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isohyets for precipitation. Isoamplitudes are drawn on maps of amplitudes (for example, annual amplitudes of air temperature—that is, the differences between the mean temperatures of the warmest and coldest month). Isanomals are drawn on maps of anomalies (for example, deviations of the mean temperature of each place from the mean temperature of the entire latitudinal zone). Isolines of frequency are drawn on maps showing the frequency of a particular phenomenon (for example, the annual number of days with a thunderstorm or snow cover). Isochrones are drawn on maps showing the dates of onset of a given phenomenon (for example, the first frost and appearance or disappearance of the snow cover) or the date of a particular value of a meteorological element in the course of a year (for example, passing of the mean daily air temperature through zero). Isolines of the mean numerical value of wind velocity or isotachs are drawn on wind maps (charts); the wind resultants and directions of prevailing winds are indicated by arrows of different lengths or arrows with different plumes; lines of flow are often drawn. Maps of the zonal and meridional components of wind are frequently compiled for the free atmosphere. Atmospheric pressure and wind are usually combined on climatic maps. Wind roses, curves showing the distribution of other meteorological elements, diagrams of the annual course of elements at individual stations, and the like are also plotted on climatic maps.
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both from the actual values observed on the surface of the Earth and from values converted to sea level. The pressure field in the free atmosphere is represented either by maps of the distribution of pressure at different standard altitudes—for example, at every kilometer above sea level—or by maps of baric topography on which altitudes (more precisely geopotentials) of the main isobaric surfaces (for example, 900, 800, and 700 millibars) counted off from sea level are plotted. The temperature, humidity, and wind on aero climatic maps may apply either to standard altitudes or to the main isobaric surfaces.
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show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF, and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.
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743:: All maps must be drawn at a smaller scale than reality, requiring that the information included on a map be a very small sample of the wealth of information about a place. Generalization is the process of adjusting the level of detail in geographic information to be appropriate for the scale and purpose of a map, through procedures such as selection, simplification, and classification.
936:(GIS). The functionality of maps has been greatly advanced by technology simplifying the superimposition of spatially located variables onto existing geographical maps. Having local information such as rainfall level, distribution of wildlife, or demographic data integrated within the map allows more efficient analysis and better decision making. In the pre-electronic age such
1082:. These maps can be compiled both for individual climatic features (temperature, precipitation, humidity) and for combinations of them at the earth's surface and in the upper layers of the atmosphere. Climatic maps show climatic features across a large region and permit values of climatic features to be compared in different parts of the region. When generating the map,
692:, etc. In particular, some maps contain smaller "sub-maps" in otherwise blank regions—often one at a much smaller scale showing the whole globe and where the whole map fits on that globe, and a few showing "regions of interest" at a larger scale to show details that would not otherwise fit. Occasionally sub-maps use the same scale as the large map—a few maps of the
776:: The map image must be placed on the page (whether paper, web, or other media), along with related elements, such as the title, legend, additional maps, text, images, and so on. Each of these elements have their own design considerations, as does their integration, which largely follows the principles of
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boundaries, latitude and longitude, national and provincial parks. These maps give a broad understanding of the location and features of an area. The reader may gain an understanding of the type of landscape, the location of urban places, and the location of major transportation routes all at once.
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Designing a map involves bringing together a number of elements and making a large number of decisions. The elements of design fall into several broad topics, each of which has its own theory, its own research agenda, and its own best practices. That said, there are synergistic effects between these
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as a 70-ton permanent three-dimensional reminder of
Scotland's hospitality to his compatriots. In 1974, the coastline and relief of Scotland were laid out by Kazimierz Trafas, a Polish student geographer-planner, based on existing Bartholomew Half-Inch map sheets. Engineering infrastructure was put
1089:
Climatic maps generally apply to individual months and the year as a whole, sometimes to the four seasons, to the growing period, and so forth. On maps compiled from the observations of ground meteorological stations, atmospheric pressure is converted to sea level. Air temperature maps are compiled
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enlarging the same map with the pixels enlarged (replaced by rectangles of pixels); no additional detail is shown, but, depending on the quality of one's vision, possibly more detail can be seen; if a computer display does not show adjacent pixels really separate, but overlapping instead (this does
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mapping, or computer network topology mapping. The space being mapped may be two dimensional, such as the surface of the Earth, three dimensional, such as the interior of the Earth, or even more abstract spaces of any dimension, such as arise in modeling phenomena having many independent variables.
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Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways, or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may
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General-purpose maps provide many types of information on one map. Most atlas maps, wall maps, and road maps fall into this category. The following are some features that might be shown on general-purpose maps: bodies of water, roads, railway lines, parks, elevations, towns and cities, political
1100:
Climatic maps are often incorporated into climatic atlases of varying geographic ranges (globe, hemispheres, continents, countries, oceans) or included in comprehensive atlases. Besides general climatic maps, applied climatic maps and atlases have great practical value. Aero climatic maps, aero
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Isolines are drawn on maps of such climatic features as the long-term mean values (of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, total precipitation, and so forth) to connect points with equal values of the feature in question—for example, isobars for pressure, isotherms for temperature, and
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per location. Most maps strive to keep point scale variation within narrow bounds. Although the scale statement is nominal it is usually accurate enough for most purposes unless the map covers a large fraction of the Earth. At the scope of a world map, scale as a single number is practically
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is a hand-built topographic map of the province, 80 feet by 76 feet. Built by George
Challenger and his family from 1947 to 1954, it features all of B.C.'s mountains, lakes, rivers and valleys in exact-scaled topographical detail. Residing in the British Columbia Pavilion at the
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regions are conventionally centered on the pole; the direction North would be toward or away from the center of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0° meridian toward the bottom of the page; maps of the
Antarctic have the 0° meridian toward the top of the
722:, map making incorporates scientific knowledge about how maps are used, integrated with principles of artistic expression, to create an aesthetically attractive product, carries an aura of authority, and functionally serves a particular purpose for an intended audience.
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Some cartographers prefer to make the map cover practically the entire screen or sheet of paper, leaving no room "outside" the map for information about the map as a whole. These cartographers typically place such information in an otherwise "blank" region "inside" the
536:
Using the equator as the edge, the world map of Gott, Vanderbei, and
Goldberg is arranged as a pair of disks back-to-back designed to present the least error possible. They are designed to be printed as a two-sided flat object that could be held easily for educational
737:: The foundation of the map is the plane on which it rests (whether paper or screen), but projections are required to flatten the surface of the Earth. All projections distort this surface, but the cartographer can be strategic about how and where distortion occurs.
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without distortion means that the map cannot have a constant scale. Rather, on most projections, the best that can be attained is an accurate scale along one or two paths on the projection. Because scale differs everywhere, it can only be measured meaningfully as
1042:(1) may apply to the text as needed (displaying labels for more features), while (2) applies to the rest of the image. Text is not necessarily enlarged when zooming in. Similarly, a road represented by a double line may or may not become wider when one zooms in.
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had once been shown an impressive outdoor map of land and water in the
Netherlands demonstrating the working of the waterways (which had been an obstacle to the Polish forces progress in 1944). This had inspired Maczek and his companions to create
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in place to surround it with a sea of water and at the
General's request some of the main rivers were even arranged to flow from headwaters pumped into the mountains. The map was finished in 1979, but had to be restored between 2013 and 2017.
291:, was widely used as the standard two-dimensional projection of the earth for world maps until the late 20th century, when more accurate projections were formulated. Mercator was also the first to use and popularize the concept of the
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cites the
Challenger Map as the largest of its kind in the world. The map in its entirety occupies 6,080 square feet (1,850 square metres) of space. It was disassembled in 1997; there is a project to restore it in a new location.
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to a two-dimensional picture. Projection always distorts the surface. There are many ways to apportion the distortion, and so there are many map projections. Which projection to use depends on the purpose of the map.
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are computerized maps with route planning and advice facilities that monitor the user's position with the help of satellites. From the computer scientist's point of view, zooming in entails one or a combination of:
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1032:. The increase in detail is limited to the information contained in the file: enlargement of a curve may eventually result in a series of standard geometric figures such as straight lines, arcs of circles, or
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was made by
Francisco Vela in 1905 and still exists. This map (horizontal scale 1:10,000; vertical scale 1:2,000) measures 1,800 m, and was created to educate children in the scape of their country.
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or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.
432:, were drawn with east at the top (meaning that the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). The most common cartographic convention is that north is at the top of a map.
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283:. In their most simple form maps are two dimensional constructs, however since the age of Classical Greece maps have also been projected onto a three-dimensional sphere known as a globe. The
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Maps of climatic regionalization, that is, division of the earth's surface into climatic zones and regions according to some classification of climates, are a special kind of climatic map.
259:
Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. The earliest surviving maps include
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elements, meaning that the overall design process is not just working on each element one at a time, but an iterative feedback process of adjusting each to achieve the desired
976:(respectively meaning to increase or decrease the scale), sometimes by replacing one map with another of different scale, centered where possible on the same point. In-car
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Freeman, H., "Computer Name
Placement," ch. 29, in Geographical Information Systems, 1, D.J. Maguire, M.F. Goodchild, and D.W. Rhind, John Wiley, New York, 1991, 449–460.
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344:, railroad network maps, and hiking and bicycling maps. In terms of quantity, the largest number of drawn map sheets is probably made up by local surveys, carried out by
348:, utilities, tax assessors, emergency services providers, and other local agencies. Many national surveying projects have been carried out by the military, such as the
206:
Although the earliest maps known are of the heavens, geographic maps of territory have a very long tradition and exist from ancient times. The word "map" comes from the
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770:: Text serves a number of purposes on the map, especially aiding the recognition of features, but labels must be designed and positioned well to be effective.
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1907:
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1410:" and "Kurdish regions". In 2018, the government had a user-generated map of Kurdistan, which it deemed "terrorist propaganda", removed from Google Maps.
627:) are smoothed to clarify the relationships between stations. Near the center of the map, stations are spaced out more than near the edges of the map.
1149:, like this one showing inventory locations, the distances between locations are not important. Only the layout and connectivity between them matters.
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1053:. For a single raster graphics image (2) applies until the pixels in the image file correspond to the pixels of the display, thereafter (3) applies.
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on the map corresponds to 10,000 of that same unit on the ground. The scale statement can be accurate when the region mapped is small enough for the
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Maps of the world or large areas are often either 'political' or 'physical'. The most important purpose of the political map is to show territorial
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made printing, displaying, or using any unofficial or "incorrect" map of
Pakistan a crime punishable by 5 years in jail and a fine of 5 million
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749:: Any map visually represents the location and properties of geographic phenomena using map symbols, graphical depictions composed of several
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2004:
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In 2010, the People's Republic of China began requiring that all online maps served from within China be hosted there, making them
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222:'of the world'. Thus, "map" became a shortened term referring to a two-dimensional representation of the surface of the world.
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can be used to synthesize values where there are no measurements, under the assumption that conditions change smoothly.
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Even when GIS is not involved, most cartographers now use a variety of computer graphics programs to generate new maps.
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948:. Today, it is used by agencies of humankind, as diverse as wildlife conservationists and militaries around the world.
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Composition: As all of the symbols are brought together, their interactions have major effects on map reading, such as
403:, a classic "T-O" map with Jerusalem at the center, east toward the top, Europe the bottom left and Africa on the right
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has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernible.
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Both the Republic of India and the People's Republic of China require that all maps show areas subject to the
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The design and production of maps is a craft that has developed over thousands of years, from clay tablets to
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Ahn, J. and Freeman, H., "A program for automatic name placement," Proc. AUTO-CARTO 6, Ottawa, 1983. 444–455.
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such as mountains, soil type, or land use including infrastructures such as roads, railroads, and buildings.
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or some other durable medium, while others are dynamic or interactive. Although most commonly used to depict
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Monarchs, Ministers and Maps: The Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe.
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1004:), then replacing a pixel by a rectangle of pixels does show more detail. A variation of this method is
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are perhaps the most widely used maps today, and form a subset of navigational maps, which also include
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Evert, Klaus-Jürgen; Ballard (deceased), Edward B.; Elsworth, David J.; Oquiñena, Icíar, eds. (2010),
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The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the map and the corresponding
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at the University of Wisconsin, a comprehensive research project in the history of maps and mapping
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meaningless throughout most of the map. Instead, it usually refers to the scale along the equator.
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355:: a civilian government agency, internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work.
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to map from the curved surface of the Earth to the plane. The impossibility of flattening the
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Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road or waterway they describe.
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is the study and practice of crafting representations of the Earth upon a flat surface (see
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1421:. It asserts that India is illegally occupying some Pakistani territory along the northern
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1039:(2) may apply to text and (3) to the outline of a map feature such as a forest or building.
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Some countries required that all published maps represent their national claims regarding
1117:. In addition maps of other bodies such as the Moon and other planets are technically not
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Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with the sea at the top.
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display logical relationships between items, rather than geographical relationships.
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1230:(PNE) in Vancouver from 1954 to 1997 it was viewed by millions of visitors. The
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show not only the physical surface, but characteristics of the underlying rock,
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1711:'Radically Different': This Could Be The Most Accurate Flat World Map Ever Made
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include a sub-map to the same scale for each of the two non-contiguous states.
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and etchings on tusk and stone, followed by extensive maps produced by ancient
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and similar subway maps around the world are a common example of these maps.
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Interactive, computerized maps are commercially available, allowing users to
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has been the computer. Much of cartography, especially at the data-gathering
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depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as
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Use of Pakistan’s unofficial map a crime punishable by jail term, fine
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In addition to location information, maps may also be used to portray
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conditions based on the results of long-term observations are called
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convention by having south at the top. Ancient Africans including in
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to Europe around 1400, there was no single convention in the West.
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1908:"Google Maps Displays Crimean Border Differently In Russia, U.S."
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After Turkey Complains, Google Removes Offending ‘Kurdistan’ Map
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climatic atlases, and agro climatic maps are the most numerous.
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1829:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, p. 136,
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Map type-specific design: Different kinds of maps, especially
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The Great Polish Map of Scotland at Barony Castle, Scotland
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with East at the top. Indeed, before the reintroduction of
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480:, for example, are oriented to the shores they describe.
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Symbolic depiction of relationships, mostly geographical
1827:
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Landscape and Urban Planning
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to translate the three-dimensional real surface of the
604:– distorted to show population distributions as of 2008
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used this orientation, as some maps in Brazil do today.
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The maps that reflect the territorial distribution of
1684:"The orientation of the world in the African thought"
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in nature, only the connectivity is significant. The
1935:"Google charts a careful course through Asia's maps"
1963:"China issues new rules on Internet map publishing"
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1127:are also spatial but not necessarily geospatial.
787:, have their own design needs and best practices.
619:Another example of distorted scale is the famous
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2080:. Scotland : St. Andrews University, 2002.
1810:"Using Text on Maps: Typography in Cartography"
560:, such as 1:10,000, which means that 1 unit of
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1879:The Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia
1045:The map may also have layers that are partly
988:enlarging the same map without enlarging the
2091:International Cartographic Association (ICA)
2023:Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992,
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1415:Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Act, 2020
944:to identify the location of an outbreak of
885:PDF § Optional Content Groups (layers)
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2312:
2135:
2121:
1468:
1238:
1113:, and other cosmological features such as
753:, such as size, shape, color, and pattern.
24:
1217:Challenger Relief Map of British Columbia
1066:Mean Annual Temperature map of Ohio from
525:are based on a projection of the Earth's
447:Maps not oriented with north at the top:
125:Learn how and when to remove this message
2097:Geography and Maps, an Illustrated Guide
1932:
1902:
1242:
1194:
1140:
1061:
1011:
985:replacing the map by a more detailed one
950:
908:
830:
801:
592:
568:of the Earth to be neglected, such as a
434:
381:
302:
235:
146:
138:
88:This article includes a list of general
32:This is an accepted version of this page
1960:
1185:
186:, real or fictional, without regard to
14:
4127:
2049:Automated Cartographic Text Placement.
326:), and one who makes maps is called a
3704:International Orienteering Federation
3199:
2307:
2116:
1891:Petermanns Geographische Mitteilungen
541:
4030:
3319:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
1786:
1028:(PDF) file or other format based on
74:
4008:
2074:O'Connor, J.J. and E.F. Robertson,
1766:; United States Geological Survey,
1372:
1104:
978:global navigation satellite systems
56:
2107:The History of Cartography Project
1933:Wagstaff, Jeremy (23 March 2012).
1406:In 2017, Turkey banned the terms "
1280:
871:lines, and subsurface structures.
718:, particularly closely related to
307:Celestial map by the cartographer
287:, developed by Flemish geographer
94:it lacks sufficient corresponding
57:
4161:
2084:
1590:
1385:Within Russia, Google Maps shows
4107:
4090:
4073:
4056:
4039:
4007:
3998:
3997:
3225:
2285:
2274:
2273:
1663:education.nationalgeographic.org
1191:The Great Polish Map of Scotland
79:
3309:Amateur radio direction finding
2013:
1998:
1987:
1954:
1926:
1896:
1893:, annual 72, 1926, pp. 212–214.
1884:
1872:
1725:"Commonly Used Map Projections"
810:of the ocean floor showing the
174:Many maps are static, fixed to
1857:
1835:10.1007/978-3-540-76435-9_1966
1823:"833 climatic map [n]"
1814:
1802:
1738:
1717:
1714:, Science Alert, March 8, 2022
1702:
1676:
1651:
1566:
1130:
934:geographic information systems
712:Geographic information systems
377:
362:indicating constant values of
218:meant 'napkin' or 'cloth' and
13:
1:
2350:Biological data visualization
1961:Guanqun, Wang (19 May 2010).
1639:
1221:The Challenger Relief Map of
874:
634:
397:
3883:North American Championships
1644:
1613:Geographic coordinate system
1434:
1247:Mapa en Relieve de Guatemala
1210:Great Polish Map of Scotland
932:level, has been subsumed by
657:
298:
7:
3243:List of orienteering events
2099:, by the staff of the U.S.
1628:List of online map services
1457:List of online map services
1429:
1228:Pacific National Exhibition
1057:
1024:Typically (2) applies to a
247:, one of the most advanced
10:
4166:
3955:Mountain bike orienteering
3601:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
3277:Mountain bike orienteering
2390:Mathematical visualization
2077:The History of Cartography
1394:Sino-Indian border dispute
1176:
1134:
1016:A world map in PDF format.
878:
835:Geological map of the Moon
795:
703:
661:
638:
545:
229:
225:
61:
3993:
3971:
3953:
3921:
3818:
3811:
3746:
3696:
3609:
3581:
3551:
3525:
3516:
3486:
3438:
3412:
3405:
3365:
3329:
3295:
3258:
3251:
3233:
3068:
2938:
2802:
2756:
2680:
2579:
2548:
2541:
2448:
2385:Information visualization
2370:Educational visualization
2342:
2269:
2211:
2188:
2150:
2142:
1560:Page layout (cartography)
1476:Automatic label placement
699:
552:Many maps are drawn to a
428:many maps, including the
295:as a collection of maps.
182:, maps may represent any
3906:Kainuu Orienteering Week
2561:Charles-René de Fourcroy
2410:Scientific visualization
2337:of technical information
2033:Denis E. Cosgrove (ed.)
1603:Digital geologic mapping
1232:Guinness Book of Records
1026:Portable Document Format
791:
694:contiguous United States
39:latest accepted revision
3911:Jan Kjellström Festival
3796:Scoutcraft orienteering
3559:OpenOrienteering Mapper
3238:History of orienteering
2037:. Reaktion Books, 1999
1768:Topographic Map Symbols
1633:Map database management
1469:Map designing and types
1401:subject to Chinese laws
1258:
1253:Relief map of Guatemala
1239:Relief map of Guatemala
822:(yellow-green) and the
424:, meaning east. In the
109:more precise citations.
3866:European Championships
3596:Suunnistussimulaattori
2981:Christopher R. Johnson
2533:Technical illustration
2420:Software visualization
2198:History of cartography
2019:David Buisseret, ed.,
1579:History of cartography
1447:Map–territory relation
1248:
1200:
1171:London Underground map
1150:
1071:
1017:
1000:, but may apply for a
962:
921:
918:digital raster graphic
836:
828:
768:Typography or Labeling
645:Geographic maps use a
621:London Underground map
605:
444:
420:
411:in reality. The word "
404:
324:History of cartography
312:
256:
241:
232:History of cartography
211:
152:
151:Political map of Earth
144:
3697:Organisations / lists
2875:Lawrence J. Rosenblum
2688:Edward Walter Maunder
2612:Charles Joseph Minard
2430:User interface design
2405:Product visualization
2203:List of cartographers
1584:List of cartographers
1423:India–Pakistan border
1246:
1198:
1144:
1084:spatial interpolation
1065:
1015:
954:
912:
879:Further information:
834:
805:
596:
443:, Netherlands (1695).
438:
385:
306:
239:
150:
143:Physical map of Earth
142:
68:Maps (disambiguation)
3499:Satellite navigation
3352:Mounted orienteering
3155:Scientific modelling
3130:Information graphics
2870:Clifford A. Pickover
2820:William S. Cleveland
2728:Henry Norris Russell
2713:Howard G. Funkhouser
2657:Florence Nightingale
2622:Francis Amasa Walker
2518:Statistical graphics
2440:Volume visualization
2415:Social visualization
2062:How to Lie with Maps
1808:Jill Saligoe-Simmel,
1751:3 April 2016 at the
1746:Explorer Map Symbols
1598:Aerial landscape art
1528:—A map created from
1186:Extremely large maps
460:Hereford Mappa Mundi
389:Hereford Mappa Mundi
64:Map (disambiguation)
62:For other uses, see
3981:World Championships
3963:World Championships
3931:World Championships
3828:World Championships
3779:Location-based game
3393:Transmitter hunting
3135:Information science
3098:in computer science
2890:Sheelagh Carpendale
2825:George G. Robertson
2662:Karl Wilhelm Pohlke
2597:André-Michel Guerry
2473:Graph of a function
2468:Engineering drawing
2101:Library of Congress
1773:1 June 2008 at the
1762:28 May 2008 at the
1396:in their own favor.
812:continental shelves
706:Cartographic design
285:Mercator Projection
29:Page version status
3973:Trail orienteering
3721:List of orienteers
3634:cardinal direction
3337:Canoe orienteering
3287:Trail orienteering
3175:Volume cartography
2939:Early 21st century
2835:Catherine Plaisant
2830:Bruce H. McCormick
2784:Mary Eleanor Spear
2774:Arthur H. Robinson
2708:Arthur Lyon Bowley
2681:Early 20th century
2528:Technical drawings
2400:Molecular graphics
2375:Flow visualization
2365:Data visualization
2047:Freeman, Herbert,
1968:Xinhua News Agency
1789:"Maps projections"
1787:Albrecht, Jochen.
1757:Conventional Signs
1608:Economic geography
1452:Censorship of maps
1389:as part of Russia.
1266:Aeronautical chart
1249:
1201:
1155:schematic diagrams
1151:
1109:Maps exist of the
1072:
1018:
963:
922:
837:
829:
798:Category:Map types
608:Some maps, called
606:
542:Scale and accuracy
519:Buckminster Fuller
445:
415:" is derived from
409:compass directions
405:
394:Hereford Cathedral
313:
257:
253:Muhammad al-Idrisi
153:
145:
35:
4021:
4020:
3989:
3988:
3939:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3820:Foot orienteering
3747:Non-sport related
3591:Catching Features
3577:
3576:
3512:
3511:
3401:
3400:
3347:Mountain marathon
3272:Foot orienteering
3252:Sport disciplines
3193:
3192:
3170:Visual perception
3120:Graphic organizer
3093:Computer graphics
3064:
3063:
3046:Martin Wattenberg
3021:Hanspeter Pfister
2976:Martin Krzywinski
2900:Jock D. Mackinlay
2880:Thomas A. DeFanti
2803:Late 20th century
2723:Ejnar Hertzsprung
2425:Technical drawing
2301:
2300:
1906:(12 April 2014).
1844:978-3-540-76455-7
1744:Ordnance Survey,
1516:Hypsometric tints
1413:In Pakistan, the
1153:Diagrams such as
1068:Geography of Ohio
996:not apply for an
462:were centered on
289:Gerardus Mercator
135:
134:
127:
47:14 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
4157:
4120:
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4111:
4110:
4103:
4095:
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4093:
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4078:
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4059:
4052:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4011:
4010:
4001:
4000:
3935:
3923:Ski orienteering
3846:
3839:
3832:
3816:
3815:
3754:Adventure travel
3622:orienteering map
3523:
3522:
3410:
3409:
3373:Adventure racing
3342:Car orienteering
3282:Ski orienteering
3256:
3255:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3180:Volume rendering
3165:Visual analytics
3160:Spatial analysis
3140:Misleading graph
2991:David McCandless
2966:Gordon Kindlmann
2930:Alfred Inselberg
2925:Leland Wilkinson
2860:Michael Friendly
2794:Howard T. Fisher
2757:Mid 20th century
2698:W. E. B. Du Bois
2602:William Playfair
2592:Adolphe Quetelet
2566:Joseph Priestley
2549:Pre-19th century
2546:
2545:
2513:Skeletal formula
2380:Geovisualization
2355:Chemical imaging
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2289:
2277:
2276:
2216:Animated mapping
2193:Early world maps
2165:Geovisualization
2137:
2130:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2060:Mark Monmonier,
2007:
2002:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1971:. Archived from
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1866:Story of the Map
1861:
1855:
1854:
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1851:
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1736:
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1733:
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1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1686:. Archived from
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1655:
1574:Early world maps
1530:orthophotography
1373:Legal regulation
1223:British Columbia
1205:Stanisław Maczek
1123:graphical maps.
1105:Extraterrestrial
1002:cathode ray tube
849:Topographic maps
826:(blue to purple)
820:mid-ocean ridges
816:oceanic plateaus
762:Visual hierarchy
751:visual variables
423:
402:
399:
311:, 17th century
249:early world maps
246:
243:Tabula Rogeriana
130:
123:
119:
116:
110:
105:this article by
96:inline citations
83:
82:
75:
21:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4106:
4102:from Wikivoyage
4096:
4091:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4055:
4051:from Wiktionary
4045:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:sister projects
4028:at Knowledge's
4022:
4017:
3985:
3967:
3949:
3917:
3807:
3759:Bicycle touring
3742:
3692:
3686:mountain biking
3605:
3573:
3547:
3508:
3482:
3434:
3397:
3361:
3325:
3291:
3247:
3229:
3224:
3194:
3189:
3185:Information art
3125:Imaging science
3070:
3060:
3041:Fernanda Viégas
3036:Moritz Stefaner
2961:Jessica Hullman
2934:
2905:Alan MacEachren
2855:Ben Shneiderman
2798:
2752:
2676:
2575:
2537:
2450:
2444:
2395:Medical imaging
2338:
2332:
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2297:
2265:
2256:Topographic map
2207:
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1863:Mapa Scotland.
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1849:
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1793:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1775:Wayback Machine
1764:Wayback Machine
1753:Wayback Machine
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
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1708:Watson, Clare,
1707:
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1593:
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1569:
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1471:
1466:
1442:Counter-mapping
1437:
1432:
1381:. For example:
1379:border disputes
1375:
1370:
1351:Train track map
1346:Topographic map
1261:
1241:
1219:
1203:Polish general
1193:
1188:
1179:
1147:topological map
1139:
1137:Topological map
1133:
1107:
1060:
1051:vector graphics
1047:raster graphics
1030:vector graphics
938:superimposition
907:
877:
865:Geological maps
827:
800:
794:
735:Map projections
714:. As a form of
708:
702:
666:
660:
643:
637:
556:expressed as a
550:
544:
478:Portolan charts
400:
380:
353:Ordnance Survey
342:nautical charts
309:Frederik de Wit
301:
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101:Please help to
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4087:
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3740:
3738:List of events
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3468:Eye protectors
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3150:Patent drawing
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3115:Graphic design
3112:
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3090:
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3058:
3056:Hadley Wickham
3053:
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3043:
3038:
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3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:Tamara Munzner
3008:
3003:
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2978:
2973:
2968:
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2953:
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2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:David Goodsell
2907:
2902:
2897:
2895:Cynthia Brewer
2892:
2887:
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2799:
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2796:
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2789:Edgar Anderson
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2764:Jacques Bertin
2760:
2758:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2745:
2740:
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2730:
2725:
2720:
2718:John B. Peddle
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
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2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2672:Francis Galton
2669:
2667:Toussaint Loua
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2647:Georg von Mayr
2644:
2639:
2637:Matthew Sankey
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2503:Sankey diagram
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2435:Visual culture
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2236:Linguistic map
2233:
2228:
2226:Choropleth map
2223:
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2212:
2209:
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2175:Map projection
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2085:External links
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2015:
2012:
2009:
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1975:on 27 May 2016
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741:Generalization
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346:municipalities
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230:Main article:
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4099:Travel guides
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3031:Claudio Silva
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3019:
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2885:George Furnas
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2640:
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2617:Luigi Perozzo
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2605:
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2571:Gaspard Monge
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2335:Visualization
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1080:climatic maps
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960:Sierra Nevada
957:
953:
949:
947:
943:
942:Dr. John Snow
939:
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916:
911:
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901:OpenStreetMap
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861:contour lines
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785:thematic maps
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523:Dymaxion maps
520:
517:
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513:Ancient Egypt
510:
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505:South-up maps
503:
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197:
196:brain mapping
194:, such as in
193:
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185:
181:
177:
172:
171:, or themes.
170:
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48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
4114:
4097:
4080:
4068:from Commons
4063:
4046:
4025:
3887:Open events
3812:Competitions
3644:route choice
3616:
3610:Fundamentals
3383:Fell running
3330:Other sports
3227:Orienteering
3145:Neuroimaging
3105:CPK coloring
3088:Color coding
3026:Hans Rosling
3006:Miriah Meyer
2971:Aaron Koblin
2956:Jeffrey Heer
2850:Edward Tufte
2845:Pat Hanrahan
2815:Nigel Holmes
2693:Otto Neurath
2632:Oliver Byrne
2580:19th century
2482:
2292:Portal:Atlas
2290:
2278:
2251:Thematic map
2231:Geologic map
2169:
2075:
2061:
2051:White paper.
2034:
2020:
2014:Bibliography
2000:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1966:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1910:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1874:
1865:
1859:
1848:, retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1782:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:
1704:
1692:. Retrieved
1688:the original
1678:
1666:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1511:Geologic map
1486:Compass rose
1376:
1341:Thematic map
1321:Resource map
1306:Physical map
1301:Nautical map
1286:Geologic map
1281:Climatic map
1250:
1220:
1202:
1180:
1159:Gantt charts
1152:
1118:
1111:Solar System
1108:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1019:
973:
969:
967:
964:
940:of data led
926:cartographer
923:
897:Google Earth
863:or shading.
838:
724:
709:
686:compass rose
674:
667:
644:
629:
625:River Thames
618:
607:
551:
508:
471:
458:such as the
456:T and O maps
446:
430:T and O maps
406:
387:
357:
338:aeronautical
332:
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319:
314:
258:
219:
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173:
156:
154:
136:
121:
112:
93:
72:
46:
37:This is the
31:
4140:Cartography
4048:Definitions
4013:WikiProject
3861:World Games
3583:Video games
3552:Open-source
3526:Proprietary
3494:Backpacking
3078:Cartography
3016:Ade Olufeko
2986:Manuel Lima
2915:Kwan-Liu Ma
2840:Stuart Card
2810:Borden Dent
2748:Erwin Raisz
2703:Henry Gantt
2261:Weather map
2155:Cartography
1946:6 September
1918:6 September
1567:Map history
1555:Transit map
1501:Fantasy map
1491:Contour map
1361:Weather map
1356:Transit map
1167:Topological
1131:Topological
1049:and partly
905:Yahoo! Maps
893:Google Maps
818:(red), the
587:point scale
574:projections
562:measurement
548:Scale (map)
531:icosahedron
509:North is up
507:invert the
426:Middle Ages
401: 1300
396:, England,
378:Orientation
368:temperature
316:Cartography
212:Mappa mundi
107:introducing
4129:Categories
4082:Quotations
3876:University
3848:University
3801:wilderness
3784:geocaching
3731:innovators
3726:by country
3649:wayfinding
3629:Navigation
3564:Purple Pen
3487:Exceptions
3456:protractor
3388:Relay race
3001:John Maeda
2779:John Tukey
2743:Harry Beck
2738:Fritz Kahn
2488:Photograph
2180:Topography
1850:25 January
1694:16 January
1640:References
1623:Global Map
1545:Road atlas
1521:Map design
1506:Floor plan
1496:Estate map
1336:Street map
1316:Relief map
1125:Floor maps
956:Relief map
875:Electronic
853:elevations
808:Bathymetry
796:See also:
682:map legend
664:Map symbol
647:projection
635:Projection
610:cartograms
490:Polar maps
320:map-making
214:, wherein
90:references
4150:Geography
3945:World Cup
3856:World Cup
3789:poker run
3639:resection
3406:Equipment
3357:Rogaining
3314:Fox Oring
3083:Chartjunk
3051:Bang Wong
2946:Polo Chau
2652:John Snow
2627:John Venn
2508:Schematic
2493:Pictogram
2221:Cartogram
2160:Geography
1794:13 August
1645:Citations
1618:Index map
1550:Strip map
1408:Kurdistan
1366:World map
1163:tree maps
1115:star maps
845:geography
747:Symbology
690:bar scale
684:, title,
678:cartouche
658:Symbology
598:Cartogram
566:curvature
537:purposes.
498:Antarctic
473:Geography
464:Jerusalem
454:European
364:elevation
334:Road maps
299:Geography
180:geography
115:July 2017
4003:Category
3891:O-Ringen
3764:Climbing
3654:waypoint
3518:Software
3478:Headlamp
3439:Personal
3301:governed
3264:governed
3069:Related
2478:Ideogram
2035:Mappings
1771:Archived
1760:Archived
1749:Archived
1730:8 August
1481:City map
1430:See also
1331:Star map
1326:Road map
1076:climatic
1058:Climatic
974:zoom out
889:MapQuest
881:Web page
758:grouping
570:city map
529:onto an
452:Medieval
372:rainfall
161:symbolic
43:reviewed
4145:Geodesy
3901:Tiomila
3841:Masters
3774:Hunting
3709:members
3676:walking
3671:running
3504:Whistle
3473:Gaiters
3446:Compass
3366:Related
2951:Ben Fry
2463:Diagram
1979:27 July
1940:Reuters
1912:NPR.org
1435:General
1177:General
1034:splines
970:zoom in
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946:cholera
841:borders
728:gestalt
600:of the
580:to the
492:of the
468:Ptolemy
441:Utrecht
439:Map of
374:, etc.
350:British
265:Babylon
226:History
188:context
169:regions
165:objects
103:improve
3937:Junior
3896:Jukola
3834:Junior
3769:Hiking
3681:skiing
3666:hiking
3661:Racing
3538:Condes
3425:Course
3071:topics
2542:People
2449:Image
2343:Fields
2068:
2041:
2027:
1841:
1668:10 May
1419:rupees
1387:Crimea
990:pixels
930:survey
903:, and
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774:Layout
716:Design
700:Design
614:Europe
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413:orient
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269:Greece
255:, 1154
92:, but
4065:Media
3871:Youth
3461:thumb
3413:Event
2523:Table
2458:Chart
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2144:Atlas
1659:"Map"
1271:Atlas
1145:In a
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670:signs
651:geoid
582:plane
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293:atlas
281:India
277:China
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216:mappa
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4135:Maps
4116:Data
3569:MeOS
3533:OCAD
3451:hand
3297:IARU
2498:Plot
2066:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2025:ISBN
1981:2016
1948:2018
1920:2018
1852:2023
1839:ISBN
1796:2013
1732:2022
1696:2019
1670:2024
1540:Plat
1259:List
1251:The
1161:and
1157:and
1070:1923
915:USGS
855:and
814:and
760:and
676:map—
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340:and
273:Rome
271:and
66:and
18:Maps
4026:Map
3617:Map
3430:Map
3260:IOF
2483:Map
2170:Map
1831:doi
1120:geo
998:LCD
972:or
521:'s
496:or
470:'s
318:or
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157:map
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