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divorce on the grounds of the irreparable breakdown of her marriage. Several days before
Christmas 1979, Maria married, for the third time, one of her co-conspirators, Antonius Christianus "Tom" Ballermans. Their domestic life was happy at first; however, three years into the marriage, Ballermans' behaviour became troublesome and worrying. He'd started drinking in excess. Suspicious, Maria followed him to a cafeteria, where she discovered he was having an affair. They would divorce in 1983.
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with her lecturer husband before Aminah returned to Malaya. Rokayah, who was 68 years old when she spoke about the visit in 2015, added that Maria had visited the grave of Che Aminah during her visit and even after the death of Maria, Maria's children maintained contact with her and her own children. Additionally, Maria had also been evidently unhappy in her life in the
Netherlands, "a far cry from the kampong life she had enjoyed".
1855:. In part, it featured the Maria Hertogh riots, including exclusive interviews with Maria herself and Kamariah prior to their deaths. Maria's son and two daughters spoke about witnessing their mother's frosty relationship with Adeline, and her struggle to come to terms with her painful childhood. Her son testified that she was not happy and felt betrayed. The siblings also paid a visit to Kemaman and met several elderly
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1725:. She demanded rice with every meal, resenting the western diet, and continued to perform her Muslim prayers five times a day. In addition, a policeman in plain clothes was assigned to escort her whenever she left the house, for fear of possible kidnappers who might take her back to Singapore, following reported sighting of "oriental strangers" around town. The house was also placed under surveillance.
1354:. The marriage was later speculated to have been a manoeuvre by Aminah to prevent further retrieval attempts by the Hertoghs; Maria returned to live with Aminah after the wedding night, and the marriage was never consummated. Because the marriage had been solemnised in Singapore, which was at that time under British rule, British law controlled the validity of the marriage rather than Malayan law.
1481:, at Thomson Road. Mrs. Hertogh stayed at another address for a few days, from where she visited Maria daily, before moving into the convent herself. According to an official of the Netherlands Consulate-General, such arrangement was because of "greater convenience" while the stay of execution pending appeal was in effect. But it proved to be the spark that lit the fuse of the subsequent riots.
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1649:, a Malay-centric party. He immediately set out to save the five on death row. Having garnered support from the Muslim population, Abdul Rahman placed pressure on the authorities, who finally gave in. The British government was expecting their role as the colonial master to end very soon and did not wish to leave behind grim memories. The death sentences for all five were commuted to
1758:, she often had rows with Adeline, who lived nearby. She also said she still longed for her Malayan homeland. Johan and Mansoor began corresponding via letters. Both expressed a wish for Maria to travel to Malaya to visit the aged Aminah, but such a trip was never made due primarily to financial difficulties. Aminah died in 1976 and Mansoor would die of a heart attack in 1988.
1382:. The lawyers delivered a letter demanding Maria's return by 10 August, failing which legal action would be taken. Believing that the marriage settled the matter, Aminah and Mansoor both ignored the deadline. The Hertoghs did not. On 26 August, an originating summons was taken out, under the Guardianship of Infants Ordinance, by the Hertoghs as
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and reunited with
Kamariah, as well as paying her respects to Che Aminah's grave. It was their first meeting in 48 years; unfortunately, it would be the only time they were able to see each other again before Kamariah died of leukemia. Sometime between 2001 and 2003, Maria left Pichel and returned to
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On 16 August 1976, Maria found herself on trial in a Dutch court charged with plotting to murder her husband. She admitted in court that she had been thinking about leaving her husband but was afraid to start divorce proceedings in case she lost custody of her children. She came into contact with two
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From her internment camp, she smuggled a letter to her mother, requesting for her children to be sent to her. This Nor Louise did, but Maria was not among them. Hertogh asked her mother to fetch Maria from Aminah. Her mother later wrote and told her that Aminah wanted to keep Maria for two more days,
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After the riot, the police set up a special investigation unit that detained 778 people, among them Karim Ghani. Out of these, 403 were released unconditionally and 106 were released on various conditions (they generally had to report to the police station monthly and adhere to a curfew after dark).
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These pictures, whether presenting Maria as happy or sad, mostly showed Maria surrounded by symbols of
Christian faith. The Muslims, who looked upon Maria as one of their own, were deeply offended by such pictures, not to mention the sensational reports, some of which explicitly labelled the case as
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From this point on, Maria made it clear that she wanted to stay with Aminah and did not wish to be returned to her natal parents. Aminah contended that
Adeline had given Maria over to her willingly, and this was supported by the testimony of Soewaldi Hunter, Adeline's elder brother, who bore witness
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In 1945, with the end of World War II, Sergeant
Hertogh was released and returned to Java and reunited with his wife. The couple stated that they inquired about Maria, but could find neither her nor Aminah. They returned to the Netherlands after requesting the Dutch authorities in Java and Singapore
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for three or four days. Consequently, Aminah arrived on 1 January 1943 to fetch Maria. When the child was not returned, Hertogh borrowed a bicycle on 6 January and set out to retrieve her. She claimed that she was stopped by a
Japanese sentry on the outskirts of Bandung as she did not possess a pass
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also attributes the tragedy to the insensitivity of the colonial government towards the racial and religious feelings of the locals. It cites the incident as a vital lesson learnt in the importance of racial and religious understanding and harmony, as well as a case for imposing a certain degree of
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and even
Eurasians in sight. They overturned cars and burnt them. The police force and its lower ranks largely consisted of Malays who sympathized with the rioters' cause and were ineffective in quelling the riots. By nightfall, the riots had spread to even the more remote parts of the island. Help
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He also noted that whatever the details of the contested initiation of the custody at the end of 1942 might be, Adrianus
Hertogh had not been part of it and had not abrogated his parental rights. He therefore awarded the custody of Maria to the Hertoghs and ordered that she should be handed over to
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As Aminah and Maria exited the court via the back door, a car from the consulate was waiting to take Maria away. Maria refused to enter the car and clung on to Aminah, both shouting in Malay that they would kill themselves rather than be separated. A large crowd quickly formed around the commotion.
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Rokayah Yusof (Kamariah's daughter and therefore Maria's adoptive niece) stated that during the 1998 visit, Maria still spoke Malay fluently and that she'd missed all the traditional Malay snacks when she celebrated Hari Raya together with
Kamariah, whom Che Aminah adopted in Tokyo where she lived
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suggesting moving Maria back to York Hill to avoid further inciting Muslim anger. The Secretary did not agree on grounds that he had received no such representations from Muslim leaders, nor did he have the authority to remove Maria without further court orders. It cannot be said definitively that
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The hearing proceeded between 20 and 24 November. For four months, the matter hung in suspense. During this time, in order to avoid public scrutiny, Maria rarely left her residence in the house of M.A. Majid, then-president of the Muslim Welfare Association and Adabi's foster father. Nevertheless,
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that legislated for a minimum marriage age of 16. He added, however, that it would not be in the interest of "the friendly understanding... between Christians and Muslims" to object to the marriage since it had already taken place. The latter view was held by the majority of the Muslim population,
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500 to make up for Aminah's expenses in bringing up the girl for eight years. Aminah rejected the offer. Attempts were then made to persuade Aminah to travel with Maria to Singapore in April to discuss the issue with the Dutch Consul-General; Aminah again refused. The Consulate then applied to the
1786:. There, she reconnected with an old friend who offered her employment at her Indonesian food stall at a night market. In early 1984, she was admitted to hospital due to a stroke resulting from blocked arteries. After being kept for a week, she was discharged and returned to her job at the stall.
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The first procession to be arranged would be this – 1500 girls aged 14 and under would march in procession to the Convent to present a Quran, a praying carpet, and two Malay dresses to Maria. One of the many complaints is the rumor that the Quran, the praying carpet, and the Malay dresses sent by
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camp in Japan, where he was kept until 1945. Meanwhile, Adeline Hertogh stayed with her mother, Nor Louise, and her five children, among whom Maria was the third and youngest daughter. On 29 December 1942, Adeline gave birth to her sixth child, a boy. Three days later, Maria went to stay with Che
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When police came to take Maria, she wept and clung to Aminah and Mansoor. Aminah fainted on the spot and a doctor standing by had to attend to her. Mansoor advised Maria to concede for the time being and promised that he and others would carry on the legal fight. Thus Maria allowed herself to be
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In her defence, Maria's lawyers brought up her background, which the court acknowledged. With this in mind, and because the plot was never executed and there was no proof that she offered any inducement to the other three, the three-man bench acquitted Maria. Meanwhile, Maria had also filed for
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That "after a most careful consideration of all the evidence which bears upon this marriage, the age of the child, the opportunities which she had of knowing Mansoor, and the date of the marriage in relation to the date of the Court of Appeal decision, I am compelled to the conclusion that this
1602:, and nine rioters shot by the police or military, 173 were injured, many of them seriously, 119 vehicles were damaged and at least two buildings were set on fire. Subsequently, two weeks of 24-hour curfew were imposed, and it was a long time before complete law and order were re-established.
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That "since her father had not waived or by his conduct abrogated his legal right to control the religion of his child and had not consented to her becoming a Muslim, whatever the child may say and whatever ceremonies and teaching she may have undergone, she is not in the eyes of this court a
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1581:. By noon, when the hearing eventually began, the restive crowd had grown from 2,000 to 3,000 in number. The court threw out the appeal within five minutes. The brevity of the hearing convinced the gathering that the colonial legal system was biased against Muslims. The riots erupted.
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It was only after much persuasion that Aminah agreed to enter the car together with Maria and pay a visit to her lawyer, who explained that Maria had to be given up until an appeal was made. The duo then parted in tears, with Maria returned to the convent for temporary safekeeping.
1456:"It is natural that she should now wish to remain in Malaya among people whom she knows. But who can say that she will have the same views some years hence after her outlooks has been enlarged, and her contacts extended, in the life of the family to which she belongs?"
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Reinforcements arrived early on 12 December, but riotous incidents continued on that day. The troops and police only managed to regain control of the situation by noon on 13 December. In total, 18 people were killed, among whom were seven Europeans or Eurasians,
1673:. The Commission placed large blame on the police command for not having anticipated the violence from many indicators between 2 and 11 December. Furthermore, when the riots first started, the police failed to act promptly to disperse the crowd. The
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was enlisted only at around 6:45 PM. Major-General Dunlop promptly deployed two internal security battalions while calling in further reinforcements from Malaya. Meanwhile, various Muslim leaders appealed over the radio for the riots to cease.
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Fatini Yaacob, magazine – Dewan Masyarakat published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Malaysia – Februari-Mei, 1989 (the long interview with Maria Huberdina Hertogh @ Bertha @ Nadra was done in Lake Tahoe, Nevada United States of America, Mac
1452:. He noted that his duty to the law required him "to have regard primarily to the welfare of the infant". He believed this meant that he not only had to consider the current wishes of Maria, but also her future well-being. He stated:
1430:, the validity of a marriage celebrated in Singapore between persons of whom the one has a Singapore, and the other a foreign, domicile is not affected by any incapacity which, though existing under the law of such foreign domicile,
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purported marriage was a manoeuvre designed to prejudice these proceedings, which is discreditable to all concerned. In saying that, I wish to make it clear that I am satisfied that the child was neither forced nor tricked into it."
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promising financial and other help arrived, some going so far as to declare any further move by the Dutch Government to separate the couple as "an open challenge to the Muslim world". Pledges of aid also came from Maria's native
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On the night the riots broke out, Maria was moved out of the convent, where the rioters tried twice to march on and were only kept back by the police. Plans were made at York Hill to receive her but she was instead sent to
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According to Adeline Hertogh, in testimony given in evidence before the court at the hearing in November 1950, she was persuaded by her mother after the birth of her sixth child to allow Maria to go and stay with Aminah in
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foster and adoptive mother's custody and given over to her Dutch Catholic biological parents. A protest by outraged Muslims escalated when images of her were published showing her kneeling before a statue of the
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and recruited a fourth accomplice to carry out the actual murder. However, the last member got cold feet and gossiped about the murder plan. The police quickly learnt of it and arrested all four conspirators.
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Maria stayed at the convent for two more months under a further order from the Chief Justice pending appeal, which was filed on 28 July. The verdict was an overruling of the earlier decision; aside from the
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The police eventually brought rioting charges against 200 people, of whom 25 were acquitted, 100 were convicted, 62 were referred to the Enquiry Advisory Committee and seven were brought to trial at the
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order to hand Maria to the Social Welfare Department, the Appellate Court found ambiguity in the Dutch Consul-General's representation of Maria's natal father. Both Aminah and Maria were overjoyed.
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At her trial, Maria was quoted as saying: "I was a slave in my own home. I lived in a prison. I was not allowed to do anything. Joep kicked up a row even if I went to drink a coffee somewhere."
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That nevertheless "Maria's incapacity under the law of her (father's domicile), admittedly Holland, to contract the marriage, since she was under age, existed also under the law of Singapore."
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and a sailor by profession. That same year, they married and on 15 September 1984, emigrated to the United States, intent on opening an Indonesian restaurant there. They elected to settle in
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after which she herself would bring the child to the camp. However, Hertogh did not see Maria throughout her internment. After her release, she could not find either Maria nor Aminah.
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The words of Karim Ghani at the congregation to adopt four remedies to calm the tense situation, quoted in, Haja Maideen, The Nadra Tragedy: the Maria Hertogh Controversy, p. 220.
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The hearing finally opened, and Maria's natal mother, Adeline Hertogh travelled down to Singapore to attend. The judge, Justice Brown, delivered the verdict in the case entitled
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published on 7 December three photographs of Maria weeping and being comforted by a nun, as well as articles about Maria's "lonely and miserable" life in the convent.
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Meanwhile, the Hertoghs had not given up legal pursuit to retrieve Maria. Only a day after the marriage, Aminah received the Hertoghs' representative lawyers from
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1318:. The next day, an officer from the department served the order to take Maria from Aminah's custody, and Maria was then placed in the Girls' Home at York Hill.
1710:, an offshore island 4 miles south of the main island of Singapore. The next day, Maria was taken by Adeline to the Netherlands by aeroplane. After landing in
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The appeal hearing opened on 11 December. Maria stayed at the convent and did not attend. Since early morning, crowds carrying banners and flags with
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It was at this stall that Maria met Benjamin Leopold Pichel, a naturalised Dutch citizen of Indonesian descent. Pichel was originally from
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The riots continued for three days and a curfew was imposed for two weeks. The mob, largely consisting of Muslims, moved out to attack any
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at "Headlines, Lifelines" website of the National Educational Multimedia kit for schools (c) Singapore Press Holdings. First published in
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to the adoption. However, after a 15-minute hearing on 19 May, the High Court ruled that the custody of Maria be granted to the Hertoghs.
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residents who remembered the young Maria, then known to them as Nadra. In an interview sometime before her death, which was featured in
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with her family. Back in Singapore, Aminah and Mansoor had apparently given up hope of retrieving Maria after leave to appeal to the
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1752:. On 15 February 1957, she gave birth to a son, the first of ten children. However, Maria did not seem to be contented. As she told
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In March 1989, Malaysian journalist Fatini Yaacob, along with two of Maria's children, flew to Lake Tahoe to interview her for the
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Having over-ruled the purported marriage, Justice Brown went on to deal with what he described as the "most difficult" question of
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On 8 July 2009, Maria died of leukemia at her house in Huijbergen at the age of 72. She donated her body to scientific research.
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The first challenges on the marriage's validity came from within the Muslim community. On 10 August, a Muslim leader wrote to
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1847:, in cooperation with Monsoon Pictures, broadcast a five-part documentary about the tumultuous era of the 1950s and 1960s in
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On 9 December, an organisation calling itself the Nadra Action Committee was formally constituted under the leadership of
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for 15 months under Emergency Regulation 20 for his part in the riots before being released on grounds of poor health.
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Upon arriving with Aminah, Maria was given the name Nadra binte Ma'arof. For unknown reasons, her new family moved to
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Karim Ghani was arrested along with several members of the Nadra Action Committee and held at the detention camp on
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on 22 April for Maria to be delivered into the custody of the Social Welfare Department, pending further order. The
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two weeks later. The marriage, instead of resolving the dispute, had instead complicated it. His judgment stated
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1527:. The Committee solicited support among local Muslims by distributing free copies of its newspaper, the
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Maria had an adoptive elder sister of Japanese descent, Kamariah Mohd Dahan, whom Aminah had adopted in
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Fatini Yaacob, book – "In The Name of Love – Natrah", Institut Terjemahan Buku Negara (now ITBM),2011,
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Fatini Yaacob, book – "Natrah: Cinta, Rusuhan dan Air Mata, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia", year 2010,
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was not granted. Earlier interest of the several Muslim groups involved had also gradually died down.
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Colonialism, Violence and Muslims in Southeast Asia: The Maria Hertogh Controversy and Its Aftermath
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Slowly, Maria began to adjust to her new environment. A nun came to the house daily to teach her
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media coverage on the incident had grown to a global scale. Letters from Muslim organisations in
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government control on the media, especially when racial or religious issues are implicated.
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After her divorce from Ballermans, Maria moved to Zuidsingel, a neighbourhood not far from
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until she was proficient enough to attend a local convent school. She also began to attend
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Yaacob informed her that the Terengganu State Government, under the leadership of Tan Sri
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The car delivered Maria to the Roman Catholic Convent of the Good Shepherd, run by the
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On 20 April 1956, Maria married Johan Gerardus "Joep" Wolkenfelt, a 21-year-old Dutch
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At first, Maria could only talk to Adeline, the only one in the family who understood
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policemen, many of whom defected or at least hesitated to carry out their duties. The
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Negotiations were opened to retrieve Maria in early 1950. The Dutch Consulate offered
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practised in Singapore be applied to the case, which would render the marriage valid.
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moving Maria out of the convent at such a late stage could have averted the riots.
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published on its front page a photograph of Maria standing holding hands with the
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Maria Hertogh, returned to Malaysia in 1999 aged 63, for a Dutch TV documentary
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Her biological father, Adrianus Petrus Hertogh, came to Java in the 1920s as a
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1365:(which Maria had reached a year earlier), there were Muslim countries such as
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standing by was not put into action, while too much dependence was placed on
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albeit in a more antagonistic mood against the Dutch and Europeans at large.
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2262:"Maria Hertogh And What Happened To Her After The Riots – Singapore History"
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criticised the colonial government for its poor handling of the situation.
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1350:) to 21-year-old Mansoor Adabi, a Kelantan-born teacher-in-training at the
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in the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Ignatius at Tjimahi on 10 April by a
541:. 18 people were killed and 173 injured; many properties were also damaged.
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2066:"Re M. H. Hertogh, an Infant: Hertogh v. Amina binte Mohamed and Others"
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for a period before moving back to Bandung, where Aminah worked for the
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1947:"The Natrah Riots United The Malays To Uphold Islam | UKM News Portal"
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Re M. H. Hertogh, an Infant: Hertogh v. Amina binte Mohamed and Others
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2339:"CHANNEL NEWSASIA TO AIR NEW DOCUMENTARY ABOUT MARIA HERTOGH RIOTS"
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for wanton killing and five of them were subsequently sentenced to
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2009:"Problematisation and particularisation: the Bertha Hertogh story"
1498:. There were several more pictures on page 2, under the headline:
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of select news photos of the events published in the Netherlands
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to Malaysia. Maria declined, citing her trauma from the riots.
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regular customers at her husband's café bar. The trio bought a
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to search for the child. Investigations were then made by the
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Singapore Media Development Authority and Christopher Chew's
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was A.K.S. Othman Ghani, a respected Indian businessman from
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heard the request the same day and approved the application
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Maria (right) at her wedding with Mansoor Adabi (left), 1950
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Crowds were enraged by the Court's rejection of the appeal.
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On 29 January 1998, Maria finally returned to Kemaman for
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brought away into a car. Outside, the police, including a
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upbringing. She is notable for being at the centre of the
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Aminah moved back to her hometown of Kampung Banggol in
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The riots took place between 11 and 13 December 1950 in
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Huberdina Maria Hertogh was born on 24 March 1937 to a
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Aminah binte Mohammad, a 42-year-old Malay woman from
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against Aminah, Maria and Mansoor, who were all made
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Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis
2341:. Monsoon Pictures. 10 January 2014. Archived from
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Must Share News – Independent News For Singaporeans
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2519:150 years of the Straits Times (15 July 1845–1995)
1902:If and only if both conditions were met could the
1661:A Commission of Inquiry was appointed by Governor
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1516:a religious issue between Islam and Christianity.
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1444:That "therefore the purported marriage was void."
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1342:On 1 August 1950, Maria was married by way of a
2510:YouTube Message from Maria Hertogh a.k.a. Nadra
1019:2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit
2629:Converts to Roman Catholicism from Sunni Islam
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498:; 24 March 1937 – 8 July 2009), also known as
354:Being at the centre of the Maria Hertogh riots
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1797:. Lacking employment authorisation from the
1630:. One of the five that was sentenced to the
513:, was a Dutch woman of Eurasian descent and
1548:In the light of the mounting backlash, the
1484:The press was not barred from entering the
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2599:Religiously motivated violence in Malaysia
2391:Tangled Worlds: The Story of Maria Hertogh
2229:Tangled Worlds: The Story of Maria Hertogh
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2505:YouTube Story of a Nation – Maria Hertogh
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234:Learn how and when to remove this message
216:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Subject of 1950 civil unrest in Singapore
2550:are developing an English language film
2436:Ministry of Education, NationalEducation
2393:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
2006:
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1474:, held back a crowd of several hundred.
1215:) who was a close friend of Nor Louise.
2432:"The Maria Hertogh Riots (11 Dec 1950)"
2295:"Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland"
1832:. The two officially divorced in 2004.
1738:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1671:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1500:Bertha knelt before Virgin Mary Statue
1275:when she lived there with her husband.
483:Adrianus Petrus Hertogh (natal father)
14:
2581:
2225:
2198:
1812:, had offered her a parcel of land in
1799:Immigration and Naturalization Service
1464:
1186:, Adrianus Hertogh, a sergeant in the
1166:descent brought up in Java. Maria was
2669:Indonesian people of Scottish descent
2594:Riots and civil disorder in Singapore
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2154:
2152:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1778:Fourth marriage and moving to the US
1541:on 8 December in which he mentioned
1118:
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
2292:
2259:
1577:symbols began to gather around the
1523:, a Muslim political activist from
1236:
1219:Adeline Hertogh's version of events
24:
2674:Indonesian people of Dutch descent
2664:Indonesian people of Malay descent
2353:
2279:
2246:
1982:"I always cry when I think of her"
1461:her mother with immediate effect.
1156:Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
188:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
2700:
2558:(period drama) with screenwriter
2177:
2160:"Maria Hertogh riots | Infopedia"
2149:
2104:"Maria Hertogh riots | Infopedia"
2049:
2007:Schrover, Marlou (15 June 2011).
1965:
1550:Criminal Investigation Department
1278:
45:This article has multiple issues.
2639:Dutch people of Scottish descent
2634:Dutch people of Javanese descent
2232:. Institute of Southeast Asian.
2129:"One Side Is Committing Perjury"
1373:
1075:
656:British colonial era (1819–1942)
568:
456:
431:
406:
381:
198:guide to writing better articles
177:
75:
34:
2331:
2313:
2070:The International Law Quarterly
1928:, Maria and their ten children.
1920:
1909:
1898:
1561:The riots and subsequent trials
1428:Sottomayor v. De Barros (No. 2)
1352:Bukit Panjang Government School
828:Singapore Glass Factory strikes
452:
427:
417:Antonius Christianus Ballermans
402:
377:
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
2562:, Lantern Pictures, Australia.
2526:Algemeen Nederlands Persbureau
2457:Syed Muhd Khairudin Aljunied,
2260:Yeo, Melissa (16 March 2015).
2219:
2121:
2096:
2000:
1939:
481:Adeline Hunter (natal mother)
13:
1:
2624:Converts to Roman Catholicism
2137:. 22 November 1950. p. 9
1932:
1843:In 2014, Singaporean channel
1828:the Netherlands, settling in
1177:
2689:December 1950 events in Asia
2379:Resources in other libraries
1926:Johannes Gerardus Wolkenfelt
1877:1969 Race Riots of Singapore
1488:grounds. On 5 December, the
1479:Sisters of the Good Shepherd
1434:under the law of Singapore."
1426:That "following the rule in
1229:and was therefore interned.
939:1969 race riots of Singapore
485:Che Aminah (adoptive mother)
7:
2202:Natrah: In the Name of Love
1870:
1701:Leaving for the Netherlands
1607:Aminah did not reach Maria.
1296:in which they were living.
790:Anti-National Service Riots
521:when she was a young girl.
10:
2705:
2649:Indonesian Roman Catholics
2461:, London: Routledge, 2009.
2389:Tom Earnes Hughes (1980).
2226:Hughes, Tom Eames (1980).
1887:List of riots in Singapore
1744:Second and third marriages
1692:under then-Prime Minister
1253:until the end of the war.
780:Second Legislative Council
2679:Indonesian former Muslims
2569:Malayan Law Journal (MLJ)
2416:. Pelanduk Publications.
2374:Resources in your library
2299:resources.huygens.knaw.nl
2293:djr (17 September 2019).
838:Pulau Senang prison riots
760:First Legislative Council
477:
469:
358:
350:
340:
326:
307:
269:
257:
250:
2548:Monsoon Pictures Pte Ltd
1892:
1835:
1683:British House of Commons
1491:Singapore Tiger Standard
1247:Japanese military police
808:Internal self-government
392:Johan Gerardus Wolkefeld
2515:Torn Between Two Worlds
2199:Yaacob, Fatini (2011).
1690:Government of Singapore
1665:. It was headed by Sir
1306:High Court of Singapore
896:MacDonald House bombing
886:Race riots in Singapore
496:Huberdina Maria Hertogh
492:Maria Huberdina Hertogh
442:Benjamin Leopold Pichel
274:Huberdina Maria Hertogh
2524:In Dutch language, an
2470:National Library Board
2321:"DAYS OF RAGE – Nadra"
1657:Aftermath of the riots
1615:
1570:
1458:
1338:Controversial marriage
1290:Royal Netherlands Army
1192:Imperial Japanese Army
1190:, was captured by the
969:Asian financial crisis
866:Singaporean referendum
2644:Dutch Roman Catholics
2466:"Maria Hertogh Riots"
2412:Haja Maideen (2000).
2164:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
2108:eresources.nlb.gov.sg
1604:
1568:
1454:
1139:, then a part of the
979:Embassies attack plot
914:Republic of Singapore
732:Double Tenth incident
2604:History of Singapore
2076:(2): 254–257. 1951.
1506:press retorted. The
1082:Singapore portal
856:Merger with Malaysia
619:Kingdom of Singapura
455: 1984;
430: 1979;
405: 1956;
380: 1950;
334:Nadra binte Ma'arof
95:improve this article
2684:Anti-Catholic riots
1915:Saint John's Island
1708:Saint John's Island
1641:On 25 August 1951,
1600:two police officers
1552:sent a memo to the
1545:as a final resort.
1465:Stay at the convent
1182:At the outbreak of
999:Bus drivers' strike
876:Operation Coldstore
770:Maria Hertogh riots
702:Japanese Occupation
674:Straits Settlements
519:Maria Hertogh riots
503:Nadra binte Ma'arof
18:Maria Hertogh riots
2442:on 25 October 2005
1795:Lake Tahoe, Nevada
1791:Jakarta, Indonesia
1669:, a member of the
1643:Tunku Abdul Rahman
1571:
1554:Colonial Secretary
959:Operation Spectrum
818:Hock Lee bus riots
2614:1950 in Singapore
2552:"The Jungle Girl"
2500:978-983-068-606-6
2490:978-983-52-0729-7
2482:978-983-52-0731-0
2423:978-967-978-287-5
2414:The Nadra Tragedy
2400:978-9971-902-12-4
2360:Library resources
2239:978-9971-902-12-4
2212:978-983-068-606-6
2134:The Straits Times
2025:10.18352/tseg.316
1986:The Straits Times
1816:if she wished to
1810:Wan Mokhtar Ahmad
1806:Dewan Masyarakat.
1675:Gurkha Contingent
1651:life imprisonment
1575:star and crescent
1472:Gurkha Contingent
1359:The Straits Times
1286:Red Cross Society
1141:Dutch East Indies
1127:family living in
1119:Birth and baptism
1116:
1115:
1037:
1036:
1029:COVID-19 pandemic
1009:Little India riot
924:ASEAN Declaration
904:
903:
846:
845:
798:
797:
740:
739:
712:Fall of Singapore
692:
691:
647:
646:
629:Malacca Sultanate
489:
488:
296:Dutch East Indies
244:
243:
236:
226:
225:
218:
192:used on Knowledge
190:encyclopedic tone
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
16:(Redirected from
2696:
2473:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2438:. Archived from
2427:
2404:
2347:
2346:
2345:on 4 March 2016.
2335:
2329:
2328:
2325:Channel NewsAsia
2317:
2311:
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2290:
2277:
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2244:
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2223:
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2216:
2196:
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2156:
2147:
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2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2062:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1978:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1943:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1845:Channel NewsAsia
1814:Kemaman District
1712:Schiphol Airport
1688:The present-day
1613:
1591:British military
1237:Life with Aminah
1108:
1101:
1094:
1080:
1079:
1078:
920:
919:
862:
861:
814:
813:
756:
755:
708:
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562:
544:
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460:
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385:
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379:
327:Other names
314:
283:
281:
262:
248:
247:
239:
232:
221:
214:
210:
207:
201:
200:for suggestions.
196:See Knowledge's
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
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144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2659:Javanese people
2619:Religious riots
2579:
2578:
2464:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2424:
2401:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2354:Further reading
2351:
2350:
2337:
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2319:
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2050:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1924:Family tree of
1895:
1882:1964 Race Riots
1873:
1838:
1780:
1746:
1703:
1663:Franklin Gimson
1659:
1614:
1611:
1563:
1496:Reverend Mother
1467:
1376:
1340:
1281:
1239:
1221:
1180:
1172:Catholic priest
1121:
1112:
1076:
1074:
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1047:
1039:
1038:
917:
906:
905:
859:
848:
847:
811:
800:
799:
753:
750:Post-war period
742:
741:
705:
694:
693:
657:
649:
648:
639:Johor Sultanate
607:
583:
560:
553:
500:Bertha Hertogh,
484:
482:
465:
462:
459: 2004)
450:
446:
443:
437:
434: 1983)
425:
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409: 1976)
400:
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384: 1950)
375:
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335:
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330:Bertha Hertogh
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186:This article's
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110:"Maria Hertogh"
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28:
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2601:
2596:
2591:
2577:
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2563:
2544:
2536:
2529:photo archive
2522:
2512:
2507:
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1999:
1988:. 15 July 2015
1964:
1937:
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1834:
1784:Bergen op Zoom
1779:
1776:
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1716:Bergen op Zoom
1702:
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1655:
1609:
1562:
1559:
1466:
1463:
1446:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:does not exist
1424:
1403:and as far as
1375:
1372:
1339:
1336:
1280:
1279:Custody battle
1277:
1238:
1235:
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1194:and sent to a
1179:
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1125:Dutch Catholic
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931:
918:
916:(1965–present)
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651:
650:
645:
644:
641:
635:
634:
631:
625:
624:
621:
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613:c.14th century
611:
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584:
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487:
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352:
351:Known for
348:
347:
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338:
337:
328:
324:
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317:
315:(aged 72)
309:
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286:
273:
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185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2701:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
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2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
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2642:
2640:
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2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:Maria Hertogh
2564:
2561:
2560:Sarah Lambert
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
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2493:
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2463:
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2454:
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2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2386:
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2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:Maria Hertogh
2361:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
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2250:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2153:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1953:. 2 June 2014
1952:
1948:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1911:
1908:
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1900:
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1896:
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1841:
1833:
1831:
1826:
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1579:Supreme Court
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1546:
1544:
1540:
1539:Sultan Mosque
1536:
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1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1509:Utusan Melayu
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1501:
1497:
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1406:
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1381:
1374:Second appeal
1371:
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1360:
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1353:
1349:
1345:
1344:nikah gantung
1335:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1310:Chief Justice
1307:
1302:
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1020:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
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996:
992:
990:
989:H1N1 pandemic
987:
986:
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93:Please help
88:verification
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47:Please help
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2654:Indo people
1992:28 February
1818:return home
1521:Karim Ghani
1348:Islamic law
1251:interpreter
858:(1963–1965)
810:(1955–1963)
752:(1945–1962)
704:(1942–1945)
604:Long Ya Men
559:History of
535:Virgin Mary
507:Nadra Adabi
341:Citizenship
311:8 July 2009
2589:1950 riots
2583:Categories
2541:De Affaire
2453:broken URL
2446:19 October
2301:(in Dutch)
2034:1887/20751
1951:www.ukm.my
1933:References
1904:Muslim law
1830:Huijbergen
1416:inter alia
1388:defendants
1384:plaintiffs
1262:Terengganu
1205:Terengganu
1188:Dutch Army
1178:Early life
722:Sook Ching
582:(pre-1819)
509:or simply
319:Huijbergen
280:1937-03-24
121:newspapers
50:improve it
2533:slideshow
2082:1479-5930
2043:2468-9068
1849:Singapore
1825:Hari Raya
1589:from the
1586:Europeans
1531:(not the
1401:Indonesia
1145:Indonesia
1033:2020–2022
993:2009–2010
784:1951–1955
764:1948–1951
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643:1528–1819
633:1400–1511
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590:Srivijaya
561:Singapore
526:Singapore
478:Parent(s)
300:Indonesia
292:West Java
56:talk page
2205:. ITBM.
2019:(2): 3.
1871:See also
1764:revolver
1750:Catholic
1610:—
1441:Muslim."
1396:Pakistan
1332:ex parte
1315:ex parte
1213:Malaysia
1168:baptised
1164:Javanese
1160:Scottish
1152:sergeant
1063:Military
1053:Timeline
1046:By topic
664:Founding
594:650–1377
550:a series
548:Part of
470:Children
206:May 2023
2556:"Nadra"
1857:kampung
1851:called
1632:gallows
1628:gallows
1626:on the
1525:Rangoon
1486:convent
1450:custody
1363:puberty
1294:kampung
1258:Kemaman
1243:Jakarta
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1201:Kemaman
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2090:762849
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1636:Madras
1502:. The
1288:, the
1249:as an
1209:Malaya
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609:Ban Zu
552:on the
530:Muslim
511:Natrah
494:(born
336:Natrah
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2531:Flash
2408:1989)
2086:JSTOR
1893:Notes
1836:Death
1730:Dutch
1723:Malay
1679:Malay
1624:death
1543:jihad
1504:Malay
1367:Egypt
1273:Tokyo
1266:Malay
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515:Malay
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128:books
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2554:aka
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2273:2020
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2143:2023
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2078:ISSN
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1994:2021
1959:2020
1734:Mass
1647:UMNO
1534:Dawn
1529:Dawn
1137:Java
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537:and
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382:ann.
308:Died
270:Born
114:news
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2021:doi
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