Supreme Court of India

1516:, as the new system would undermine the independence of the judiciary. Putting the old system of the collegium back, the court invited suggestions, even from the general public, on how to improve the collegium system, broadly along the lines of – setting up an eligibility criteria for appointments, a permanent secretariat to help the collegium sift through material on potential candidates, infusing more transparency into the selection process, grievance redressal and any other suggestion not in these four categories, like transfer of judges. This resulted in the court asking the government and the collegium to finalize the memorandum of procedure incorporating the above. 1468:... The word 'strive' which occurs in the Draft Constitution, in judgement, is very important. We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government, or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles, they shall, even under hard and unpropitious circumstances, always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives. That is why we have used the word 'strive'. Otherwise, it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad, that the finances are so inadequate that we cannot even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go. 1621:

recent article criticized this stating that post-retirement benefits for judges hampers judicial independence. Former Law Minister and Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court, Arun Jaitley, also criticized the appointment of judges in government posts after their retirement. Jaitley famously said:"There are two kinds of judges - those who know the law and those who know the Law Minister. We are the only country in the world where judges appoint judges. Even though there is a retirement age, judges are not willing to retire. Pre-retirement judgements are influenced by post-retirement jobs."

1060: 49: 1479: 1105: 1044: 61: 2349:

toto but conducting a piecemeal trial by delivering its judgement to dispose of petitions related to the apportionment of assets between the newly formed states Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The Supreme Court is also conducting a piecemeal trial of the petitions filed by the states regarding water sharing of rivers and bifurcation of the common high court without considering the earlier pending petitions challenging the validity of the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 which is the basic cause of all these disputes. Under

2479: 2302:, proposed to make Indian judiciary work throughout the year (instead of the present system of having long vacations, specially in the higher courts) in order to reduce pendency of cases in Indian courts; however, per this proposal there is not going to be any increase in the number of working days or working hours of any of the judges and it only meant that different judges would be going on vacation during different periods of the year per their choice; but, the 7844: 7854: 337: 131: 6743: 1121:

sculpture has been placed at the center of the park on the lawn of the Court just behind the statue of Mahatma Gandhi, which is in front of the staircase of the Supreme Court building in the front lawn. The statue, when it was being put in the Court premises, led to protests by advocates of the Court in 1978 and a demand was made for its removal. A memorandum was submitted to the then law minister

2099:

ridicules and abuses the Transgender community and in public places like railway stations, bus stands, schools, workplaces, malls, theatres hospitals; they are sidelined and treated as untouchables, forgetting the fact that the moral failure lies in the society's unwillingness to contain or embrace different gender identities and expressions, a mindset which we have to change.

2134:

Tirupathi-Tirumalai Devasthanams (TTD). Initially, they faced defeat in the initial legal proceedings in the Supreme Court. Recognizing the error, a new legislation was enacted to restore the original retirement age of 58 years. However, it included a provision stating that those whose reduction in retirement age had been previously upheld would not benefit from the new law.

6736: 1606:. Then a judicial committee would be formed to frame charges against the judge, to conduct the fair trial and to submit its report to parliament. When the judicial committee report finds the judge guilty of misbehaviour or incapacity, further removal proceedings would be taken up by Parliament if the judge is not resigning himself. 1520:

the determination of who should become a judge was deemed a matter of opinion and was beyond questioning. The court emphasized that, as long as a thorough consultation occurred within the collegium to form this opinion, the content or material considered in shaping the opinion was not subject to scrutiny in a court of law.

1682:

elections, arbitration, criminal matters, and more. Other members of the collegium or senior judges are tasked with hearing cases related to labour disputes, taxation, compensation, consumer protection, maritime law, mortgage, personal law, family law, land acquisition, service, company matters, and other relevant areas.

2392:'s style of administration and the manner in which he allocated cases among judges of the Supreme Court. However, people close to Misra denied the allegations that the allocation of cases was unfair. On 20 April 2018, seven opposition parties submitted a petition seeking the impeachment of Dipak Misra to Vice President 1730:(landlord) estates on the ground that the laws violated the zamindars' fundamental rights, Parliament passed the 1st amendment to the constitution in 1951, followed by the 4th amendment in 1955, to uphold its authority to redistribute land. The Supreme Court countered these amendments in 1967 when it ruled in 1636:

Article 145. The Supreme Court holds the ability to invalidate parliamentary and governmental decisions if they violate fundamental features. Additionally, it can overturn the impeachment process of the President and Judges, as decided by Parliament, based on constitutional validity or fundamental features.

2453:

her on 10–11 October 2018 by pressing his body against hers against her will. An in-house committee of the Court quickly cleared Gogoi of the sexual harassment charges, although the report of the committee was not provided to the complainant. However, there were widespread protests against the manner

1693:

is the official journal of reportable Supreme Court decisions. It is published under the authority of the Supreme Court of India by the Controller of Publications, Government of India, Delhi. In addition, there are many other reputed private journals that report Supreme Court decisions. Some of these

1672:

Article 145 of the Indian Constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to create its own rules, subject to presidential approval, to govern the practice and procedures of the court. These rules have been revised and published three times, first in 1950, then in 1966, and most recently in 2013.

1635:

Article 137 of the Indian Constitution grants the Supreme Court the authority to reevaluate its own decisions. According to this article, the Supreme Court can review any judgment or order it has previously pronounced. This power is subject to any laws created by Parliament or rules established under

1134:

period. Different interpretations of the statue came from advocates, one said, ‘it’s like Indira mothering the judges and telling them you practice justice like I tell you to’, while the other said, ‘symbolizing justice is terribly conservative as justice is constantly changing’. Later on, though the

1120:

sheltering young Republic represented by the symbol of a child upholding the law of the country shown in the form of an open book, with the symbol of the balance representing law and justice’’. The official account states that it represents a ‘‘dispensation of equal justice to all’’. The black bronze

1051:

The building is shaped to symbolize scales of justice with its centre-beam being the Central Wing of the building, consisting of the Chief Justice's court, the largest of the courtrooms, with two court halls on either side. The Right Wing of the structure has the Bar, consisting of rooms, the offices

2297:

According to Supreme Court newsletter, there are 58,519 cases pending in the Supreme Court, out of which 37,385 are pending for more than a year, at the end of 2011. Excluding connected cases, there are still 33,892 pending cases. Per the latest pendency data made available by the Supreme Court, the

1537:

Article 125 of the Indian constitution leaves it to the Indian parliament to determine the salary, other allowances, leave of absence, pension, etc. of the Supreme Court judges. However, the parliament cannot alter any of these privileges rights to the judge's disadvantage after his/her appointment.

1519:

In 2009, a challenge arose in the Supreme Court regarding the recommendation for the appointment of a high court judge made by the collegium of that specific court. The court asserted that the eligibility to become a judge was a factual matter, open to questioning by any individual. On the contrary,

1095:

was the conception of justice for Indians. It has a 27.6 m (90 ft 7 in) high dome and a spacious colonnaded verandah. The court moved into the building in 1958. In 1979, two new wings – the East Wing and the West Wing – were added to the complex. 1994 saw

936:

where the previous Federal Court of India sat from 1937 to 1950. The first Chief Justice of India was H. J. Kania. In 1958, the Supreme Court moved to its present premises. Originally, the Constitution of India envisaged a supreme court with a chief justice and seven judges; leaving it to Parliament

2436:

It has been noted that consensus within the Collegium is at times achieved through trade-offs, resulting in unreliable appointments with consequences for litigants. There has also been a rise in sycophancy and "lobbying" within the system. Justice Chelameswar provided evidence from existing records

2330:

is resting. The basic foundation of the constitution is the dignity and the freedom of its citizens, which is of supreme importance and cannot be destroyed or infringed by any legislation of the parliament. Whereas the fair trial to examine the validity of the ninety-ninth constitutional amendment,

1982:

The government refused to disclose details of about 18 Indians holding accounts in LGT Bank, Liechtenstein, evoking a sharp response from a bench comprising justices B Sudershan Reddy and S S Nijjar. The court ordered the Special investigation team (SIT) to probe the matter. Lack of enthusiasm made

1902:

of the constitution can be struck down depending upon its impact and consequences. The judgment clearly imposes further limitations on the constituent power of Parliament with respect to the principles underlying certain fundamental rights. The judgment in Coelho has in effect restored the decision

1639:

Under Order XL of the Supreme Court Rules, that have been framed under its powers under Article 145 of the constitution, the Supreme Court may review its judgment or order but no application for review is to be entertained in a civil proceeding except on the grounds mentioned in Order XLVII, Rule 1

1573:

will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold the sovereignty and integrity of India, that I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgement perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection

2348:

is also equally important as it has alienated the basic rights of a vast section of Indian citizens and also against the federal character of the constitution, which is part of the basic structure of the constitution. The Supreme Court is also wasting its valuable time by not taking up the case in

1736:

that Parliament did not have the power to abrogate fundamental rights, including the provisions on private property. The 25th amendment to the constitution in 1971 curtailed the right of a citizen to property as a fundamental right and gave authority to the government to infringe private property,

1620:

A person who has retired as a judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practicing in any court of law or before any other authority in India. However, Supreme Court and high court judges are appointed to various posts in tribunals and commissions, after their retirement. Lawyer Ashish Goel in a

2466:

in protest. The in house committee which cleared Gogoi of sexual harassment was chaired by Justice S A Bobde, who himself succeeded Gogoi as chief justice. The woman complainant stated that she was terrified by the systematic victimisation of her family members who were all dismissed from service

2103:

Justice Radhakrishnan said that transgender people should be treated consistently with other minorities under the law, enabling them to access jobs, healthcare and education. He framed the issue as one of human rights, saying that, "These TGs, even though insignificant in numbers, are still human

1885:

that has vigorously promoted many important economic and social rights (constitutionally protected but not enforceable) including, but not restricted to, the rights to free education, livelihood, a clean environment, food and many others. Civil and political rights (traditionally protected in the

1223:

of the Supreme Court sat together to hear the cases presented before them. As the work of the Court increased and cases began to accumulate, Parliament increased the number of judges (including the Chief Justice) from the original 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956, 14 in 1960, 18 in 1978, 26 in 1986, 31 in

2186:

unanimously declared that criminalisation of private consensual sex between adult persons of the same sex under Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was clearly unconstitutional. The court, however, held that the section would apply to bestiality, sex with minors and non consensual sexual acts.

2098:

Seldom, our society realises or cares to realise the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex. Our society often

1681:

From 5 February 2018 onwards, the Supreme Court adopted a fresh roster system for assigning cases to judges. According to this new arrangement, the Chief Justice of India (CJI) is designated to preside over all special leave petitions (SLPs) and cases concerning public interest, social justice,

2256:

The year 2008 saw the Supreme Court embroiled in several controversies, from serious allegations of corruption at the highest level of the judiciary, expensive private holidays at the tax payers expense, refusal to divulge details of judges' assets to the public, secrecy in the appointments of

1967:

In the year 2010, the Supreme Court filed an appeal before itself challenging the judgement of the Delhi high court holding that the office of the Chief Justice of India came under the ambit of the RTI Act and was liable to reveal information under it. On 13 November 2019, the Chief Justice of

1825:

which prevented any court from reviewing any amendment to the constitution with the exception of procedural issues concerning ratification. A few years after the emergency, however, the Supreme Court rejected the absoluteness of the 42nd amendment and reaffirmed its power of judicial review in

1804:

It is believed that before delivering his dissenting opinion, Justice Khanna had mentioned to his sister: "I have prepared my judgment, which is going to cost me the Chief Justice-ship of India." In January 1977, Justice Khanna was superseded despite being the most senior judge at the time and

2205:

has been going on since 1961 when the first case was filed in court. The Supreme Court, after a marathon 40 day hearing which concluded on 16 October, reserved the decision and revealed it on 9 November 2019 stating that the disputed land will be given to Hindus and also ruled that the Muslim

1129:

is discernible even to the ordinary eye not trained for appreciating the nuances of sculpture’’. As the statue was put up in the year 1978, the post-emergency period of India, they contended that it is symbolic of perversity and is based on the theme of the mother-and-son cult built up during

1799:

detention without trial is an anathema to all those who love personal liberty... A dissent is an appeal to the brooding spirit of the law, to the intelligence of a future day, when a later decision may possibly correct the error into which the dissenting judge believes the court to have been

1422:

cases without receiving formal petitions/complaints on any suspected injustice, including actions/acts indulging in contempt of court and contempt of the Constitution by the executive, legislators, citizens, etc. It is acknowledged as one of the most autonomous judiciaries in the entirety of

2133:

In the case of B. Prabhakara Rao vs. State of A.P., a significant issue emerged involving an abrupt reduction in the retirement age from 58 to 55 years for more than 35,000 public servants of the State Government, public sector undertakings, statutory bodies, educational institutions, and

1528:

Judges of the Supreme Court in India currently conclude their service upon reaching the age of 65. Nevertheless, there have been proposals put forth by Supreme Court judges advocating for the implementation of a predetermined tenure for judges, including the Chief Justice of India.

1182:

The registry of the Supreme Court is headed by the Secretary-General, who is currently assisted by 10 registrars, several additional and deputy registrars, etc. Article 146 of the Constitution deals with the appointments of officers and servants of the Supreme Court registry.

6887: 2160:. This judgment clarified that the Right to Privacy could be infringed upon only when there was a compelling state interest for doing so. This position was the same as with the other fundamental rights. It explicitly overruled three previous judgements of the Supreme Court. 2282:

introduced the judges Inquiry (Amendment) Bill 2008 in parliament for setting up of a panel called the National Judicial Council, headed by the Chief Justice of India, that will probe into allegations of corruption and misconduct by High Court and Supreme Court judges.

881:

With expansive authority to initiate actions and wield appellate jurisdiction over all courts and the ability to invalidate amendments to the constitution, the Supreme Court of India is widely acknowledged as one of the most powerful supreme courts in the world.

1494: — a closed group of the Chief Justice of India, the four most senior judges of the court and the senior-most judge hailing from the high court of a prospective appointee. This has resulted in a Memorandum of Procedure being followed, for the appointments. 1432:

cases or to probe cases/petitions at the earliest against the executive or legislature when laws are implemented which violate the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution as stated in Article 38 (1) of the Directive Principles. It ensures that-"the

6776: 2437:

to support this claim. In one case, "a judge was blocked from elevation to the Madras High Court in 2009, in what 'appeared to have been a joint venture in the subversion of the law governing the collegium system by both the executive and the judiciary.'"

2335:

for the purpose of appointing the judges of the Supreme Court and high courts, was conducted on utmost priority and the Supreme Court delivered its judgement on 16 October 2015 (within a year), quashing the constitutional amendment as unconstitutional and

956:

The Supreme Court of India was constituted as per Chapter IV of Part V of the Constitution of India. The fourth Chapter of the Indian Constitution is " The Union Judiciary". Under this Chapter, the Supreme Court of India is vested with all Jurisdiction.

1285:

I am proud to be an Indian. India is the only country where a member of the minority Parsi community with a population of 1,67,000, like myself, can aspire to attain the post of the Chief Justice of India. These things do not happen in our neighbouring

6595: 2137:

Challenging this legislation, Subodh Markandeya argued that the remedy was simply to strike down the word "not." This argument found favour with the Supreme Court, bringing relief to more than 35,000 public servants as the court ruled in their favour.

10094: 2357:

at the earliest by rectifying any misuse of the Constitution by Parliament and the executive without colluding with them and to remove perceptions of people that rule of law is sidelined and a section of its citizens are subjected to discrimination.

1067:

These two wings act as the two limbs of the balance and end with two semi-circular hooks that represent the pans of the balance, and the centres of the two semi-circular pans connect to a centrally placed statue of ‘Mother and Child’ in the garden.

2228:

The Court struck down a scheme that allowed individuals and companies to anonymously donate to political parties, stating it was a violation of a voter's right to information about political funding. They also pointed out that it "would lead to

925:, which were then at the apex of the Indian court system. The first proceedings and inauguration, however, took place on 28 January 1950 at 9:45 am, when the judges took their seats; which is thus regarded as the official date of establishment. 6082: 5680:"IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.82 OF 2011 T.S.R. Subramanian & Ors. … Petitioners Versus Union of India & Ors. … Respondents WITH WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.234 OF 2011 J U D G M E N T" 9384: 1821:, which sought to limit judicial review for the election of the prime minister; only a body constituted by parliament could review this election. Subsequently, Parliament, with most opposition members in jail during the emergency, passed the 6285: 2265:

invited a lot of criticism for his comments on his post not being that of a public servant, but that of a constitutional authority. He later went back on this stand. The judiciary has come in for serious criticisms from former presidents

1813:

wrote of this opinion: "The submission of an independent judiciary to absolutist government is virtually the last step in the destruction of a democratic society; and the Indian supreme court's decision appears close to utter surrender."

1705:, court-fee vendors, first-aid post, dental clinic, physiotherapy unit and pathology lab; rail-reservation counter, canteen, post office and a branch and 3 ATMs of UCO Bank, Supreme Court Museum can be availed by litigants and visitors. 7167: 7107: 6877: 6021: 6998: 2298:

total number of pending cases in the Supreme Court as on 1 November 2017 is 55,259 which includes 32,160 admission matters (miscellaneous) and 23,099 regular hearing matters. In May 2014, former Chief Justice of India, Justice

2114:(2) Transgender persons' right to decide their self-identified gender was to be upheld and that the Union and State Governments were to grant legal recognition of their gender identity such as male, female or as third gender. 7137: 6264: 1805:

thereby the government broke the convention of appointing only the seniormost judge to the position of Chief Justice of India. Justice Khanna remains a legendary figure among the legal fraternity in India for this decision.

6974: 2274:

for failure in handling its duties. Former prime minister Manmohan Singh, has stated that corruption is one of the major challenges facing the judiciary, and suggested that there is an urgent need to eradicate this menace.

4397: 2424:, Justice Chelameswar revealed that most Supreme Court judges including him work around 14 hours per day, and continue to work for an average of 7 hours per day even during vacations. He further compared the court to the 2111:, eunuchs, apart from binary gender, were to be treated as "third gender" for the purpose of safeguarding their rights under Part III of the Indian Constitution and the laws made by Parliament and the State Legislatures. 6142: 1568:

Per Article 124 and third Schedule of the constitution, the chief justice (or a judge) of the Supreme Court of India is required to make and subscribe in the presence of the president an oath or affirmation that they

6802: 6768: 5768: 1501:. After 1993 (the Second Judges' Case), no minister, or even the executive collectively, can suggest any names to the president, who ultimately decides on appointing them from a list of names recommended only by the 695: 5118: 3833: 6233: 7197: 6587: 3859: 6854: 5180: 1919:; where the constitutional validity of Central Educational Institutions (Reservations in Admissions) Act, 2006 was upheld, subject to the "creamy layer" criteria. Importantly, the court refused to follow the ' 7016: 6917: 5863: 3953: 3782: 1205:

by the Supreme Court or any of the high courts can appear for clients along with an advocate-on-record. Any other advocate can appear for a party along with or under instructions from an advocate-on-record.

6626: 5728: 5650: 1886:

Fundamental Rights chapter of the Indian constitution) have also been expanded and more fiercely protected. These new interpretations have opened the avenue for litigation on a number of important issues.

4928: 861:

of citizens and settles legal disputes among the central government and various state governments. Its decisions are binding on other Indian courts as well as the union and state governments. As per the

6112: 6074: 6714: 6447: 3571: 7819: 5893: 6682: 5561: 3760: 2310:

are also diluted by Supreme Court judgements to give the courts right to endlessly adjourn the cases. The International Bar Association cited that access to speedy justice faces a serious crisis.

1894:

Among the important pronouncements of the Supreme Court post 2000 is the Coelho case I.R. Coelho v. State of Tamil Nadu (Judgment of 11 January 2007). A unanimous bench of 9 judges reaffirmed the

8984: 6385: 5602: 5031: 3721: 3611: 1125:, which stated that ‘‘the statue is supposedly a symbol and inspiration for the highest institution of justice, the Supreme Court….The child is nondescript, but the mother’s resemblance to Mrs. 7159: 5140: 5056: 5991: 5800: 5356: 5088: 4225: 3672: 7099: 6942: 5520: 2849: 6203: 6013: 1923:' standards of review followed by the United States Supreme Court. At the same time, the court has applied the strict scrutiny standards in Anuj Garg v. Hotel Association of India (2007) ( 6988: 5433: 1112:

On 20 February 1978, a black bronze sculpture of 210 cm (6 ft 11 in) height was installed in the lawn of the Supreme Court. The sculpture was made by the renowned artist

6362: 4606: 4423: 7129: 6256: 5468: 1881:

The Supreme Court's creative and expansive interpretations of Article 21 (Life and Personal Liberty), primarily after the Emergency period, have given rise to a new jurisprudence of

4339: 2400:, primarily on the basis that the complaints were about administration and not misbehaviour, and that thus impeachment would seriously interfere with the constitutionally protected 6964: 4247: 2003:

issued notice to the Union government and the Election Commission of India (EC) on the PIL filed by a group of NRIs for online/postal ballot for the Indian citizens living abroad.

1409:, the state shall take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive. Independence of the judiciary, the supremacy of the constitution and rule of law are the features of the 7824: 7472: 4393: 910:. The Federal Court had the jurisdiction to solve disputes between provinces and federal states and hear appeals against judgement of the high courts. The first CJI of India was 7734: 6134: 4361: 1241:. A bench of 13 judges was set up to decide whether Parliament had the unfettered right to amend the Constitution, which eventually gave rise to the Basic Structure doctrine. 6798: 4970: 1858:), introduced a number of amendments making it more difficult to declare and sustain an emergency, and reinstated much of the power to the Supreme Court. It is said that the 9848: 5750: 8600: 8000: 5830: 5110: 4184: 1753:

of Indira Gandhi. The constitutional rights of imprisoned persons were restricted under preventive detention laws passed by Parliament. In the case of Shiva Kant Shukla (

1590:

approves with a majority of the total membership of each house in favour of impeachment and not less than two thirds of the members of each house present. For initiating

7809: 3815: 2306:

rejected this proposal mainly because it would have inconvenienced the advocates who would have to work throughout the year. More over, various time frames specified in

6408: 6225: 7679: 7564: 7189: 6052: 3855: 1056:

and other law officers and the library of the court. The Left Wing has the offices of the court. In all, there are 15 courtrooms in the various wings of the building.

6850: 6828: 6323: 5172: 7664: 7644: 6173: 5853: 2634: 7012: 6909: 3945: 3792: 2647:

A slightly different (32-spoke) version of the same wheel adorns the logo of the Supreme Court of India as a visual declaration of righteouness, authority and truth

7724: 5718: 6618: 5624: 3987: 2206:

community will be given an alternative piece of 5 acre land for the construction of a mosque. This was one of the biggest decisions before the retirement of then

1763:, a bench of five senior-most judges of the Supreme Court ruled in favour of the state's right to unrestricted powers of detention during the emergency. Justices 7709: 4918: 937:

to increase this number. In its formative years, the Supreme Court met from 10 to 12 in the morning and then from 2 to 4 in the afternoon for 28 days per month.

6486: 4018: 6304: 6104: 900:

in presidency towns in their respective regions. These new high courts had the distinction of being the highest courts for all cases till the creation of the

6444: 4446: 3581: 2502: 6704: 3476: 2589: 2420:

pm, but is closed during winter and summer for two weeks each. Some critics feel that this delays pending cases. However, in an interview in June 2018 with

7362: 4486: 2507: 1818: 474: 408: 255: 5885: 5206: 4540: 2903: 7372: 7367: 5543: 3752: 2090: 2075: 1822: 6674: 6382: 5267: 5584: 5028: 3729: 3603: 1610: 1156: 4795: 3634: 1941:

The Supreme Court declared allotment of spectrum as "unconstitutional and arbitrary" and quashed all the 122 licenses issued in 2008 during tenure of

158: 74: 10241: 10079: 9535: 5382: 5150: 3439: 363: 5790: 5330: 5236: 5078: 5048: 4215: 4088: 3664: 7990: 7980: 6564: 6428: 5971: 2428:, which delivers judgement on around 120 cases in a year, while each judge in the Supreme Court of India delivers judgements on 1,000–1,500 cases. 1898:

doctrine. It held that a constitutional amendment which entails violation of any fundamental rights which the court regards as forming part of the

6932: 5494: 3816:"Justice CS Karnan issues suo-moto order against CJI, 6 other Supreme Court judges; orders them to appear before his 'Rosedale Residential Court'" 6195: 5289: 4161: 4116: 4073: 1903:

in Golaknath case regarding non-amendability of the constitution on account of infraction of fundamental rights, contrary to the judgment in the

4131: 368: 10036: 9457: 7945: 7398: 1609:

The judge upon proven guilty is also liable for punishment per applicable laws or for contempt of the constitution by breaching the oath under

491: 425: 373: 5423: 2831: 2553: 7456: 6359: 4602: 4419: 2196: 513: 4272: 4041: 1991:

The Supreme Court upheld the Andhra Pradesh High Court judgement quashing 4.5% sub-quota for minorities under OBC reservation quota of 27%.

8740: 7435: 7288: 5458: 508: 6502: 4863: 4508: 4305: 2318:

The Supreme Court has not taken up the trial of many pending cases, since April 2014 (more than 6 years), challenging the validity of the

9238: 8863: 4331: 4251: 3329: 3286: 3243: 3200: 3157: 3114: 3071: 3028: 2985: 2942: 6466: 6135:"Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court" 4829: 1305:

In practice, judges of the Supreme Court have been selected so far, mostly from amongst judges of the high courts. Barely nine justices—

1165:,) means "whence justice (dharma), thence victory". It is also referred as the wheel of righteousness, encompassing truth, goodness and 10008: 9560: 7995: 7047: 4768: 3856:"Dr Ambedkar Wouldn't Have Imagined SC Hearing Bail Pleas, It Was Intended To Decide Only Constitutional Matters: Justice Chelameswar" 3694: 9613: 9430: 9314: 9094: 8786: 7774: 7488: 5690: 5307: 2332: 1714: 1513: 1509: 1232:) when required to settle fundamental questions of law. A bench may refer a case before it to a larger bench, should the need arise. 767: 734: 4368: 3542: 2718: 10084: 10051: 5007: 4951: 2830:

Chandra, Aparna; Hubbard, William H. J.; Kalantry, Sital (2019), Rosenberg, Gerald N.; Bail, Shishir; Krishnaswamy, Sudhir (eds.),

10072: 8048: 7799: 5948: 5822: 2345: 2319: 1508:

The collegium system has come under a fair amount of criticism. In 2015, Parliament passed a law to replace the collegium with a

922: 875: 7077: 4176: 3381: 1694:

other important journals are: SCR (The Supreme Court Reports), SCC (Supreme Court Cases), AIR (All India Reporter), SCALE, etc.

896:

was enacted to create high courts for various provinces and abolish Supreme Courts at Calcutta, Madras and Bombay and also the s

9334: 8441: 8218: 7890: 4570: 2757: 2323: 1904: 1864: 1237: 847: 7244: 6737:"Assets division between Telangana and Andhra Pradesh of Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh State Education Council of Higher Education" 6538: 1783:(under the declaration of emergency) no person has any locus to move any writ petition under Art. 226 before a High Court for 1224:

2009, to 34 in 2019. As the number of the judges has increased, they sit in smaller benches of two or three (referred to as a

10484: 9228: 8930: 8770: 8755: 8549: 8479: 7393: 6405: 3920: 2843: 2628: 1915: 584: 486: 420: 6648: 6075:"Ayodhya Verdict LIVE Updates: Entire Disputed Land Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land" 6044: 4996:"2008 ALL SCR 412 - Supreme Court Landmark Judgment [ Constitution of India, Article 245, Article 13, Article 372 ]" 1505:

of the judiciary. Simultaneously, as held in that judgment, the executive was given the power to reject a recommended name.

1402: 10420: 10415: 10276: 10089: 10013: 9086: 8750: 7526: 6824: 4654: 3516: 2179: 2175: 2169: 2021: 2014: 1219:

Initially, the Constitution of India provided for a Supreme Court with a chief justice and 7 judges. In the early years, a

17: 6588:"What causes judicial delay? Judgments diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments" 6165: 1583: 1254: 863: 9104: 8935: 8357: 5029:

2G scam: SC scraps 122 licences granted under Raja's tenure, trial court to decide on Chidambaram's role – Times Of India

1080: 358: 9359: 9354: 9213: 8331: 8291: 7609: 7331: 7231: 6320: 6301: 4736: 4628: 3979: 3359: 2367: 1946: 1656:

of any court in India including itself. The Supreme Court performed an unprecedented action when it directed a sitting

722: 3407: 10209: 9329: 9119: 9046: 8732: 8670: 8306: 6482: 4964: 4902: 4010: 2659: 663: 4680: 1586:

of the constitution, President of India can remove a judge on the grounds of proved misbehaviour or incapacity when

10474: 9934: 9929: 9922: 9545: 9515: 8620: 8585: 8362: 7814: 7719: 7419: 7281: 4042:"Report filed by Ms. Pinky Anand ASG and Arvind P. Datar on Representation/Suggestions for Improving the Collegium" 2522: 2455: 2396:, with signatures from seventy-one parliamentarians. On 23 April 2018, the petition was rejected by Vice President 2292: 1750: 1460: 1426:

The main purpose of the Supreme Court is to decide constitutional issues. It is the duty of the judiciary to frame

866:

of the Constitution, the court has the inherent jurisdiction to pass any order deemed necessary in the interest of

4461: 3885: 2808: 2689: 1652:

Under Articles 129 and 142 of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has been vested with power to punish anyone for

10469: 10309: 10119: 9944: 9880: 9853: 9099: 8791: 8590: 8534: 7357: 7326: 3491: 2578: 2497: 2307: 1874: 1828: 1755: 1641: 1088: 717: 618: 537: 503: 4494: 2907: 2174:

On 6 September 2018, a five-member constitutional bench decriminalised homosexuality by partially striking down

10479: 10219: 9799: 8286: 6014:"Supreme Court rights old judicial wrongs in landmark Right to Privacy verdict, shows State its rightful place" 4548: 2459: 2425: 5202: 2445:

On 18 April 2019 an unnamed woman employee of the Supreme Court filed an affidavit stating that Chief Justice

1490:– (1982, 1993, 1998), a judge is appointed to the Supreme Court by the president on the recommendation of the 1135:

advocates submitted an apology memorandum after they got to know that the maquette was made in the year 1969.

10204: 10067: 9829: 9623: 9540: 9379: 9129: 8805: 8765: 8509: 7769: 7689: 5259: 2881: 2401: 2141: 2030: 1690: 1456: 1079:. The main block of the building has been built on a triangular plot of 17 acres and has been designed in an 760: 668: 10214: 10109: 9789: 9681: 9581: 9500: 9051: 8499: 8255: 7659: 7654: 7549: 5675: 4803: 3642: 3596: 2240: 2081: 1732: 906: 839: 623: 151: 5927: 5400: 2037:, and other civil servants were not required to follow oral instructions, as they 'undermine credibility'. 1271:, in the opinion of the president, power conferred by clause 2 of article 124 of the Constitution of India 10271: 9961: 9819: 9676: 9307: 9302: 9114: 8660: 8504: 8484: 8213: 7965: 7779: 7754: 7669: 7649: 7599: 7569: 7559: 7274: 5228: 4710: 4099: 3310:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3267:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3224:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3181:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3138:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3095:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3052:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 3009:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 2966:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 2923:"Interpreting the Scales of Justice: Architecture, Symbolism and Semiotics of the Supreme Court of India" 2517: 2153: 2104:

beings, and therefore, they have every right to enjoy their human rights," concluding by declaring that:

1197:

Supreme Court Rules, 2013 entitle only those advocates who are registered with the Supreme Court, called

892: 700: 542: 6560: 10432: 10368: 9905: 9873: 9794: 9273: 9134: 9056: 8925: 8910: 8873: 8760: 8655: 8615: 8372: 8341: 8250: 7928: 7883: 7744: 7739: 7619: 2512: 2279: 2041: 1882: 1841: 1550: 1498: 1229: 843: 729: 579: 10226: 9966: 9804: 9777: 9706: 9641: 9555: 9527: 9324: 9223: 8920: 8745: 8595: 8407: 8311: 8228: 8023: 7985: 7955: 7759: 7714: 7694: 7684: 7584: 7440: 5723: 4139: 2492: 1661: 1084: 1053: 1008: 651: 574: 547: 293: 4394:"Post-retirement prospects for constitutional court judges tear the fabric of judicial independence" 2838:, Comparative Constitutional Law and Policy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 43–76, 878:

as the highest court of appeal since 28 January 1950, two days after India was declared a republic.

10410: 9895: 9751: 9726: 9495: 9124: 9076: 9066: 9026: 9016: 8650: 8605: 8565: 8539: 8519: 8296: 8245: 8203: 8084: 8068: 7784: 7699: 7554: 7541: 7519: 7414: 6509: 5304:"WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO(s). 80 OF 2013, NAGENDER CHINDAM & ORS. vs. UNION OF INDIA & ANR" 4894: 4048: 2542: 2327: 2258: 2147: 1962: 1859: 1410: 1020: 851: 813: 753: 705: 685: 613: 589: 432: 6769:"Issue of Telangana's share in Krishna water may be referred to Tribunal: Centre to Supreme Court" 10405: 9998: 9986: 9956: 9618: 9565: 9339: 9109: 9061: 8952: 8915: 8905: 8900: 8645: 8570: 8494: 7970: 7829: 7764: 7729: 7634: 7594: 7579: 7574: 6851:"Govt meddling in Supreme Court: Justice Chelameswar says CJI Dipak Misra has to take it forward" 5919:

National Legal Services Authority ... Petitioner Versus Union of India and others ... Respondents

5387: 4265: 3912: 2045: 378: 2454:

in which the woman's complaint was dealt with by Supreme Court. A petition was filed before the

2353:

as provided in the Constitution, it is the duty of the judiciary/Supreme Court to establish the

2243:

to publish all donor data available, including names and amounts of donors they had collected.

1664:, Swaroop Singh Naik, to be jailed for 1-month on a charge of contempt of court on 12 May 2006. 10353: 9993: 9949: 9824: 9756: 9746: 9711: 9349: 9344: 9193: 9006: 8947: 8868: 8638: 8633: 8610: 8446: 7933: 7789: 7749: 7704: 7639: 7604: 7589: 7352: 7236: 6343: 4859: 4518: 4298: 2207: 2059: 1401:

The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court judges in various ways. Per

1293: 1250: 1166: 1144: 941: 918: 901: 825: 817: 469: 442: 403: 283: 194: 3665:"Justices Arun Mishra, Adarsh Goel and lawyer Rohinton Nariman appointed Supreme Court judges" 3309: 3266: 3223: 3180: 3137: 3094: 3051: 3008: 2965: 2922: 2618: 1091:. The design of scales of justice was to conform to this triangular site and according to Dr. 10314: 10187: 10172: 10041: 10018: 9736: 9586: 9510: 9462: 9452: 9041: 8989: 8974: 8415: 8336: 8265: 8260: 8053: 8018: 7960: 7876: 7674: 7629: 7624: 7311: 6463: 4833: 4155: 3314: