Marine debris - Knowledge

1631: 1173: 1334: 2014: 1430:

information on debris in the mesopelagic and deeper layers. Studies that have been done have conducted research through bottom sampling, video observation via remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), and submersibles. They are also mostly limited to one-off projects that do not extend long enough to show significant effects of deep-sea debris over time. Research thus far has shown that debris in the deep-ocean is in fact impacted by anthropogenic activities, and plastic has been frequently observed in the deep-sea, especially in areas off-shore of heavily populated regions, such as the Mediterranean.

1417:

through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants. These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates.

1707: 7854: 7056: 2222: 1002: 2153: 29: 7865: 7018: 2236: 1698:

could be a result of the closing of beaches and lack of movement during the pandemic, so less trash was likely to end up in the ocean. Additional impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have been seen in Hong Kong, where disposable masks have ended up along the beaches of Soko’s islands. This may be attributed to the increased production of medical products (masks and gloves) during the pandemic, leading to a rise in unconventional disposal of these products.

1185: 1512: 1312:, and examine any relationship between the amount and types of persistent industrial marine debris, and the types and numbers of industrial operations nearby. Materials like plastic or foam can break down into smaller particles and may look like small sea creatures to wildlife such as birds, cetaceans, and fish, and they may eat these particles. Indigestible material may accumulate in the gut creating blockages or a false sense of 1164:"Life Below Water". Depending on relevance to the issues and various levels of contribution, some countries have introduced more specified protection policies. Moreover, some non-profits, NGOs, and government organizations are developing programs to collect and remove plastics from the ocean. However, in 2017 the UN estimated that by 2050 there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans if substantial measures are not taken. 7066: 1014: 63: 7047: 7039: 7282: 7031: 5416: 1453:. Plastics that are usually negatively buoyant can sink with the adherence of phytoplankton and the aggregation of other organic particles. Other oceanic processes that affect circulation, such as coastal storms and offshore convection, play a part in transferring large volumes of particles and debris. Submarine topographic features can also augment downwelling currents, leading to the retention of 2203: 1461:

submersibles, 3,425 man-made debris items were counted. The two most significant types of debris were macro-plastic, making up 33% of the debris found – 89% of which was single-use – and metal, making up 26%. Plastic debris was found at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, at a depth of 10,898m, and plastic bags were found entangled in hydrothermal vent and cold seep communities.

1803:

waters of British Columbia. In 2019 Canada's federal government passed legislation to make it illegal to abandon a vessel but enforcement is hampered because it is often difficult to determine who owns an abandoned boat since owners are not required to have a license – licensing is a provincial government responsibility. The Victoria-based non-profit

1843:, Ocean Voyages Institute is able to accurately track and send cleanup vessels to remove ghostnets. The GPS Tracker technology is being combined with satellite imagery increasing the ability to locate plastic trash and ghostnets in real time via satellite imagery which will greatly increase cleanup capacity and efficiency. 1420:

types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.

1835:, conducted a cleanup utilizing GPS trackers and existing maritime equipment in the North Pacific Subtropical Convergence Zone setting the record for the largest mid-ocean cleanup accomplished in the North Pacific Gyre and removed over 84,000 pounds of polymer nets and consumer plastic trash from the ocean. 1846:

Another issue is that removing marine debris from the ocean can potentially cause more harm than good. Cleaning up microplastics could also accidentally take out plankton, which are the main lower level food group for the marine food chain and over half of the photosynthesis on earth. One of the most

1676:

flotsam by mistake, as it often looks similar to their natural prey. Overall, 1288 marine species are known to ingest plastic debris, with fish making up the largest fraction. Bulky plastic debris may become permanently lodged in the digestive tracts of these animals, blocking the passage of food and

1460:

A Deep-sea Debris database by the Global Oceanographic Data Center of the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), showing thirty years of photos and samples of marine debris since 1983, was made public in 2017. From the 5,010 dives in the database, using both ROVs and deep-sea

1890:

agreement to control ocean dumping This Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter consisted of twenty two articles addressing expectations of contracting parties. The three annexes defined many compounds, substances, and materials that are unacceptable to

1838:

In May/June 2020, Ocean Voyages Institute conducted a cleanup expedition in the Gyre and set a new record for the largest mid-ocean cleanup accomplished in the North Pacific Gyre which removed over 170 tons (340,000 pounds) of consumer plastics and ghostnets from the ocean. Utilizing custom designed

1598:

Some studies show that marine debris may be dominant in particular locations. For example, a 2016 study of Aruba found that debris found the windward side of the island was predominantly marine debris from distant sources. In 2013, debris from six beaches in Korea was collected and analyzed: 56%

1303:

Some materials and activities used in industrial activities that do not readily degrade, that persist in the environment, and tend to accumulate over time. The activities can include fishing, boating, and aquaculture industries that harvest or use resources in the marine environment and may lose or

1200:

Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution estimated that up to 80% of the pollution was land-based, with the remaining 20% originating from catastrophic events or maritime sources. More recent studies have found that more than half of plastic debris found on Korean shores

2004:

is designed to "ensure clean healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas, by putting in place better systems for delivering sustainable development of marine and coastal environment". In 2019, the EU parliament voted for an EU-wide ban on single-use plastic products such as

1802:

Cleanup of marine debris can be stymied by inadequate collaboration across levels of government, and a patchwork of regulatory authorities (responsibility often differs for the ocean surface, the seabed, and the shore). For example, there are an estimated 1600 abandoned and derelict boats in the

1697:

In Kenya, the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the amount of marine debris found on beaches with around 55% being a pandemic-related trash items. Although the pandemic-related trash has shown up along the beaches of Kenya, it has not made its way into the water. The reduction of litter in the ocean

1419:

Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches and surface waters as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other

1522:

The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and Bangladesh, largely through the rivers Yangtze, Indus, Yellow, Hai, Nile, Ganges, Pearl, Amur, Niger, and the

1429:

Marine debris is found on the floor of the Arctic ocean. Although an increasing number of studies have been focused on plastic debris accumulation on the coasts, in off-shore surface waters, and that ingested by marine organisms that live in the upper levels of the water column, there is limited

1416:

A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide, and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go

2163:

Plastic debris from inland states come from two main sources: ordinary litter and materials from open dumps and landfills that blow or wash away to inland waterways and wastewater outflows. The refuse finds its way from inland waterways, rivers, streams and lakes to the ocean. Though ocean and

1816:

On the sea, the removal of artificial debris (i.e. plastics) is still in its infancy. However, some projects have been started which used ships with nets (Ocean Voyages Institute/Kaisei 2009 & 2010 and New Horizon 2009) to catch some plastics, primarily for research purposes. There is also

2185:. Used plastic with low residual value often does not get recycled and is more likely to leak into the ocean. However, turning these unwanted plastics that would otherwise stay in landfills into refuse-derived fuels allows for further use; they can be used as supplement fuels at power plants 1919:– signed in 1982, but effective in 1994, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea emphasized the importance of protecting the entire ocean and not only specified coastal regions. UNCLOS enforced restrictions on pollution, including a stress on land-based sources. 3326:

It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that

1586:

In Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, 52% of items were generated by recreational use of an urban park, 14% from sewage disposal and only 7% from shipping and fishing activities. Around four-fifths of oceanic debris is from rubbish blown onto the water from

1646:

artifacts placed in the oceans are harmful. Iron and concrete structures typically do little damage to the environment because they generally sink to the bottom and become immobile, and at shallow depths they can even provide scaffolding for

2842:

Wiggin, K. J.; Holland, E. B. (June 2019). "Validation and application of cost and time effective methods for the detection of 3–500 μm sized microplastics in the urban marine and estuarine environments surrounding Long Beach, California".

1913:– a convention designed to minimize pollution of the seas, including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution The original MARPOL convention did not consider dumping from ships, but was revised in 1978 to include restrictions on marine vessels. 7711: 1295:. In a 2014 study using computer models, scientists from the group 5 Gyres, estimated 5.25 trillion pieces of plastic weighing 269,000 tons were dispersed in oceans in similar amount in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. 1384:, and other creatures, including the occasional human diver. Acting as designed, the nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and suffocation in those that need to return to the surface to breathe. 4821: 1883: 1493:

by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to

3153:

Woodall, L. C., Sanchez-Vidal, A., Canals, M., Paterson, G. L., Coppock, R., Sleight, V., ... & Thompson, R. C. (2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris. Royal Society open science, 1(4), 140317.

1386:

It's estimated that around 48 million tons (48,000 kt) of lost fishing gear is generated each year, not including those that were abandoned or discarded and these may linger in the oceans for a considerable time before

1275:

were disposed of in the Gulf of Mexico and off the coasts of at least 16 states, from New Jersey to Hawaii (although these, of course, do not wash up onshore, and the US is not the only country who has practiced this).

1348:

that have been abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. These nets, often nearly invisible in the dim light, can be left tangled on a rocky reef or drifting in the open sea. They can

1973: 5173: 1932:, which prohibited the discharge of "garbage, rubbish, ashes or organic refuse" from "any vessel in Australian waters" without prior written permission from the federal government. It also required permission for 1575:. A 2021 study following a 2014 loss of a container carrying printer cartridges calculated that some cartridges had dispersed at an average speed of between 6 cm and 13 cm per second. A 1997 accident of 2143:

Forty-eight plastics manufacturers from 25 countries, are members of the Global Plastic Associations for solutions on Marine Litter, have made the pledge to help prevent marine debris and to encourage recycling.

2045:

power to monitor and regulate the dumping of sewage sludge, industrial waste, radioactive waste and biohazardous materials into the nation's territorial waters. The Act was amended sixteen years later to include

1807:

notes that lack of enforcement means abandoned boats are often left to sink, which increases the cleanup cost and compounds the environmental hazard (due to seepage of fuel, oil, plastics, and other pollutants).

1871:

of marine debris are not usually experienced by the producer. In the 1950s, the importance of government intervention with marine pollution protocol was recognized at the First Conference on the Law of the Sea.

2500:

Jang, Yong Chang; Lee, Jongmyoung; Hong, Sunwook; Lee, Jong Su; Shim, Won Joon; Song, Young Kyoung (6 July 2014). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

3985:

Okuku, Eric; Kiteresi, Linet; Owato, Gilbert; Otieno, Kenneth; Mwalugha, Catherine; Mbuche, Mary; Gwada, Brenda; Nelson, Annette; Chepkemboi, Purity; Achieng, Quinter; Wanjeri, Veronica (January 2021).

2121:

is an artist focusing most of her recent work on educating people about beach trash. Interactive sites like Adrift demonstrate where marine plastic is carried, over time, on the worlds ocean currents.

3910:

Beaumont, Nicola J.; Aanesen, Margrethe; Austen, Melanie C.; Börger, Tobias; Clark, James R.; Cole, Matthew; Hooper, Tara; Lindeque, Penelope K.; Pascoe, Christine; Wyles, Kayleigh J. (1 May 2019).

1304:

discard gear, materials, machinery or solid wastes from industrial processes into the water or onto shorelines. This can include anything as large as a fishing boat or as small as particle from a

4416:"One sunken boat pollutes ocean as much as 480,000 plastic straws, non-profit says: Dead Boat Disposal Society one of several groups working with B.C. gov't to find solution to abandoned vessels" 2688: 2195:

strategies to make producers responsible for product management when products and their packaging become waste; encourage reusable product design to minimize negative impacts on the environment.

2005:

plastic straws, cutlery, plates, and drink containers, polystyrene food and drink containers, plastic drink stirrers and plastic carrier bags and cotton buds. The law will take effect in 2021.

6767: 3180: 2486: 782: 4356: 6992: 961: 4829: 2077:

rewards salvors for risking life and property to rescue the property of another from peril. On land the distinction between deliberate and accidental loss led to the concept of a "

1308:

lobster float. In 2003, a study was conducted to identify types, amounts, sources, and effects of persistent industrial marine debris in the coastal waters and along the shores of

6987: 2210:

Consumers can help to reduce the amount of plastic entering waterways by reducing usage of single-use plastics, avoiding microbeads, participate in a river or lake beach cleanup.

956: 5296: 1583:

pieces. Some of the pieces became valued among collectors who searched the beaches for Lego dragons. It also provided valuable insight in studying marine plastic degradation.

3660: 3087:

Chiba, S., Saito, H., Fletcher, R., Yogi, T., Kayo, M., Miyagi, S., ... & Fujikura, K. (2018). Human footprint in the abyss: 30 year records of deep-sea plastic debris.

5165: 4596: 2584: 1747:

collided with a piece of floating debris and sank, costing the life of its pilot. The Ocean cleanup has also created a vessel for cleaning up riverine debris, called

4469: 2945:

De-la-Torre, Gabriel E.; Dioses-Salinas, Diana C.; Castro, Jasmin M.; Antay, Rosabel; Fernández, Naomy Y.; Espinoza-Morriberón, D.; Saldaña-Serrano, Miguel (2020).

4960:"Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy" 4374: 1817:

Bluebird Marine System's SeaVax which was solar- and wind-powered and had an onboard shredder and cargo hold. The Sea Cleaners' Manta ship is similar in concept.

5390: 3067: 1106:

quickly, as would natural or organic materials. The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and

4393: 3638: 2614: 1828:. He suggested using platforms with arms to gather the debris, situated inside the current of gyres. The SAS Ocean Phoenix ship is somewhat similar in design. 4233: 7768: 3767: 1542:(now known as the "Friendly Floatees") went overboard during a storm. The toys have since been found all over the world, providing a better understanding of 2341: 3988:"The impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on marine litter pollution along the Kenyan Coast: A synthesis after 100 days following the first reported case in Kenya" 3424: 1498:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of 7704: 4547: 4330: 1689:. In addition, plastic in the marine environment that contaminates the food chain can have repercussions on the viability of fish and shellfish species. 3371: 2692: 5437: 4981: 4051:

Patrício Silva, Ana L.; Prata, Joana C.; Walker, Tony R.; Duarte, Armando C.; Ouyang, Wei; Barcelò, Damià; Rocha-Santos, Teresa (1 February 2021).

2188:

Improve recovery rates for plastic (in 2012, the United States generated 11.46 million tons of plastic waste, of which only 6.7% was recovered

1156:

In efforts to prevent and mediate marine debris and pollutants, laws and policies have been adopted internationally, with the UN including reduced

4451: 4189: 2066: 1916: 4614: 4299: 3340: 7005: 3002:"Comparison between manta trawl and in situ pump filtration methods, and guidance for visual identification of microplastics in surface waters" 2716:"Persistent Industrial Marine Debris: The Relationship Between Marine Debris and Coastal Industrial Activity in Charlotte County New Brunswick" 966: 5218: 4415: 3888: 3722: 7689: 2042: 4633: 3227: 2468: 5740: 5187: 2398: 1615: 6700: 5025:

Craig, R. (2005). "Protecting International Marine Biodiversity: International Treaties and National Systems of Marine Protected Areas".

2666: 1044: 732: 3511: 7536: 5553: 5504: 3543:

Scisciolo, Tobia (2016). "Beach debris on Aruba, Southern Caribbean: Attribution to local land-based and distal marine-based sources".

2545: 2902:

Fendall, Lisa S.; Sewell, Mary A. (2009). "Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers".

2715: 2101:

is an organization aimed at reducing plastics pollution in the oceans, and was one of two organizations that recently researched the

5288: 4717:

Leous, Justin P.; Parry, Neal B. (2005). "Who is Responsible for Marine Debris? The International Politics of Cleaning Our Oceans".

3686:

Walker, T. R.; Reid, K.; Arnould, J. P. Y.; Croxall, J. P. (1997), "Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995",

7920: 4487: 3664: 3401: 7798: 6939: 5427: 4509: 3107:"Benthic marine debris in the Bay of Fundy, eastern Canada: Spatial distribution and categorization using seafloor video footage" 1145:

has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive

4655: 3449: 3105:

Goodman, Alexa J.; Walker, Tony R.; Brown, Craig J.; Wilson, Brittany R.; Gazzola, Vicki; Sameoto, Jessica A. (1 January 2020).

2424:

Sheavly, S. B.; Register, K. M. (2007). "Marine Debris & Plastics: Environmental Concerns, Sources, Impacts and Solutions".

2198:

Ban the use of cigarette filters and establish a deposit-system for e-cigarettes (similar to the one used for propane canisters)

1437:, metals and some plastics), have been found to spread over the floor of seas and open oceans, where it can become entangled in 2553: 4528: 2323: 7699: 7546: 6982: 5720: 5118: 3261: 2745: 2070: 951: 5088: 2576: 1761:

Elsewhere, "trash traps" are installed on small rivers to capture waterborne debris before it reaches the sea. For example,

1758:

There are also projects that stimulate fishing boats to remove any litter they accidentally fish up while fishing for fish.

7930: 7813: 6270: 6082: 5735: 2376: 225: 4433: 1847:

efficient and cost effective ways to help reduce the amount of plastic entering our oceans is to not participate in using

6235: 6128: 5798: 5478: 2801:

Kuczenski, Brandon; Vargas Poulsen, Camila; Gilman, Eric L.; Musyl, Michael; Geyer, Roland; Wilson, Jono (30 July 2021).

1658:

have been known to use pieces of beach litter as a shell when they cannot find an actual seashell of the size they need.

352: 272: 7556: 4933: 4748: 4263: 2606: 7879: 7874: 7000: 6977: 6156: 5816: 5449: 4903: 2645: 2001: 1997: 946: 860: 302: 5398: 7531: 7134: 7042: 6789: 6675: 6169: 6164: 3630: 802: 707: 7793: 6969: 5608: 4237: 4116:

Leal Filho, Walter; Salvia, Amanda Lange; Minhas, Aprajita; Paço, Arminda; Dias-Ferreira, Celia (1 November 2021).

3798: 2192: 1851:

plastics, avoid plastic bottled drinks such as water bottles, use reusable shopping bags, and to buy products with

4573: 3759: 7596: 7586: 7501: 7351: 7101: 6715: 6452: 5842: 5523: 5484: 4959: 2097:

A large number of groups and individuals are active in preventing or educating about marine debris. For example,

1643: 1409: 1309: 1161: 1037: 747: 510: 92: 1748: 7694: 7571: 7526: 5546: 5420: 5059: 1618:, fishing-related debris, approximately 80% plastics, are responsible for the entanglement of large numbers of 5490: 5472: 4322: 7591: 7551: 7516: 7050: 7025: 6330: 5660: 1945: 982: 432: 5331:"Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2012" 5330: 3367: 1731:. Devices such as these can be used where floating debris presents a danger to navigation. For example, the 7889: 7884: 7679: 7616: 7606: 6501: 6250: 6230: 5982: 5648: 4394:"Speaking Notes for the Honourable Marc Garneau, Minister of Transport for a News Conference on Bill C-64, 3586:

Yong, C (2013). "Sources of plastic marine debris on beaches of Korea: More from the ocean than the land".

1727:

Techniques for collecting and removing marine (or riverine) debris include the use of debris skimmer boats

520: 372: 347: 142: 5347:

Nash, Jennifer; Bosso, Christopher (April 2013). "Extended Producer Responsibility in the United States".

7803: 7773: 7626: 7521: 7511: 7506: 7356: 7174: 6606: 6260: 5653: 5638: 5618: 2102: 1804: 631: 382: 4985: 2775: 2250: 2140:. First of a series of events under the patronage of UNESCO and of Italian Ministry of the Environment. 7657: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7581: 7561: 7391: 7034: 6934: 6857: 6265: 6095: 5925: 5643: 2029:

In the waters of the United States, there have been many observed consequences of pollution including:

2018: 1993: 1941: 1784:

for example promotes the idea of letting dive clubs clean up litter, for example as a diving exercise.

1732: 1030: 387: 237: 5432: 4193: 3477:"Accumulation of marine debris on an intertidal beach in an urban park (Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia)" 3057: 7674: 7601: 7566: 7541: 6737: 6695: 6657: 6222: 6016: 5690: 5539: 4291: 3344: 1989: 762: 727: 687: 340: 307: 157: 4851:

Tharpes, Yvonne L. (1989). "International Environmental Law: Turning the Tide on Marine Pollution".

2171:

At the systems level, there are various ways to reduce the amount of debris entering our waterways:

7940: 7925: 7910: 6732: 6255: 6196: 6107: 5725: 4574:"Environmentalists removed more than 40 tons of trash from the Pacific – and it barely made a dent" 3884: 3733: 2286: 1667: 1495: 1397: 757: 377: 312: 249: 5195: 1350: 7716: 6944: 6710: 6240: 5791: 5665: 5593: 2175:

Improve waste transportation to and from sites by utilizing closed container storage and shipping

2013: 1832: 1796: 787: 742: 362: 1630: 1333: 1172: 7915: 7426: 6903: 6293: 5730: 5514: 2662: 2125: 2034: 925: 412: 4893: 4690: 4675:

Parker, Laura. "With Millions of Tons of Plastic in Oceans, More Scientists Studying Impact."

1279:

Eighty percent of marine debris is plastic. Plastics accumulate because they typically do not

7226: 7206: 6873: 6705: 6581: 6489: 6179: 6072: 5872: 3518: 2160:

Marine debris is a widespread problem, not only the result of activities in coastal regions.

2022: 1840: 1677:

causing death through starvation or infection. Tiny floating plastic particles also resemble

1253: 1189: 895: 737: 603: 515: 212: 20: 5501: 5007: 1523:

Mekong, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans."

7828: 7576: 7421: 7326: 6680: 6335: 6031: 5356: 4775: 4129: 4064: 3999: 3923: 3833: 3695: 3595: 3552: 3270: 3195: 3118: 3013: 2958: 2911: 2852: 2510: 2433: 2276: 1981: 1611: 1267:

The US military used ocean dumping for unused weapons and bombs, including ordinary bombs,

1146: 437: 170: 1936:. The act was passed in response to large amounts of garbage washing up on the beaches of 1769:

operates a number of such traps, known as "trash racks" or "gross pollutant traps" on the

1233: 8: 7788: 7376: 7296: 7241: 7139: 7126: 7094: 7079: 6747: 6685: 6652: 6591: 6523: 6388: 6383: 6361: 5935: 5705: 5700: 5603: 5441: 3253: 2182: 2129: 2030: 1572: 1313: 1272: 1064:, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in 772: 717: 682: 608: 535: 485: 480: 465: 122: 5360: 4776:"Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter" 4470:"Yvan Bourgnon : "Au large, le Manta pourra ramasser 600 m3 de déchets plastiques"" 4133: 4068: 4003: 3927: 3837: 3699: 3599: 3556: 3274: 3199: 3122: 3017: 2962: 2915: 2856: 2514: 2437: 19:"Ocean dumping" redirects here. For shipping of waste across international borders, see 7858: 7833: 7778: 7684: 7473: 7443: 7159: 7060: 7021: 6954: 6929: 6924: 6742: 6619: 6413: 6285: 6049: 5920: 5847: 5784: 5715: 5695: 5588: 5372: 5262: 5237: 5034: 4860: 4803: 4795: 4726: 4495: 4171: 4158: 4118:"The COVID-19 pandemic and single-use plastic waste in households: A preliminary study" 4117: 4093: 4052: 4028: 3987: 3967: 3865: 3611: 3393: 3219: 3034: 3001: 2982: 2884: 2824: 2526: 2449: 2255: 2227: 1852: 1848: 1619: 1102:, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not 1006: 767: 643: 405: 187: 127: 97: 44: 4053:"Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and recommendations" 3821: 3707: 1579:

ship off the British coast resulted in loss of cargo container holding 5 million

1271:, landmines and chemical weapons from at least 1919 until 1970. Millions of pounds of 7737: 7667: 7662: 7647: 7438: 7406: 7401: 7381: 7321: 7246: 6949: 6809: 6629: 6538: 6506: 6423: 6376: 6303: 6275: 6044: 6039: 5837: 5628: 5502:

Ghost net remediation program – NASA, NOAA and ATI collaborating to detect ghost nets

5445: 5376: 5368: 5267: 5172:. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 November 2013. 4919: 4899: 4878: 4807: 4175: 4163: 4145: 4098: 4080: 4033: 4015: 3971: 3959: 3951: 3869: 3857: 3849: 3568: 3476: 3286: 3223: 3211: 3136: 3039: 2986: 2974: 2927: 2888: 2876: 2868: 2828: 2741: 2641: 2453: 2301: 2281: 2086: 2038: 1985: 1904: 1892: 1876: 1821: 1744: 1736: 1539: 1516: 1490: 655: 578: 571: 525: 392: 182: 177: 87: 4236:. Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board. Archived from 4141: 4011: 3936: 3911: 3615: 3564: 3131: 3106: 2970: 2923: 2864: 2803:"Plastic gear loss estimates from remote observation of industrial fishing activity" 2530: 7721: 7652: 7493: 7463: 7453: 7411: 7386: 7366: 7361: 7201: 7169: 7164: 7144: 7118: 6893: 6794: 6752: 6720: 6614: 6568: 6528: 6435: 6403: 6371: 6356: 6340: 6315: 6100: 6054: 5670: 5562: 5495: 5364: 5257: 5249: 4787: 4153: 4137: 4088: 4072: 4023: 4007: 3941: 3931: 3841: 3703: 3603: 3560: 3491: 3278: 3203: 3155: 3126: 3029: 3021: 2966: 2946: 2919: 2860: 2814: 2518: 2481: 2476: 2441: 2296: 2271: 2268: – Pseudonymous Australian artist who works with trash from oceans and beaches 2114: 2000:

to free inland and coastal waters from human influence. In the United Kingdom, the

1635: 1527: 1288: 1284: 1157: 915: 812: 752: 638: 591: 540: 500: 475: 460: 442: 417: 357: 242: 192: 5110: 1449:

extremely difficult, especially due to the wide area of its dispersal compared to

7823: 7747: 7483: 7478: 7448: 7346: 7331: 7236: 7231: 7191: 6757: 6667: 6633: 6518: 6472: 6398: 6325: 6245: 6148: 6090: 5945: 5765: 5680: 5508: 5084: 4375:"Canadian Coast Guard urges patience as it deals with up to 1,600 derelict boats" 4277: 1949: 1774: 1762: 1715: 1648: 1564: 1229: 1142: 700: 660: 530: 495: 427: 367: 295: 232: 132: 5238:"Managing Marine Plastic Pollution: Policy Initiatives to Address Wayward Waste" 3820:

Santos, Robson G.; Machovsky-Capuska, Gabriel E.; Andrades, Ryan (2 July 2021).

1706: 1433:

Litter, made from diverse materials that are denser than surface water (such as

7935: 7869: 7742: 7416: 7396: 7306: 7266: 7154: 7087: 7070: 6804: 6690: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6482: 6467: 6418: 6408: 6320: 6174: 5930: 5901: 5750: 5613: 3720: 3313: 3025: 3000:

Karlsson, Therese M.; Kärrman, Anna; Rotander, Anna; Hassellöv, Martin (2020).

2372: 2291: 2082: 2078: 2074: 1977: 1887: 1864: 1568: 1531: 1446: 1280: 1261: 1197: 1119: 1103: 1018: 822: 722: 677: 670: 665: 422: 117: 4822:"International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)" 4076: 3607: 2522: 2445: 7904: 7853: 7808: 7468: 7055: 6824: 6511: 6440: 6212: 5960: 5824: 5633: 5583: 4937: 4744: 4259: 4149: 4084: 4019: 3955: 3853: 3172: 2872: 2265: 2241: 2221: 2165: 2152: 2118: 2062: 2047: 1781: 1770: 1752: 1711: 1682: 1576: 1548: 1543: 1535: 1486: 1478: 1471: 1454: 1221: 1177: 1123: 1001: 837: 327: 322: 317: 75: 33: 4452:"Solar-Powered Vacuum Could Suck Up 24,000 Tons of Ocean Plastic Every Year" 3845: 3822:"Plastic ingestion as an evolutionary trap: Toward a holistic understanding" 3282: 3251: 3207: 2947:"Abundance and distribution of microplastics on sandy beaches of Lima, Peru" 7752: 7458: 7336: 7316: 7261: 6845: 6819: 6799: 6623: 6586: 6550: 6186: 6133: 6009: 5965: 5950: 5879: 5760: 5578: 5271: 4634:"Don't Call It A Garbage Patch: The Truth About Cleaning Up Ocean Plastics" 4167: 4102: 4037: 3963: 3861: 3663:. New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Program. February 1995. Archived from 3572: 3290: 3215: 3176: 3140: 3043: 2978: 2931: 2880: 2689:"5 Trillion Pieces of Ocean Trash Found, But Fewer Particles Than Expected" 2260: 2137: 2106: 2058: 1910: 1603: 1592: 1499: 1287:

on exposure to sunlight, although they do so only under dry conditions, as

1257: 1241: 870: 832: 817: 648: 613: 558: 277: 137: 28: 4548:"Great Pacific Garbage Patch Cleanup Work Tackled By Sausalito Non-Profit" 3661:"A Summary of the Proposed Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan" 3496: 2324:"Euronews Living | Watch: Italy's answer to the problem with plastic" 7783: 7433: 7271: 7186: 7149: 6782: 6777: 6462: 6457: 6428: 6393: 6366: 5896: 5573: 4292:"Lost fishing gear being recovered from Scapa Flow – The Orcadian Online" 3295:

The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea

1976:, an international treaty controlling marine pollution in the north-east 1868: 1751:. Once debris becomes "beach litter", collection by hand and specialized 1678: 1655: 1345: 1245: 1205: 1196:

Researchers classify debris as either land- or ocean-based; in 1991, the

1130: 792: 490: 470: 107: 5253: 5038: 4864: 4730: 3790: 3159: 2577:"Explosive Beach Objects – Just Another Example Of Massachusetts' Charm" 2342:"Dumped fishing gear is biggest plastic polluter in ocean, finds report" 2089:, and if identifiable, they should be returned to their rightful owner. 1110:

from the fishing industry. Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to

7838: 7196: 7181: 6959: 6576: 5891: 5884: 5867: 5852: 5745: 5598: 5320:(pp. 1–48, Rep.). (2015). McKinsey Center for Business and Environment. 4799: 3721:

Ron Hess; Denis Rushworth; Michael Hynes; John Peters (2 August 2006).

2110: 1825: 1788: 1686: 1607: 1560: 1553: 1482: 1450: 1361: 1292: 1150: 1095: 842: 598: 102: 5219:"80% Of Ocean Plastic Comes From Land-Based Sources, New Report Finds" 4215: 3946: 3425:"Ship's lost plastic cargo washes up on shores from Florida to Norway" 2819: 2802: 2399:"FEATURE: UN's mission to keep plastics out of oceans and marine life" 2235: 1651:. Ships and subway cars have been deliberately sunk for that purpose. 1184: 7818: 7371: 7110: 6888: 6840: 6814: 6762: 6596: 6558: 6308: 6298: 5970: 5832: 5807: 5755: 5710: 5685: 5623: 5518: 5391:"Cigarette butts are toxic plastic pollution. Should they be banned?" 3450:"How long does it take for plastic to degrade: the Lego bricks study" 2761: 1933: 1373: 1341: 1326: 1305: 1249: 1107: 1091: 910: 865: 827: 777: 712: 618: 82: 52: 5052: 4791: 3252:

Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).

2944: 2117:, by sponsoring beach cleanup programs along with other activities. 1511: 7341: 7301: 7221: 6533: 6477: 6138: 5987: 5955: 5531: 3631:"New York City to Pay Jersey Town $ 1 Million Over Shore Pollution" 3062: 1766: 1740: 1739:

every month. The Corps has been doing this work since 1942, when a

1588: 1138: 1134: 282: 5190:[Waste becomes state, UNESCO recognizes 'Garbage Patch']. 3912:"Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic" 2800: 1567:, dropping hundreds of containers, most of which washed up on the 7311: 6494: 5997: 5975: 5862: 5857: 5455: 5318:

Stemming the tide: Land-based strategies for a plastic-free ocean

2546:"Should you cut up six-pack rings so they don't choke sea birds?" 2098: 1900: 1787:

Once a year there is a diving marine debris removal operation in

1673: 1442: 1377: 1357: 1237: 1209: 1115: 1099: 62: 7281: 4615:"Photos: Sailing Cargo Vessel Recovers 67 Tons of Ocean Plastic" 2999: 1820:

Another method to gather artificial litter has been proposed by

7256: 7211: 6898: 6878: 6772: 6447: 5940: 5519:"Skeptoid #132: The Sargasso Sea and the Pacific Garbage Patch" 5428:

United Nations Environment Programme Marine Litter Publications

5415: 4679:. National Geographic Society, 13 June 2014. Web. 3 April 2016. 4050: 3819: 2133: 1937: 1792: 1710:

Skimmer boat used to remove floating debris and trash from the

1369: 1316:

and eventually death from lack of appropriate nutrient intake.

1072:. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of 920: 900: 807: 797: 505: 5434:

UNEP Year Book 2011: Emerging Issues in Our Global Environment

2164:

coastal area cleanups are important, it is crucial to address

7251: 7114: 6908: 6850: 6191: 6123: 6021: 5913: 4879:"Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932" 2469:"The pileup of plastic debris is more than ugly ocean litter" 2025:. Eighty percent of marine debris reaches the sea via rivers. 1969: 1780:

In lakes or near the coast, manual removal can also be used.

1438: 1434: 1365: 1225: 1204:

A wide variety of man-made objects can become marine debris;

1084:

or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called

1077: 1069: 930: 875: 267: 5776: 5491:

Tiny Plastic Bits Too Small To See Are Destroying The Oceans

4434:"Solar powered SeaVax hoover concept to clean up the oceans" 4354: 2033:, harmful agal blooms, and threatened species. In 1972, the 6883: 6004: 5992: 5908: 5188:"Rifiuti diventano stato, Unesco riconosce 'Garbage Patch'" 3909: 3309:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers" 3308: 2607:"Military Ordinance [sic] Dumped in Gulf of Mexico" 2206:

Seven simple single-use swaps people can make to save trash

1965: 1930:

Beaches, Fishing Grounds and Sea Routes Protection Act 1932

1896: 1580: 1552:

dropped 21 containers (with one notably containing buoyant

1381: 1353: 1264:, in particular, are considered emblematic of the problem. 1217: 1213: 1111: 1073: 905: 152: 147: 112: 7109: 5053:"Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972" 4115: 3885:"Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere" 2202: 1260:

are among the items commonly found to have washed ashore.

5467: 1891:

deposit into the ocean. Examples of such matter include:

1268: 1065: 5461: 5140: 3984: 3685: 3104: 2050:. It is illegal to dispose of any plastic in US waters. 5383: 3368:"How sneakers, toys and hockey gear help ocean science" 1546:. Similar incidents have happened before, such as when 1149:, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the 4438:

The International Institute of Marine Surveying (IIMS)

3474: 2124:

On 11 April 2013 in order to create awareness, artist

1928:

One of the earliest anti-dumping laws was Australia's

1534:, usually during storms. One spillage occurred in the 1298: 3517:. Algalita Marine Research Foundation. Archived from 2640:. St. Martin's Thomas Dunne Books. pp. 112–128. 1599:

was found to be "ocean-based" and 44% "land-based".

1141:

waste all contribute to this problem. This increased

5481:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5458:– US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5166:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state" 2574: 2217: 1485:

of marine debris particles caused by the effects of

1188:

Debris collected from beaches on Tern Island in the

5008:"EU parliament approves ban on single use plastics" 3475:Walker, T.R.; Grant, J.; Archambault, M-C. (2006). 2738:

Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear

2168:that originates from inland and landlocked states. 7769:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future 4190:"Debris collection onsite after Bay Bridge struck" 3171: 2021:warning people to not pollute the local stream by 1685:to consume them and cause them to enter the ocean 1080:, frequently washing aground, when it is known as 4853:The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review 3254:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea" 1972:respectively, and resulted in the passing of the 1661: 1129:Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into 7902: 5289:"7 Ways To Reduce Ocean Plastic Pollution Today" 4391: 4260:"10 Tips for Divers to Protect the Ocean Planet" 3788: 2109:is another organization, focusing on protecting 1952:government. It was repealed and replaced by the 4920:"Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981" 3760:"Crabs With Beach Trash Homes – Okinawa, Japan" 3628: 3181:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean" 2423: 1445:, or even become buried under sediment, making 1098:, are also present. With the increasing use of 4689:Wabnitz, Colette; Nichols, Wallace J. (2010). 4688: 4546:Turner, Emily; Steimle, Susie (26 June 2019). 4488:"Methods for collecting plastic litter at sea" 4396:The Wrecked Abandoned or Hazardous Vessels Act 4355:Province of British Columbia (February 2020). 3338: 3306: 2740:. Rome: United Nations Environment Programme. 2499: 1956:, which gave effect to the London Convention. 1722: 7095: 5792: 5547: 5444:Web Archives Plastic debris, pp. 21–34. 4891: 4653: 4545: 4323:"Ghost Fishing UK to be Charges for Cleanups" 3882: 3365: 2901: 2841: 2178:Restrict open waste facilities near waterways 1954:Environment Protection (Sea Dumping) Act 1981 1839:GPS satellite trackers which are deployed by 1038: 16:Human-created solid waste in the sea or ocean 5485:Social & Economic Costs of Marine Debris 4571: 4192:. US Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from 3442: 3006:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2660: 2635: 2085:, shipwrecked goods should be reported to a 1735:removes 90 tons of "drifting material" from 1692: 5027:Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law 2543: 1964:In 1972 and 1974, conventions were held in 1773:, which flows (during the wet season) into 7102: 7088: 5799: 5785: 5554: 5540: 5462:Marine Research, Education and Restoration 4716: 4529:"Official Launch of Ocean Phoenix Project" 3343:. National Geographic News. Archived from 1464: 1045: 1031: 61: 5346: 5261: 4780:The American Journal of International Law 4656:"Untangling the Problem of Ocean Plastic" 4350: 4348: 4157: 4092: 4027: 3945: 3935: 3542: 3495: 3130: 3033: 2818: 2735: 2480: 2367: 2365: 2363: 5235: 4357:"What We Heard on Marine Debris in B.C." 3504: 3484:Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 2201: 2156:The decomposition times of marine debris 2151: 2012: 1705: 1672:Many animals that live on or in the sea 1629: 1625: 1614:. On the remote sub-Antarctic island of 1510: 1410:Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics 1332: 1183: 1171: 27: 7799:High-level radioactive waste management 6940:Pollutant release and transfer register 5513: 5176:from the original on 11 September 2017. 4850: 4691:"Plastic pollution: An ocean emergency" 4266:from the original on 23 September 2014. 3341:"Lost Sea Cargo: Beach Bounty or Junk?" 3058:"Plastic trash invades arctic seafloor" 2629: 2426:Journal of Polymers and the Environment 7903: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4631: 4594: 4526: 4372: 4345: 4333:from the original on 29 September 2017 3801:from the original on 23 September 2008 3757: 3422: 3262:Environmental Science & Technology 2360: 2321: 1811: 1337:A sea turtle entangled in a ghost net. 1090:. Naturally occurring debris, such as 32:Marine debris washed up on a beach at 7083: 5780: 5535: 5464:– Algalita Marine Research Foundation 5283: 5281: 5024: 4671: 4669: 4302:from the original on 11 December 2017 3083: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3070:from the original on 25 October 2012. 2575:Edgar B. Herwick III (29 July 2015). 2489:from the original on 9 December 2017. 2466: 2379:from the original on 13 February 2009 2071:lost, mislaid, and abandoned property 1795:, run by Ghost Fishing UK, funded by 7814:Sewage regulation and administration 7030: 6271:Electromagnetic radiation and health 5736:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation 5561: 5216: 5121:from the original on 23 January 2009 4982:"Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009" 4527:Poizat, Christophe J. (3 May 2016). 4392:Transport Canada (30 October 2017). 3770:from the original on 14 October 2017 3585: 3512:"Plastic Debris: from Rivers to Sea" 3404:from the original on 9 February 2008 3179:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015). 2136:–Paris in front of Director General 2008: 1858: 7046: 7038: 6129:Radium and radon in the environment 4763: 4705: 4320: 3791:"Plague of Plastic Chokes the Seas" 3629:Alfonso Narvaez (8 December 1987). 3307:Harald Franzen (30 November 2017). 2568: 2556:from the original on 6 October 2008 1299:Persistent industrial marine debris 1283:as many other substances do. They 273:Radium and radon in the environment 13: 5299:from the original on 30 March 2018 5278: 5111:"Can you keep ship-wrecked goods?" 4936:. OSPAR Commission. Archived from 4922:. Federal Register of Legislation. 4881:. Federal Register of Legislation. 4666: 4654:David Helvarg (27 December 2019). 3978: 3891:from the original on 25 April 2016 3789:Kenneth R. Weiss (2 August 2006). 3732:. Rand Corporation. Archived from 3641:from the original on 11 March 2009 3423:Wilson, Jonathan (29 April 2021). 3147: 3074: 2776:"'Ghost fishing' killing seabirds" 2691:. 13 December 2014. Archived from 2617:from the original on 7 August 2015 2599: 2587:from the original on 3 August 2015 2002:Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 1944:from vessels outside the reach of 1424: 1126:, as well as to boats and coasts. 14: 7952: 5409: 5242:Environmental Health Perspectives 4751:from the original on 9 March 2009 4632:Mandel, Kyla (5 September 2020). 4510:"The Great Pacific Garbage Patch" 4373:Arrais, Pedro (10 October 2021). 3758:Miller, Shawn (19 October 2014). 3394:"Scavengers take washed-up goods" 3374:from the original on 8 April 2008 2713: 2334: 1923: 1606:, medical waste washed ashore in 7864: 7863: 7852: 7794:Extended producer responsibility 7280: 7064: 7054: 7045: 7037: 7029: 7017: 7016: 5609:Environmental impact of shipping 5414: 5369:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00572.x 5340: 5236:Tibbetts, John H. (April 2015). 5091:from the original on 11 May 2009 5065:from the original on 30 May 2008 4719:Journal of International Affairs 4122:Science of the Total Environment 2669:from the original on 16 May 2008 2234: 2220: 2193:Extended Producer Responsibility 1470:This section is an excerpt from 1408:This section is an excerpt from 1402: 1325:This section is an excerpt from 1012: 1000: 7921:Environmental impact of fishing 7352:Mechanical biological treatment 5843:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5397:. 9 August 2019. Archived from 5323: 5311: 5229: 5217:Chow, Lorraine (29 June 2016). 5210: 5180: 5158: 5133: 5103: 5085:"Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988" 5077: 5058:. US Senate. 29 December 2000. 5045: 5018: 5000: 4974: 4952: 4926: 4912: 4885: 4871: 4844: 4814: 4737: 4682: 4647: 4625: 4607: 4588: 4565: 4539: 4520: 4502: 4480: 4462: 4444: 4426: 4408: 4385: 4366: 4314: 4284: 4270: 4252: 4226: 4208: 4182: 4142:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148571 4109: 4044: 4012:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111840 3937:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.022 3903: 3883:Charles Moore (November 2003). 3876: 3813: 3782: 3751: 3714: 3679: 3653: 3622: 3579: 3565:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.03.039 3536: 3468: 3416: 3386: 3359: 3339:Janice Podsada (19 June 2001). 3332: 3300: 3245: 3165: 3132:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110722 3098: 3050: 2993: 2971:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110877 2938: 2924:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 2895: 2865:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.03.060 2835: 2794: 2768: 2754: 2729: 2707: 2681: 2654: 2322:Graham, Rachel (10 July 2019). 2043:Environmental Protection Agency 1959: 1875:Ocean dumping is controlled by 1755:are used to gather the debris. 1391: 1310:Charlotte County, New Brunswick 1162:Sustainable Development Goal 14 93:Atmospheric dispersion modeling 5468:UK Marine Conservation Society 2537: 2493: 2482:10.1146/knowable-120717-211902 2460: 2417: 2391: 2315: 2017:A sign above a storm drain in 1662:Impacts from plastic pollution 962:Least polluted cities by PM2.5 1: 6331:Electrical resistance heating 5806: 5349:Journal of Industrial Ecology 4595:Yerkey, Ryan (24 June 2020). 4572:Michelle Lou (30 June 2019). 3708:10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7 3366:Marsha Walton (28 May 2003). 2308: 2147: 1610:after having been blown from 1530:at sea each year are lost by 1319: 433:Electrical resistance heating 5983:Persistent organic pollutant 5194:(in Italian). Archived from 5087:. US EPA. 21 November 1988. 4057:Chemical Engineering Journal 2661:Alan Weisman (Summer 2007). 2544:Cecil Adams (16 July 1999). 2053: 1638:containing ingested flotsam. 143:Persistent organic pollutant 67:Air pollution from a factory 7: 7931:Oceanographical terminology 7804:History of waste management 6993:Least polluted cities by PM 5619:Fish diseases and parasites 2373:"Facts about marine debris" 2213: 2103:Great Pacific Garbage Patch 2092: 1805:Dead Boats Disposal Society 1723:Coastal and river clean ups 1540:rubber ducks and other toys 1538:in 1992, when thousands of 1502:where currents are weakest. 10: 7957: 7392:fluorescent lamp recycling 6935:Pollution haven hypothesis 6858:Brain health and pollution 6096:Ecological light pollution 5926:Internal combustion engine 5456:NOAA Marine Debris Program 4984:. UK Defra. Archived from 4280:28 September 2017, page 31 3764:Okinawa Nature Photography 3730:Disposal Options for Ships 3026:10.1007/s11356-019-07274-5 1733:US Army Corps of Engineers 1701: 1665: 1506: 1469: 1407: 1395: 1324: 1252:, and various wastes from 1250:lost fishing line and nets 18: 7847: 7761: 7730: 7640: 7492: 7289: 7278: 7125: 7014: 6968: 6917: 6866: 6833: 6738:Nonpoint source pollution 6666: 6658:War and environmental law 6605: 6567: 6549: 6349: 6284: 6221: 6147: 6116: 6081: 6065: 6030: 6017:Volatile organic compound 5823: 5814: 5691:Nonpoint source pollution 5569: 5479:High Seas GhostNet Survey 4898:. NewSouth. p. 230. 4895:Sydney Beaches: A History 4552:sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com 4077:10.1016/j.cej.2020.126683 3992:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3916:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3688:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3608:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 3545:Marine Pollution Bulletin 3111:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2951:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2904:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2845:Marine Pollution Bulletin 2760:Esteban, Michelle (2002) 2523:10.1007/s12601-014-0015-8 2446:10.1007/s10924-007-0074-3 2069:may be of relevance when 1990:Water Framework Directive 1799:and Fat Face Foundation. 1693:COVID-19 pandemic impacts 1441:and interfere with other 688:War and environmental law 308:Health effects from noise 158:Volatile organic compound 7774:China's waste import ban 6197:Marine mammals and sonar 6108:Radio spectrum pollution 5726:Plastic pellet pollution 5440:13 February 2012 at the 4695:Marine Turtle Newsletter 2763:Tracking Down Ghost Nets 2287:Plastic-eating organisms 1994:European Union directive 1668:Marine plastic pollution 1496:greenhouse gas emissions 1398:Marine plastic pollution 1167: 313:Marine mammals and sonar 7135:Agricultural wastewater 7043:WikiProject Environment 7001:Most polluted countries 6945:Polluter pays principle 6676:Agricultural wastewater 5594:Cultural eutrophication 5475:– Australian Government 5170:UNESCO Office in Venice 4379:Victoria Times Colonist 4220:FishingForLitter.org.uk 3846:10.1126/science.abh0945 3283:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368 3208:10.1126/science.1260352 1833:Ocean Voyages Institute 1797:World Animal Protection 1753:beach-cleaning machines 1465:Garbage patches (gyres) 788:Freshwater salinization 708:Agricultural wastewater 7859:Environment portal 7537:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7427:water recycling shower 7061:Environment portal 6294:Agricultural pollution 5731:Point source pollution 5293:www.oceanicsociety.org 4934:"The OSPAR Convention" 4892:Caroline Ford (2014). 4619:The Maritime Executive 4597:"Record Haul of Trash" 2736:Macfadyen, G. (2009). 2663:"Polymers Are Forever" 2207: 2157: 2126:Maria Cristina Finucci 2035:United States Congress 2026: 1841:vessels of opportunity 1719: 1639: 1519: 1457:at certain locations. 1338: 1193: 1181: 1147:marine garbage patches 1007:Environment portal 37: 7227:Municipal solid waste 7207:Industrial wastewater 6716:Industrial wastewater 6582:Clutter (advertising) 6490:Municipal solid waste 6336:Soil guideline values 6180:Sustainable transport 6073:Information pollution 5873:Open burning of waste 5473:Harmful Marine Debris 5423:at Wikimedia Commons 4298:. 25 September 2017. 3588:Ocean Science Journal 3497:10.2166/wqrj.2006.029 2636:Alan Weisman (2007). 2503:Ocean Science Journal 2205: 2155: 2016: 1884:The London Convention 1709: 1633: 1626:Environmental impacts 1514: 1336: 1190:French Frigate Shoals 1187: 1176:Debris on beach near 1175: 748:Industrial wastewater 516:Municipal solid waste 438:Soil guideline values 31: 21:Environmental dumping 7422:water heat recycling 7327:Garden waste dumping 6988:Most polluted cities 6681:Biological pollution 6592:Overhead power lines 5741:Silver nanoparticles 5517:(16 December 2008). 5507:7 March 2016 at the 4786:(3): 626–636. 1973. 4402:Government of Canada 4216:"Fishing For Litter" 3723:"Chapter 5: Reefing" 2638:The World Without Us 2467:Weiss, K.R. (2017). 2277:National Cleanup Day 2183:refuse-derived fuels 1982:Barcelona Convention 1612:Fresh Kills Landfill 1526:An estimated 10,000 957:Most polluted cities 609:Overhead power lines 7789:Eco-industrial park 7377:appliance recycling 7297:Anaerobic digestion 7242:Post-consumer waste 7140:Biodegradable waste 7051:WikiProject Ecology 6748:Ocean acidification 6653:Unexploded ordnance 6524:Post-consumer waste 6384:Foam food container 6362:Biodegradable waste 5936:Global distillation 5706:Ocean deoxygenation 5701:Ocean acidification 5442:Library of Congress 5361:2013JInEc..17..175N 5254:10.1289/ehp.123-A90 5117:. 22 January 2007. 4940:on 12 February 2008 4745:"London Convention" 4677:National Geographic 4498:on 24 October 2013. 4458:. 19 February 2016. 4134:2021ScTEn.79348571L 4069:2021ChEnJ.40526683P 4004:2021MarPB.16211840O 3928:2019MarPB.142..189B 3887:. Natural History. 3838:2021Sci...373...56S 3700:1997MarPB..34...61W 3600:2014OSJ....49..151J 3557:2016MarPB.106...49D 3400:. 22 January 2007. 3275:2017EnST...5112246S 3269:(21): 12246–12253. 3200:2015Sci...347..768J 3160:10.1098/rsos.140317 3123:2020MarPB.15010722G 3018:2020ESPR...27.5559K 2963:2020MarPB.15110877D 2916:2009MarPB..58.1225F 2857:2019MarPB.143..152W 2515:2014OSJ....49..151J 2438:2007JPEnv..15..301S 2181:Promote the use of 2130:Garbage Patch State 1812:Mid-ocean clean ups 1620:Antarctic fur seals 1573:World Heritage Site 773:Ocean acidification 683:Unexploded ordnance 604:Advertising clutter 536:Post-consumer waste 481:Foam food container 466:Biodegradable waste 123:Global distillation 7834:Waste minimisation 7779:Cleaner production 7444:Reusable packaging 7357:Mechanical sorting 7160:Construction waste 7071:Ecology portal 6955:Waste minimisation 6930:Industrial ecology 6925:Cleaner production 6743:Nutrient pollution 6620:Herbicidal warfare 6414:Construction waste 6050:Introduced species 5921:Indoor air quality 5848:Chlorofluorocarbon 5696:Nutrient pollution 5589:Aquatic toxicology 5401:on 10 August 2019. 4516:. 6 December 2016. 4327:divemagazine.co.uk 3635:The New York Times 3233:on 22 January 2019 2807:Fish and Fisheries 2714:Smith, Christine. 2695:on 5 February 2015 2665:. Orion magazine. 2611:Maritime Executive 2256:Flotsam and jetsam 2228:Environment portal 2208: 2158: 2027: 1905:radioactive wastes 1853:reusable packaging 1720: 1640: 1634:The remains of an 1520: 1515:The travel of the 1339: 1238:cigarette lighters 1194: 1182: 1019:Ecology portal 644:Herbicidal warfare 188:Introduced species 128:Indoor air quality 98:Chlorofluorocarbon 38: 7898: 7897: 7829:Waste legislation 7738:Sanitation worker 7712:London Convention 7648:Bamako Convention 7439:Resource recovery 7407:textile recycling 7402:plastic recycling 7382:battery recycling 7322:Ecological design 7247:Radioactive waste 7077: 7076: 6950:Pollution control 6630:Nuclear holocaust 6539:Thermal treatment 6507:Plastic pollution 6424:Mercury poisoning 6377:Battery recycling 6276:Radioactive waste 6045:Genetic pollution 6040:Biological hazard 5838:Air quality index 5774: 5773: 5629:Friendly Floatees 5419:Media related to 5145:PlasticAdrift.org 4832:on 4 October 2019 4492:MarineDebris.Info 4422:. 31 August 2019. 4196:on 9 January 2009 3795:Los Angeles Times 3524:on 19 August 2008 3194:(6223): 768–771. 3173:Jambeck, Jenna R. 2820:10.1111/faf.12596 2747:978-92-5-106196-1 2613:. 3 August 2015. 2550:The Straight Dope 2473:Knowable Magazine 2348:. 6 November 2019 2302:World Cleanup Day 2282:Plastic pollution 2087:Receiver of Wreck 2073:is found at sea. 2039:Ocean Dumping Act 2009:United States law 1986:Mediterranean Sea 1946:local governments 1893:mercury compounds 1877:international law 1859:Laws and treaties 1822:The Ocean Cleanup 1745:Chester W. Nimitz 1743:carrying Admiral 1737:San Francisco Bay 1681:, which can lead 1517:Friendly Floatees 1491:plastic pollution 1055: 1054: 990: 989: 656:Nuclear holocaust 579:Urban heat island 393:Radioactive waste 178:Biological hazard 88:Air quality index 7948: 7867: 7866: 7857: 7856: 7722:OSPAR Convention 7653:Basel Convention 7464:Waste collection 7454:Sewage treatment 7412:timber recycling 7387:bottle recycling 7367:Reclaimed lumber 7362:Photodegradation 7284: 7202:Industrial waste 7170:Electronic waste 7165:Demolition waste 7145:Biomedical waste 7119:waste management 7104: 7097: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7059: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7032: 7020: 7019: 6894:Legacy pollution 6753:Oil exploitation 6615:Chemical warfare 6529:Waste management 6436:Industrial waste 6404:Biomedical waste 6372:Electronic waste 6357:Advertising mail 6341:Phytoremediation 6316:Land degradation 6101:Overillumination 6055:Invasive species 5801: 5794: 5787: 5778: 5777: 5671:Invasive species 5563:Marine pollution 5556: 5549: 5542: 5533: 5532: 5528: 5496:Business Insider 5487:– NOAA Economics 5418: 5403: 5402: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5285: 5276: 5275: 5265: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5151: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4909: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4848: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4828:. Archived from 4818: 4812: 4811: 4772: 4761: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4714: 4703: 4702: 4686: 4680: 4673: 4664: 4663: 4651: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4494:. Archived from 4484: 4478: 4477: 4476:. 23 April 2018. 4466: 4460: 4459: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4440:. 14 March 2016. 4430: 4424: 4423: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4389: 4383: 4382: 4370: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4288: 4282: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4161: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4031: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3949: 3939: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3817: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3777: 3775: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3727: 3718: 3712: 3710: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3516: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3481: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3429:E&T Magazine 3420: 3414: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3323: 3321: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3258: 3249: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3232: 3226:. Archived from 3185: 3169: 3163: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3134: 3102: 3096: 3085: 3072: 3071: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3037: 3012:(5): 5559–5571. 2997: 2991: 2990: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2910:(8): 1225–1228. 2899: 2893: 2892: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2822: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2772: 2766: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2369: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2297:Waste management 2272:Marine pollution 2244: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2225: 2224: 2115:Santa Monica Bay 2019:Colorado Springs 1998:EU member states 1974:OSPAR Convention 1649:artificial reefs 1201:is ocean-based. 1158:marine pollution 1060:, also known as 1047: 1040: 1033: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1005: 1004: 936: 935: 639:Chemical warfare 541:Waste management 501:Industrial waste 476:Electronic waste 461:Advertising mail 443:Phytoremediation 418:Land degradation 358:Depleted uranium 243:Overillumination 193:Invasive species 65: 55: 40: 39: 7956: 7955: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7941:Water pollution 7926:Ocean pollution 7911:Aquatic ecology 7901: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7870:Category: Waste 7851: 7843: 7824:Waste hierarchy 7757: 7748:Waste collector 7726: 7717:Oslo Convention 7636: 7488: 7484:Waste-to-energy 7479:Waste treatment 7449:Right to repair 7347:Landfill mining 7332:Illegal dumping 7285: 7276: 7237:Packaging waste 7232:Open defecation 7192:Hazardous waste 7121: 7108: 7078: 7073: 7065: 7063: 7053: 7010: 6996: 6964: 6913: 6862: 6829: 6768:Pharmaceuticals 6758:Oil exploration 6662: 6634:Nuclear fallout 6601: 6563: 6545: 6519:Packaging waste 6473:Deep sea mining 6399:Hazardous waste 6345: 6326:Open defecation 6280: 6246:Nuclear fallout 6241:Nuclear fission 6217: 6143: 6112: 6083:Electromagnetic 6077: 6061: 6026: 5946:Ozone depletion 5819: 5810: 5805: 5775: 5770: 5766:Water pollution 5681:Mercury in fish 5565: 5560: 5509:Wayback Machine 5412: 5407: 5406: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5300: 5287: 5286: 5279: 5234: 5230: 5215: 5211: 5201: 5199: 5198:on 14 July 2014 5186: 5185: 5181: 5164: 5163: 5159: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5023: 5019: 5006: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4988:on 2 April 2010 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4918: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4849: 4845: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4792:10.2307/2199200 4774: 4773: 4764: 4754: 4752: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4715: 4706: 4687: 4683: 4674: 4667: 4652: 4648: 4638: 4636: 4630: 4626: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4601:Star Advertiser 4593: 4589: 4579: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4544: 4540: 4525: 4521: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4450: 4449: 4445: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4414: 4413: 4409: 4390: 4386: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4353: 4346: 4336: 4334: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4278:Daily Telegraph 4275: 4271: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4240:on 19 July 2008 4232: 4231: 4227: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4114: 4110: 4049: 4045: 3983: 3979: 3908: 3904: 3894: 3892: 3881: 3877: 3832:(6550): 56–60. 3818: 3814: 3804: 3802: 3787: 3783: 3773: 3771: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3739:on 29 June 2007 3736: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3584: 3580: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3454:The Fact Source 3448: 3447: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3375: 3364: 3360: 3350: 3348: 3347:on 6 April 2008 3337: 3333: 3319: 3317: 3305: 3301: 3256: 3250: 3246: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3183: 3170: 3166: 3152: 3148: 3103: 3099: 3086: 3075: 3056: 3055: 3051: 2998: 2994: 2943: 2939: 2900: 2896: 2840: 2836: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2712: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2542: 2538: 2498: 2494: 2465: 2461: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2405:. 27 April 2017 2397: 2396: 2392: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2370: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2320: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2251:Citizen Science 2240: 2233: 2226: 2219: 2216: 2150: 2095: 2056: 2011: 1962: 1950:New South Wales 1926: 1863:The ocean is a 1861: 1814: 1775:Gulf St Vincent 1763:South Australia 1725: 1704: 1695: 1670: 1664: 1628: 1565:English Channel 1563:beached in the 1532:container ships 1509: 1504: 1503: 1489:and increasing 1475: 1467: 1427: 1425:Deep-sea debris 1422: 1421: 1413: 1405: 1400: 1394: 1389: 1388: 1330: 1322: 1301: 1234:cigarette stubs 1230:plastic bottles 1170: 1143:water pollution 1137:and wind-blown 1120:marine reptiles 1051: 1013: 1011: 999: 992: 991: 891: 883: 882: 856: 848: 847: 783:Pharmaceuticals 763:Nonpoint source 703: 693: 692: 661:Nuclear fallout 634: 624: 623: 594: 584: 583: 574: 564: 563: 554: 546: 545: 531:Packaging waste 496:Hazardous waste 456: 448: 447: 408: 398: 397: 368:Nuclear fallout 363:Nuclear fission 343: 333: 332: 298: 288: 287: 263: 255: 254: 228: 226:Electromagnetic 218: 217: 208: 200: 199: 173: 163: 162: 133:Ozone depletion 78: 68: 53: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7896: 7895: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7861: 7848: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7743:Street sweeper 7740: 7734: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7629: 7627:United Kingdom 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7498: 7496: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7486: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7417:tire recycling 7414: 7409: 7404: 7399: 7397:land recycling 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7369: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7307:Biodegradation 7304: 7299: 7293: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7269: 7267:Surface runoff 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7214: 7209: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7179: 7178: 7177: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7155:Chemical waste 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7107: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6983:Law by country 6980: 6974: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6870: 6868: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6837: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6805:Surface runoff 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6691:Eutrophication 6688: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6648:Scorched earth 6645: 6642:nuclear winter 6638:nuclear famine 6627: 6617: 6611: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6504: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6487: 6486: 6485: 6483:Uranium mining 6480: 6475: 6470: 6468:Surface mining 6465: 6460: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6419:Lead poisoning 6416: 6411: 6409:Chemical waste 6406: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6380: 6379: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6321:Bioremediation 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6236:Bioremediation 6233: 6227: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6207: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157:Transportation 6153: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6087: 6085: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6058: 6057: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6002: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Global dimming 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5902:Diesel exhaust 5894: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5781: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5751:Surface runoff 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5649:North Atlantic 5646: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5614:Eutrophication 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5559: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5515:Dunning, Brian 5511: 5499: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5450:978-9280731019 5430: 5411: 5410:External links 5408: 5405: 5404: 5382: 5355:(2): 175–185. 5339: 5322: 5310: 5277: 5228: 5209: 5179: 5157: 5132: 5102: 5076: 5044: 5033:(2): 333–369. 5017: 4999: 4973: 4951: 4925: 4911: 4905:978-1742246840 4904: 4884: 4870: 4859:(3): 579–614. 4843: 4813: 4762: 4736: 4725:(1): 257–269. 4704: 4681: 4665: 4646: 4624: 4606: 4587: 4564: 4538: 4519: 4501: 4479: 4461: 4443: 4425: 4407: 4384: 4365: 4344: 4313: 4296:orcadian.co.uk 4283: 4269: 4251: 4225: 4207: 4181: 4108: 4043: 3977: 3902: 3875: 3812: 3781: 3750: 3713: 3678: 3667:on 24 May 2005 3652: 3621: 3594:(2): 151–162. 3578: 3535: 3503: 3490:(3): 256–262. 3467: 3456:. 19 July 2021 3441: 3415: 3385: 3358: 3331: 3314:Deutsche Welle 3299: 3244: 3164: 3146: 3097: 3073: 3049: 2992: 2937: 2894: 2834: 2793: 2782:. 28 June 2007 2767: 2753: 2746: 2728: 2706: 2680: 2653: 2647:978-0312347291 2646: 2628: 2598: 2567: 2536: 2509:(2): 151–162. 2492: 2459: 2432:(4): 301–305. 2416: 2390: 2359: 2333: 2313: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2292:Project Kaisei 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2231: 2215: 2212: 2200: 2199: 2196: 2189: 2186: 2179: 2176: 2149: 2146: 2094: 2091: 2083:United Kingdom 2079:treasure trove 2067:law of the sea 2055: 2052: 2048:medical wastes 2010: 2007: 1978:Atlantic Ocean 1961: 1958: 1925: 1924:Australian law 1922: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1888:United Nations 1867:, so negative 1860: 1857: 1831:In June 2019, 1813: 1810: 1724: 1721: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1683:filter feeders 1666:Main article: 1663: 1660: 1654:Additionally, 1627: 1624: 1569:Jurassic Coast 1544:ocean currents 1508: 1505: 1487:ocean currents 1476: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1443:sea-floor life 1426: 1423: 1414: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1300: 1297: 1262:Six-pack rings 1198:United Nations 1192:over one month 1169: 1166: 1124:marine mammals 1053: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1009: 994: 993: 988: 987: 986: 985: 977: 976: 972: 971: 970: 969: 964: 959: 954: 952:Law by country 949: 941: 940: 934: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 892: 889: 888: 885: 884: 881: 880: 879: 878: 873: 863: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 846: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 823:Surface runoff 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 723:Eutrophication 720: 715: 710: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 691: 690: 685: 680: 678:Scorched earth 675: 674: 673: 671:Nuclear winter 668: 666:Nuclear famine 663: 653: 652: 651: 641: 635: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 595: 590: 589: 586: 585: 582: 581: 575: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 446: 445: 440: 435: 430: 425: 423:Bioremediation 420: 415: 409: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 395: 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 353:Bioremediation 350: 344: 339: 338: 335: 334: 331: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 303:Transportation 299: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 285: 280: 275: 270: 264: 261: 260: 257: 256: 253: 252: 250:Radio spectrum 247: 246: 245: 240: 229: 224: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 198: 197: 196: 195: 185: 180: 174: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 118:Global dimming 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 79: 74: 73: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 49: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7953: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7916:Ecotoxicology 7914: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7891: 7890:Organizations 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7862: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7809:Landfill fire 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7760: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7658:EU directives 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7633: 7632:United States 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7499: 7497: 7495: 7491: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7469:Waste sorting 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217:Marine debris 7215: 7213: 7210: 7208: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7082: 7072: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7044: 7036: 7027: 7023: 7013: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6825:Water quality 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6665: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6587:Traffic signs 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6512:Microplastics 6510: 6509: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6502:Nanomaterials 6500: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6441:Lead smelting 6439: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6261:Radioactivity 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6214: 6213:Noise control 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6154: 6152: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6053: 6052: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6007: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Metal working 5959: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5818: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5676:Marine debris 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654:South Pacific 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5639:Great Pacific 5637: 5636: 5635: 5634:Garbage patch 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5584:Anoxic waters 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5552: 5550: 5545: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5526: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421:Marine debris 5417: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5332: 5326: 5319: 5314: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5284: 5282: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5090: 5086: 5080: 5061: 5054: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4955: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4921: 4915: 4907: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4888: 4880: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4847: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4750: 4746: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4635: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4575: 4568: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4474:Libération.fr 4471: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4358: 4351: 4349: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4281: 4279: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4234:"Trash Racks" 4229: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3551:(–2): 49–57. 3550: 3546: 3539: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3471: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3373: 3369: 3362: 3346: 3342: 3335: 3328: 3316: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3177:Geyer, Roland 3174: 3168: 3161: 3157: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3090: 3089:Marine Policy 3084: 3082: 3080: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3059: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2941: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2797: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2717: 2710: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2364: 2347: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2318: 2314: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2266:Marina DeBris 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242:Oceans portal 2237: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2204: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2166:plastic waste 2161: 2154: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2120: 2119:Marina DeBris 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2063:admiralty law 2060: 2051: 2049: 2044: 2041:, giving the 2040: 2036: 2032: 2031:hypoxic zones 2024: 2020: 2015: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992:of 2000 is a 1991: 1987: 1984:protects the 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879:, including: 1878: 1873: 1870: 1869:externalities 1866: 1865:global common 1856: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1834: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1818: 1809: 1806: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1783: 1782:Project AWARE 1778: 1776: 1772: 1771:Torrens River 1768: 1764: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1644:anthropogenic 1637: 1632: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1616:South Georgia 1613: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1577:Tokio Express 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1549:Hansa Carrier 1545: 1541: 1537: 1536:Pacific Ocean 1533: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1501: 1500:oceanic gyres 1497: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1479:garbage patch 1473: 1472:Garbage patch 1462: 1458: 1456: 1455:microplastics 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1418: 1411: 1403:Microplastics 1399: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1343: 1335: 1328: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:beverage cans 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:medical waste 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1202: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1178:Dar es Salaam 1174: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1087:ocean dumping 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062:marine litter 1059: 1058:Marine debris 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1010: 1008: 1003: 998: 997: 996: 995: 984: 981: 980: 979: 978: 974: 973: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 944: 943: 942: 938: 937: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 893: 887: 886: 877: 874: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 852: 851: 844: 841: 839: 838:Water quality 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 702: 697: 696: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 657: 654: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 640: 637: 636: 633: 628: 627: 620: 617: 615: 614:Traffic signs 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 596: 593: 588: 587: 580: 577: 576: 573: 568: 567: 560: 557: 556: 550: 549: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 521:Nanomaterials 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 407: 402: 401: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 383:Radioactivity 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 342: 337: 336: 329: 328:Soundproofing 326: 324: 323:Noise control 321: 319: 318:Noise barrier 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 300: 297: 292: 291: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 265: 259: 258: 251: 248: 244: 241: 239: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 222: 221: 214: 211: 210: 204: 203: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 172: 167: 166: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 89: 86: 84: 81: 80: 77: 72: 71: 64: 60: 59: 56: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 35: 34:Sharm el-Naga 30: 26: 22: 7762:Other topics 7753:Waste picker 7680:incineration 7459:Urban mining 7337:Incineration 7317:Durable good 7262:Sharps waste 7222:Mining waste 7216: 6904:Point source 6846:Heavy metals 6820:Urban runoff 6800:Sulfur water 6778:Septic tanks 6725: 6624:Agent Orange 6478:Mining waste 6304:Manure waste 6134:Volcanic ash 6010:Black carbon 5966:Oil refining 5951:Particulates 5880:Construction 5761:Urban runoff 5721:Plastic bags 5675: 5644:Indian Ocean 5579:Anoxic event 5522: 5494: 5433: 5413: 5399:the original 5394: 5385: 5352: 5348: 5342: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5301:. Retrieved 5292: 5248:(4): A90-3. 5245: 5241: 5231: 5222: 5212: 5200:. Retrieved 5196:the original 5191: 5182: 5169: 5160: 5148:. Retrieved 5144: 5135: 5123:. Retrieved 5114: 5105: 5093:. Retrieved 5079: 5067:. Retrieved 5047: 5030: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5002: 4990:. Retrieved 4986:the original 4976: 4964:. Retrieved 4954: 4942:. Retrieved 4938:the original 4928: 4914: 4894: 4887: 4873: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4834:. Retrieved 4830:the original 4825: 4816: 4783: 4779: 4753:. Retrieved 4739: 4722: 4718: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4676: 4659: 4649: 4637:. Retrieved 4627: 4618: 4609: 4600: 4590: 4578:. Retrieved 4567: 4555:. Retrieved 4551: 4541: 4532: 4522: 4513: 4504: 4496:the original 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4410: 4401: 4395: 4387: 4378: 4368: 4335:. Retrieved 4326: 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4295: 4286: 4276: 4272: 4254: 4242:. Retrieved 4238:the original 4228: 4219: 4210: 4198:. Retrieved 4194:the original 4184: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4060: 4056: 4046: 3995: 3991: 3980: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3893:. Retrieved 3878: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3803:. Retrieved 3794: 3784: 3772:. Retrieved 3763: 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3734:the original 3729: 3716: 3694:(1): 61–65, 3691: 3687: 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3665:the original 3655: 3643:. Retrieved 3634: 3624: 3591: 3587: 3581: 3548: 3544: 3538: 3526:. Retrieved 3519:the original 3506: 3487: 3483: 3470: 3458:. Retrieved 3453: 3444: 3432:. Retrieved 3428: 3418: 3406:. Retrieved 3397: 3388: 3376:. Retrieved 3361: 3349:. Retrieved 3345:the original 3334: 3325: 3318:. Retrieved 3312: 3302: 3294: 3266: 3260: 3247: 3235:. Retrieved 3228:the original 3191: 3187: 3167: 3149: 3114: 3110: 3100: 3092: 3088: 3061: 3052: 3009: 3005: 2995: 2954: 2950: 2940: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2784:. Retrieved 2779: 2770: 2762: 2756: 2737: 2731: 2719:. Retrieved 2709: 2697:. Retrieved 2693:the original 2683: 2671:. Retrieved 2656: 2637: 2631: 2619:. Retrieved 2610: 2601: 2589:. Retrieved 2580: 2570: 2558:. Retrieved 2549: 2539: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2472: 2462: 2429: 2425: 2419: 2407:. Retrieved 2402: 2393: 2381:. Retrieved 2350:. Retrieved 2346:The Guardian 2345: 2336: 2327: 2317: 2261:Kamilo Beach 2209: 2170: 2162: 2159: 2142: 2138:Irina Bokova 2128:founded the 2123: 2107:Heal the Bay 2096: 2059:Property law 2057: 2028: 1963: 1960:European law 1953: 1929: 1927: 1911:MARPOL 73/78 1874: 1862: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1819: 1815: 1801: 1786: 1779: 1760: 1757: 1728: 1726: 1696: 1671: 1656:hermit crabs 1653: 1641: 1604:Syringe Tide 1602:In the 1987 1601: 1597: 1593:urban runoff 1585: 1558: 1547: 1525: 1521: 1459: 1432: 1428: 1415: 1392:Macroplastic 1387:breaking-up. 1346:fishing nets 1340: 1302: 1285:photodegrade 1278: 1266: 1254:cruise ships 1206:plastic bags 1203: 1195: 1155: 1131:storm drains 1128: 1086: 1085: 1082:beach litter 1081: 1061: 1057: 1056: 926:Point source 871:Heavy metals 833:Urban runoff 818:Sulfur water 793:Septic tanks 649:Agent Orange 559:Space debris 413:Agricultural 278:Volcanic ash 138:Particulates 25: 7784:Downcycling 7731:Occupations 7700:waste water 7597:Switzerland 7587:South Korea 7577:New Zealand 7502:Afghanistan 7474:Waste trade 7434:Repurposing 7272:Toxic waste 7252:Scrap metal 7187:Green waste 7150:Brown waste 7127:Major types 6874:Area source 6783:Pit latrine 6706:Groundwater 6463:Gold mining 6458:Coal mining 6429:Toxic waste 6394:Green waste 6367:Brown waste 6350:Solid waste 5897:Exhaust gas 5574:Algal bloom 5395:Environment 4826:www.imo.org 4580:6 September 4514:Sierra Club 3922:: 189–195. 3320:18 December 2851:: 152–162. 2375:. US NOAA. 2075:Salvage law 2037:passed the 1996:committing 1886:(1972) – a 1749:Interceptor 1679:zooplankton 1362:sea turtles 1246:polystyrene 1096:drift seeds 896:Area source 738:Groundwater 491:Green waste 471:Brown waste 455:Solid waste 213:Information 108:Exhaust gas 7905:Categories 7839:Zero waste 7641:Agreements 7572:Kazakhstan 7527:Bangladesh 7312:Composting 7197:Heat waste 7182:Food waste 7175:by country 7026:by country 7022:Categories 6960:Zero waste 6841:Pollutants 6795:Stagnation 6733:Monitoring 6701:Freshwater 6577:Air travel 6389:Food waste 6309:Pesticides 6299:Herbicides 6203:Industrial 6032:Biological 5892:Demolition 5885:Renovation 5868:Joss paper 5853:Combustion 5746:Stormwater 5599:Cyanotoxin 5202:3 November 5150:3 February 4747:. US EPA. 4244:7 February 4200:7 February 4128:: 148571. 4063:: 126683. 3998:: 111840. 3947:1893/29518 3774:14 October 3117:: 110722. 3095:, 204–212. 2957:: 110877. 2699:25 January 2409:8 December 2309:References 2148:Mitigation 2111:California 2081:". In the 1849:single-use 1826:Boyan Slat 1789:Scapa Flow 1729:(pictured) 1687:food chain 1608:New Jersey 1561:MSC Napoli 1528:containers 1451:shipwrecks 1374:crocodiles 1342:Ghost nets 1320:Ghost nets 1293:photolysis 1281:biodegrade 1180:, Tanzania 1151:food chain 1104:biodegrade 1078:coastlines 983:By country 975:Categories 866:Pollutants 843:Wastewater 813:Stagnation 758:Monitoring 733:Freshwater 599:Air travel 486:Food waste 428:Defecation 238:Ecological 171:Biological 103:Combustion 43:Part of a 7819:Upcycling 7685:landfills 7675:framework 7668:Recycling 7663:batteries 7592:Sri Lanka 7552:Hong Kong 7517:Australia 7494:Countries 7372:Recycling 7290:Processes 7111:Biosolids 6918:Responses 6889:Garbology 6815:Turbidity 6763:Oil spill 6696:Firewater 6597:Vandalism 6559:Satellite 6256:Poisoning 6251:Plutonium 6231:Actinides 6223:Radiation 5971:Wood dust 5833:Acid rain 5808:Pollution 5756:Upwelling 5711:Oil spill 5686:Microbead 5624:Fish kill 5604:Dead zone 5377:154297251 4808:133725566 4321:Crowley. 4176:235660228 4150:0048-9697 4085:1385-8947 4020:0025-326X 3972:109080453 3956:0025-326X 3870:235699697 3854:0036-8075 3460:20 August 3237:28 August 3224:206562155 2987:211112493 2889:150122831 2873:0025-326X 2829:238820992 2813:: 22–33. 2581:WGBH news 2560:11 August 2454:136943560 2054:Ownership 1942:Newcastle 1934:scuttling 1716:Anacostia 1636:albatross 1589:landfills 1559:In 2007, 1327:Ghost net 1306:Styrofoam 1291:inhibits 1135:waterways 1108:lost nets 1092:driftwood 911:Garbology 828:Turbidity 778:Oil spill 728:Firewater 713:Biosolids 619:Vandalism 378:Poisoning 373:Plutonium 348:Actinides 341:Radiation 83:Acid rain 54:Pollution 7880:Journals 7695:vehicles 7617:Thailand 7607:Tanzania 7342:Landfill 7302:Balefill 7006:Treaties 6978:Diseases 6790:Shipping 6686:Diseases 6534:Landfill 6209:Abstract 6206:Military 6139:Wildfire 5988:Smelting 5956:Asbestos 5716:Particle 5524:Skeptoid 5505:Archived 5438:Archived 5303:29 March 5297:Archived 5272:25830293 5223:EcoWatch 5174:Archived 5119:Archived 5115:BBC News 5089:Archived 5060:Archived 5039:42842976 5012:phys.org 4962:. EurLex 4865:40176192 4749:Archived 4731:24358243 4456:EcoWatch 4420:CBC News 4331:Archived 4300:Archived 4264:Archived 4168:34175610 4103:32834764 4038:33248673 3964:31232294 3889:Archived 3862:34210877 3799:Archived 3768:Archived 3639:Archived 3616:85429593 3573:27039956 3402:Archived 3398:BBC News 3372:Archived 3291:29019247 3216:25678662 3141:31733907 3068:Archived 3063:CBS News 3044:31853844 2979:32056653 2932:19481226 2881:31789151 2780:BBC News 2721:22 March 2667:Archived 2621:4 August 2615:Archived 2591:4 August 2585:Archived 2554:Archived 2531:85429593 2487:Archived 2383:10 April 2377:Archived 2214:See also 2093:Activism 2065:and the 1948:and the 1901:cyanides 1767:Adelaide 1741:seaplane 1642:Not all 1556:shoes). 1447:clean-up 1378:seabirds 1358:dolphins 1351:entangle 1314:fullness 1273:ordnance 1258:oil rigs 1210:balloons 1139:landfill 1116:seabirds 967:Treaties 947:Diseases 803:Shipping 768:Nutrient 718:Diseases 283:Wildfire 7547:Georgia 7522:Belgium 7512:Armenia 7507:Albania 7035:Commons 6810:Thermal 6711:Hypoxia 6495:Garbage 6266:Uranium 6117:Natural 6066:Digital 5998:Aerosol 5976:Welding 5863:Biomass 5858:Biofuel 5817:History 5666:Hypoxia 5357:Bibcode 5263:4384192 4992:29 July 4836:23 July 4800:2199200 4159:8799403 4130:Bibcode 4094:7430241 4065:Bibcode 4029:7682337 4000:Bibcode 3924:Bibcode 3895:12 July 3834:Bibcode 3826:Science 3805:1 April 3696:Bibcode 3671:25 June 3645:25 June 3596:Bibcode 3553:Bibcode 3408:8 April 3378:8 April 3370:. CNN. 3351:8 April 3327:order). 3271:Bibcode 3196:Bibcode 3188:Science 3119:Bibcode 3035:7028838 3014:Bibcode 2959:Bibcode 2912:Bibcode 2853:Bibcode 2786:1 April 2583:. PBS. 2511:Bibcode 2434:Bibcode 2403:UN News 2352:9 April 2099:5 Gyres 2023:dumping 1712:Potomac 1702:Removal 1674:consume 1507:Sources 1435:glasses 1370:dugongs 1100:plastic 1076:and on 1068:or the 861:History 743:Hypoxia 572:Thermal 526:Plastic 388:Uranium 262:Natural 207:Digital 183:Genetic 36:, Egypt 7868: 7622:Turkey 7612:Taiwan 7582:Russia 7562:Israel 7532:Brazil 7257:Sewage 7212:Litter 7117:, and 6899:Midden 6879:Debris 6834:Topics 6773:Sewage 6726:debris 6721:Marine 6569:Visual 6453:Mining 6448:Litter 5941:Mining 5448: 5375: 5336:. EPA. 5270: 5260: 5141:"Home" 5125:29 May 5095:29 May 5069:29 May 5037: 4966:29 May 4944:29 May 4902: 4863: 4806: 4798: 4755:29 May 4729: 4701:: 1–4. 4660:Sierra 4639:23 May 4557:23 May 4533:Medium 4174: 4166: 4156: 4148: 4101: 4091: 4083: 4036: 4026: 4018: 3970: 3962: 3954: 3868: 3860: 3852: 3614: 3571: 3528:29 May 3289: 3222: 3214: 3139: 3042: 3032: 2985: 2977: 2930: 2887: 2879: 2871: 2827: 2744: 2673:1 July 2644: 2529: 2452: 2328:living 2191:Adapt 2134:UNESCO 1988:. The 1980:. The 1938:Sydney 1917:UNCLOS 1903:, and 1793:Orkney 1718:rivers 1591:, and 1439:corals 1366:sharks 1122:, and 921:Midden 916:Legacy 901:Debris 855:Topics 808:Sludge 798:Sewage 753:Marine 592:Visual 511:Mining 506:Litter 45:series 7936:Waste 7885:Lists 7875:Index 7602:Syria 7567:Japan 7557:India 7542:Egypt 7115:waste 6970:Lists 6909:Waste 6851:Paint 6668:Water 6551:Space 6192:Sonar 6187:Urban 6165:Water 6149:Noise 6124:Ozone 6091:Light 6022:Waste 5914:Smoke 5373:S2CID 5334:(PDF) 5063:(PDF) 5056:(PDF) 5035:JSTOR 4861:JSTOR 4804:S2CID 4796:JSTOR 4727:JSTOR 4576:. CNN 4360:(PDF) 4337:1 May 4306:1 May 4172:S2CID 3968:S2CID 3866:S2CID 3743:3 May 3737:(PDF) 3726:(PDF) 3612:S2CID 3522:(PDF) 3515:(PDF) 3480:(PDF) 3434:1 May 3257:(PDF) 3231:(PDF) 3220:S2CID 3184:(PDF) 2983:S2CID 2885:S2CID 2825:S2CID 2527:S2CID 2450:S2CID 1970:Paris 1481:is a 1382:crabs 1289:water 1226:glass 1214:buoys 1168:Types 1074:gyres 1070:ocean 939:Lists 931:Waste 876:Paint 701:Water 553:Space 296:Noise 268:Ozone 233:Light 7705:WEEE 7690:RoHS 6884:Dust 6867:Misc 6286:Soil 6175:Rail 6161:Land 6005:Soot 5993:Smog 5909:Haze 5661:GASB 5446:ISBN 5305:2018 5268:PMID 5204:2014 5192:Siti 5152:2015 5127:2008 5097:2008 5071:2008 4994:2008 4968:2008 4946:2008 4900:ISBN 4838:2015 4757:2008 4641:2021 4582:2019 4559:2021 4339:2018 4308:2018 4246:2009 4202:2009 4164:PMID 4146:ISSN 4099:PMID 4081:ISSN 4034:PMID 4016:ISSN 3960:PMID 3952:ISSN 3897:2016 3858:PMID 3850:ISSN 3807:2008 3776:2017 3745:2008 3673:2008 3647:2008 3569:PMID 3530:2008 3462:2021 3436:2021 3410:2008 3380:2008 3353:2008 3322:2018 3287:PMID 3239:2018 3212:PMID 3137:PMID 3040:PMID 2975:PMID 2928:PMID 2877:PMID 2869:ISSN 2788:2008 2742:ISBN 2723:2023 2701:2015 2675:2008 2642:ISBN 2623:2015 2593:2015 2562:2008 2411:2020 2385:2008 2354:2021 1968:and 1966:Oslo 1940:and 1897:lead 1714:and 1581:Lego 1571:, a 1554:Nike 1483:gyre 1354:fish 1344:are 1256:and 1228:and 1218:rope 1133:and 1112:fish 1094:and 1066:seas 906:Dust 890:Misc 406:Soil 153:Soot 148:Smog 113:Haze 6995:2.5 6607:War 6170:Air 5825:Air 5365:doi 5258:PMC 5250:doi 5246:123 4788:doi 4699:129 4154:PMC 4138:doi 4126:793 4089:PMC 4073:doi 4061:405 4024:PMC 4008:doi 3996:162 3942:hdl 3932:doi 3920:142 3842:doi 3830:373 3704:doi 3604:doi 3561:doi 3549:106 3492:doi 3279:doi 3204:doi 3192:347 3156:doi 3127:doi 3115:150 3030:PMC 3022:doi 2967:doi 2955:151 2920:doi 2861:doi 2849:143 2815:doi 2519:doi 2477:doi 2442:doi 2132:at 2113:'s 1824:'s 1791:in 1765:'s 1269:UXO 1160:in 632:War 76:Air 7907:: 7113:, 7028:) 6640:- 6636:- 5521:. 5493:, 5393:. 5371:. 5363:. 5353:17 5351:. 5295:. 5291:. 5280:^ 5266:. 5256:. 5244:. 5240:. 5221:. 5168:. 5143:. 5113:. 5031:20 5029:. 5010:. 4857:20 4855:. 4824:. 4802:. 4794:. 4784:67 4782:. 4778:. 4765:^ 4723:59 4721:. 4707:^ 4697:. 4693:. 4668:^ 4658:. 4617:. 4599:. 4550:. 4531:. 4512:. 4490:. 4472:. 4454:. 4436:. 4418:. 4400:. 4377:. 4347:^ 4329:. 4325:. 4294:. 4262:. 4218:. 4170:. 4162:. 4152:. 4144:. 4136:. 4124:. 4120:. 4097:. 4087:. 4079:. 4071:. 4059:. 4055:. 4032:. 4022:. 4014:. 4006:. 3994:. 3990:. 3966:. 3958:. 3950:. 3940:. 3930:. 3918:. 3914:. 3864:. 3856:. 3848:. 3840:. 3828:. 3824:. 3797:. 3793:. 3766:. 3762:. 3728:. 3702:, 3692:34 3690:, 3637:. 3633:. 3610:. 3602:. 3592:49 3590:. 3567:. 3559:. 3547:. 3488:41 3486:. 3482:. 3452:. 3427:. 3396:. 3324:. 3311:. 3293:. 3285:. 3277:. 3267:51 3265:. 3259:. 3218:. 3210:. 3202:. 3190:. 3186:. 3175:; 3135:. 3125:. 3113:. 3109:. 3093:96 3091:, 3076:^ 3066:. 3060:. 3038:. 3028:. 3020:. 3010:27 3008:. 3004:. 2981:. 2973:. 2965:. 2953:. 2949:. 2926:. 2918:. 2908:58 2906:. 2883:. 2875:. 2867:. 2859:. 2847:. 2823:. 2811:23 2809:. 2805:. 2778:. 2609:. 2579:. 2552:. 2548:. 2525:. 2517:. 2507:49 2505:. 2485:. 2475:. 2471:. 2448:. 2440:. 2430:15 2428:. 2401:. 2362:^ 2344:. 2326:. 2105:. 2061:, 1899:, 1895:, 1855:. 1777:. 1622:. 1595:. 1477:A 1380:, 1376:, 1372:, 1368:, 1364:, 1360:, 1356:, 1248:, 1244:, 1240:, 1236:, 1232:, 1224:, 1220:, 1216:, 1212:, 1208:, 1153:. 1118:, 1114:, 47:on 7103:e 7096:t 7089:v 7024:( 6644:) 6632:( 6626:) 6622:( 5800:e 5793:t 5786:v 5555:e 5548:t 5541:v 5527:. 5452:. 5379:. 5367:: 5359:: 5307:. 5274:. 5252:: 5225:. 5206:. 5154:. 5129:. 5099:. 5073:. 5041:. 5014:. 4996:. 4970:. 4948:. 4908:. 4867:. 4840:. 4810:. 4790:: 4759:. 4733:. 4662:. 4643:. 4621:. 4603:. 4584:. 4561:. 4535:. 4404:. 4398:" 4381:. 4362:. 4341:. 4310:. 4248:. 4222:. 4204:. 4178:. 4140:: 4132:: 4105:. 4075:: 4067:: 4040:. 4010:: 4002:: 3974:. 3944:: 3934:: 3926:: 3899:. 3872:. 3844:: 3836:: 3809:. 3778:. 3747:. 3711:. 3706:: 3698:: 3675:. 3649:. 3618:. 3606:: 3598:: 3575:. 3563:: 3555:: 3532:. 3500:. 3494:: 3464:. 3438:. 3412:. 3382:. 3355:. 3281:: 3273:: 3241:. 3206:: 3198:: 3162:. 3158:: 3143:. 3129:: 3121:: 3046:. 3024:: 3016:: 2989:. 2969:: 2961:: 2934:. 2922:: 2914:: 2891:. 2863:: 2855:: 2831:. 2817:: 2790:. 2750:. 2725:. 2703:. 2677:. 2650:. 2625:. 2595:. 2564:. 2533:. 2521:: 2513:: 2479:: 2456:. 2444:: 2436:: 2413:. 2387:. 2356:. 2330:. 1907:. 1474:. 1412:. 1329:. 1046:e 1039:t 1032:v 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.