17:
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invites parties that have restricted the manufacture and/or import of certain refrigeration, air-conditioning and heat pump products and equipment containing or relying on controlled substances, including with respect to energy efficiency, and that do not want to receive such products and equipment from other parties against payment or free of charge, to submit specific information to the
Secretariat of the Montreal Protocol for discussion and consideration at the Forty-Fifth Open-Ended Working Group (OEWG) and Thirty-Fifth Meeting of the Parties (MOP) in 2023.
248:
in an environmentally friendly way. E-waste, such as computers, cannot be shipped to countries that are not in the EU or the
European Free Trade Association. States and countries that are members of the EU or EFTA must conduct inspections periodically to make sure that all regulations are being followed and physically check containers to verify that the containers hold only what is authorized. Finally, if the country that is taking the waste is unable to accept or dispose of the waste then the sender must pay to take their waste back.
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containers were seized that were on their way from the United
Kingdom to China. The containers seized by Dutch authorities were supposed to be for paper but actually contained household wastes. Since neither the UK, China, nor Dutch had agreed to the importation of the wastes, the waste was shipped back. The Basel Convention also deals with the popular growing issue of
316:
phasedown of climate-forcing and ozone-depleting hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) during a multi-year grace period consistent with the principal of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, there are advantages to earlier implementation when superior alternatives are already available at reasonable costs, as is the case for many uses of HFCs today.
280:
sold for scrapping may contain environmentally hazardous substances such as asbestos, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, ozone-depleting substances and others. It also addresses concerns raised about the working and environmental conditions at many of the world's ship recycling locations.” recycling is very important when it comes to recycling devices
279:
The
European Council's Conclusions endorse the Hong Kong Convention on environmentally responsible ship recycling, adopted in May 2009. According to the International Maritime Organization, he Hong Kong Convention “intends to address all the issues around ship recycling, including the fact that ships
247:
In the
European Union, new regulations on the shipment of hazardous and non-hazardous materials were implemented in 2007. According to the new regulations, the EU will no longer be able to export their hazardous wastes to developing countries that do not have the capabilities to deal with the waste
54:
This historical dumping of hazardous waste was possible because less-developed countries did not always: 1) know what was being imported, 2) know what the hazards and trade-offs were, 3) have the enforcement structure in place to apprehend and halt imports, or 4) possess the political consensus and
170:
Materials are considered to be mixed on this list containing both non-hazardous and hazardous parts. These materials can contain metal bearing wastes, organic and inorganic wastes, and/or organic or inorganic constituents. A company or country shipping these items would have to have prior consent
288:
In the context of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, increasingly necessary in a warming world, environmental dumping includes: “1) export of technology that cannot legally be sold in the country of export as a consequence of failure to meet environmental, safety, energy efficiency, or
324:
To strengthen the
Montreal Protocol, Ghana on behalf of all African States parties to the Montreal Protocol proposed a Decision that the Montreal Protocol Parties negotiated and adopted as Decision XXXIV/4 at the Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol in November 2022. Decision XXXIV/4
133:
by
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. The waste is typically non-hazardous and includes metals, plastics, and paper products. In 2007, it is estimated that OECD countries exported between 4 and 5 million tons of metal and paper waste. OECD countries also
315:
Environmental dumping especially hinders attempts under the
Montreal Protocol to control ozone-depleting and climate-forcing chemical substances and/or products requiring unnecessarily high energy consumption. While developing country Parties to the Montreal Protocol are allowed to delay their
332:
These decisions set the stage for further deliberation of and future decisions on the topic of preventing environmental dumping of inefficient cooling equipment containing or using high-GWP refrigerants with the ambition is to open markets to superior cooling appliances with savings in
275:
The EU Commission proposed improvements to be made to improve the ship dismantling as well as the ocean dumping process on
November 19, 2008. Public consultations were held in 2009, and stakeholder workshops were organized between 2009 and 2011. On March 26, 2009, the EU Parliament adopted a
145:
The Basel
Convention was created in 1989 but started enforcing rules in 1992. The purpose of the convention is to control the hazardous waste that was imported and exported throughout the EU. The convention is a great contributor to stopping the shipment of illegal waste. In May 2005, 60
159:
These items are considered to be non-hazardous and more environmentally friendly. Some of these items may include paper and plastic that can be recycled. These types of shipment don’t have to receive prior permission to cross international waters and be shipped to parts of the European
259:
is another form of trans frontier waste that is shipped from country to country. Many ships are broken down into parts that can be recycled. Many parts of the ships are hazardous and can potentially pollute the areas that they are broken down in. The ship parts can contain
98:
present on the ship, forcing the French government to take the Clemenceau back. The ship was subsequently blocked from entering the Suez Canal for the same reason. In 2009, the task of recycling the vessel was ultimately taken over by specialist recyclers at Hartlepool in the
264:, PCB's, and oil sludge. All of these components can be a potential health risk and harm the environment. Most ship scrapping industries are in developing countries where the laws (environmentally as well as occupationally) are not as strict as in developed countries.
58:
With the industrialization and globalization of China and other developing countries, environmental dumping can involve both developing and developed countries as origin and destination. Now, environmental harmful product dumping is analogous to economically harmful
220:
Black List: The materials listed on the black list include mercury, cadmium, plastic, oil products, radioactive waste, and anything that is solely made for biological and chemical warfare. The materials on this list are highly potent and
1628:
328:
In parallel, the Montreal Protocol Parties reached Decision XXXIV/3 that requests the Montreal Protocol Technology and Economic Assessment Panel (TEAP) further investigate claims of environmentally harmful dumping of cooling equipment.
289:
other product standards; and 2) export of technology that is unusable in the country of export because refrigerants are no longer available because of national regulation or phaseout and phasedown control schedules under the
271:
The aircraft carrier Clemenceau was denied access to Indian waters because it contained asbestos. The French aircraft was carried from France to Britain to be recycled on February 8, 2009, despite the abundance of asbestos.
63:
controlled under the World Trade Organization (WTO) which occurs when goods and services are sold in the importing country at prices below the selling price and/or cost of production in the country of export.
915:
229:
The most recent example of hazardous waste being dumped into the ocean occurred along CĂ´te d'Ivoire in Africa in 2006. Hundreds of tons of waste product were dumped into the ocean from a ship by the name of
208:
was passed in 1972. During the years of 1970 and 1980 alone, it was estimated that 25 million tons of waste including scrap metal, chemicals, and acids were dumped into the ocean. Ocean dumping can lead to
224:
White List: The white list contains every other material not already mentioned in the above lists. This list is used to make sure nothing will be dumped into the ocean and disturb or damage the coral reef
150:. The Waste Shipment Regulation confirms what can be shipped to, from, and between EU countries. These regulation rules divide the waste into three separate lists: Green List, Amber List, and Red List.
111:
The modern definition of environmental dumping has necessarily evolved beyond the transboundary toxic waste dumping to include “the exporting of products to another country or territory that:
296:
Transboundary toxic waste regimes are directed at managing and controlling transboundary shipments (including dumping in less-developed countries) of end-of-life equipment. In contrast, the
217:
Gray List: Water is highly contaminated and toxic on the gray list. Some of the contaminants include arsenic, lead, acids, nickel, chromium, scrap metals, and radioactive materials.
244:) paid 200 million dollars to help with cleanup. The owner of the local company that was responsible for disposing the chemicals in various places was given 20 years in jail.
939:
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the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) – such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, halons, hydrofluorocarbons (HCFCs), and methyl bromide; and
1685:
1621:
200:
Shipment of waste from country to country can also involve dumping waste into the ocean. Ocean dumping has been a problem since the 19th century. In the
827:
213:
which depletes the oxygen from the water, in turn killing marine life. Ocean dumping is placed into three lists: Gray List, Black List, and White List.
923:
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions
118:
Have environmental performance lower than is in the interest of consumers or that is contrary to the interests of the local and global commons, or
125:
The shipment of waste between countries has been referred to as “transfrontier shipment” of waste. Transfrontier waste is shipped within the
1606:
888:
237:
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in the Netherlands. The incident precipitated a health crisis and impacted the health of 100 000 people in the vicinity. The oil trader (
1453:
429:
181:
This includes reasonably hazardous materials. These materials contain principally organic or inorganic constituents, which include
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1715:
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Decisions adopted by the Thirty-Fourth Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
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Andersen, Stephen; Ferris, Richard; Picolotti, Romina; Zaelke, Durwood; Carvalho, Suely; Gonzalez, Marco (2018-10-01).
366:
134:
exported near a half of million tons of recovered plastics in 2007. Some of these wastes that are transported can be
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47:, or environmental laws that are not strictly enforced. The economic benefit of this practice is cheap disposal or
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before exporting the materials. As of 2007, consent for the shipment of waste is received by Dublin City Council.
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Can undermine the ability of the importing country to fulfill international environmental treaty commitments."
1508:
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138:. These hazardous wastes can cause potential health risks to humans and the environment. According to the
1806:
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43:, etc.) from one country to another. The goal is to take the waste to a country that has less strict
874:
413:
922:
377:
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60:
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states that India is the leader in ship dismantling, followed by China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan.
1633:
459:"Defining the Legal and Policy Framework to Stop the Dumping of Environmentally Harmful Products"
16:
990:
1827:
1343:
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Decision of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol addresses dumping of cooling appliances (2022)
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resolution on the Communication that was adopted by the Commission on October 21, 2009.
142:, there is at least 8 million tons of hazardous waste imported and exported every year.
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An example of an attempt at environmental dumping is the story of the decommissioned
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603:"The Complex Interaction between Marine Debris and Toxic Chemicals in the Ocean"
129:(EU) and between the European Union and other countries. Most of this waste is
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31:(“environmental dumping”) is the practice of transfrontier shipment of waste (
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ruled in 2006 that it could not enter Indian waters due to the high level of
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40:
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Tibbets, John. "Hazardous Waste. Constructing Rules for Dismantling Ships",
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570:"Contaminated aircraft carrier finds final resting place in Hartlepool"
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1027:
889:"Speeding Ghana's Transition to Low-GWP and Energy-Efficient Cooling"
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55:
necessary independence to look out for their own national interests.
48:
602:
1258:
1218:
1138:
811:"Council Conclusions on an EU Strategy for better ship dismantling"
787:"Ship recycling policy - Waste - Environment - European Commission"
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95:
51:
of waste without the economic regulations of the original country.
1228:
204:, it was legal to dump industrial waste into the ocean until the
147:
1198:
1173:
1128:
660:"The Basel Convention At A Glance." basel.int 11 Feb. 2009 <
68:
856:
Andersen, Stephen; Gonzalez, Marco (2022). Rand, Sally (ed.).
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The Montreal Protocol strategy to stop harmful product dumping
1168:
1031:
928:
Environment Directorate-General of the European Commission. "
456:
397:
83:
291:
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer
24:, warning people to not pollute the local stream by dumping.
1026:
979:" Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Web. 4 Feb. 2009.
984:
Notes on ship recycling convention for maritime students.
686:
916:
Riding the waves Shipping waste from Europe to China.
918:" Waste-Management-World.com Dec. 2008. 6 Feb. 2009
340:
308: the production and consumption of ozone-safe
1686:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
869:
867:
1819:
855:
946:" EurActive.com. 12 July 2007. Web. 6 Feb 2009.
712:"Two guilty in Ivory Coast toxic waste dumping"
864:
1012:
662:http://www.basel.int/convention/bc_glance.pdf
236:. The ship was chartered by an international
86:to be demolished and recycled as scrap. The
932:" EUROPA.com 30 Aug. 2007. Web. 4 Feb. 2009.
886:
873:United Nations Environment Programme (2022)
858:35th Anniversary Protecting the Ozone Layer
490:"Economic Aspects of Anti-Dumping Policies"
1019:
1005:
737:"Two jailed for Ivory Coast toxic dumping"
567:
921:Commission of the European Communities. "
463:Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum
106:
15:
1716:High-level radioactive waste management
656:
654:
652:
360:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1820:
729:
607:Environmental Science & Technology
600:
537:"For India, breaking up is hard to do"
534:
487:
430:Toxic waste dumping by the 'Ndrangheta
20:A spray-painted sign above a sewer in
1000:
681:
679:
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29:Environmental harmful product dumping
1731:Sewage regulation and administration
704:
649:
452:
450:
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762:"EU waste-shipment rules tightened"
266:International Maritime Organization
251:
13:
937:EU waste-shipment rules tightened.
908:
674:
367:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
14:
1844:
991:Transport of non-hazardous waste.
963:Environmental Health Perspectives
925:" 19 Nov. 2008. Web. 10 Feb. 2009
601:Engler, Richard E. (2012-11-20).
568:Wainwright, Martin (2009-02-06).
441:
78:, which was originally sold to a
1781:
1780:
1769:
1711:Extended producer responsibility
1197:
986:" maritime education - kaizad.tk
970:Transfrontier shipment of waste.
494:Oxford Review of Economic Policy
343:
333:electricity cost spent locally.
189:
1269:Mechanical biological treatment
880:
849:
820:
803:
779:
754:
388:Global environmental inequality
950:ec.europa.eu/environment/impel
594:
561:
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1:
435:
115:Contain hazardous substances,
958:" MarineBio.org. 5 Feb. 2009
7:
1721:History of waste management
887:silviaromano (2022-09-27).
535:Joseph, Anto (2006-01-21).
336:
10:
1849:
1309:fluorescent lamp recycling
403:Pollution haven hypothesis
193:
22:Colorado Springs, Colorado
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1678:
1647:
1557:
1409:
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1195:
1042:
877:. UNEP/OzL.Pro.34/9/Add.1
310:hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
1691:China's waste import ban
993:" 2008. Web. 8 Feb 2009.
414:Pollution is Colonialism
378:Environmental protection
300:is designed to top-down
183:polychlorinated biphenyl
1052:Agricultural wastewater
488:Yarrow, George (1987).
1776:Environment portal
1454:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1344:water recycling shower
965:. 109.11 (2001): A522.
956:Ocean Dumping Grounds.
893:Industria e Formazione
25:
1144:Municipal solid waste
1124:Industrial wastewater
373:Environmental justice
107:Environmental dumping
19:
1339:water heat recycling
1244:Garden waste dumping
506:10.1093/oxrep/3.1.66
383:Environmental racism
88:Indian Supreme Court
1706:Eco-industrial park
1294:appliance recycling
1214:Anaerobic digestion
1159:Post-consumer waste
1057:Biodegradable waste
914:Canneman, Willem. "
619:2012EnST...4612302E
613:(22): 12302–12315.
1751:Waste minimisation
1696:Cleaner production
1361:Reusable packaging
1274:Mechanical sorting
1077:Construction waste
975:2018-05-03 at the
942:2008-11-23 at the
667:2008-12-23 at the
408:Pollution in China
393:Global waste trade
351:Environment portal
45:environmental laws
26:
1815:
1814:
1746:Waste legislation
1655:Sanitation worker
1629:London Convention
1565:Bamako Convention
1356:Resource recovery
1324:textile recycling
1319:plastic recycling
1299:battery recycling
1239:Ecological design
1164:Radioactive waste
718:. 23 October 2008
627:10.1021/es3027105
425:Toxic colonialism
298:Montreal Protocol
206:Ocean Dumping Act
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1833:Waste management
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1783:
1774:
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1639:OSPAR Convention
1570:Basel Convention
1381:Waste collection
1371:Sewage treatment
1329:timber recycling
1304:bottle recycling
1284:Reclaimed lumber
1279:Photodegradation
1201:
1119:Industrial waste
1087:Electronic waste
1082:Demolition waste
1062:Biomedical waste
1036:waste management
1021:
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930:Waste Shipments.
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834:. Archived from
828:"Ship Recycling"
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257:Ship dismantling
252:Ship dismantling
140:Basel Convention
94:and 700 tons of
82:yard in Gujarat
72:aircraft carrier
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1787:Category: Waste
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1665:Waste collector
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1634:Oslo Convention
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1401:Waste-to-energy
1396:Waste treatment
1366:Right to repair
1264:Landfill mining
1249:Illegal dumping
1202:
1193:
1154:Packaging waste
1149:Open defecation
1109:Hazardous waste
1038:
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977:Wayback Machine
944:Wayback Machine
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909:Further reading
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768:. 13 July 2007
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202:United States
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196:Ocean dumping
190:Ocean dumping
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80:ship breaking
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76:FS Clemenceau
73:
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62:
61:price dumping
56:
52:
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41:nuclear waste
38:
34:
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18:
1679:Other topics
1670:Waste picker
1597:incineration
1376:Urban mining
1254:Incineration
1234:Durable good
1179:Sharps waste
1139:Mining waste
962:
896:. Retrieved
892:
882:
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840:. Retrieved
836:the original
831:
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794:. Retrieved
791:ec.europa.eu
790:
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770:. Retrieved
766:EurActiv.com
765:
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745:. Retrieved
743:. 2008-10-23
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574:The Guardian
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552:. Retrieved
541:The Guardian
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500:(1): 66–79.
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1701:Downcycling
1648:Occupations
1617:waste water
1514:Switzerland
1504:South Korea
1494:New Zealand
1419:Afghanistan
1391:Waste trade
1351:Repurposing
1189:Toxic waste
1169:Scrap metal
1104:Green waste
1067:Brown waste
1044:Major types
832:www.imo.org
469:(1): 1–48.
233:Probo Koala
225:ecosystems.
92:toxic waste
1822:Categories
1756:Zero waste
1558:Agreements
1489:Kazakhstan
1444:Bangladesh
1229:Composting
1114:Heat waste
1099:Food waste
1092:by country
898:2023-03-21
842:2016-12-15
796:2016-12-15
772:2016-12-15
747:2023-05-10
722:2023-05-10
697:2023-05-10
693:(in Dutch)
587:2016-12-15
554:2016-12-15
436:References
238:oil trader
221:hazardous.
165:Amber List
154:Green List
37:industrial
1736:Upcycling
1602:landfills
1592:framework
1585:Recycling
1580:batteries
1509:Sri Lanka
1469:Hong Kong
1434:Australia
1411:Countries
1289:Recycling
1207:Processes
1028:Biosolids
635:0013-936X
582:0261-3077
549:0261-3077
514:0266-903X
475:1064-3958
306:phasedown
242:Trafigura
49:recycling
1797:Journals
1612:vehicles
1534:Thailand
1524:Tanzania
1259:Landfill
1219:Balefill
973:Archived
940:Archived
716:NBC News
665:Archived
643:23088563
522:23606099
337:See also
302:phaseout
262:asbestos
176:Red List
96:asbestos
1464:Georgia
1439:Belgium
1429:Armenia
1424:Albania
860:. UNEP.
741:Reuters
615:Bibcode
185:(PCBs).
148:E-waste
1785:
1539:Turkey
1529:Taiwan
1499:Russia
1479:Israel
1449:Brazil
1174:Sewage
1129:Litter
1034:, and
641:
633:
580:
547:
520:
512:
473:
160:Union.
131:traded
74:, the
69:French
1802:Lists
1792:Index
1519:Syria
1484:Japan
1474:India
1459:Egypt
1032:waste
814:(PDF)
687:"NRC"
518:JSTOR
398:NIMBY
84:India
1622:WEEE
1607:RoHS
671:>
639:PMID
631:ISSN
578:ISSN
545:ISSN
510:ISSN
471:ISSN
691:NRC
623:doi
502:doi
293:”.
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39:/
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