known. 5079:) and 5046:(Tib. 5044:Tantra 5034:Tantra 4967:lamrim 4953:, the 4944:dukkha 4921:lesser 4917:lamrim 4896:lamrim 4891:Lamdre 4886:lamrim 4878:Lamrim 4873:Lamrim 4867:Lamrim 4860:bhumis 4807:(Skt. 4767:, the 4740:, and 4713:(Tib. 4624:, and 4596:(Tib. 4532:Bhutan 4497:Taiwan 4437:Hakuin 4407:Atisha 4402:Nāropā 4387:Virūpa 4337:Wohnyo 4317:Saichō 4307:Fazang 4242:Asanga 4144:Huayan 4139:Tendai 3675:; the 3649:Europe 3600:) and 3578:Ladakh 3574:Sikkim 3570:Bhutan 3433:密教復興運動 3431:: 3295:, the 3273:Manchu 3220:. The 2926:Nāropā 2922:Tilopa 2915:Virūpa 2875:. The 2873:Vinaya 2867:, (4) 2863:, (3) 2859:, (2) 2857:Tantra 2599:, the 2466:Dharma 2442:Jonang 2373:Mongol 2341:, and 2313:, and 2311:Sikkim 2307:Ladakh 2303:Indian 2291:Bhutan 2197:Taiwan 2177:Russia 2117:Brazil 2112:Bhutan 2032:Buddha 1952:Wisdom 1735:Dharma 1580:Samaya 1538:Phurba 1531:Melong 1526:Ghanta 1521:Damaru 1327:Yantra 1306:Mantra 1223:Tukdam 1158:Sahaja 1020:Yunnan 784:Monlam 764:Dajyur 727:Tertön 626:Ralung 621:Palcho 580:Kumbum 570:Ganden 463:Lamrim 394:Dharma 257:Jonang 233:Mipham 186:Niguma 176:Talika 97:Jonang 87:Bodong 18238:Index 18202:Music 18167:Khata 18070:Names 18060:Yolmo 18033:Islam 17985:Gelug 17975:Kagyu 17953:Sakya 17756:(TAR) 17722:Ngari 17607:Fauna 17602:Flora 17090:Tibet 16980:Lists 16848:Kalpa 16843:Iddhi 16706:Music 16701:Mudra 16667:Vassa 16647:Vesak 16617:Budai 16563:Candi 16546:Stupa 16478:Logic 16231:Italy 16130:Tibet 16068:Nepal 16038:Korea 16033:Japan 16023:India 16018:China 15963:Sutra 15918:Texts 15868:Dōgen 15858:Hōnen 15843:Atiśa 15808:Zhiyi 15718:Achar 15686:Tulku 15681:Geshe 15666:Rōshi 15651:Ajahn 15606:Arhat 15566:Bodhi 15536:Vīrya 15453:Sacca 15448:Satya 15443:Sādhu 15431:Music 15374:Merit 15367:Terma 15327:Zazen 15263:Faith 15216:Mettā 14897:Karma 14857:Bardo 14824:Asita 14814:Khema 14804:Upāli 14789:Nanda 14627:(son) 14601:Māyā 14578:Films 14455:Index 14370:Tibet 14355:Lhasa 14228:Yidam 14223:Vajra 14213:Stupa 14188:Chöda 14167:Terma 14145:Texts 13802:Atiśa 13775:Other 13749:Gelug 13723:Kagyu 13692:Sakya 13608:Tulku 13527:Phowa 13522:Mudra 13430:Sakya 13415:Kagyu 13405:Kadam 13400:Gelug 13101:JSTOR 12558:(PDF) 12102:4 May 11340:, 649 11161:JIABS 10681:Sakya 10620:, 367 10584:, 365 10116:JSTOR 9830:(PDF) 9819:(PDF) 9290:(PDF) 9071:camb1 8487:Notes 8058:Atisa 8050:and 8009:Marpa 7968:Atiśa 7824:Atiśa 7779:Gelug 7772:Sakya 7765:Kagyu 7757:Kadam 7710:Sarma 7601:Marpa 7594:Sakya 7572:Kadam 7513:tulku 7499:geshe 7491:geshe 7439:tulku 7420:Wylie 7301:beyul 7253:Sakya 7227:gompa 7152:Gurus 7146:Lamas 7113:gompa 7017:Phowa 6996:tummo 6979:yidam 6910:yogas 6712:bardo 6667:mudra 6561:lamas 6382:Shine 6235:Vīrya 6136:sutra 5902:Atiśa 5881:terma 5378:Wylie 5356:citta 5328:Wylie 5281:Wylie 5239:Wylie 5134:, at 5112:taboo 5083:trowo 5077:shiwa 5053:upaya 5048:rgyud 5024:Vajra 4979:karma 4940:karma 4900:Atiśa 4782:karma 4618:karma 4527:Newar 4522:Nepal 4507:Korea 4502:Japan 4485:China 4447:Taixu 4372:Dōgen 4362:Hōnen 4347:Jinul 4322:Kūkai 4282:Zhiyi 3633:Paris 3542:Nepal 3464:China 3414:Lhasa 3344:Kagyu 3340:Sakya 3328:Gelug 3316:Kagyu 3312:Sakya 3277:Gelug 3234:Tibet 3226:tulku 3189:Tümed 3141:Tsang 3121:Gelug 3077:with 2934:Kagyu 2930:Marpa 2892:Sakya 2846:Atiśa 2838:terma 2829:Sarma 2817:Marpa 2768:sadak 2666:Samye 2609:Tibet 2553:Japan 2526:Hegel 2438:Gelug 2434:Sakya 2430:Kagyu 2392:Gelug 2319:Nepal 2287:Tibet 2207:Tibet 2147:Korea 2142:Japan 2132:India 2127:China 2092:Newar 2017:Arhat 1807:Karma 1661:Index 1543:Vajra 1313:Mudra 1218:Phowa 807:Texts 774:Losar 732:Tulku 722:Geshe 675:Yerpa 658:Shalu 648:Sanga 643:Sakya 492:Laity 406:Karma 275:Sakya 246:Marpa 239:Kagyu 171:Atiśa 102:Gelug 92:Kagyu 82:Sakya 77:Kadam 18156:Flag 18095:rugs 18017:list 18000:list 17789:LGBT 17712:Kham 17707:Amdo 16878:Pāḷi 16863:Māra 16773:Flag 16174:Iran 16098:Tuva 16043:Laos 15671:Lama 15519:Śīla 15487:Śīla 15475:Pīti 15465:Sati 15416:Puja 15337:Koan 15243:Dāna 14834:Yasa 14721:Tārā 14375:Tuva 13578:Lama 13446:Chöd 13425:Rimé 13285:ISBN 13266:ISBN 13247:ISBN 13219:ISBN 13200:ISBN 13178:ISBN 13159:ISBN 13109:OCLC 13093:ISSN 13062:ISBN 13043:ISBN 13024:ISBN 13002:ISBN 12974:ISBN 12948:ISBN 12911:ISBN 12890:ISBN 12868:ISBN 12849:ISBN 12830:ISBN 12805:ISBN 12779:LCCN 12769:ISBN 12750:ISBN 12728:ISBN 12689:ISBN 12666:ISBN 12629:ISBN 12598:ISBN 12540:2024 12527:ISBN 12494:2013 12403:2008 12375:2016 12349:2016 12303:2014 12258:2010 12236:2010 12210:2010 12181:2010 12155:2013 12129:2017 12104:2013 12027:2015 11983:ISBN 11733:ISBN 11696:ISBN 11366:guru 11362:Lama 11295:ISBN 11167:(2). 11038:link 10945:Cf. 10679:The 10505:Cf. 10460:Cf. 10195:2023 10170:2023 10145:2023 10108:ISSN 10081:2023 10070:ISSN 10042:ISBN 9887:ISBN 9862:ISBN 9797:ISSN 9762:2022 9703:ISBN 9635:2018 9554:OCLC 9544:ISBN 9512:2023 9481:2023 9445:ISBN 9426:2024 9301:2007 9254:2022 9228:2022 9178:link 9057:2024 9044:ISBN 8986:2023 8961:2023 8936:2023 8864:ISBN 8785:2020 8772:ISBN 8714:ISBN 8578:and 8091:and 8018:and 7986:and 7960:and 7919:and 7874:and 7671:and 7639:and 7633:Chöd 7607:and 7570:The 7547:The 7532:Rime 7387:and 7368:and 7342:Chöd 7327:and 7240:Sera 7206:Chöd 7149:and 7053:gzhi 7015:and 6876:Chöd 6728:and 6660:and 6637:and 6606:and 6557:lama 6544:lama 6358:The 6294:sila 6288:and 6275:dāna 6205:Śīla 6192:Dāna 6180:The 6077:and 6057:and 5974:the 5916:and 5896:and 5889:Pāla 5868:and 5839:and 5631:). 5507:and 5388:and 5366:and 5342:and 5295:and 5211:and 5180:and 5009:and 4973:and 4927:and 4844:arya 4827:and 4742:Tara 4620:and 4552:West 3937:Tara 3853:and 3673:FPMT 3651:and 3596:and 3576:and 3556:and 3554:Tuva 3520:The 3484:and 3442:能海喇嘛 3346:and 3318:and 3299:and 3259:The 3097:The 3081:and 3023:Kham 3021:and 3019:Amdo 3013:The 2770:and 2726:Chan 2691:and 2547:and 2335:Tuva 2293:and 2152:Laos 2057:Pāli 1334:Yoga 705:Lama 653:Sera 636:Rato 107:Rimé 18090:Art 17943:Bon 16600:Art 16536:Wat 15072:Zen 13395:Bön 13336:at 13139:doi 13085:doi 12708:doi 10004:doi 9982:100 9789:doi 8596:THL 8584:and 7192:), 6392:). 6315:by 5843:'s 5773:'s 5762:'s 5744:'s 5733:'s 5722:'s 5708:'s 5697:'s 5679:'s 5654:'s 5643:'s 5598:." 5549:or 5251:of 5068:). 4912:). 4600:), 4149:Zen 3568:of 3498:PRC 3324:Bon 2836:" ( 2551:in 2505:喇嘛教 2454:Bon 851:Art 18264:: 16102:ru 13137:. 13107:. 13099:. 13091:. 13081:37 13079:. 12793:; 12777:. 12560:. 12485:. 12426:^ 12392:. 12320:. 12275:. 12189:^ 12145:. 12106:. 12093:. 12062:. 12043:. 11514:^ 11468:. 11420:^ 11165:17 11163:. 11034:}} 11030:{{ 10843:^ 10780:^ 10753:^ 10724:^ 10702:. 10554:^ 10378:^ 10343:. 10324:. 10306:. 10288:. 10270:. 10221:^ 10211:. 10186:. 10161:. 10136:. 10114:. 10102:. 10098:. 10064:. 10016:^ 10000:57 9998:. 9970:^ 9821:. 9795:. 9783:. 9779:. 9753:. 9655:^ 9625:. 9552:. 9538:: 9503:. 9497:. 9472:. 9468:. 9416:. 9385:. 9292:. 9245:. 9219:. 9201:. 9187:^ 9174:}} 9170:{{ 9104:. 9077:). 8977:. 8952:. 8927:. 8862:. 8826:^ 8787:. 8618:, 8614:: 8602:). 8598:: 8594:, 8590:: 8515:, 8511:, 8507:, 8503:, 8169:. 8104:, 8089:, 8084:, 8078:. 8072:, 8066:, 8060:, 8054:. 8044:, 8039:, 8033:, 8028:, 8022:. 8016:, 8011:, 8006:, 8001:, 7996:, 7990:. 7982:, 7975:, 7970:, 7964:. 7958:, 7953:, 7948:, 7943:, 7938:, 7933:, 7685:. 7603:, 7555:, 7522:. 7482:. 7430:. 7422:: 7391:. 7383:, 7259:. 7196:, 7100:, 7045:, 7023:. 7011:, 6836:: 6509:, 6505:, 6129:. 5984:. 5953:, 5949:, 5937:, 5933:, 5904:. 5872:. 5511:. 5496:. 5414:). 5380:: 5338:, 5330:: 5283:: 5241:: 5215:. 5087:. 4985:, 4981:, 4942:, 4923:, 4736:, 4732:, 4616:) 3707:on 3608:. 3544:, 3536:, 3448:法尊 3420:. 3362:. 3342:, 3314:, 3105:. 3085:. 3070:. 3051:. 3010:. 2972:. 2917:. 2695:. 2626:. 2619:. 2572:. 2555:. 2518:佛教 2421:. 2345:. 2337:, 2329:, 2309:, 2289:, 2187:US 1632:on 1088:, 1084:, 1080:, 977:on 39:on 17082:e 17075:t 17068:v 16104:) 16100:( 15318:) 15314:( 14409:e 14402:t 14395:v 13366:e 13359:t 13352:v 13293:. 13274:. 13255:. 13227:. 13208:. 13186:. 13167:. 13145:. 13141:: 13115:. 13087:: 13070:. 13051:. 13032:. 13010:. 12982:. 12956:. 12919:. 12898:. 12876:. 12857:. 12838:. 12813:. 12785:. 12758:. 12736:. 12714:. 12710:: 12697:. 12674:. 12637:. 12606:. 12542:. 12496:. 12472:. 12460:. 12448:. 12405:. 12377:. 12351:. 12305:. 12279:. 12260:. 12238:. 12212:. 12183:. 12157:. 12131:. 12066:. 12047:. 12029:. 11991:. 11741:. 11704:. 11574:. 11472:. 11303:. 11040:) 10949:. 10706:. 10689:. 10347:. 10274:. 10215:. 10197:. 10172:. 10147:. 10122:. 10104:2 10083:. 10050:. 10010:. 10006:: 9984:. 9895:. 9870:. 9803:. 9791:: 9785:8 9764:. 9711:. 9637:. 9560:. 9514:. 9483:. 9453:. 9428:. 9389:. 9303:. 9256:. 9230:. 9205:. 9180:) 9152:. 9108:. 9090:. 9059:. 9026:. 8988:. 8963:. 8938:. 8914:. 8872:. 8820:. 8722:. 8539:) 7724:- 7643:. 7055:) 6920:( 6912:( 6819:: 6681:. 6481:( 6469:. 6388:( 6269:) 6256:) 6243:) 6230:) 6213:) 6200:) 6082:. 6064:. 6029:. 6015:. 6002:. 5972:, 5957:/ 5945:( 5929:( 5879:( 5716:) 5712:( 5588:) 5584:( 5567:. 5560:, 5376:( 5370:. 5279:( 5237:( 5021:( 4908:( 4847:. 4838:. 4831:. 4686:. 4670:. 4628:( 4612:( 4581:e 4574:t 4567:v 3635:. 3552:( 3439:( 2942:, 2936:( 2894:( 2778:( 2714:( 2515:( 2494:. 2482:. 2259:e 2252:t 2245:v 1614:e 1607:t 1600:v 1365:: 1336:: 1232:: 1092:) 1090:y 1082:x 1078:o 1037:† 1031:† 1016:† 959:e 952:t 945:v 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.