1240:"Hamletting" or the herding of rural residents into a special camp by military or state authorities was also common. Residents were uprooted from their homes and relocated in special grouping centers supposedly to keep them from the NPA. However, many farmers and residents who were forced to leave their homes claim that the true intent was to displace them from their land so that corporations or government officials may gain access and use of said lands. Although the government denied authorizing the hamletting through the issuance of the so-called Enrile Memorandum in March 1982, incidents of hamletting tripled by 1984. People who were displaced lost access to their livelihood and properties, and had no access to adequate housing, safe drinking water and sanitation in their places of relocation. The Integrated bar of the Philippines opposed hamletting because it constituted restriction on the freedom of movement and was a violation of the liberty of abode and freedom to travel. It also mean deprivation of property without due process as the hamletting was implemented by force and often with threat of bodily harm to the residents.
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because of the lack of trained and willing documenters during the period. Arrests and detention were also widespread, often in relation to dissent from government policies that was taken as evidence of rebellion, subversion, and connection with the New People's Army. Among those arrested and detained were church workers, human rights activists, legal aid lawyers, labor leaders, and journalists. These detainees were often held for long periods of time without trial and released later on for insufficiency of evidence. Marcos' direct involvement with these arrests and detention cannot be denied as any person may be arrested on the basis of a personal order under a
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961:. There was some controversy whether the ambush was staged, with Enrile denying that it was staged in his 2012 memoir. However, multiple other accounts including those of former president Fidel V. Ramos, former Marcos PR strategist Primitivo Mijares, businessman Oscar Lopez who lived near the site of the alleged ambush at the time, and Enrile's own wife Cristina Enrile, have all stated that the ambush had been faked. Enrile himself had publicly stated on February 22, 1986 that the ambush had been faked.
1216:(ICJ) on its mission to the Philippines from 31 December 1983 to 14 January 1984, various human rights abuses such as killing or "salvaging", arbitrary arrests and widespread detention for political crimes, and torture were documented. These abuses had been given some form of legal color because many of the offenses for which political detainees had been incarcerated were made legal by Marcos in the form of presidential decrees, after he assumed the power of the legislature to enact laws.
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1180:, where the majority of the justices noted that while the 1972 Constitution was improperly ratified because it did not follow the procedure in the 1935 Constitution, there was no stopping the reality that the 1972 Constitution was already in effect. This decision became the cornerstone of subsequent decisions whenever the validity of the 1973 Constitution was questioned.
1371:. Executive Secretary Eduardo Ermita said the step was taken to avert the escalation of "lawless" violence in the province and pave the way for the swift arrest of the suspects in the massacre. Following the declaration, authorities carried out a raid on a warehouse owned by Andal Ampatuan Jr. The raid resulted in the confiscation of more than 330,000 rounds of
855:. This was a period of civil unrest from January to March 1970 organized by students and labor groups to protest authoritarianism, alleged election cheating, and corruption under Marcos. Protests were attended by an estimated 50,000 to 100,000 persons. By the end of this period, at least two activists were confirmed dead and several were injured by the police.
664:, which was dated September 21, 1972. This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from the country on February 25, 1986. Even though the formal proclamation was lifted on January 17, 1981, Marcos retained virtually all of his powers as dictator until he was ousted by the EDSA Revolution.
1204:. There were at least 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 individual tortures, and 70,000 that were incarcerated. Of the 3,257 killed, some 2,520, or 77 percent of all victims, were salvaged—that is, tortured, mutilated, and dumped on a roadside for public display. It is also reported that 737 Filipinos disappeared between 1975 and 1985. The
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conditions, often shared with other detainees. Various forms of torture such as repeated physical beating, cigarette burning, genital mutilation, asphyxiation and waterboarding became common reports of detainees. Some detainees were also taken to "safehouses" or unknown detention locations to prevent access by the families and lawyers.
1208:, a precursor of Civilian Armed Forces Geographical Unit (CAFGU), was organized by President Marcos to battle with the communist and Islamic insurgency problem, has particularly been accused of notoriously inflicting human right violations on leftists, the NPA, Muslim insurgents, and rebels against the Marcos government.
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for continuing to keep the
Philippines under Military rule, Marcos ordered the conduct of several referendums over the next few years, the first of which took place in July 1973. (This should not be confused with the plebiscite that ratified the new constitution, which had been held in January earlier in that year.)
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Moreover, many of the detainees were subjected to torture and inhumane treatment. Political prisoners of advanced age were denied or not given adequate access to medical treatment, contributing to the deterioration of their health. Prisoners were placed in small detention cells unfit for human living
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The effects of the
Balance of Payments of Crisis started making themselves felt almost immediately after Marcos second inauguration, setting the stage for several events which Marcos eventually cited as justifications for martial law. This included the First Quarter Storm protests of January to March
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The danger of invasion being imminent and the public safety so requiring, I, Jose P. Laurel, President of the
Republic of the Philippines, pursuant to the authority conferred upon me by section 9, article II, of the Constitution, do hereby place the Philippines and all parts thereof under martial law
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Apart from the continued increase in militarization despite the supposed end of martial law, the mission reported extensive extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances of various individual arrested by or taken by military or state security forces. This practice had been called "salvaging" to
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This 14-year period in
Philippine history is remembered for the administration's record of human rights abuses, particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship. Based on the documentation of
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placed the
Philippines under martial law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29, dated September 21. Martial law came into effect on September 22, 1944. Proclamation No. 30 was issued the next day, declaring the existence of a state of war between the Philippines and the US and Great Britain. This took
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The civilian government and civilian judicial authorities shall continue functioning in all matters appropriately belonging to their attributes that do not refer to public order and this last matter to whatever the military allows them to do or delegates to them, requiring each one to give the other
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was the first murder victim under Marcos' martial law. There were over 70,000 filed cases of human rights abuses today from this period. Torture methods employed by the army on their victims were extremely inhumane, which included beating, rape, electrocution, animal treatment, and mutilation among
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were
Philippine Constabulary chief asked them to cooperate, saying he had received "orders to neutralize ," and that he would try to "make things easier" for them. By morning on September 23, about a quarter of those whom Marcos had prioritized for arrest were already locked up in Crame, and Manila
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Opposition to Marcos' declaration of martial law ran the whole gamut of
Philippine society—ranging from impoverished peasants whom the administration tried to chase out of their homes; to the Philippines' political old-guard, whom Marcos had tried to displace from power; to academics and economists
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Although these abuses happened nationwide, they were particularly pervasive in
Mindanao where about 60 percent of military force had been concentrated. Reportedly, military power was extensively deployed to Mindanao not just to quell the NPA and the Moro National Liberation Front but to facilitate
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While Marcos and Enrile claimed that martial law was designed to "emasculate all the leaders in order to control the situation" from the beginning, Marcos still needed to contend with international criticism and needed the political support of countries like the United States. To create a mandate
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were the bombing of Lumad schools, the food blockade against Lumad communities which forced Lumads to go hungry and move away from their ancestral lands, the capturing of ancestral lands from indigenous Lumads, the killing of suspected Lumads who are reportedly part of the NPA despite no concrete
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and extrajudicial killings of individuals last seen with state agents, and found dead days later. In the first nine months of 1983 alone, the Task Force
Detainees of the Philippines had reported at least 191 cases of salvaging, a number that may have been grossly underestimated and underreported
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The political and economic unrest of the early 1970s continued throughout the three and a half years of Marcos' second term, just as rumors proliferated that he would try to remain in power beyond the two terms allowed him by the 1935 Constitution of the
Philippines. Marcos' move to create a new
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Lumads, or the non-Muslim indigenous peoples of Mindanao, have been vocally against the imposition of martial rule due to the past experience of martial law during the Marcos dictatorship. After three months since the imposition of martial rule, numerous human rights violations were recorded by
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Numerous reasons have been put forward for why Marcos declared martial law in September 1972, some of which were presented by the Marcos administration as official justifications, and some of which were perspectives proposed by the opposition figures, and some of which were later put forward by
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Although the CPP-NPA was only a small force and could not present a sizeable threat to the AFP at the time, Marcos painted an image of a huge "communist threat," both to court the Johnson administration's political support in light of its cold war policies, and drumming up local support .as the
1446:, which provides for a maximum 60-day-state of martial law without Congress approval for extension, the continuation of government functions, and the safeguard of individual freedoms. However, President Duterte insisted that it will not be any different from martial law under President Marcos.
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in an interview with unnamed former Philippine Communist Party officials, stated that, "they (local communist party officials) wound up languishing in China for 10 years as unwilling "guests" of the (Chinese) government, feuding bitterly among themselves and with the party leadership in the
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and PMA armoury incidents which were alleged to be efforts of the NPA to acquire arms; the Plaza Miranda bombing in August 1971; Marcos' resulting suspension of the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, which led to the radicalization of many students; a series of bombings in Metro Manila
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When Marcos became president in 1965, the old Partido Komunista ng Pilipinas was a weakened organization, and the Hukbalahap reduced to "what amounted to banditry." The new Communist Party of the Philippines was established in 1968, and was able to form an armed wing in 1969 by allying with
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The first two justifications were explicitly stated in Proclamation 1081, which cited two explicit justifications: "to save the republic" (from various plots); and "to reform society" (after the failure of American-style democracy). The third rationalization arose from the administration's
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Throughout 1976, the Philippine government captured and jailed many important CPP-NPA members, including Buscayno. After Buscayno's capture, Rodolfo Salas served as the NPA's commander, and when Sison was captured the following year, Salas also assumed chairmanship of the
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investigation, the censorship of various media outlets in Lumad communities, and the killing of numerous Lumad leaders, which has led to a blow in Lumad morale. President Rodrigo Duterte himself voiced his approval on the bombing of Lumad schools through a public speech.
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others. Many private establishments particularly media companies critical of the government were closed, and the arrest of activists were made through the Philippine Constabulary; many of the abuses were attributed to the latter, which was then headed by future president
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However, Marcos continued to rule the country while retaining virtually all of the executive powers he held as dictator, through a combination of the 1972 constitution and the various decrees he had put in place before martial law, which all remained in effect.
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the week before. And Marcos aide-turned whistleblower Primitivo Mijares later claimed that "The beginning infrastructure for martial law was actually laid down as early as the first day of his assumption of the Philippine presidency on December 30, 1965."
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In any case, Marcos responded by suspending the writ of habeas corpus, an act which radicalized many of the Philippines activists, convincing both moderates and radicals that the Marcos administration could only be fought by joining the NPA.
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Administration Review of U.S. Policy Toward the Philippines: Hearing Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, First Session ... October 30, 1985. Volume 99, Issue 435 of S. hrg, United States
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After Marcos was ousted, government investigators discovered that the declaration of martial law had also allowed the Marcoses to hide secret stashes of unexplained wealth which various courts later determined to be "of criminal origin."
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1304:(Commander Dante) and Lt. Victor Corpuz, of illegal possession of fire arms, subversion, and murder, and was sentenced by a military court to death by firing squad. The death sentence was never carried out by the Marcos government.
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One final incident associated with the proclamation of martial law took place just a handful of hours before Marcos' forces began arresting opposition members—the alleged September 22, 1972 assassination attempt on Defense Minister
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instructor Lt. Victor Corpuz defected from the Armed Forces of the Philippines and joined the NPA. Corpuz was involved in yet another attempt to acquire arms for the NPA when he led an unsuccessful attempt to smuggle armaments from
1067:, padlocked the doors to the Batasang Pambansa, suspended the writ of habeas corpus and assumed both legislative and executive powers for himself as president, and defrayed the end of his last allowed presidential term under the
561:, which refers to him as "Dictator", was read. On June 18, issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government. On June 23 another decree signed by Aguinaldo was issued, replacing the Dictatorial Government with a
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Although Marcos declared an official end to martial law on January 17, 1981, the human rights abuses persisted and continued until the end of Marcos' tenure as president following the 1986 EDSA Revolution. In a report by the
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were arrested on the premises. Captain James Nicolas of Special Forces was able to retrieve more high powered firearms and ammo after the incident. The state of martial law in Maguindanao was lifted on December 13, 2009.
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which affected the US. This had the effect of mythologizing the group, with noted security specialist Richard J. Kessler observing that it invested the CPP with "a revolutionary aura that ony attracted more supporters."
522:. Despite such declaration, which provided a 48-hour period in giving amnesty to rebels except their leaders, Blanco adopted a cool, conciliatory stance, seeking to improve Spain's image in the face of world opinion.
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757:; and the allowing the Philippine Peso to float and devalue. The inflationary effect these interventions had on the local economy brought about the social unrest which was the rationalization for the proclamation of
118:, as head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces, may declare martial law "in case of invasion or rebellion, when the public safety requires it." Most countries use a different legal construct like "
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Under martial law there were widespread excesses and human rights abuses, even while the regime reduced violent urban crime, collected unregistered firearms, and suppressed communist insurgency in some areas;
1233:(PDA). It was judicially established that the issuance of a PCO, which justifies an arrest, was the exclusive prerogative of the president; that Marcos authorized many of the arrests is widely documented.
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who disagreed with the specifics of Marcos' martial law policies. All of these, regardless of their social position or policy beliefs, subscribed to the interpretation that Marcos declared martial law:
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Suspicion of responsibility for the blast fell upon Marcos, leading to a landslide win for the Liberal Party's candidates. In later years, Salonga stated in his autobiography that he suspected that the
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1078:, which took place just a few hours before Marcos began making arrests. But Marcos announced that he had signed the formal declaration of martial law on September 21, the day before the ambush.
749:. The IMF mandated stabilization plan which accompanied the agreement included numerous macroeconomic interventions, including a shift away from the Philippines' historical economic strategy of
687:, accused Marcos of exaggerating these threats, using them as a convenient excuse to consolidate power and extend his reign beyond the two presidential terms allowed by the 1935 constitution.
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Philippine constitution by pushing for the creation of the 1971 Philippine Constitutional Convention lent credence to the belief that Marcos wanted to stay in power, especially when delegate
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the penetration of multi-national business concerns. Settlers and tribal groups have been evicted from their lands, and those who had legitimate grievances were suppressed by the military.
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in 1989, which alleged that "Sison had calculated that Marcos could be provoked into cracking down on his opponents, thereby driving thousands of political activists into the underground."
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with American support on May 19, 1898, to resume the revolution. On May 23, Aguinaldo issued a proclamation in which he assumed command of all Filipino military forces and established a
1169:, alleged that there could not have been any valid referendum held from January 10 to 15, 1973 claiming the 35,000 citizen's assemblies never met and that voting was by show of hands.
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Amnesty International, Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, and similar human rights monitoring entities, historians believe that the Marcos dictatorship was marked by 3,257 known
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953:". The first of these bombings took place on March 15, 1972, and the last took place on September 11, 1972—twelve days before martial law was announced on September 23 of that year.
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However, this ramp-up on loan-funded government spending led the Marcos administration to its first major economic crisis The campaign spending spree was so massive that it caused a
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in 1972. By the time Marcos won his campaign and was ready for his second inauguration, the Philippines was already being described as a "social volcano ready to explode."
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to be re-elected. To assure this win, Marcos launched US$ 50 million worth in infrastructure projects in 1969 to create an impression of progress for the electorate.
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was an acquiescence to the global market system, which required tight control of sociopolitical systems so that the country's resources could be exploited efficiently;
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had gone into a media lockdown. At 7:30 that evening, Marcos announced that he had placed the country under martial law. In declaring martial law, Marcos dissolved
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The declaration of martial law in the Philippines was announced. on September 23, 1972, but the Proclamation No. 1081, was back-dated to September 21, 1972.
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88:, but also during the Philippines' colonial period, during the second world war, and more recently on the island of Mindanao during the administrations of
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862:. the 1970 PMA armory raid saw the capture rifles, machine guns, grenade launchers, a bazooka and thousands of rounds of ammunition by NPA forces when
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explained that the step was taken with of "the safety, the lives and property of people of Mindanao" in mind. Implementation is to be pursuant to the
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was a connivance between the state powers and the upper-class families to keep the members of the country's lower classes from becoming too powerful.
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Shortly before midnight on September 22, 1972, Marcos' soldiers began arresting leading figures of the political opposition, beginning with Senator
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was responsible for the blast—an interpretation later corroborated by unnamed former Communist Party of the Philippines officials interviewed with
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propaganda, which portrayed Marcos as a hypermasculine or ultranationalist figure able to compel the obedience of supposedly "spoiled" Filipinos.
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and its predecessor bodies, serving as the head of state's primary tool for implementing political power in a reversal of the normal practice of
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as a strategy to enable Ferdinand Marcos to stay in power past the two presidential terms allowed him under Philippine Constitution of 1935; and
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public administration professor Alex Brillantes Jr. identifies three reasons expressed by the Marcos administration, saying that martial law:
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I am compelled to establish a Dictatorial Government with full authority, civil and military, to determine first the real needs of the country
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When he declared martial law in 1972, Marcos claimed that he had done so in response to the "communist threat" posed by the newly founded
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In the Matter of the Issuance of the Writ of Habeas Corpus for Dr. Aurora Parong, et al, G.R. No. L-61388, July 19, 1985. Accessible at
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The imposition of martial rule has been generally peaceful in Davao City and other major cities in Mindanao, except Lanao del Sur and
1292:; and Press Foundation of Asia joint executive Juan L. Mercado. Many of those who were arrested were later freed without charges, but
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518:. These eight provinces, the first provinces to join the revolution, would later be represented in the eight rays of the sun in the
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Proclaiming a State of Martial law and suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Province of Maguindanao, except for certain areas
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The implementation of martial law closely reflected Oplan Sagittarius, a military plans leaked to the Philippine Senate by general
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and its nearby islands under martial law at 10:00 p.m. (UTC+8) on May 23, 2017. This was announced during a briefing held in
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The 1935 Constitution was replaced with the 1972 Constitution after the new constitution was ratified by 95% of the voters in the
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One of the incidents of social unrest which Marcos eventually claimed led to his decision to declare martial law was the alleged
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in a payoff scheme for delegates who voted against the "Block Marcos" amendments which would disallow Marcos from running again.
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This article is about several periods of martial law in the Philippines. For Ferdinand Marcos' declaration of martial law, see
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throughout the first nine months of 1972; and an alleged assassination attempt against Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile.
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was just the consequence of political decay after American-style democracy failed to take root in Philippine society; and
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Another justification the Marcos government cited as a justification for martial law was the acquisition of arms by the
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1527:"The Dilemma Between Democratic Control versus Military Reforms: The Case of the AFP Modernisation. Program, 1991–2004"
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was a product of the infighting among the families that formed the upper socioeconomic class of Philippine society; and
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2013:
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1554:. : Published and exclusively distributed by the Office of Research and Publications, Ateneo de Manila University.
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of August 21, 1971. Unidentified suspects throwing two fragmentation grenades onto the stage while the opposition (
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In addition, some critics who ascribe an economic component to Marcos' motivations, suggesting that martial law:
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was a reflection of Filipino society's history of authoritarianism and supposed need for iron-fisted leadership.
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2534:. Foundation for Worldwide People Power (Manila, Philippines). Pasig: Foundation for Worldwide People's Power.
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730:, the administration of Ferdinand Marcos became very popular during his first term as president—enough so that
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565:, with himself styled as "President" again. Eventually this government would be replaced in turn by the proper
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1434:, where President Duterte was on an official visit, and was in effect for 60 days. Presidential Spokesperson
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Memory, truth telling, and the pursuit of justice: a Conference on the Legacies of the Marcos Dictatorship
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Miranda, Felipe B. (2001). "The Political Economy of National Plunder:The Philippines Under Martial Law".
100:" as applied to the Philippines is typically used to describe the Marcos martial law period specifically.
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After martial law was declared, critics of the government were arrested, which included then Senators
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On January 2, 1942, after Manila was captured, the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Forces Lt. Gen.
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3028:. By Arguillas, Carolyn O. MindaNews Publications (Mindanao News and Information Cooperative Center).
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led to the first major incident of unrest associated with Marcos' proclamation of martial law—the
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Declaring a State of Martial law and suspending the Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Whole of Mindanao
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The Philippines reader: a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance
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said the declaration was possible given the "existence of rebellion," while Foreign Secretary
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which was also the time for military officers to defend their wealth, according to journalist
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The Philippines Reader: A history of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance
1637:"Metaphorizing Martial Law: Constitutional Authoritarianism in Marcos's Rhetoric (1972–1985)"
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Dohner, Robert; Intal, Ponciano (1989). "Debt Crisis and Adjustment in the Philippines". In
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as a technique for covering up the ill-gotten wealth of Marcos, his family, and his cronies.
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declared martial law in the provinces of Cavite and Pampanga as a measure against banditry.
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Martial law was lifted by President Marcos on January 17, 1981, through Proclamation 2045.
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A specific incident brought up by Marcos as a rationalization for martial law was the 1971
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5671:
5420:
5097:
4830:
4717:
4594:
3227:"Enrile retracts 'Act of Contrition' he made when he thought he was facing death in 1986"
2777:
1985:
1439:
930:
852:
817:
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386:
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3979:"PASCN Discussion Paper No. 99-16: The Political Economy of PhilippinesChina Relations"
3548:
3491:
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2635:
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2352:
1861:
1664:
1293:
1253:
1177:
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was a response to various leftist and rightist plots against the Marcos administration;
833:
119:
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4672:
1176:. The Supreme Court affirmed the ratification of the 1972 Constitution in the case of
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507:
425:
232:
212:
150:
65:
6602:
6183:
5217:
3633:
2724:
Torrevillas-Suarez, Domini (March 29, 1970). "Finishing the Unfinished Revolution".
2163:
1372:
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608:
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146:
4492:
1862:
Cristobal Cerrato: El joven Maeztu y la canalla periodĂstica- nÂş 37 EspĂ©culo (UCM)
745:
crisis, so the government was compelled to seek a debt rescheduling plan with the
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4577:
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4019:
3520:
3390:
3199:
1972:
1449:
While the declaration does not currently affect citizens and government units in
1423:
1380:
1317:
1277:
847:
Economic difficulties experienced by Filipinos in the immediate aftermath of the
727:
433:
93:
5247:
3882:
912:. It took nine lives and left more than 100 people seriously wounded, including
6879:
6318:
6303:
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5227:
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5060:
5009:
4955:
4909:
4457:
4225:
3544:
Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism
2573:
Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism
2248:"3,257: Fact checking the Marcos killings, 1975–1985 – The Manila Times Online"
1435:
1082:
913:
596:
311:
3483:
3062:"PROCLAMATION No. 1081: PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES"
6956:
6763:
6618:
6524:
6288:
6245:
6143:
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6061:
6026:
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4772:
4762:
4687:
4562:
3442:
2986:"42 years ago: Suspicious, blinding lights preceded bombing at Plaza Miranda"
2703:
2457:
1660:
1468:
independent human rights organizations. Among these violations caused by the
1368:
1196:
909:
775:
546:
with himself styled as "Dictator" instead of "President" as in his previous "
345:
154:
138:
77:
3184:
2676:
2627:
2549:
2479:
2338:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines"
2200:
1569:
6833:
6714:
6693:
6118:
6071:
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5990:
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5312:
5287:
5144:
5112:
5050:
4999:
4904:
4777:
3140:
2741:"Signposts in the History of Activism in the University of the Philippines"
142:
134:
55:
2309:
Impossible Dream: The Marcoses, the Aquinos, and the Unfinished Revolution
1652:
6662:
6628:
6128:
6081:
6051:
6011:
5930:
5776:
5646:
5495:
5484:
5282:
5070:
5055:
5045:
4950:
4920:
4797:
4552:
4359:
The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899
1419:
1364:
1342:
1265:
1261:
1201:
872:
758:
657:
515:
406:
365:
323:
280:
240:
3201:
Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy
970:
historians and analysts studying the political economy of the decision.
486:
declared on August 30 the imposition of martial law in eight provinces:
6623:
6278:
6066:
6016:
5814:
5550:
5107:
4914:
3450:
1059:
6209:
Movement of Attorneys for Brotherhood, Integrity and Nationalism, Inc.
4362:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972)
3385:"Enrile apologizes to Martial Law victims, blames 'unlucid intervals'"
1636:
50:
6906:
6819:
5555:
5535:
5346:
5080:
4973:
3812:
https://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1985/jul1985/gr_l61388_1985.html
2514:
Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn
885:
author Primitivo Mijares, the Liberal Party, as well as the LĂłpezes'
800:
539:
3434:
2878:"Historic role and contributions of Kabataang Makabayan » NDFP"
2400:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia"
187:
34:. For Rodrigo Duterte's declaration of martial law in Mindanao, see
6913:
6899:
6488:
6474:
6460:
4890:
4547:
3257:
Dictatorship & martial law: Philippine authoritarianism in 1972
1717:"Security Sector Reform: Way Forward for Democracy and Development"
1427:
1411:
980:
Dictatorship & Martial Law: Philippine Authoritarianism in 1972
726:
Through a very bad combination of loan-funded deficit spending and
511:
499:
446:
236:
224:
3534:
2380:
Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".
3864:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3842:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3826:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3794:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3770:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3751:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3732:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3713:
The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law, A Mission Report
3634:"Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime"
2904:"Asia Times: Victor Corpus and Jose Almonte: The righteous spies"
2273:"Report of an AI Mission to the Republic of the Philippines 1975"
2164:"Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime"
1454:
1384:
491:
303:
216:
3041:"September 1972: Recalling the last days and hours of democracy"
2512:
Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads".
335:
and suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus therein.
260:
149:
to civilians. Civilians defying martial law may be subjected to
6770:
6735:
6308:
4077:"Full text: Arroyo's declaration of martial law in Maguindanao"
1431:
1415:
1325:
503:
495:
487:
228:
220:
126:
5937:
Others who withdrew support during the People Power revolution
1359:
On December 4, 2009, through Proclamation No. 1959, President
6791:
6249:
3026:
Turning Rage Into Courage: Mindanao under Martial Law, Vol. 1
2683:
2432:
The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges
2064:
2062:
1461:
1450:
964:
868:
559:
Act of the Declaration of Independence of the Filipino People
2690:
Richburg, Keith B.; Branigin, William (September 29, 1989).
2033:
2031:
6293:
4408:
4201:"Duterte says his martial law to be similar to Marcos time"
3024:
Miclat, Gus (2002). "Our Lives Were Never The Same Again".
2449:
628:, there was martial law in Nueva Ecija on January 7, 1946.
584:
placed the country under martial law on December 20, 1900.
4698:
Philippine military history during the Marcos dictatorship
4693:
Philippine economic history during the Marcos dictatorship
4390:
Agosto 29–30, 1896: ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila
4226:"Philippine President Duterte eyes nationwide martial law"
3314:"Breaking the News: Silencing the Media Under Martial Law"
2059:
1680:
1678:
1641:
Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints
1406:
Proclamation Number 216 declaring martial law in Mindanao.
1337:
This continued until 1986 when he went to exile after the
1247:
103:
Martial law has historically been implemented through the
2241:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2215:"Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law"
2174:
2028:
1726:. December. National Defense College of the Philippines.
1296:
was charged and convicted along with his two co-accused,
764:
590:
6543:
The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos
3360:
The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos
3117:
The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos
3039:
Pedroso, Kate; Generalao, Minerva (September 21, 2016).
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
1363:
officially placed Maguindanao province under a state of
1159:
Martial law was ratified by 90.77% of the voters in the
916:, who nearly died and was visually impaired ever since.
3094:. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc. p. 38.
1999:
1997:
1995:
1968:"Manila's Finest (supplement): Why Jan. 9 is historic?"
1799:
1797:
1675:
377:
Proclaiming the State of Martial law in the Philippines
114:
Under the current Constitution of the Philippines, the
6841:
A Rustling of Leaves: Inside the Philippine Revolution
4125:"330,000 rounds of ammo recovered in Maguindanao raid"
3931:"Communist Party of the Philippines–New People's Army"
2422:
2232:
2125:
2097:
2095:
1502:
List of films about martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
6564:
Subversive Lives: A Family Memoir of the Marcos Years
4099:"20 militiamen arrested in Maguindanao raid – police"
4055:"Arroyo declares martial law in Maguindanao province"
3620:"LOOK BACK: The Philippine Constabulary under Marcos"
3511:
Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Roskamm (1987).
3468:(Revised and expanded ed.). San Miguel, Manila.
3017:
2590:
2006:"Martial Law, the dark chapter in Philippine history"
734:
and succeeded in becoming the first president of the
587:
Martial law was proclaimed in Leyte in January 1907.
553:
On June 12, at Aguinaldo's ancestral home in Cavite,
525:
4308:"Soldiers under probe for alleged looting in Marawi"
1992:
1794:
879:
in July 1972, although Marcos' opponents, including
4020:"Politics of Plunder: The Philippines Under Marcos"
3376:
3292:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
2910:. Archived from the original on September 13, 2001.
2185:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2107:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
2092:
2074:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
1690:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
1464:communities in the eastern and southern provinces.
1391:
711:
6219:Movement of Concerned Citizens for Civil Liberties
4341:(8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing,
4334:
3606:"Liliosa Hilao: First Martial Law detainee killed"
3604:Pedroso, Kate; Medina, Marielle (September 2015).
3512:
3169:(1st ed.). Manila: Eugenio Lopez Foundation.
2723:
2605:
2532:Dead Aim: How Marcos Ambushed Philippine Democracy
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2499:
1367:, thereby suspending the privilege of the writ of
1348:
1089:
631:
619:
602:
41:"Batas Militar" redirects here. For the film, see
5851:Resistance during the Marcos administration years
3591:"Philippines – Martial law – history – geography"
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3032:
2765:
1809:
656:announced that he had placed the entirety of the
652:At 7:17 pm on September 23, 1972, President
27:Authorized military government in the Philippines
6954:
6938:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
4826:Japanese Official Development Assistance scandal
4127:. INQUIRER.net. December 5, 2009. Archived from
4101:. INQUIRER.net. December 5, 2009. Archived from
3504:
3038:
2689:
2375:
2373:
3362:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
3119:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2819:
2817:
2525:
2523:
2496:
2393:
2391:
2331:
2329:
2039:"Back to the Past: A timeline of press freedom"
675:(MIM). Opposition figures of the time, such as
572:
6593:Sa ikauunlad ng bayan, disiplina ang kailangan
6204:Kilusan sa Kapangyarihan at Karapatan ng Bayan
3583:
3510:
3237:
3191:
2156:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1190:Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship
1045:
599:proclaimed martial law in all occupied areas.
466:
4478:
4402:A history of the Spanish–American War of 1898
3603:
2853:"Enrile's tale: Hypocrisy and contradictions"
2565:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2516:. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
2462:Developing country debt and the world economy
2428:
2370:
2286:
2284:
2282:
1928:
1753:"Martial Law in Mindanao: The Press Steps Up"
1745:
1545:
1543:
951:Ferdinand Marcos' proclamation of Martial Law
722:Economic history of the Philippines (1965–86)
4398:
3197:
3158:
2844:
2814:
2640:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2604:John), Kessler, Richard J. (Richard (1989).
2520:
2388:
2326:
2131:
1888:
1326:Proclamation 2045 and continued dictatorship
718:Ferdinand Marcos presidential campaign, 1969
671:(CPP), and the sectarian "rebellion" of the
6799:Loyalista: The Untold Story of Imelda Papin
4371:. (English translation by Sulpicio Guevara)
3960:"EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING"
3650:
3007:"EX-COMMUNISTS PARTY BEHIND MANILA BOMBING"
2790:
2788:
2608:Rebellion and repression in the Philippines
2455:
1758:Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility
1513:
1480:Reports also surfaced during and after the
1256:and José W. Diokno, and Manila journalists—
1071:, which was due to end in fifteen months.
1026:
6496:Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree
6424:Presidential Commission on Good Government
6255:United Nationalist Democratic Organization
4821:Overseas landholdings of the Marcos family
4658:Construction of "edifice complex" projects
4485:
4471:
4176:"Duterte declares martial law in Mindanao"
4151:"Duterte declares Martial Law in Mindanao"
3976:
3496:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3416:
3306:
3254:
3056:
3054:
2556:
2279:
2004:Francisco, Katerina (September 22, 2016).
1708:
1540:
1123:. Please do not remove this message until
1004:
973:
965:Marcos's reasons for declaring martial law
849:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
814:1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis
781:
4329:
4283:"Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools"
4252:"Duterte threatens to bomb Lumad schools"
3874:
3198:Bonner, William; Bonner, Raymond (1987).
2979:
2977:
2738:
2732:
2661:(1st ed.). Boston: South End Press.
2529:
2003:
1803:
1628:
1602:
1524:
1174:1973 Philippine constitutional plebiscite
1143:Learn how and when to remove this message
6862:Why Is Yellow the Middle of the Rainbow?
4399:Titherington, Richard Handfield (1900),
3529:Philippine Martial Law referendum, 1973.
2870:
2850:
2794:
2785:
2773:"Untold story of Karagatan in I-Witness"
2654:
2464:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2180:
2132:de Ynchausti, Nik (September 24, 2016).
1965:
1401:
1119:Relevant discussion may be found on the
250:any news that will reach their knowledge
80:placed all or part of the country under
49:
6229:Task Force Detainees of the Philippines
4806:Unexplained wealth of the Marcos family
4708:Timeline of the People Power Revolution
4386:
4355:
3679:"Proclamation No. 2045, series of 1981"
3357:
3164:
3114:
3051:
2692:"FERDINAND MARCOS DIES IN HAWAII AT 72"
2335:
2207:
2144:from the original on September 28, 2016
1950:
1919:
1815:
1788:
1782:
1576:
1549:
1248:Arrests of the media and the opposition
1009:
534:, the exiled leader of the revolution,
14:
6955:
6933:Ferdinand Marcos's cult of personality
4378:The Development of Philippine Politics
4017:
3880:
3814:, last accessed on September 23, 2020.
3540:
3382:
3342:
3224:
3089:
3023:
2974:
2966:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2569:
2305:
2290:
1864:. Ucm.es. Retrieved on August 2, 2011.
1855:
1830:
1634:
1183:
1161:1973 Philippine martial law referendum
807:
799:Philippines was caught up in the same
765:Marcos' term limits before martial law
591:Under Japanese military administration
141:, and the application or extension of
125:Typically, its imposition accompanies
6414:Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
4466:
4414:
4374:
4037:"Martial law declared in Maguindanao"
4001:"MARCOS FREES 341; LIFTS MARTIAL LAW"
3857:
3855:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3706:
3704:
3417:Grossholtz, Jean (January 17, 1945).
3398:from the original on October 31, 2018
3324:from the original on December 3, 2018
3261:University of the Philippines Diliman
3167:Phoenix: the saga of the Lopez family
3085:
3083:
2851:Hofileña, Chay F. (October 3, 2012).
2823:
2739:Guillermo, Ramon (February 6, 2013).
2603:
2511:
2379:
2295:. Filipinos for a Better Philippines.
2246:Reyes, Rachel A.G. (April 16, 2016).
2245:
1934:
1903:
1873:
1584:"Martial Law in the New Constitution"
1534:Journal of Security Sector Management
751:import substitution industrialization
6294:Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)
6224:National Movement for Free Elections
3998:
3881:Maslog, Crispin C. (April 1, 2016).
3463:
3064:. September 21, 1972. Archived from
2795:Doronila, Amando (August 24, 2007).
2612:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2429:Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003).
2183:State and society in the Philippines
1966:Parungao, Miguel (January 9, 1988).
1831:Ocampo, Ambeth (December 17, 2009).
1714:
1608:
1307:The government captured NPA leaders
1093:
1069:1935 Constitution of the Philippines
642:History of the Philippines (1965–86)
626:RR Philippine Almanac: Book of Facts
6973:Military history of the Philippines
6376:Second Great Rectification Movement
6199:Justice for Aquino, Justice for All
4538:Philippines–United States relations
4280:
3683:Official Gazette of the Philippines
3419:"Philippines 1973: Whither Marcos?"
3343:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (July 29, 2016).
3225:Robles, Raissa (November 7, 2012).
2880:. November 29, 2014. Archived from
2382:DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
2265:
1611:"Unpacking Martial Law in Mindanao"
1410:Due the escalation of conflicts in
1214:International Commission of Jurists
728:large-scale infrastructure projects
699:, 35,000 documented tortures, 737 '
538:, returned to the Philippines from
285:Revolutionary decree instituting a
245:Official proclamation stating that
24:
6184:Concerned Women of the Philippines
5288:Jose Benedicto Luis "J.B.L." Reyes
4494:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
4458:The Martial Law Chronicles Project
3852:
3780:
3701:
3383:Romero, Paolo (October 26, 2018).
3080:
2983:
2824:Dizon, David (November 19, 2002).
2717:
2410:from the original on June 26, 2017
922:Communist Party of the Philippines
669:Communist Party of the Philippines
662:Presidential Proclamation No. 1081
638:Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos
526:Under the Aguinaldo administration
86:administration of Ferdinand Marcos
25:
6984:
6968:Emergency laws in the Philippines
6896:: The Ninoy and Cory Aquino Story
4436:
2828:. ABS-CBNNews.com. Archived from
2397:
2345:Journal of Philippine Development
1692:. October 3, 1990. Archived from
1178:Javellana vs. Executive Secretary
755:export-oriented industrialization
732:Marcos ran for reelection in 1969
624:According to the 1986 edition of
482:in August 1896, Governor-General
5891:Reform the Armed Forces Movement
5086:Lorenzo M. "Ka Tanny" Tañada Sr.
4773:Murder of Juan "Johnny" Escandor
4653:1974 Sacred Heart Novitiate raid
4418:The Philippines: a unique nation
4393:, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore
4300:
4274:
4244:
4218:
4193:
4168:
4143:
4117:
4091:
4069:
4047:
3999:Kamm, Henry (January 18, 1981).
3651:Cesar Lumba (November 6, 2015).
3345:"How Marcos planned martial law"
3255:Brillantes, Alex B. Jr. (1987).
1733:from the original on May 1, 2020
1392:Under the Duterte administration
1098:
712:Economic roots and social unrest
471:In April 1871, Governor-General
424:
385:
344:
302:
259:
186:
109:civilian control of the military
6214:Movement for a Free Philippines
6164:Alliance of Makati Associations
5200:Ribomapil "Dodong" Holganza Sr.
4946:Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr.
4895:Eduardo "Danding" Cojuangco Jr.
4620:Human rights in the Philippines
4590:1969 balance of payments crisis
4453:The Martial Law Memorial Museum
4375:Kalaw, Maximo Manguiat (1927),
4029:
4011:
3992:
3970:
3952:
3923:
3893:
3833:
3817:
3804:
3761:
3742:
3723:
3671:
3644:
3626:
3612:
3597:
3565:
3464:Wong, Sarah Jessica E. (2015).
3457:
3410:
3351:
3336:
3280:
3264:School of Public Administration
3218:
3133:
3108:
3092:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again
2999:
2928:
2896:
2648:
2486:
2336:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992).
2299:
2293:Marcos Martial Law: Never Again
1959:
1944:
1913:
1897:
1882:
1867:
1824:
1525:De Castro, Renato Cruz (2005).
1486:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1470:Armed Forces of the Philippines
1349:Under the Arroyo administration
1090:Referendum and legal challenges
893:incident a "show" or "a hoax".
632:Under the Marcos administration
620:Under the Osmeña administration
603:Under the Laurel administration
289:under a dictatorial leadership
105:Armed Forces of the Philippines
6963:Martial law in the Philippines
6743:Evolution of a Filipino Family
6598:Tama na! Sobra na! Palitan na!
5908:Col. Eduardo "Red" Kapunan Jr.
5461:Academics and cultural workers
5165:Margarita "Tingting" Cojuangco
4523:Martial law in the Philippines
4356:Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005),
4337:History of the Filipino People
4079:. GMANews.TV. December 5, 2009
4057:. GMANews.TV. December 5, 2009
3870:. August 1984. pp. 35–39.
3848:. August 1984. pp. 32–35.
3829:. August 1984. pp. 31–32.
3800:. August 1984. pp. 22–23.
3738:. August 1984. pp. 19–22.
3719:. August 1984. pp. 1–123.
3288:"Martial Law 40th Anniversary"
3141:"The Night of the Declaration"
2576:. Greenwood Publishing Group.
2103:"The Fall of the Dictatorship"
1773:
1484:, stating that members of the
941:This was then followed by the
703:', and 70,000 incarcerations.
673:Mindanao Independence Movement
616:effect on September 23, 1944.
478:Following the outbreak of the
62:Martial law in the Philippines
18:Martial Law in the Philippines
13:
1:
5948:Commodore Tagumpay Jardiniano
4683:Assassination of Ninoy Aquino
4673:Beatification of Lorenzo Ruiz
3977:Benito Lim (September 1999).
2746:University of the Philippines
1635:Navera, Gene Segarra (2018).
1609:Rood, Steven (May 31, 2017).
1590:. Ateneo de Manila University
1507:
1227:presidential commitment order
984:University of the Philippines
706:
422:
383:
342:
300:
257:
184:
84:—most prominently during the
6557:Some Are Smarter Than Others
6246:Partido Demokratiko Pilipino
5268:Aquilino "Nene" Pimentel Jr.
4753:Murder of Archimedes Trajano
3466:Philippine Electoral Almanac
3259:. Quezon City, Philippines:
2655:Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987).
2138:Esquire Magazine Philippines
2134:"The tallies of Martial Law"
2070:"Declaration of Martial Law"
573:Under American colonial rule
7:
6468:Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo
6189:Free Legal Assistance Group
5325:Religious sector opposition
5160:Jose "Peping" Cojuangco Jr.
5134:Political sector opposition
5076:Jovito R. "Ka Jovy" Salonga
3358:Mijares, Primitivo (2016).
3115:Mijares, Primitivo (2016).
2530:De Quiros, Conrado (1997).
2435:. Oxford University Press.
2168:Ateneo de Manila University
1495:
1231:preventive detention action
1206:Civilian Home Defense Force
1125:conditions to do so are met
1046:Proclamation of martial law
864:Philippine Military Academy
747:International Monetary Fund
660:under martial law, through
548:Republic of the Philippines
467:Under Spanish colonial rule
10:
6989:
6419:Philippine National Police
6409:Commission on Human Rights
6381:Burial of Ferdinand Marcos
6179:Bagong Alyansang Makabayan
6174:August Twenty One Movement
5092:Business sector opposition
5051:Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr.
4961:Benjamin "Kokoy" Romualdez
4951:MarĂa Imelda "Imee" Marcos
4841:Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
4507:Batas Militar sa Pilipinas
4421:, All-Nations Publishing,
3776:. August 1984. p. 30.
3541:Celoza, Albert F. (1997).
2570:Celoza, Albert F. (1997).
1490:Philippine National Police
1474:Philippine National Police
1395:
1352:
1187:
949:and immediately preceding
811:
715:
645:
635:
613:Second Philippine Republic
530:After the outbreak of the
160:
70:Batas Militar sa Pilipinas
40:
29:
6923:
6871:
6785:The Last Journey of Ninoy
6683:
6650:
6641:
6611:
6580:
6534:
6505:
6443:
6436:
6389:
6366:Anti-Aquino coup attempts
6338:
6331:
6267:
6151:
6100:
5973:
5904:Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan
5840:
5730:
5594:Gaston Z. "Gasty" Ortigas
5453:
5248:Sergio "Serge" Osmeña III
5033:
4992:
4877:
4856:
4849:
4796:
4758:Murder of Macli-ing Dulag
4716:
4668:Interim Batasang Pambansa
4628:
4513:
4504:
4405:, D. Appleton and Company
2920:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1837:Philippine Daily Inquirer
882:The Conjugal Dictatorship
736:Third Philippine Republic
567:First Philippine Republic
43:Batas Militar (1999 film)
6571:Waltzing with a Dictator
5108:Eugenio "Geny" Lopez Jr.
5071:Gerardo M. "Gerry" Roxas
5066:Salvador H. "Doy" Laurel
5061:José W. "Ka Pepe" Diokno
5056:Corazon C. "Cory" Aquino
4415:Zaide, Sonia M. (1999),
4018:Aquino, Belinda (1987),
1820:. Vera Reyes Publishing.
1724:National Security Review
1027:Economic interpretations
563:Revolutionary Government
96:. The alternative term "
76:in which the Philippine
72:) refers to the various
54:Martial law monument in
6651:Monuments and memorials
6588:Isang Bansa, Isang Diwa
6509:during the dictatorship
5414:The Magnificent Seven (
5283:Francisco "Soc" Rodrigo
5145:Ceferino "Joker" Arroyo
5103:Domingo M. Guevara, Sr.
4970:Florentino Sanico Solon
4498:People Power Revolution
3090:Robles, Raissa (2016).
2306:Burton, Sandra (1989).
2291:Robles, Raissa (2016).
2181:Abinales, P.N. (2005).
1715:Cruz, Rodel A. (2013).
1361:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
1339:People Power Revolution
1005:Dissenting perspectives
974:Official justifications
782:Anti-communist rhetoric
557:was proclaimed and the
555:Philippine independence
407:Province of Maguindanao
395:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
90:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
69:
6668:Bantayog ng mga Bayani
6194:Gabriela Women's Party
6047:Letty Jimenez Magsanoc
5951:Col. Charles Hotchkiss
5785:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba
5546:Emmanuel "Eman" Lacaba
5526:Gilda Cordero Fernando
5454:Academic and cultural
5098:Jose S. Concepcion Jr.
4778:Murder of Alex Orcullo
4768:Bacong Bridge massacre
4387:Salazar, Zeus (1994),
3165:Rodrigo, Raul (2000).
2797:"Politics of violence"
1816:Joaquin, Nick (1990).
1407:
978:In his 1987 treatise,
697:extrajudicial killings
544:dictatorial government
460:
418:
379:
338:
296:
287:dictatorial government
253:
58:
6658:People Power Monument
6082:Joaquin "Chino" Roces
5800:Felixberto Olalia Sr.
5687:Abraham Sarmiento Jr.
5581:Francisco Nemenzo Jr.
5298:Abraham Sarmiento Sr.
5195:Teofisto Guingona Jr.
5046:Agapito "Butz" Aquino
5035:Mainstream opposition
4941:Antonio Floirendo Sr.
4643:Proclamation No. 1081
4610:Plaza Miranda bombing
4533:Conjugal dictatorship
4448:Proclamation No. 1959
4443:Proclamation No. 1081
4381:, Oriental commercial
4331:Agoncillo, Teodoro C.
3883:"Martial Law Amnesia"
3622:. September 21, 2016.
2358:on September 21, 2021
2170:. September 20, 1999.
2016:on September 23, 2016
1833:"Martial law in 1896"
1653:10.1353/phs.2018.0033
1405:
1288:and his staff writer
1229:(PCO), and later on,
1166:Conjugal Dictatorship
947:Plaza Miranda bombing
898:Plaza Miranda bombing
826:Plaza Miranda bombing
822:MV Karagatan incident
787:Hukbalahap commander
480:Philippine Revolution
456:
414:
412:Proclamation No. 1959
375:
372:Proclamation No. 1081
331:
290:
246:
53:
32:Proclamation No. 1081
6169:Anti-Bases Coalition
6159:Political coalitions
6067:Antonio "Tony" Nieva
5731:Left-wing opposition
5431:Julio Xavier Labayen
4966:Ignacio Santiago Sr.
4615:Filipino nationalism
4558:Communist insurgency
4543:American imperialism
4043:on December 7, 2009.
3654:Once Upon a Blue Dot
3638:www.hartford-hwp.com
2948:on February 18, 2018
2753:on November 27, 2016
2351:(35). Archived from
2113:on September 3, 2017
1418:City related to the
1398:Proclamation No. 216
1379:, and an improvised
1355:Maguindanao massacre
1010:Political mainstream
943:1972 Manila bombings
830:1972 Manila bombings
582:Arthur MacArthur Jr.
532:Spanish–American War
453:Proclamation No. 216
129:, the suspension of
74:historical instances
36:Proclamation No. 216
6924:Disinformation and
6855:Season of the Devil
6757:From What Is Before
6518:Iginuhit ng Tadhana
6109:Stephen W. Bosworth
6032:Inday Espina-Varona
5954:Col. Antonio Sotelo
5702:Southern Tagalog 10
5672:Tish Pascual-Ladlad
5278:Soledad Roa Duterte
5258:Cecilia Muñoz-Palma
4993:Cabinet Technocrats
4936:Manuel Elizalde Jr.
4921:Macario Asistio Jr.
4836:Golden Buddha theft
4831:Coco Levy Fund scam
4738:Political detainees
4728:Human rights abuses
4595:First Quarter Storm
4131:on December 8, 2009
4105:on December 8, 2009
3964:The Washington Post
3935:Stanford University
3911:on October 16, 2013
3905:asianjournalusa.com
3887:Silliman University
3689:on February 2, 2020
3294:. November 30, 2012
3068:on October 25, 2021
3011:The Washington Post
2826:"Salonga's Journey"
2778:The Philippine STAR
2726:Philippine Panorama
2404:The Philippine Star
2047:. September 1, 2007
1986:Google News Archive
1615:The Asia Foundation
1440:Alan Peter Cayetano
1184:Human rights abuses
1112:of this section is
931:The Washington Post
904:) was having their
853:First Quarter Storm
818:First Quarter Storm
808:Incidents of unrest
743:balance of payments
648:Proclamation â„– 1081
473:Rafael de Izquierdo
359:September 23, 1972
329:Proclamation No. 29
317:September 23, 1944
177:Territorial extent
6813:Martyr or Murderer
6806:Maid in Malacañang
6482:Saranggola ni Pepe
6351:Operation Big Bird
6103:interested parties
6057:Teodoro Locsin Sr.
6052:Jose "Pete" Lacaba
5996:Ronnie Nathanielsz
5991:Jose "Joe" Guevara
5819:Crispin Tagamolila
5697:Archimedes Trajano
5692:Antonio Tagamolila
5571:Bienvenido Lumbera
5521:Renato Constantino
5471:APO Hiking Society
5400:Mary Christine Tan
5367:Mary John Mananzan
5337:Teodoro Bacani Jr.
5223:Diosdado Macapagal
5175:Hilario Davide Jr.
5170:Roberto Concepcion
5081:Cardinal Jaime Sin
4783:Escalante massacre
4743:Palimbang massacre
4638:1972 Enrile ambush
4407:. (republished by
4262:on August 27, 2019
4024:Google Books. p. 6
4005:The New York Times
3573:"G.R. No. L-36142"
3549:Praeger Publishers
3318:Martial Law Museum
3145:Martial Law Museum
1588:Martial Law Museum
1408:
1294:Benigno Aquino Jr.
1286:Teodoro LocsĂn Sr.
1254:Benigno Aquino Jr.
1222:summary executions
1076:1972 Enrile ambush
1052:Benigno Aquino Jr.
834:1972 Enrile Ambush
442:December 31, 2019
403:December 13, 2009
151:military tribunals
120:state of emergency
59:
6950:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6637:
6636:
6432:
6431:
6402:1987 Constitution
6397:Aquino Presidency
6356:Mendiola massacre
6324:Villamor Air Base
6314:Malacañang Palace
6263:
6262:
6235:Political parties
6042:Betty Go-Belmonte
5965:Benjamin Magalong
5898:Juan Ponce Enrile
5884:Marcos G. Soliman
5864:Bonifacio Gillego
5841:Opposition in the
5610:Student activists
5586:Willie Nepomuceno
5566:Salvador P. Lopez
5511:Benedicto Cabrera
5491:Lualhati Bautista
5456:sector opposition
5387:Miguel Purugganan
5342:Mariani Dimaranan
5308:Claudio Teehankee
5238:Primitivo Mijares
5213:Eva Estrada Kalaw
5118:Alfonso Yuchengco
4926:Roberto Benedicto
4900:Juan Ponce Enrile
4748:Tictapul massacre
4648:1973 Constitution
4428:978-971-642-071-5
4281:Placido, Dharel.
3986:pascn.pids.gov.ph
3966:. August 4, 1989.
3475:978-971-95551-6-2
3211:978-0-8129-1326-2
3013:. August 4, 1989.
2884:on August 2, 2017
2458:Sachs, Jeffrey D.
1889:Titherington 1900
1818:Manila, My Manila
1492:stole jewelries.
1444:1987 Constitution
1284:publisher-editor
1274:Eugenio Lopez Jr.
1153:
1152:
1145:
959:Juan Ponce Enrile
860:New People's Army
793:New People's Army
685:Jovito R. Salonga
578:Military governor
464:
463:
400:December 5, 2009
362:January 17, 1981
207:December 10, 1898
16:(Redirected from
6980:
6894:Maalaala Mo Kaya
6848:Sa Dulo ng Baril
6750:Forbidden Memory
6722:A Dangerous Life
6648:
6647:
6507:Political Films
6454:Bagong Pagsilang
6441:
6440:
6336:
6335:
6114:Henry A. Byroade
6077:Napoleon G. Rama
5986:Adrian Cristobal
5925:Hector Tarrazona
5858:Ramon A. Alcaraz
5810:Jose Maria Sison
5767:Bernabe Buscayno
5711:Gerardo Faustino
5706:Cristina Catalla
5647:Bonifacio Ilagan
5599:Nemesio Prudente
5480:Boboy Garrovillo
5421:Federico Escaler
5416:Francisco Claver
5382:Magnifico Osorio
5318:Calixto Zaldivar
5273:Eduardo Quintero
5253:Ambrosio Padilla
5190:Raul M. Gonzalez
5185:Neptali Gonzales
5123:Quintin Yuyitung
5025:Carlos P. Romulo
5020:Placido Mapa Jr.
4979:Arturo Tolentino
4864:Ferdinand Marcos
4854:
4853:
4573:Jabidah massacre
4487:
4480:
4473:
4464:
4463:
4431:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4351:
4340:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4278:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4258:. Archived from
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4121:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4110:
4095:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4062:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4039:. Archived from
4033:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4008:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3943:
3941:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3907:. Archived from
3897:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3821:
3815:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3789:
3778:
3777:
3775:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3727:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3685:. Archived from
3675:
3669:
3668:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3518:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3252:
3235:
3234:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2981:
2972:
2971:
2965:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2947:
2941:. Archived from
2940:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2821:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2749:. Archived from
2736:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2631:
2611:
2601:
2588:
2587:
2567:
2554:
2553:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2509:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2426:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2398:Diola, Camille.
2395:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2357:
2342:
2333:
2324:
2323:
2312:. Warner Books.
2303:
2297:
2296:
2288:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2109:. Archived from
2099:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2066:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2035:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2012:. Archived from
2001:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1880:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1843:on July 29, 2013
1839:. Archived from
1828:
1822:
1821:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1696:on July 19, 2023
1682:
1673:
1672:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1522:
1482:Battle of Marawi
1313:Jose Maria Sison
1309:Bernabe Buscayno
1302:Bernabe Buscayno
1282:Philippines Free
1270:Manila Chronicle
1148:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1102:
1101:
1094:
926:JosĂ© MarĂa Sison
906:miting de avance
889:, called the MV
887:Manila Chronicle
875:via the ship MV
789:Bernabe Buscayno
772:Eduardo Quintero
654:Ferdinand Marcos
536:Emilio Aguinaldo
428:
389:
354:Ferdinand Marcos
348:
320:August 17, 1945
306:
269:Emilio Aguinaldo
263:
193:Governor General
190:
165:
164:
147:military justice
82:military control
21:
6988:
6987:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6977:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6942:
6925:
6919:
6867:
6827:Oras de Peligro
6679:
6643:
6633:
6607:
6576:
6530:
6508:
6501:
6428:
6385:
6327:
6259:
6154:pressure groups
6153:
6147:
6124:George Hamilton
6102:
6096:
6092:Jose Mari Velez
6022:Amando Doronila
6007:Eugenia Apostol
5983:
5969:
5913:Jose T. Almonte
5877:Danilo Vizmanos
5870:Rogelio Morales
5842:
5836:
5762:Crispin Beltran
5726:
5716:Rizalina Ilagan
5677:Nestor Principe
5667:Armando Palabay
5642:Antonio Hilario
5632:Neri Colmenares
5627:Manuel Bautista
5622:Edgar Ang Sinco
5561:Celeste Legaspi
5466:Freddie Aguilar
5463:
5455:
5449:
5436:Orlando Quevedo
5426:Antonio Fortich
5362:Isabelo Magalit
5357:Inocencio Ipong
5332:Zacarias Agatep
5303:Wigberto Tañada
5263:Vicente Paterno
5243:Ramon Mitra Jr.
5029:
4988:
4984:Nicanor Yñiguez
4931:José Yao Campos
4873:
4845:
4811:Marcos mansions
4792:
4733:Torture methods
4719:
4712:
4624:
4605:Diliman Commune
4600:Agrarian reform
4578:Manili massacre
4509:
4500:
4491:
4439:
4429:
4409:openlibrary.org
4365:
4363:
4349:
4326:
4316:
4314:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4289:
4279:
4275:
4265:
4263:
4250:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4108:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4070:
4060:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4016:
4012:
3997:
3993:
3981:
3975:
3971:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3939:
3937:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3879:
3875:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3845:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3823:
3822:
3818:
3809:
3805:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3781:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3657:. AuthorHouse.
3649:
3645:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3602:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3577:www.lawphil.net
3571:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3539:
3535:
3521:South End Press
3509:
3505:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3462:
3458:
3435:10.2307/2642842
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3391:Philippine Star
3381:
3377:
3370:
3356:
3352:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3297:
3295:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3253:
3238:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:. Times Books.
3196:
3192:
3177:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3088:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3037:
3033:
3022:
3018:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2990:
2988:
2984:Ilarde, Eddie.
2982:
2975:
2959:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2938:
2936:"Archived copy"
2934:
2933:
2929:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2832:on July 1, 2007
2822:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2793:
2786:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2696:Washington Post
2688:
2684:
2669:
2653:
2649:
2633:
2632:
2620:
2602:
2591:
2584:
2568:
2557:
2542:
2528:
2521:
2510:
2497:
2491:
2487:
2472:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2389:
2378:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2340:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2289:
2280:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2193:
2179:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2101:
2100:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2080:on July 8, 2017
2068:
2067:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1993:
1979:
1977:
1973:Manila Standard
1964:
1960:
1949:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1761:. June 16, 2017
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1562:
1548:
1541:
1529:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1498:
1424:Rodrigo Duterte
1414:and clashes in
1400:
1394:
1381:armored vehicle
1357:
1351:
1328:
1318:Washington Post
1278:Amando Doronila
1276:and his editor
1250:
1192:
1186:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1118:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1048:
1029:
1012:
1007:
976:
967:
836:
812:Main articles:
810:
784:
767:
724:
716:Main articles:
714:
709:
650:
644:
636:Main articles:
634:
622:
611:of the wartime
605:
593:
575:
528:
520:Philippine flag
469:
455:
436:
434:Rodrigo Duterte
429:
413:
397:
390:
374:
356:
349:
330:
314:
307:
271:
264:
202:August 30, 1896
198:
191:
171:Date commenced
163:
98:martial law era
94:Rodrigo Duterte
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6986:
6976:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6948:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6929:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6918:
6917:
6910:
6903:
6890:
6889:
6888:
6880:Here Lies Love
6875:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6701:Barber's Tales
6697:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6660:
6654:
6652:
6645:
6644:historiography
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6615:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6584:
6582:
6578:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6567:
6560:
6553:
6546:
6538:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6521:
6513:
6511:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6427:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6361:1987 elections
6358:
6353:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6333:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6321:
6319:Ortigas Center
6316:
6311:
6306:
6304:Fort Magsaysay
6301:
6299:Fort Bonifacio
6296:
6291:
6286:
6284:Clark Air Base
6281:
6276:
6274:Camp Aguinaldo
6271:
6269:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6257:
6252:
6250:Lakas ng Bayan
6243:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6157:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6094:
6089:
6087:Maximo Soliven
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5959:Rodolfo Biazon
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5944:Fidel V. Ramos
5934:
5933:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5900:
5887:
5886:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5860:
5848:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Benito Tiamzon
5820:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5805:Rolando Olalia
5802:
5797:
5792:
5790:Filemon Lagman
5787:
5782:
5781:Luis Jalandoni
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5747:Conrado Balweg
5744:
5742:Lean Alejandro
5739:
5737:Fidel Agcaoili
5734:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5662:Carol Pagaduan
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5617:Lean Alejandro
5606:
5604:Kidlat Tahimik
5601:
5596:
5591:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5516:Behn Cervantes
5513:
5508:
5503:
5501:Ishmael Bernal
5498:
5493:
5488:
5482:
5477:
5468:
5459:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:Pacifico Ortiz
5374:
5372:Violeta Marcos
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5233:Raul Manglapus
5230:
5228:Ernesto Maceda
5225:
5220:
5218:José B. Lingad
5215:
5210:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5180:Marcelo Fernan
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5140:Jacobo Amatong
5131:
5130:
5128:Rizal Yuyitung
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5039:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5010:Armand Fabella
5007:
5002:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4956:Roberto Ongpin
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4887:
4885:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4722:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4703:Snap elections
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4678:1981 elections
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:1978 elections
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4634:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4585:1969 elections
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4528:1965 elections
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4437:External links
4435:
4434:
4433:
4427:
4412:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4353:
4347:
4325:
4324:
4299:
4273:
4243:
4232:. May 24, 2017
4217:
4192:
4167:
4142:
4116:
4090:
4068:
4046:
4028:
4010:
3991:
3969:
3951:
3922:
3892:
3873:
3851:
3832:
3816:
3803:
3779:
3760:
3741:
3722:
3700:
3670:
3663:
3643:
3625:
3611:
3596:
3582:
3564:
3557:
3533:
3503:
3474:
3456:
3429:(1): 101–112.
3409:
3375:
3369:978-1523292196
3368:
3350:
3335:
3305:
3279:
3273:978-9718567012
3272:
3236:
3217:
3210:
3190:
3175:
3157:
3132:
3126:978-1523292196
3125:
3107:
3100:
3079:
3050:
3031:
3016:
2998:
2973:
2927:
2908:www.atimes.com
2895:
2869:
2843:
2813:
2784:
2764:
2731:
2716:
2682:
2668:978-0896082762
2667:
2647:
2619:978-0300044065
2618:
2589:
2582:
2555:
2541:978-9719167037
2540:
2519:
2495:
2485:
2470:
2448:
2441:
2421:
2387:
2369:
2325:
2318:
2298:
2278:
2264:
2231:
2206:
2192:978-0742510234
2191:
2173:
2155:
2124:
2091:
2058:
2027:
1991:
1976:. pp. 8–9
1958:
1943:
1927:
1912:
1896:
1881:
1866:
1854:
1823:
1808:
1804:Agoncillo 1990
1793:
1781:
1772:
1744:
1707:
1674:
1647:(4): 417–452.
1627:
1601:
1575:
1560:
1539:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1436:Ernesto Abella
1396:Main article:
1393:
1390:
1375:ammunition, a
1373:5.56Ă—45mm NATO
1353:Main article:
1350:
1347:
1327:
1324:
1322:Philippines".
1264:and columnist
1249:
1246:
1188:Main article:
1185:
1182:
1151:
1150:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:Marcos Soliman
1056:José W. Diokno
1047:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
998:
997:
994:
991:
975:
972:
966:
963:
914:Jovito Salonga
809:
806:
783:
780:
766:
763:
713:
710:
708:
705:
681:José W. Diokno
677:Lorenzo Tañada
633:
630:
621:
618:
609:José P. Laurel
604:
601:
597:Masaharu Homma
592:
589:
574:
571:
527:
524:
468:
465:
462:
461:
451:
449:
443:
440:
437:
423:
420:
419:
411:
409:
404:
401:
398:
384:
381:
380:
370:
368:
363:
360:
357:
343:
340:
339:
328:
326:
321:
318:
315:
312:Jose P. Laurel
301:
298:
297:
283:
278:
277:June 23, 1898
275:
272:
258:
255:
254:
243:
209:
204:
199:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
169:
162:
159:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6985:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6958:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6926:distortionism
6922:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6845:
6843:
6842:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6778:The Kingmaker
6775:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6754:
6752:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6733:
6731:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6710:
6709:
6708:Batas Militar
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6640:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6591:
6589:
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6585:
6583:
6579:
6573:
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6568:
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6527:
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6522:
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6512:
6510:
6504:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6435:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6371:UP-DND accord
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6289:Club Filipino
6287:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6266:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:Liberal Party
6239:
6238:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6145:
6144:Ronald Reagan
6142:
6140:
6139:Paul Manafort
6137:
6135:
6134:Richard Lugar
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6099:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6062:Armando Malay
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6027:Ma Ceres Doyo
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5962:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5893:
5892:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5847:
5845:
5839:
5834:
5833:Antonio Zumel
5831:
5829:
5828:Wilma Tiamzon
5826:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5772:Victor Corpus
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5752:Lorena Barros
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5721:Jessica Sales
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5657:Joel Lamangan
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:Liliosa Hilao
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:Bibeth Orteza
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5531:Butch Dalisay
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5506:Noel Cabangon
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5445:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5413:
5411:
5410:Ricardo Vidal
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:Tullio Favali
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5293:Rene Saguisag
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:Vicente Jayme
5208:
5206:
5205:Evelio Javier
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Cesar Climaco
5153:
5151:
5150:Jejomar Binay
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
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5101:
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5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5015:Jaime C. Laya
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Onofre Corpuz
5003:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
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4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4869:Imelda Marcos
4867:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4816:Marcos jewels
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4788:Beew massacre
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4763:Daet massacre
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4718:Human rights
4715:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Negros famine
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
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4588:
4586:
4583:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4563:Moro conflict
4561:
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4549:
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4536:
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4499:
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4459:
4456:
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4424:
4420:
4419:
4413:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4385:
4380:
4379:
4373:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4348:971-8711-06-6
4344:
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4327:
4313:
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4284:
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3820:
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3796:
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3788:
3786:
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3772:
3771:
3764:
3757:. p. 23.
3753:
3752:
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3707:
3705:
3693:September 23,
3688:
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3680:
3674:
3666:
3664:9781504959117
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3629:
3621:
3615:
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3600:
3592:
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3558:9780275941376
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3176:971-92114-1-5
3172:
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3101:9786219544313
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2991:September 19,
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2583:9780275941376
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2034:
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2015:
2011:
2007:
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1998:
1996:
1987:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1940:
1936:
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1909:
1905:
1900:
1894:
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1847:September 20,
1842:
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1806:, p. 173
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1374:
1370:
1369:habeas corpus
1366:
1362:
1356:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1315:in 1977. The
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1290:Napoleon Rama
1287:
1283:
1279:
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1263:
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1245:
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1238:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1217:
1215:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:Liliosa Hilao
1191:
1181:
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910:Plaza Miranda
907:
903:
902:Liberal Party
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
883:
878:
874:
870:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
839:1970; the MV
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
805:
802:
796:
794:
790:
779:
777:
776:Imelda Marcos
773:
762:
760:
756:
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748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
723:
719:
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5795:Satur Ocampo
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5682:Susan Quimpo
5652:Edgar Jopson
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5541:Nick Joaquin
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196:Ramon Blanco
180:Legal basis
174:Date lifted
143:military law
135:civil rights
124:
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102:
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6872:Other media
6673:individuals
6663:EDSA Shrine
6642:Legacy and
6629:Raised fist
6603:Never again
6129:Paul Laxalt
6012:David Bueno
5975:Journalists
5931:Billy Bibit
5882:Brig. Gen.
5777:Maita Gomez
5496:Lino Brocka
5485:Jim Paredes
5440:Felix Perez
5396:Rudy Romano
4910:Fidel Ramos
4798:Kleptocracy
4568:Sabah claim
4553:Vietnam War
4135:December 6,
4109:December 6,
4083:December 6,
4061:December 6,
3402:October 31,
3072:November 6,
2952:December 6,
2888:December 6,
2836:October 27,
2806:October 27,
1941:Appendix C.
1937:, pp.
1910:Aguinaldo A
1906:, pp.
1891:, pp.
1420:Maute Group
1365:martial law
1343:Rene Alviar
1266:Max Soliven
1262:Chino Roces
1202:Fidel Ramos
873:Philippines
774:implicated
759:martial law
701:disappeared
658:Philippines
516:Nueva Ecija
241:Nueva Ecija
168:Enacted by
6957:Categories
6729:Dekada '70
6624:Laban sign
6550:Dekada '70
6535:Literature
6279:Camp Crame
6152:Political
6017:Joe Burgos
6001:Opposition
5981:Pro-Marcos
5856:Commodore
5815:Nilo Tayag
5551:Inang Laya
4915:Fabian Ver
4515:Background
4317:August 27,
4292:August 27,
4266:August 27,
3940:January 4,
3523:. p.
3484:1196821092
2709:August 16,
2471:0226733386
2319:0446513989
1953:, p.
1935:Kalaw 1927
1922:, p.
1904:Kalaw 1927
1876:, p.
1874:Kalaw 1927
1508:References
1385:militiamen
1272:publisher
1260:publisher
1110:neutrality
1060:Camp Crame
791:to create
707:Background
646:See also:
607:President
366:nationwide
324:nationwide
281:nationwide
6907:Makinilya
6332:Aftermath
6268:Locations
6101:American
5942:Lt. Gen.
5556:Ricky Lee
5536:The Jerks
5347:Joe Dizon
4974:Lucio Tan
4883:Relatives
4366:March 26,
4333:(1990) ,
3492:cite book
3443:0004-4687
3328:August 3,
2704:0190-8286
2636:cite book
1669:149591046
1661:2244-1638
1383:. Twenty
1121:talk page
891:Karagatan
877:Karagatan
871:into the
841:Karagatan
801:red scare
569:in 1899.
540:Hong Kong
431:President
392:President
351:President
309:President
266:President
131:civil law
116:president
6914:Voltes V
6900:Kalapati
6612:Gestures
6489:Tatsulok
6475:Magkaisa
6461:Bayan Ko
6346:Nepotism
4891:Rolex 12
4548:Cold War
4230:BBC News
3396:Archived
3322:Archived
3185:45583759
2962:cite web
2916:cite web
2677:14214735
2628:19266663
2550:39051509
2493:Congress
2480:18351577
2408:Archived
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2257:June 15,
2224:June 15,
2201:57452454
2148:June 27,
2142:Archived
2051:March 2,
2020:June 29,
1980:July 14,
1728:Archived
1700:July 30,
1570:48517053
1496:See also
1472:and the
1428:Mindanao
1412:Mindanao
1300:leaders
1114:disputed
1065:Congress
512:Batangas
500:Pampanga
447:Mindanao
237:Batangas
225:Pampanga
66:Filipino
6886:musical
6581:Slogans
5041:Leaders
4879:Cronies
4236:May 24,
4210:May 24,
4205:Rappler
4185:May 24,
4180:Rappler
4160:May 23,
3451:2642842
3150:May 21,
2862:May 21,
2857:Rappler
2460:(ed.).
2219:Rappler
2010:Rappler
1939:423–429
1908:413–417
1893:357–358
1455:Visayas
1453:or the
1426:placed
492:Bulacan
445:Entire
217:Bulacan
161:Summary
127:curfews
6771:Katips
6764:Imelda
6736:Eskapo
6619:V sign
6525:Sakada
6339:Events
6309:Hawaii
5911:BGen.
5875:Capt.
5868:Capt.
4857:Regime
4850:People
4720:abuses
4630:Events
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924:under
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496:Cavite
488:Manila
239:, and
233:Laguna
229:Tarlac
221:Cavite
213:Manila
6834:Pisay
6792:Liway
6685:Films
6445:Songs
6437:Media
5957:Col.
5929:Col.
5923:Col.
5917:Col.
5902:Col.
5862:Col.
3982:(PDF)
3868:(PDF)
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1731:(PDF)
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1665:S2CID
1530:(PDF)
1462:Lumad
1451:Luzon
1220:mean
869:China
580:Gen.
5963:Lt.
5879:, PN
5872:, PN
4881:and
4496:and
4423:ISBN
4368:2008
4343:ISBN
4319:2019
4294:2019
4268:2019
4238:2017
4212:2017
4187:2017
4162:2017
4137:2009
4111:2009
4085:2009
4063:2009
3947:CPP.
3942:2017
3917:2016
3695:2020
3659:ISBN
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3480:OCLC
3470:ISBN
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3404:2018
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3364:ISBN
3330:2022
3300:2013
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3206:ISBN
3181:OCLC
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3152:2018
3121:ISBN
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2993:2017
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2890:2016
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