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1658:, Iraqi politics took on a new dynamic. The emerging class of Sunni and Shia landowning tribal sheikhs vied for positions of power with wealthy and prestigious urban-based Sunni families and with Ottoman-trained army officers and bureaucrats. Because Iraq's newly established political institutions were the creation of a foreign power, and because the concept of democratic government had no precedent in Iraqi history, the politicians in Baghdad lacked legitimacy and never developed deeply rooted constituencies. Thus, despite a constitution and an elected assembly, Iraqi politics was more a shifting alliance of important personalities and cliques than a
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officials, among other expenses. British obligations under the new treaty included providing various kinds of aid, notably military assistance, and proposing Iraq for membership in the League of
Nations at the earliest moment. In effect, the treaty ensured that Iraq would remain politically and economically dependent on the UK. While unable to prevent the treaty, Faisal clearly felt that the British had gone back on their promises to him.
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at
Sanremo for the Iraqis. In the end, despite strong nationalist sentiments against the concession agreement, the Iraqi negotiators acquiesced to it. The League of Nations was soon to vote on the disposition of Mosul, and the Iraqis feared that, without British support, Iraq would lose the area to Turkey. In March 1925, an agreement was concluded that contained none of the Iraqi demands. The TPC, now renamed the
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and
Metcalf, John and Henry Lawrence, Milner and Cromer had attempted in vain to bring order, justice and security to the East, as though Burke and Macaulay, Bentham and James Mill had never addressed their intelligence to the problems and prospects of oriental government. We can never cease to marvel how, in the end, all this was discarded... Mesopotamia.
1673:
conscription was also "put down with the help of indiscriminate aerial bombing." During these disturbances, Shia religious leaders were expelled from Iraq due to being
Persians. Kedourie describes the monarchy as despotic, with a record "full of bloodshed, treason and rapine" and "however pitiful its end we may know that it was implicit in its beginning."
1627:
immense political and economic pressure throughout the monarchic period, the military gained increasing power and influence; moreover, because the officers in the new army were by necessity Sunnis who had served under the
Ottomans, while the lower ranks were predominantly filled by Shia tribal elements, Sunni dominance in the military was preserved.
1432:, author of a seminal work on Iraq, the building of a nation-state in Iraq depended upon two major factors: the integration of Shias and Sunnis into the new body politic and the successful resolution of the age-old conflicts between the tribes and the riverine cities and among the tribes themselves over the food-producing flatlands of the
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against the Turks, his achievements as a leader of the Iraq emancipation movement, and his general leadership qualities. Faisal was instated as the
Monarch of Iraq after the Naquib of Baghdad was disqualified as being too old (80 yrs) and Sayid Talib (a prominent Iraqi from the province of Basra) was
1518:
noted that "the North as a whole had to be coerced by the Royal Air Force." When the
Kurdish leader Sheikh Mahmud launched an armed rebellion, the British used the newly established Iraqi army to suppress the revolt, but that proved ineffective. The British then resorted to deploying the RAF, which
1706:
In a dispatch by a
British official to London in 1928, there was a description of how the electoral system worked: the government's provincial governors were in fact election agents who drew up lists of those to be elected and of those who would do the electing. Elections to "the chamber of deputies
1698:
If Makiya is referring to economic development in his account of the
British modernising legacy in Iraq, an authoritative study demonstrates that Iraq's productivity in agriculture, the most important sector at the time, in fact declined from 275 kg per acre in 1920 to an average of 238 kg
1693:
When we consider the long experience of
Britain in the government of Eastern countries, and set beside it the miserable polity which she bestowed on the populations of Mesopotamia, we are seized with rue- ful wonder. It is as though India and Egypt had never existed, as though Lord Cornwallis, Munro
1765:
Beginning in 1923, British and Iraqi negotiators held acrimonious discussions over the new oil concession. The major obstacle was Iraq's insistence on a 20 percent equity participation in the company; this figure had been included in the original TPC concession to the Turks and had been agreed upon
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into the armed forces. These were suppressed by the Iraqi government with assistance from the RAF Iraq Command, with Kedourie writing that the "killing, it seems, was indiscriminate, and old men, women and children were the victims." An armed revolt which broke out in 1937 over agrarian issues and
1622:
deficit with the UK, and that British officials would be appointed to specified posts in 18 departments to act as advisers and inspectors. A subsequent financial agreement, which significantly increased the financial burden on Iraq, required Iraq to pay half the cost of supporting British resident
1617:
of Najaf and Karbala to limit both British influence in Iraq and the duration of the treaty. Recognizing that the monarchy depended on British supportβ and wishing to avoid a repetition of his experience in Syria β Faisal maintained a moderate approach in dealing with the UK. The treaty, which had
1626:
The British decision at the Cairo Conference to establish an indigenous Iraqi army was significant. In Iraq, as in most of the developing world, the military establishment has been the best organized institution in an otherwise weak political system. Thus, while Iraq's body politic crumbled under
1702:
Under the British mandate a new ruling class of 'government shaikhs' was created. "Many of them , reported Major Pulley to the British commissioner in Baghdad in 1920, "were small men of no account until we made them powerful and rich." The Civil Commissioner Wilson reported on his part that the
1684:
The British mandate and the institutions it gave rise to in Iraq, were the agents of a modernisation that did not arise gradually or indigenously as the outcome of a populationβs own resourcefulness and engagement with the world. The British in Iraq were modernisers more than colonisers, despite
1731:
Nomadic bedouin tribes within Iraq, which had previously traded all throughout the Middle East, became confined to trading only within the borders of the Mandate itself. This decision by the colonial administration proved economically troubling and devastating for the bedouins.
1559:
was carefully arranged that had a return of 96 percent in his favor. The British saw in Faisal a leader who possessed sufficient nationalist and Islamic credentials to have broad appeal, but who also was vulnerable enough to remain dependent on their support. Faisal traced his
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since the 10th century. The British believed these credentials would satisfy traditional Arab standards of political legitimacy; moreover, the British thought Faisal would be accepted by the growing Iraqi nationalist movement because of his role in the 1916
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River valley. The southern tribes, who cherished their long-held political autonomy, needed little inducement to join in the fray. They did not cooperate in an organized effort against the British, however, which limited the effect of the revolt.
1758:β an agreement in 1916 between Britain and France that delineated future control of the Middle East β the area would have fallen under French influence. In 1919, however, the French relinquished their claims to Mosul under the terms of the
1618:
been originally set as a 20-year engagement but later reduced to four years, was ratified in June 1924; it stated that the king would heed British advice on all matters affecting British interests and on fiscal policy as long as Iraq had a
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deported on trumped up charges by the British. The voting was far from a reflection of the true feelings of the Iraqi people. Nevertheless, Faisal was considered the most effective choice for the throne by the British government.
1703:
Shaikhs "were in most cases directly dependent on the civil administration for the positions they held; realising that their positions entailed corresponding obligations, they co-operated actively with the political officers."
1263:
failed to restore order. The British occupiers faced the growing strength of the nationalists, who continued to resist against the British authority. British administration had yet to be established in
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in the Western sense. The absence of broadly based political institutions inhibited the early nationalist movement's ability to make deep inroads into Iraq's diverse social structure.
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1853:
Wright, Quincy. βThe Government of Iraq.β The American Political Science Review, vol. 20, no. 4, 1926, pp. 743β769. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/1945423. Accessed 21 Jan. 2020
1412:, and his son, Mirza Muhammad Riza, began to organize the insurgent effort. Shirazi then issued a ruling, and he called for a resistance against the British. By July 1920,
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was a watershed event in contemporary Iraqi history. For the first time, Sunnis and Shias, tribes and cities, were brought together in a common effort. In the opinion of
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and the right to move troops across the country. The treaty, of twenty-five years' duration, was to come into force upon Iraq's admission to the League of Nations.
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and appointments to the senate," comments Keeourie, "were an additional weapon in the hands of the government wherewith the better to control the country."
1514:. During the 1920s and 30s, the RAF Iraq Command participated in the suppression of numerous protests and revolts against the Hashemite monarchy. Historian
3960:
1440:. The 1920 rebellion brought these groups together, if only briefly; this constituted an important first step in the long and arduous process of forging a
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Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the
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A photograph of British and Iraqi dignitaries in Baghdad from 1923 during the era of Mandatory Iraq. From second left to right in the front row,
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In 1936 and 1937 various protests and revolts broke out against the Iraqi government, with the main issues centering around agrarian issues and
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by the French in July of the same year. Faisal was then granted by the British the territory of Iraq, to rule it as a kingdom, with the British
19:
This article is about Iraq (Mesopotamia) under British administration following World War I. For the proposed League of Nations instrument, see
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as a more cost-effective method of controlling large areas of territory than land forces, an idea that was heavily promoted by RAF officer
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Three important anticolonial secret societies had been formed in Iraq during 1918 and 1919. The League of the Islamic Awakening (
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The Role of Foreign Trade in the Economic Development of Iraq, 1864β1964: A Study in the Growth of a Dependent Economy
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1363:) was formed with the object of organizing and mobilizing the population for major resistance. In February 1919, in
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suppressed the revolt. In the same period, rebellions by the Shia in the South were also suppressed by the RAF.
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Ethnicity, State Formation, and Conscription in Postcolonial Iraq: The Case of the Yazidi Kurds of Jabal Sinjar
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provided for a "close alliance," for "full and frank consultations between the two countries in all matters of
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3975:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.
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and a 1924 undertaking by the United Kingdom to the League of Nations to fulfil the role as Mandatory Power.
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under direct British command); and they proposed a new treaty. To confirm Faisal as Iraq's first monarch, a
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1951:
Hazelton, Fran 1989. "Iraq to 1963" in CARDRI, "Saddamβs Iraq: Revolution or Reaction?" London 1989. p3
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considers the British mandate and its institutions more as "agents of modernisation" than colonialism:
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of March 1921, the British set the parameters for Iraqi political life that were to continue until the
841:
5265:; Ascension Island (1922β) and Tristan da Cunha (1938β) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.
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Vinogradov, Amal: "The 1920 Revolt in Iraq Reconsidered: The Role of Tribes in National Politics,"
2106:"Bedouin Tribes and the Imperial Intelligence Services in Syria, Iraq and Transjordan in the 1920s"
1602:
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Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day
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https://archive.org/details/KedourieElieTheChathamHouseVersionAndOtherMiddleEasternStudies
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1762:. The 1919 agreement granted the French a 25 percent share in the TPC as compensation.
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India Office LP & S, 10/4722/18/1920/8/6305, in Farouk-Sluglett and Sluglett, p277
1770:(IPC), was granted a full and complete concession for a period of seventy-five years.
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was in rebellion against British rule, and the armed resistance moved south down the
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Jacobsen, Mark: "'Only by the Sword': British Counterβinsurgency in Iraq", in:
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Coronation of Faisal as King of Iraq. Faisal seated, to his right are British
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In his assessment of the British mandate and the Iraqi monarchy, historians
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Mandatory Iraq, 1921. Remembrance flag of the coronation of King Faisail I
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1613:. Faisal was under pressure from the nationalists and the anti-British
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The final major decision taken at the Cairo Conference related to the
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
1750:
1573:
1568:. His ancestors held political authority in the holy cities of
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as Iraq's first King; they established an Iraqi army (but kept
1433:
1398:
826:
2206:
The First Iraq War, 1914-1918: Britain's Mesopotamian Campaign
1906:"Air Power in Small Wars β the British air control experience"
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The Mandatory administration continued to operate until 1932.
1474:, to his left commander-in-chief of all British troops in the
1448:, a military force under British command, participated in the
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With the signing of the 1930 Treaty and the settling of the
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2018:
1964:
The Chatham House Version, and Other Middle-Eastern Studies
1498:(RAF) elements stationed in Iraq were reorganized into the
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The Chatham House Version and Other Middle Eastern Studies
1993:
1991:
1978:
1976:
1974:
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2162:, ed. Leon M. Jefferies, Nova Publishers, 2003, page 146
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Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country, 1914β1932
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1988:
1971:
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after the capture and killing of a British officer in
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4300:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the
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out of Iraq's conflict-ridden social structure. The
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58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2234:Western Imperialism in the Middle East, 1914β1958
2160:Iraq: Issues, Historical Background, Bibliography
1748:(TPC) had held concessionary rights to the Mosul
1723:. Ruled by the Hashemites, it lasted until 1958.
5361:
2011:Asian History Module-based Learning Ii' 2003 Ed
1939:Air of authority: A history of RAF organization
1934:Overseas commands: Iraq, India and the Far East
1605:stands directly behind Bell in the second row.
1227:(RAF) retaining certain military control, but
5400:States and territories disestablished in 1932
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1773:
1689:Kedourie's judgement, however, is different:
1375:teachers, and civil servants, Sunni and Shia
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5262:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
5245:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
5123:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2283:International Journal of Middle East Studies
2269:The Proposed Termination of the Iraq Mandate
1384:
1358:
1348:
1163:Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
211:
204:
137:
134:Kingdom of Iraq under British administration
1315:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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5395:States and territories established in 1920
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2311:
2297:
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2619:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party β Iraq Region
1335:Learn how and when to remove this message
118:Learn how and when to remove this message
4306:Legitimacy of territorial establishment
2443:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
2036:
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1997:
1982:
1960:
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1485:
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5420:Former countries of the interwar period
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5415:20th-century disestablishments in Iraq
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5291:Historical flags of the British Empire
5275:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985
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1892:Baghdad - City of Peace, City of Blood
1189:), was created in 1921, following the
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2273:American Journal of International Law
1389:). The Istiqlal had member groups in
1360:al-Jam'iyya al-waαΉaniyya al-islΔmiyya
3472:
3414:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
1903:
1506:. Air control was considered by the
1452:of Kurds, Arabs, and Turkomen. (See
1313:adding citations to reliable sources
1280:
56:adding citations to reliable sources
27:
5102:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands
3945:. British Cameroons is now part of
3462:
1904:Dean, David J. (JulyβAugust 1983).
1897:
1174:
205:
138:
13:
3961:unilaterally declared independence
3656:1708β1757, 1763β1782 and 1798β1802
2198:
1186:al-IntidΔb al-BrΔ«αΉΔnΔ« ΚΏalΔ l-ΚΏIrΔq
14:
5431:
5168:Antarctica and the South Atlantic
5147:Occupied by Argentina during the
5079:
4325:
2285:3, no. 2 (1972): pp. 123β39.
2250:2, no. 2 (1991): pp. 323β63.
1735:
5311:
5302:
5301:
4714:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3471:
3461:
3451:
3442:
3441:
2747:2021β2022 Iraqi political crisis
2321:
2208:(New York: Enigma Books, 2009).
2174:
1699:per acre between 1953 and 1958.
1379:, and Iraqi officers formed the
1285:
1236:The civil government of postwar
1118:
748:
692:
667:
653:
639:
625:
179:
163:
32:
3226:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2649:1979β1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2639:1974β1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
2378:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
2145:
2111:Journal of Contemporary History
2104:Thomas, Martin (October 2003).
2097:
2088:
2071:
2055:
2042:
2003:
1710:
1276:
782:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
43:needs additional citations for
5210:Australian Antarctic Territory
4066:since 1965 (before as part of
4063:British Indian Ocean Territory
3949:, while Tanganyika is part of
3583:since 1960 (before as part of
2509:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1954:
1945:
1927:
1881:
1867:
1856:
1847:
1630:
1357:. The Muslim National League (
1350:Jam'iyya an-naαΈ₯da al-islΔmiyya
1195:British Mandate of Mesopotamia
1:
5390:IraqβUnited Kingdom relations
5385:Former countries in West Asia
2768:
1240:was headed originally by the
1175:Ψ§ΩΨ§ΩΨͺΨ―Ψ§Ψ¨ Ψ§ΩΨ¨Ψ±ΩΨ·Ψ§ΩΩ ΨΉΩΩ Ψ§ΩΨΉΨ±Ψ§Ω
139:Ψ§ΩΨ§ΩΨͺΨ―Ψ§Ψ¨ Ψ§ΩΨ¨Ψ±ΩΨ·Ψ§ΩΩ ΨΉΩΩ Ψ§ΩΨΉΨ±Ψ§Ω
5380:British military occupations
3524:British Overseas Territories
3005:in ISIL-controlled territory
2893:
1685:acting out of self-interest.
7:
5410:1920 establishments in Iraq
5237:British Antarctic Territory
4947:Western Pacific Territories
4841:
3179:
3071:
2916:Council of Representatives
2654:Weapons of mass destruction
2341:
2248:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1863:See original documents here
1813:
1754:(province). Under the 1916
1740:Before the collapse of the
1385:
1359:
1349:
1197:, and enacted via the 1922
1185:
212:
10:
5436:
4975:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
4392:British Arctic Territories
3672:
3568:
2644:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2255:Iraq: From Sumer to Saddam
2222:(London: IB Tauris, 1999).
2169:
1936:, section "RAF Iraq." In:
1774:British High Commissioners
1726:
1637:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930
1611:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922
1271:
1207:, who had been proclaimed
1097:Ba'athist rule (1968β2003)
1092:Republic of Iraq (1958β68)
18:
5286:
5255:
5215:Commonwealth of Australia
5173:
5162:
5133:
5085:
5074:
5040:
4847:
4811:
4617:Newfoundland and Labrador
4331:
4320:
4298:League of Nations mandate
4279:
4003:
3992:
3973:Lancaster House Agreement
3943:League of Nations mandate
3932:
3678:
3667:
3574:
3563:
3530:
3437:
3336:
3191:
3187:
3174:
3079:
3066:
2901:
2888:
2776:
2763:
2584:
2501:
2353:
2349:
2336:
2192:Federal Research Division
2124:10.1177/00220094030384002
1820:Guardians of Independence
1746:Turkish Petroleum Company
1744:, the British-controlled
1717:Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
1381:Guardians of Independence
708:
604:
594:
590:
580:
567:
554:
541:
528:
515:
500:
496:
486:
474:
462:
452:
448:
436:
424:β’ 1920β1922 (first)
422:
418:
408:
404:
392:
388:
378:
374:
362:
350:
338:
334:
324:
312:
278:
256:
243:
238:League of Nations mandate
233:
224:
197:
159:
154:
132:
16:Former country, 1921β1932
4745:Turks and Caicos Islands
4052:(protectorate) 1907β1949
3997:
3627:(integrated into the UK)
2995:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2906:Administrative divisions
2267:Wright, Quincy (1931). "
1890:: the High Commissioner,
1840:
1603:Bernard Henry Bourdillon
1213:Syrian National Congress
438:β’ 1930β1932 (last)
430:Abd Al-Rahman Al-Gillani
5028:1919β1942 and 1945β1968
4853:18th and 19th centuries
4669:Queen Charlotte Islands
4629:North-Western Territory
4601:1665β1674 and 1702β1776
4204:1781β1784 and 1795β1819
3869:1923β1965 and 1979β1980
3555:Commonwealth of Nations
2554:Mandate for Mesopotamia
2428:First Babylonian Empire
1967:. Praeger. p. 256.
1961:Kedourie, Elie (1970).
1942:. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
1760:Long-Berenger Agreement
1715:On 3 October 1932, the
1557:one-question plebiscite
1494:On 1 October 1922, the
1450:Kirkuk Massacre of 1924
867:First Babylonian Empire
21:Mandate for Mesopotamia
4778:West Indies Federation
3967:) and continued as an
3553:Current member of the
2713:Insurgency (2011β2013)
2634:IraqiβKurdish conflict
2438:Middle Assyrian Empire
2232:Fieldhouse, David K.:
2061:Ellie Kedourie, 2004,
1768:Iraq Petroleum Company
1696:
1687:
1606:
1545:Sherif Hussein ibn Ali
1491:
1483:
1229:
877:Middle Assyrian Empire
5405:SykesβPicot Agreement
4700:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3971:state until the 1979
3580:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
3000:in post-invasion Iraq
2706:U.S. troop withdrawal
2468:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2152:Iraq: A Country Study
2081:, in M.A. Cook, ed.,
1910:Air University Review
1825:Mesopotamian campaign
1756:Sykes-Picot Agreement
1691:
1682:
1588:
1489:
1462:
1193:against the proposed
1191:1920 Iraqi Revolution
1002:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
972:Buyid amirate of Iraq
887:Neo-Babylonian Empire
530:β’ Coronation of
257:Common languages
5375:20th century in Iraq
5228:Realm of New Zealand
5226:(transferred to the
5213:(transferred to the
5046:Realm of New Zealand
4647:Prince Edward Island
4525:1671β1816, 1833β1960
3640:Malta (Protectorate)
2949:Council of Ministers
2831:Mesopotamian Marshes
1808:Sir Francis Humphrys
1523:Coronation of Faisal
1426:Iraqi revolt of 1920
1309:improve this section
1102:Occupation (2003β11)
582:β’ Independence
476:β’ Lower Chamber
464:β’ Upper Chamber
52:improve this article
5342: /
5259:Since 2009 part of
5151:of AprilβJune 1982.
4738:Trinidad and Tobago
4352:Antigua and Barbuda
4252:Straits Settlements
3211:Mesopotamian Arabic
3017:Freedom of religion
2463:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2433:Old Assyrian Period
2418:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1799:Sir Gilbert Clayton
1620:balance of payments
1564:from the family of
1353:) was organized at
1219:in March 1920, was
1045:Early modern period
882:Neo-Assyrian Empire
847:Neo-Sumerian Empire
505:San Remo conference
481:Chamber of Deputies
4411:Cape Breton Island
4302:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
4144:Unfederated States
3959:Southern Rhodesia
3549:Commonwealth realm
3142:Telecommunications
3117:Foreign Investment
3054:Wars and conflicts
2990:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2954:Presidency Council
2740:2019β2021 protests
2669:Invasion of Kuwait
2493:Sassanid Asorestan
2488:Parthian Babylonia
2483:Seleucid Babylonia
2478:Achaemenid Assyria
2393:Jemdet Nasr period
2077:M.S. Hasan. 1970.
2052:London 1989 p. 174
2027:, p. 237-238.
1607:
1591:Kinahan Cornwallis
1508:British government
1504:Hashemite monarchy
1492:
1484:
1478:Commander General
1472:Kinahan Cornwallis
1248:, and his deputy,
1199:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
1017:Jalairid Sultanate
952:Rashidun Caliphate
927:Sasanian Asorestan
917:Parthian Babylonia
912:Seleucid Babylonia
907:Achaemenid Assyria
802:Jemdet Nasr Period
571:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
545:Treaty of Lausanne
219:"The Royal Salute"
214:As-Salam al-Malaki
5346:33.333Β°N 44.383Β°E
5325:
5324:
5282:
5281:
5158:
5157:
5090:Providence Island
5070:
5069:
5035:
5034:
4903:Western Australia
4871:Van Diemen's Land
4807:
4806:
4784:Associated States
4482:Columbia District
4316:
4315:
4170:Manila and Cavite
3988:
3987:
3867:Southern Rhodesia
3861:South-West Africa
3811:Northern Rhodesia
3723:Cape of Good Hope
3663:
3662:
3543:Current territory
3485:
3484:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3419:Mandaean New Year
3170:
3169:
3062:
3061:
3044:Political parties
2939:Foreign relations
2884:
2883:
2791:Lower Mesopotamia
2786:Upper Mesopotamia
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2519:Abbasid Caliphate
2514:Umayyad Caliphate
2423:Isin-Larsa period
2260:Sluglett, Peter:
2243:, (2nd ed. 2006).
2218:Fuccaro, Nelida:
2214:978-1-929631-86-5
2156:Helen Chapin Metz
2048:Samir al-Khalil,
1796:Brigadier-General
1541:Faisal ibn Husayn
1465:High commissioner
1386:HarΔs al-istiqlΔl
1367:, a coalition of
1345:
1344:
1337:
1242:High Commissioner
1205:Faisal ibn Husayn
1183:
1159:
1158:
962:Abbasid Caliphate
957:Umayyad Caliphate
922:Roman Mesopotamia
852:Isin-Larsa period
722:
721:
704:
703:
700:
699:
680:
679:
394:β’ 1921β1932
364:β’ 1929β1932
352:β’ 1923β1929
340:β’ 1921β1923
326:High Commissioner
201: (1924β1932)
128:
127:
120:
102:
5427:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5315:
5305:
5304:
5270:Antarctic Treaty
5231:
5218:
5203:Falkland Islands
5195:Tristan da Cunha
5187:Ascension Island
5164:
5163:
5115:Falkland Islands
5076:
5075:
5044:Now part of the
4916:Pitcairn Islands
4881:Auckland Islands
4850:
4849:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4813:
4812:
4798:Windward Islands
4752:Vancouver Island
4529:MassachusettsBay
4398:British Columbia
4322:
4321:
4138:Federated States
3994:
3993:
3904:Tristan da Cunha
3873:Southern Nigeria
3805:Northern Nigeria
3684:Ascension Island
3669:
3668:
3628:
3565:
3564:
3539:Former territory
3536:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3475:
3474:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3445:
3444:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3107:
3068:
3067:
2919:
2890:
2889:
2876:Sinjar Mountains
2866:Zagros Mountains
2806:Hamrin Mountains
2765:
2764:
2728:Mosul liberation
2701:Iraqi insurgency
2623:National Command
2612:
2448:Simurrum culture
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2163:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2069:
2059:
2053:
2050:Republic of Fear
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2009:Ongsotto et.al.
2007:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1943:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1901:
1895:
1885:
1879:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1851:
1835:RAF Iraq Command
1529:Cairo Conference
1500:RAF Iraq Command
1454:Simele Massacres
1388:
1362:
1352:
1340:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1289:
1281:
1232:
1188:
1178:
1176:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1123:
1122:
1121:
947:Islamic conquest
752:
742:
724:
723:
696:
695:
684:
683:
671:
670:
657:
656:
643:
642:
629:
628:
622:
621:
606:
605:
558:Treaty of Ankara
519:Treaty of Sèvres
507:
432:
369:Francis Humphrys
246:and largest city
229:
217:
208:
207:
183:
167:
149:
141:
140:
130:
129:
123:
116:
112:
109:
103:
101:
67:"Mandatory Iraq"
60:
36:
28:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5360:
5359:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5321:
5278:
5251:
5225:
5223:Ross Dependency
5212:
5169:
5154:
5129:
5081:
5066:
5036:
5031:
4987:
4982:Solomon Islands
4929:North Australia
4909:South Australia
4865:New South Wales
4843:
4840:
4803:
4523:Leeward Islands
4327:
4312:
4275:
4182:Muscat and Oman
3999:
3984:
3928:
3674:
3659:
3626:
3570:
3559:
3534:
3526:
3516:
3486:
3481:
3425:
3409:Public holidays
3332:
3183:
3166:
3105:
3075:
3058:
2917:
2897:
2880:
2811:Iraqi Kurdistan
2801:Euphrates river
2772:
2751:
2718:War (2014β2017)
2664:Operation Opera
2610:
2580:
2576:Arab Federation
2564:Kingdom of Iraq
2497:
2473:Fall of Babylon
2408:Akkadian Empire
2383:Samarra culture
2368:Hassuna culture
2345:
2332:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2264:(2nd ed. 2007).
2257:(2nd ed. 1994).
2253:Simons, Geoff:
2220:The Other Kurds
2204:Barker, A. J.:
2201:
2199:Further reading
2187:Country Studies
2184:
2175:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2134:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2076:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1972:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1902:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1816:
1790:Sir Henry Dobbs
1776:
1738:
1729:
1721:sovereign state
1719:became a fully-
1713:
1633:
1549:Sharif of Mecca
1535:; they chose a
1533:1958 revolution
1525:
1496:Royal Air Force
1470:and Lieutenant
1446:Assyrian Levies
1341:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1306:
1290:
1279:
1274:
1266:Iraqi Kurdistan
1225:Royal Air Force
1155:
1125:Iraq portal
1119:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1087:Kingdom of Iraq
1077:
1067:
1066:
1047:
1037:
1036:
942:
932:
931:
902:
892:
891:
837:Akkadian Empire
817:
807:
806:
787:Samarra culture
772:Hassuna culture
762:
740:
733:
715:
693:
688:Kingdom of Iraq
668:
654:
640:
633:Baghdad Vilayet
626:
583:
573:
560:
547:
534:
521:
508:
503:
491:Interwar period
477:
465:
439:
428:
425:
395:
365:
353:
341:
305:
293:
271:
247:
220:
218:
210:
209:
202:
193:
192:
191:
188:
184:
176:
175:
172:
168:
150:
143:
135:
124:
113:
107:
104:
61:
59:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5433:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5370:Mandatory Iraq
5351:33.333; 44.383
5323:
5322:
5320:
5319:
5309:
5299:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5276:
5273:
5266:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5241:
5233:
5220:
5207:
5199:
5191:
5183:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5160:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5145:
5134:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5119:
5111:
5105:
5099:
5096:Willoughbyland
5093:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5054:
5048:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5023:
5017:
5010:
5003:
4997:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4956:
4950:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4906:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4868:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4759:Virgin Islands
4755:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4726:South Carolina
4723:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4662:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4626:
4623:North Carolina
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4557:Mosquito Coast
4554:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4538:
4526:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4486:Oregon Country
4479:
4475:Cayman Islands
4471:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4433:
4426:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4395:
4389:
4381:
4374:
4368:
4362:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4295:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4267:
4264:Trucial States
4261:
4255:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4223:
4217:
4211:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4185:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4147:
4141:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4059:
4053:
4047:
4041:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4011:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3976:
3957:Self-governing
3954:
3940:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3858:
3852:
3846:
3840:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3796:
3790:
3784:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3729:Central Africa
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3698:
3688:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3620:
3617:Ionian Islands
3614:
3608:
3600:
3594:
3588:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3557:
3551:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3520:British Empire
3515:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3492:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3459:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3416:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3185:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Transportation
3144:
3139:
3137:Stock Exchange
3134:
3132:Reconstruction
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3112:Infrastructure
3109:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2971:Prime Minister
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2688:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:1991 uprisings
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2629:Saddam Hussein
2626:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2559:Mandatory Iraq
2556:
2551:
2548:Mamluk dynasty
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Gutian dynasty
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2346:
2334:
2333:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2239:Fisk, Robert:
2237:
2230:
2227:Inventing Iraq
2223:
2216:
2200:
2197:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2144:
2118:(4): 539β561.
2096:
2087:
2085:, London. p352
2070:
2054:
2041:
2039:, p. 239.
2029:
2017:
2002:
2000:, p. 250.
1987:
1985:, p. 438.
1970:
1953:
1944:
1926:
1914:Air University
1896:
1888:Justin Marozzi
1880:
1866:
1855:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1786:
1775:
1772:
1742:Ottoman Empire
1737:
1736:Oil concession
1734:
1728:
1725:
1712:
1709:
1656:Mosul Question
1641:foreign policy
1632:
1629:
1595:Sassoon Eskell
1524:
1521:
1512:Hugh Trenchard
1480:Aylmer Haldane
1343:
1342:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1167:Mandatory Iraq
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1114:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1107:Recent history
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1082:Mandatory Iraq
1078:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:Mamluk dynasty
1059:
1054:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1022:Timurid Empire
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
938:
937:
934:
933:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
903:
898:
897:
894:
893:
890:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Gutian Dynasty
839:
834:
829:
824:
818:
813:
812:
809:
808:
805:
804:
799:
794:
784:
779:
774:
769:
763:
758:
757:
754:
753:
745:
744:
735:
734:
727:
720:
719:
710:
706:
705:
702:
701:
698:
697:
690:
681:
678:
677:
672:
664:
663:
658:
650:
649:
644:
636:
635:
630:
618:
617:
612:
602:
601:
596:
592:
591:
588:
587:
586:3 October 1932
584:
581:
578:
577:
574:
568:
565:
564:
561:
555:
552:
551:
548:
542:
539:
538:
537:23 August 1921
535:
529:
526:
525:
524:23 August 1921
522:
516:
513:
512:
509:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
488:
487:Historical era
484:
483:
478:
475:
472:
471:
466:
463:
460:
459:
454:
450:
449:
446:
445:
440:
437:
434:
433:
426:
423:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
410:Prime Minister
406:
405:
402:
401:
396:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
382:
376:
375:
372:
371:
366:
363:
360:
359:
354:
351:
348:
347:
342:
339:
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
322:
321:
316:
310:
309:
280:
276:
275:
258:
254:
253:
248:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
222:
221:
203:
195:
194:
185:
178:
177:
169:
162:
161:
160:
157:
156:
152:
151:
136:
133:
126:
125:
40:
38:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5432:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5358:
5355:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5308:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5285:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5247:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5165:
5161:
5150:
5149:Falklands War
5146:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5132:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5080:South America
5077:
5073:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4969:Union Islands
4967:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4954:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4900:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4837:
4832:
4830:
4825:
4823:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4790:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4681:Rupert's Land
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4663:
4660:
4657:
4654:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4641:Paulet affair
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4588:
4587:New Hampshire
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4575:New Brunswick
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4524:
4521:
4518:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4431:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4326:North America
4323:
4319:
4309:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4247:
4246:South Vietnam
4244:
4241:
4238:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4112:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3995:
3991:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3681:
3680:
3677:
3670:
3666:
3655:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3501:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3490:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3448:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3283:Iraqi Turkmen
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2918:(legislative)
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2851:Syrian Desert
2849:
2847:
2846:Shatt al-Arab
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Faw peninsula
2779:
2778:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2723:Fall of Mosul
2721:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:U.S. invasion
2694:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:IranβIraq War
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
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2037:Kedourie 1970
2033:
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2025:Kedourie 1970
2021:
2015:
2012:
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1784:Sir Percy Cox
1782:
1781:Major-General
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1599:Gertrude Bell
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1516:Elie Kedourie
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1299:
1294:This section
1292:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:Arnold Wilson
1251:
1247:
1246:Sir Percy Cox
1243:
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1209:King of Syria
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997:Seljuk Empire
995:
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783:
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777:Halaf culture
775:
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761:
756:
755:
751:
747:
746:
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718:
714:
711:
709:Today part of
707:
691:
689:
686:
685:
682:
676:
673:
666:
665:
662:
661:Mosul Vilayet
659:
652:
651:
648:
647:Basra Vilayet
645:
638:
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634:
631:
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623:
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511:25 April 1920
510:
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206:Ψ§ΩΨ³ΩΨ§Ω
Ψ§ΩΩ
ΩΩΩ
200:
196:
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182:
174:
166:
158:
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122:
119:
111:
100:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69: β
68:
64:
63:Find sources:
57:
53:
47:
46:
41:This article
39:
35:
30:
29:
26:
22:
5327:
5260:
5243:
5235:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5179:Saint Helena
5177:
5121:
5113:
4963:Cook Islands
4914:
4887:New Hebrides
4856:20th century
4772:West Florida
4757:
4743:
4675:Rhode Island
4653:Pennsylvania
4611:Newfoundland
4548:
4473:
4423:East Florida
4394:16th c.β1880
4383:
4335:
4232:Crown Colony
4220:Pulo Condore
4194:Crown Colony
4188:North Borneo
4061:
4020:Protectorate
3969:unrecognised
3963:in 1965 (as
3902:
3855:South Africa
3843:Sierra Leone
3830:Saint Helena
3828:
3823:Orange River
3701:Bechuanaland
3682:
3602:
3578:
3542:
3522:and Current
3311:Christianity
3193:Demographics
3127:Oil reserves
3122:Oil Industry
3089:Central Bank
2985:Human rights
2911:Constitution
2856:Tigris river
2836:Persian Gulf
2558:
2544:Ottoman Iraq
2529:Qara Qoyunlu
2363:Ubaid period
2282:
2275:
2272:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2205:
2186:
2173:
2159:
2147:
2135:. Retrieved
2115:
2109:
2099:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2032:
2020:
2010:
2005:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1917:. Retrieved
1909:
1899:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1858:
1849:
1830:Ottoman Iraq
1764:
1749:
1739:
1730:
1714:
1711:Independence
1705:
1701:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:Kanan Makiya
1675:
1670:conscription
1667:
1664:
1653:
1634:
1625:
1608:
1526:
1493:
1442:nation-state
1430:Hanna Batatu
1423:
1410:Imam Shirazi
1408:of Karbala,
1403:
1346:
1331:
1322:
1307:Please help
1295:
1277:Early unrest
1235:
1203:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1081:
1057:Ottoman Iraq
1027:Kara Koyunlu
767:Ubaid period
717:Saudi Arabia
615:Succeeded by
614:
609:
599:Indian rupee
576:30 June 1930
550:24 July 1923
443:Nuri al-Said
298:
291:Christianity
286:
264:
198:
187:Coat of arms
114:
108:January 2013
105:
95:
88:
81:
74:
62:
50:Please help
45:verification
42:
25:
5349: /
5296:Anglosphere
5014:New Zealand
4923:New Zealand
4792:West Jersey
4707:Saint Lucia
4693:Saint Kitts
4687:Saint Croix
4667:1763β1791*
4635:Nova Scotia
4581:New England
4537:, 1691β1776
4504:East Jersey
4492:Connecticut
4371:Bay Islands
4258:Transjordan
4176:Mesopotamia
4014:Afghanistan
4008:Aden Colony
3793:Niger Coast
3759:) 1874β1957
3735:East Africa
3717:Cape Colony
3707:) 1884β1966
3697:) 1868β1966
3467:WikiProject
3268:Marsh Arabs
3253:Circassians
2934:Foreign aid
2826:Mesopotamia
2388:Uruk period
1805:Lt. Colonel
1803:1929β1932:
1794:1928β1929:
1788:1923β1928:
1779:1920β1923:
1631:Later years
1579:Arab Revolt
1553:Iraq Levies
1476:Mesopotamia
1371:merchants,
1075:Modern Iraq
940:Middle Ages
797:Uruk period
739:History of
675:Al-Muntafiq
610:Preceded by
563:5 June 1926
453:Legislature
357:Henry Dobbs
273:Neo-Aramaic
189:(1931β1932)
173:(1924β1932)
5364:Categories
5248:since 1908
5240:since 1908
5206:since 1833
5198:since 1816
5190:since 1815
5182:since 1658
5139:department
5126:since 1908
5118:since 1833
4919:since 1838
4899:Swan River
4893:Queensland
4780:1958β1962
4762:since 1666
4748:since 1799
4599:New Jersey
4569:New Albion
4553:since 1632
4550:Montserrat
4531:1629β1691
4478:since 1670
4400:1858β1866
4388:since 1619
4340:since 1650
4293:Bangladesh
4228:1841β1946
4190:1882β1963
4156:Federation
4134:1819β1826
4072:Seychelles
4016:1839β1842
3907:since 1816
3891:Tanganyika
3849:Somaliland
3837:Seychelles
3833:since 1658
3753:Gold Coast
3747:The Gambia
3691:Basutoland
3687:since 1815
3642:1800β1813
3632:Free State
3625:1542β1800
3611:Heligoland
3607:since 1713
3384:Television
3364:Literature
3326:Irreligion
3301:Secularism
3238:Minorities
3106:(currency)
3099:Corruption
2944:Government
2735:Insurgency
2534:Aq Qoyunlu
2355:Chronology
2137:13 October
1919:13 January
1649:Habbaniyah
1404:The Grand
1325:April 2017
1255:. British
1032:Aq Qoyunlu
987:Al-Mazeedi
815:Bronze Age
760:Prehistory
457:Parliament
314:Demonym(s)
78:newspapers
5232:1841β1947
5219:1841β1933
5110:1831β1966
5104:1670β1688
5098:1651β1667
5092:1631β1641
5022:1914β1962
5016:1907β1947
5009:1901β1942
5007:Australia
5002:1900β1974
4996:1900β1970
4984:1893β1978
4977:1892β1979
4971:1889β1948
4965:1888β1901
4959:Rarotonga
4955:1884β1902
4949:1877β1976
4943:1874β1970
4937:1851β1901
4931:1846β1847
4925:1841β1907
4911:1836β1901
4905:1829β1901
4895:1824β1901
4889:1824β1980
4883:1807β1863
4877:1803β1901
4867:1788β1901
4800:1833β1960
4794:1674β1702
4786:1967β1983
4774:1763β1783
4768:1607β1776
4754:1849β1866
4740:1889β1962
4734:1862β1863
4728:1712β1776
4722:1635β1644
4716:1627β1979
4709:1605β1979
4702:1882β1983
4695:1623β1983
4689:1625β1650
4683:1670β1870
4677:1636β1776
4671:1853β1863
4661:1620β1691
4655:1681β1776
4649:1763β1873
4637:1713β1867
4631:1859β1870
4625:1712β1776
4619:1583β1907
4613:1907β1949
4607:1664β1776
4595:1637β1662
4593:New Haven
4589:1680β1776
4583:1686β1689
4577:1784β1867
4565:1628β1983
4559:1655β1860
4545:1632β1776
4519:1655β1962
4512:1733β1776
4506:1674β1702
4500:1701β1776
4494:1636β1776
4488:1818β1846
4470:1663β1712
4462:1867β1931
4456:1841β1867
4450:1791β1841
4444:1791β1841
4432:1762β1974
4425:1763β1783
4419:1763β1978
4413:1754β1820
4404:1866β1871
4380:1871β1981
4373:1643β1860
4367:1624β1966
4361:1670β1973
4354:1860β1981
4347:1632β1860
4272:1898β1930
4266:1892β1971
4260:1921β1946
4254:1826β1946
4248:1945β1946
4242:1946β1963
4240:Singapore
4234:1946β1963
4222:1702β1705
4216:1786β1946
4210:1923β1948
4208:Palestine
4196:1946β1963
4184:1891β1971
4178:1920β1932
4172:1762β1764
4166:1796β1965
4158:1948β1957
4152:1946β1948
4146:1885β1946
4140:1895β1946
4128:1848β1946
4122:1918β1961
4116:1811β1816
4110:1858β1947
4104:1841β1997
4102:Hong Kong
4098:1878β1960
4092:1795β1948
4086:1888β1984
4080:1824β1948
4068:Mauritius
4058:1874β1963
4046:1757β1947
4040:1812β1824
4030:1685β1824
4028:Bencoolen
4022:1879β1919
4010:1839β1967
3925:1887β1897
3919:1890β1963
3913:1890β1962
3899:1900β1910
3897:Transvaal
3893:1922β1961
3887:1899β1956
3881:1893β1968
3879:Swaziland
3875:1900β1914
3863:1915β1931
3857:1910β1931
3851:1884β1960
3845:1792β1961
3839:1903β1976
3825:1900β1910
3819:1891β1964
3817:Nyasaland
3813:1924β1964
3807:1900β1914
3801:1914β1960
3795:1884β1900
3789:1856β1910
3783:1810β1968
3781:Mauritius
3777:1807β1808
3771:1862β1906
3765:1920β1963
3749:1816β1965
3743:1882β1922
3737:1895β1920
3731:1891β1907
3725:1806β1910
3719:1795β1803
3713:1919β1961
3711:Cameroons
3648:1813β1964
3634:1921β1931
3619:1809β1864
3613:1807β1890
3604:Gibraltar
3599:1878β1960
3593:1794β1796
3547:*Current
3404:Squatting
3369:Education
3316:Mandaeism
3285:/Turkoman
3263:Mandaeans
3248:Assyrians
3243:Armenians
3206:Languages
3094:Companies
3049:Judiciary
2959:President
2929:Elections
2924:Democracy
2770:Geography
2686:Sanctions
2604:2003β2011
2599:1968β2003
2594:1958β1968
2453:Babylonia
2132:0022-0094
1894:, (2014).
1660:democracy
1615:mujtahids
1543:, son of
1537:Hashemite
1468:Percy Cox
1456:of 1933)
1438:Euphrates
1418:Euphrates
1393:, Najaf,
1296:does not
1257:reprisals
1180:romanized
1012:Ilkhanate
977:Marwanids
967:Hamdanids
862:Babylonia
345:Percy Cox
307:Mandaeism
279:Religion
155:1921β1932
5307:Category
5143:Colombia
5058:Kiribati
4935:Victoria
4875:Tasmania
4766:Virginia
4732:Stickeen
4720:Saybrook
4659:Plymouth
4605:New York
4543:Maryland
4535:Province
4498:Delaware
4468:Carolina
4460:Dominion
4454:Province
4417:Dominica
4365:Barbados
4337:Anguilla
4308:disputed
4289:Pakistan
4164:Maldives
4038:Billiton
3965:Rhodesia
3951:Tanzania
3947:Cameroon
3923:Zululand
3917:Zanzibar
3705:Botswana
3447:Category
3296:Religion
3273:Persians
3157:Railways
3152:Airlines
3034:Military
2895:Politics
2871:Wildlife
2861:Umm Qasr
2691:Iraq War
2674:Gulf War
2586:Republic
2539:Safavids
2502:638β1958
1876:. JSTOR
1814:See also
1566:Muhammad
1436:and the
1406:Mujtahid
1230:de facto
1217:Damascus
1052:Safavids
992:Ayyubids
982:Uqaylids
900:Iron Age
872:Kassites
857:Simurrum
730:a series
728:Part of
595:Currency
532:Faisal I
399:Faisal I
303:Yazidism
5337:44Β°23β²E
5334:33Β°20β²N
5298:culture
5052:Vanuatu
4842:Oceania
4517:Jamaica
4510:Georgia
4430:Grenada
4385:Bermuda
4359:Bahamas
4345:Antigua
4226:Sarawak
3938:Namibia
3799:Nigeria
3775:Madeira
3695:Lesotho
3654:Minorca
3623:Ireland
3591:Corsica
3518:Former
3477:Commons
3394:Smoking
3359:Culture
3354:Cuisine
3337:General
3321:Yazidis
3278:Solluba
3231:Persian
3221:Kurdish
3216:Aramaic
3181:Society
3162:Tourism
3073:Economy
2821:Islands
2796:Borders
2621: (
2611:present
2546:(incl.
2458:Assyria
2403:Subartu
2343:History
2236:(2006).
2229:(2009).
2170:Sources
2013:. p69.
1727:Economy
1647:and at
1562:descent
1547:former
1527:At the
1391:Karbala
1365:Baghdad
1317:removed
1302:sources
1272:History
1250:Colonel
1221:ejected
1182::
1007:Zengids
832:Assyria
569:β’
556:β’
543:β’
517:β’
502:β’
295:Judaism
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