587:
632:
617:
1164:
602:
1176:
1066:
1043:
1134:, one above the other in opposing stance, surrounded by stylised cloud patterns in pink, purple and pale green upon a blue background. It would have been worn by a military official from the first to third ranks. Leopards and tigers, respected for their strength and courage in Korea, were used for the dress of military officials while civil officials wore crane motifs. This badge shows the distinctively spotted animals among rocks, waves and clouds in a pattern which remained virtually unchanged for 300 years.
35:
951:
1020:
648:
1141:
905:
2872:
511:
928:
717:
1758:
974:
997:
462:
522:
There was a sharp difference between the Ming and Qing styles of badges: the Qing badges were smaller with a decorative border. And, while the specific birds and animals did not change much throughout their use, the design of the squares underwent an almost continual evolution. According to rank,
501:
never refer to the number of birds or animals that should appear on the badges. In the beginning, two or three were used. In a typical example of paired birds, they were shown in flight on a background of bright cloud streamers on a gold background. Others showed one bird on the ground with the
1175:
555:
had a circular design on their official clothing, the former having two front-facing dragons, the latter two side-facing ones; these dragons had only four claws on each foot, and are referred to as "drakes" or "great serpents" (巨蟒 jù-mǎng). National duke, general,
496:
Ming nobles and officials wore their rank badges on full-cut red robes with the design stretching from side to side, completely covering the chest and back. This caused the badges to be slightly trapezoidal with the tops narrower than the bottom. The Ming
489:. The original court dress regulations of the Ming dynasty were published in 1368, but did not refer to badges as rank insignia. These badges continued to be used through the remainder of the Ming and the subsequent
631:
659:
The specific birds and animals used to represent rank varied only slightly from the inception of mandarin squares until the end of the Qing dynasty. Officials who held a lower position or did odd jobs used the
535:, usually wore black robes as opposed to the blue robes in court, and had four circular designs, one on each shoulder, front, and back, as opposed to the usual front-and-back design. Specifically,
586:
443:), as well as contemporary Persian paintings of the Mongol court, there are pictures showing officials wearing clothing with squares on the back, decorated with flora, animals and birds. By the
1181:
Mandarins of the Nguyen dynasty (circa 1820). The
Mandarin on the left is a "man of letters", with a stork on his chest and the one on the right is a military Mandarin, signified by a boar.
1163:
616:
485:. The use of squares depicting birds for civil officials and animals for military officials was an outgrowth of the use of similar squares, apparently for decorative use, in the
601:
2921:
1790:
1690:
Journal of an embassy from the
Governor-General of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin-China : exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms
349:. It was embroidered with detailed, colourful animal or bird insignia indicating the rank of the official wearing it. Despite its name, the mandarin square (
1920:
1221:
1140:
1275:
1783:
470:
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608:
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53:
382:
69:
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1925:
1567:
637:
Members of three generations of a lineage are shown in Qing mandarin attire, complete with mandarin squares
2926:
2901:
1981:
1147:
1065:
2916:
1279:
257:
1814:
310:
2419:
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2374:
623:
1710:
1945:
515:
306:
1688:
1473:
Cammann, Schuyler: "Chinese
Mandarin Squares, Brief Catalogue of the Letcher Collection",
1460:
Cammann, Schuyler: "Chinese
Mandarin Squares, Brief Catalogue of the Letcher Collection",
8:
2816:
1848:
1391:
1082:
150:
2733:
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2602:
2141:
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1930:
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1363:(4th expanded and rev ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
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Note that the sea horse is depicted as a horse living under water, rather than as a
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990:
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had cranes and golden pheasants, as for mandarins of the first and second class.
243:
1130:(1392–1910). Made in the nineteenth century, it shows a pair of black and white
60:
2832:
2612:
2543:
2090:
1991:
1874:
1124:
1104:
536:
473:. His mandarin square indicates that he was a civil official of the first rank.
435:
412:
346:
127:
34:
1169:
Annamite (Vietnamese) badge, Nguyễn dynasty (19th century), civilian 8th rank.
1123:
that would have served to indicate the status of a government official in the
1019:
950:
164:
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2329:
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1261:
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1591:
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second in flight. The addition of flowers produced an idealized naturalism.
2508:
2242:
2196:
1986:
1966:
898:
490:
486:
482:
466:
444:
430:
113:
39:
1568:"Mandarin squares as a form of rank badge and decoration of Chinese robes"
1539:
Cammann, Schuyler, "Birds and
Animals as Ming and Ch’ing Badges of Rank",
1487:
Schuyler
Cammann (August 1944). "The Development of the Mandarin Square".
1408:
Schuyler
Cammann (August 1944). "The Development of the Mandarin Square".
1241:
2561:
2529:
2440:
2257:
2146:
1869:
1358:
652:
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510:
477:
Mandarin squares were first authorized for the wear of officials in the
2764:
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1609:
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1120:
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647:
1293:
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2344:
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2272:
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1905:
904:
572:
had two front-facing, four-clawed dragons on square designs, whereas
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1502:
1423:
1332:
2748:
2743:
2445:
2396:
2391:
2313:
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2007:
1622:
1210:
798:
573:
324:
2277:
2607:
2471:
2282:
2075:
2023:
1707:"Rank insignia for military officers of the imperial court", in:
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1131:
944:
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565:
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342:
336:
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2222:
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2110:
2085:
2080:
2070:
1971:
1757:
1294:"Guide to Hanfu Types Summary & Dress Codes (Ming Dynasty)"
665:
661:
183:
2769:
2718:
2713:
2649:
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2435:
2406:
2298:
2227:
2186:
2181:
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2055:
1799:
1556:, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Chapter 15, pages 215–289.
1202:
1127:
1059:
1013:
973:
854:
709:
655:
wearing a robe with civilian mandarin badge of the first rank
577:
569:
406:
330:
316:
197:
996:
547:
had four side-facing ones; all had five claws on each foot.
461:
2628:
2100:
1976:
1921:
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list)
1884:
561:
527:
had their respective official clothes. Princes, including
2334:
1394:: "Birds and Animals as Ming and Ch'ing Badges of Rank",
622:
3rd military rank (leopard). 19th or early 20th century.
1246:. Yongxiang Lu, Chuijun Qian, Hui He. Heidelberg. 2014.
1319:
Cammann, Schuyler (1944). "University
College London".
1218:, for an earlier system for ranking officials in China
543:
had two front-facing and two side-facing dragons, and
1677:, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Table 3, page 133.
1638:, Berkeley: Ten Speed Press, 1999, Table 4, page 133;
1243:
A history of
Chinese science and technology. Volume 2
1098:
642:
448:
424:
404:
398:
374:
368:
362:
356:
350:
334:
322:
314:
132:
118:
1798:
1222:
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing
664:
during the Ming dynasty. Supervising officials used
225:
42:
mandarin square, 6th civil rank, about 30 cm square.
1565:
2922:Orders, decorations, and medals of Imperial China
2888:
1731:Rank and Style: Power Dressing in Imperial China
1486:
1407:
169:
155:
16:Large badge sewn onto the surcoat of an official
1097:The use of the round-shaped and square-shaped
301:, was a large embroidered badge sewn onto the
1784:
74:
58:
672:. The following tables show this evolution:
592:3rd civil rank (peacock). Mid 19th century.
397:) in China. In the 21st century, the use of
202:
188:
1734:, Pacific Asia Museum, 2008, archived from
2871:
1791:
1777:
1604:Note that the rhinoceros is depicted as a
1274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
607:2nd military rank (lion). Late 18th cent.
33:
1686:
1647:
1356:
1103:has been revived in China following the
646:
594:Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
509:
493:until the imperial system fell in 1912.
460:
453:was already worn as clothing ornaments.
1693:. London: H. Colburn. pp. 262–263.
1641:
1318:
2889:
1673:Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David,
1634:Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David,
1552:Jackson, Beverley & Hugus, David,
1772:
1708:
1464:Vol 17, No 3 (June 1953), pages 8–9.
1352:
1350:
1076:Oriole, quail or paradise flycatcher
1053:Oriole, quail or paradise flycatcher
355:) falls into two categories: round
13:
1701:
1490:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1411:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
1321:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
643:Comparative table across dynasties
518:with mandarin square on the chest.
14:
2943:
1960:Belief system and social movement
1750:
1709:Welch, Patricia Bjaaland (2008),
1477:Vol 17, No 3 (June 1953), page 9.
1347:
423:The history of the square-shaped
2870:
1800:Traditional Han Chinese clothing
1756:
1174:
1162:
1139:
1064:
1041:
1018:
995:
972:
949:
926:
903:
715:
630:
615:
600:
585:
539:used four front-facing dragons,
1680:
1667:
1628:
1615:
1598:
1559:
1546:
1533:
1092:
514:A Qing dynasty photograph of a
505:
465:A 15th-century portrait of the
456:
1650:"Portrait of a young official"
1480:
1467:
1454:
1401:
1385:
1312:
1286:
1234:
1146:Korean rank badge, 1850-1900,
609:Art Gallery of New South Wales
394:
386:
294:
226:
170:
133:
119:
75:
59:
1:
1227:
2897:Chinese traditional clothing
1941:Chinese ornamental gold silk
1899:Textile decoration and craft
1715:, Tuttle, pp. 110–111,
1398:(May to June 1991), page 89.
1148:Victoria & Albert Museum
429:is unclear. However, in the
7:
2719:Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)
1982:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
1815:Garment and neckline (list)
1566:Katarzyna Zapolska (2014).
1186:
1099:
675:
449:
425:
405:
399:
375:
369:
363:
357:
351:
341:of the Joseon dynasty), in
335:
323:
315:
275:Mandarin square/ rank badge
10:
2948:
1475:University Museum Bulletin
1462:University Museum Bulletin
1357:Sullivan, Michael (1999).
1155:
411:was revived following the
367:. Clothing decorated with
248:
2907:History of Imperial China
2866:
2850:
2825:
2794:
2787:
2757:
2706:
2690:
2674:
2658:
2642:
2621:
2595:
2579:
2570:
2542:
2517:
2501:
2480:
2459:
2428:
2405:
2382:
2373:
2353:
2322:
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2205:
2119:
2048:
2041:
2016:
2000:
1959:
1898:
1862:
1836:
1813:
1806:
1543:(May–June 1991), page 90.
1115:Korean rank badge (흉배 in
878:Ming and Qing (1527–1662)
689:Ming and Qing (1527–1662)
440:
279:
271:
266:
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68:
52:
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32:
28:
23:
1110:
915:Crane or golden pheasant
892:Crane or golden pheasant
864:
418:
54:Traditional Chinese
1687:Crawfurd, John (1828).
70:Simplified Chinese
2420:Song official headwear
2415:Tang official headwear
2292:Inner and undergarment
1119:) is a small panel of
1030:Egret or mandarin duck
1007:Egret or mandarin duck
656:
624:Chester Beatty Library
519:
474:
156:
1278:) CS1 maint: others (
961:Peacock or wild goose
938:Peacock or wild goose
881:Late Qing (1662–1911)
692:Late Qing (1662–1911)
668:. Musicians used the
650:
513:
464:
2795:Traditional clothing
1765:at Wikimedia Commons
1675:Ladder to the clouds
1636:Ladder to the Clouds
1554:Ladder to the Clouds
537:princes of the blood
447:, the square-shaped
221:Revised Romanization
2932:Vietnamese clothing
2826:Performance costume
2817:Vietnamese clothing
2788:Influenced clothing
1849:Chinese button knot
1608:, rather than as a
1083:Paradise flycatcher
525:Qing-dynasty nobles
516:government official
391:traditional Chinese
297:), also known as a
151:Vietnamese alphabet
2927:Culture of Vietnam
2902:Chinese inventions
2572:Accessories (list)
2354:Religious clothing
1931:Lishui (sea-waves)
1916:Chinese embroidery
766:Tiger (after 1664)
657:
651:Jesuit missionary
520:
475:
383:simplified Chinese
2917:Korean embroidery
2884:
2883:
2846:
2845:
2783:
2782:
2734:Yufu (fish tally)
2724:Hu (ritual baton)
2691:Ribbons and knots
2538:
2537:
2369:
2368:
2037:
2036:
1951:Chinese patchwork
1875:Shangjian xiafeng
1761:Media related to
1738:on 7 October 2016
1722:978-0-8048-3864-1
1572:Art of the Orient
1392:Cammann, Schuyler
1360:The arts of China
1253:978-3-662-44166-4
1150:(no. FE.272-1995)
1090:
1089:
862:
861:
283:
282:
233:
232:
140:
139:
107:Standard Mandarin
2939:
2874:
2873:
2792:
2791:
2739:Yudai (fish bag)
2577:
2576:
2557:Tiger-head shoes
2380:
2379:
2106:Zaju chuishao fu
2046:
2045:
2029:Ji Li (ceremony)
1911:Chinese knotting
1811:
1810:
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1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1298:www.newhanfu.com
1290:
1284:
1283:
1273:
1265:
1238:
1216:Nine-rank system
1198:Chinese hat knob
1178:
1166:
1143:
1102:
1068:
1045:
1022:
999:
976:
953:
930:
907:
875:Ming (1391–1526)
869:
868:
760:Tiger or leopard
741:Tiger or leopard
719:
686:Ming (1391–1526)
680:
679:
634:
619:
604:
589:
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442:
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333:(decorating the
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2702:
2686:
2670:
2654:
2638:
2617:
2591:
2566:
2544:Footwear (list)
2534:
2513:
2497:
2488:Chinese hairpin
2476:
2455:
2424:
2401:
2375:Headwear (list)
2365:
2349:
2318:
2287:
2253:Panling Lanshan
2201:
2115:
2033:
2017:Related rituals
2012:
1996:
1955:
1936:Mandarin square
1894:
1858:
1832:
1828:Mandarin collar
1823:Jiaoling youren
1807:Characteristics
1802:
1797:
1763:Mandarin square
1753:
1741:
1739:
1728:
1723:
1704:
1702:Further reading
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1698:
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1503:10.2307/2717953
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1424:10.2307/2717953
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1333:10.2307/2717953
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1158:
1151:
1144:
1113:
1095:
991:Silver pheasant
987:Silver pheasant
984:Silver pheasant
922:Golden pheasant
918:Golden pheasant
867:
678:
645:
638:
635:
626:
620:
611:
605:
596:
590:
508:
481:of 1391 of the
459:
421:
287:mandarin square
249:
145:Vietnamese name
83:Literal meaning
43:
24:Mandarin square
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2765:Longevity lock
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2613:Fangxingquling
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2091:Tongtianguanfu
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2035:
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2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2013:
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2010:
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2001:Sumptuary laws
1998:
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1994:
1992:Hanfu movement
1989:
1984:
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1969:
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1751:External links
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1648:Marcin Latka.
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479:sumptuary laws
458:
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436:Shilin Guangji
433:encyclopaedia
420:
417:
413:Hanfu movement
347:Ryukyu Kingdom
311:Imperial China
281:
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2877:
2876:List of Hanfu
2869:
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2362:
2361:Daojiao fushi
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:Lower garment
2321:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2296:
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2290:
2284:
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2198:
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2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
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2163:
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2158:
2155:
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2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:Upper garment
2118:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2066:Qixiong ruqun
2064:
2062:
2061:Tanling ruqun
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:Set of attire
2047:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
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1922:
1919:
1917:
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1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:List of hanfu
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1861:
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1370:0-520-21876-0
1366:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:(2): 71–130.
1326:
1322:
1315:
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1259:
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1049:
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1044:
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1038:
1037:Mandarin duck
1035:
1033:Mandarin duck
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1009:
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986:
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821:
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815:
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809:
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802:
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797:
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788:
787:
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771:
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762:
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749:
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625:
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613:
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603:
598:
595:
588:
583:
582:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:, "commoner"
559:
554:
550:
546:
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538:
534:
530:
526:
517:
512:
503:
500:
494:
492:
488:
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468:
463:
454:
451:
446:
438:
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432:
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416:
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409:
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392:
384:
379:
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371:
365:
359:
353:
348:
344:
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338:
332:
327:
326:
319:
318:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
288:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
259:
255:
247:
245:
244:Manchu script
241:
236:
224:
222:
218:
213:
209:
201:
199:
195:
187:
185:
181:
176:
168:
166:
162:
158:
154:
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148:
143:
131:
129:
125:
117:
115:
111:
108:
104:
99:
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92:
88:
85:
81:
73:
71:
67:
62:
57:
55:
51:
46:
41:
36:
31:
27:
22:
19:
2197:Yuanlingshan
1987:Yin and Yang
1967:Confucianism
1935:
1740:, retrieved
1736:the original
1730:
1711:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1617:
1600:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1553:
1548:
1541:Arts of Asia
1540:
1535:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1418:(2): 75–76.
1415:
1409:
1403:
1396:Arts of Asia
1395:
1387:
1359:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1302:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1242:
1236:
1114:
1096:
1093:21st century
819:(after 1759)
750:(after 1664)
712:(after 1662)
658:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
532:
528:
521:
506:Qing dynasty
495:
491:Qing dynasty
487:Yuan dynasty
483:Ming dynasty
476:
457:Ming dynasty
445:Yuan dynasty
434:
431:Yuan dynasty
422:
373:is known as
313:(decorating
298:
286:
284:
267:English name
114:Hanyu Pinyin
48:Chinese name
40:Qing dynasty
18:
2744:Folding fan
2562:Lotus shoes
2243:Yuanlingpao
1870:Baoyi bodai
1712:Chinese Art
653:Adam Schall
361:and square
258:Möllendorff
238:Manchu name
178:Korean name
2891:Categories
2729:Fu (tally)
2525:Honggaitou
2248:Fanlingpao
2192:Shuitianyi
1610:rhinoceros
1592:Q117360068
1527:Q117360120
1448:Q117360120
1228:References
1121:embroidery
968:Wild goose
964:Wild goose
847:Rhinoceros
836:Rhinoceros
832:Rhinoceros
829:Rhinoceros
817:Rhinoceros
345:, and the
299:rank badge
128:Wade–Giles
2851:Cosmetics
2758:Jewellery
2622:Shoulders
2552:Xiuhuaxie
2345:Mamianqun
2340:Baidiequn
2157:Daxiushan
1837:Fastening
1584:2299-811X
1578:: 53–70.
1511:0073-0548
1497:(2): 95.
1432:0073-0548
1304:27 August
1270:cite book
1262:893557979
850:Sea horse
471:Liu Daxia
469:minister
307:officials
2912:Insignia
2838:Guzhuang
2749:Tuanshan
2707:Portable
2446:Liangmao
2397:Fengguan
2392:Mianguan
2314:Maweiqun
2152:Baijiayi
2147:Chang'ao
2096:Xuanduan
2042:Garments
2008:Tifayifu
1946:Goldwork
1926:Xiangyun
1623:seahorse
1588:Wikidata
1523:Wikidata
1444:Wikidata
1379:40200406
1211:Qizhuang
1187:See also
1132:leopards
676:Military
574:viscount
545:Jun Wang
541:Qin Wang
533:Jun Wang
529:Qin Wang
499:statutes
325:qizhuang
227:hyungbae
2858:Huadian
2608:Yunjian
2603:Yingluo
2481:Hairpin
2472:Wangjin
2309:Moxiong
2283:Feiyufu
2258:Longpao
2187:Hechang
2076:Xiuhefu
2024:Guan Li
1906:Diancui
1854:Zimukou
1742:19 June
1659:31 July
1654:artinpl
1606:buffalo
1519:2717953
1440:2717953
1341:2717953
1207:Gwanbok
1193:Tablion
1156:Vietnam
945:Peacock
941:Peacock
813:Panther
810:Panther
799:Panther
795:Panther
792:Panther
763:Leopard
748:Leopard
566:marquis
343:Vietnam
337:gwanbok
303:surcoat
291:Chinese
272:English
262:sabirgi
250:ᠰᠠᠪᡳᡵᡤᡳ
165:Chữ Hán
2812:Ryusou
2807:Hanbok
2802:Kimono
2698:Lào zi
2666:Yaoqun
2634:Xiapei
2587:Lingzi
2451:Weimao
2278:Zhisun
2263:Mangfu
2238:Zhiduo
2233:Daopao
2213:Shenyi
2182:Pifeng
2111:Shanku
2086:Bianfu
2081:Mianfu
2071:Qungua
1972:Taoism
1863:Styles
1844:Pankou
1719:
1590:
1582:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1377:
1367:
1339:
1260:
1250:
1117:Korean
1056:Oriole
884:Image
695:Image
670:oriole
666:xiezhi
662:magpie
393::
385::
293::
184:Hangul
87:Master
2775:Jinbu
2770:Yupei
2714:Hebao
2659:Waist
2650:Yajin
2643:Chest
2509:Shubi
2493:Buyao
2467:Fujin
2441:Damao
2436:Humao
2407:Futou
2299:Dudou
2268:Tieli
2228:Paofu
2218:Zhiju
2177:Beizi
2167:Banbi
2162:Bijia
2056:Ruqun
1880:Fuyao
1515:JSTOR
1436:JSTOR
1337:JSTOR
1203:Hanfu
1128:Korea
1111:Korea
1079:Quail
1060:Quail
1014:Egret
1010:Egret
899:Crane
895:Crane
865:Civil
855:horse
744:Tiger
733:Lion
710:Qilin
578:baron
570:count
553:Beizi
549:Beile
419:China
407:hanfu
331:Korea
317:hanfu
198:Hanja
157:Bổ tử
134:putzŭ
91:patch
2833:Xifu
2682:Bixi
2629:Pibo
2596:Neck
2580:Head
2530:Mili
2518:Veil
2502:Comb
2384:Guan
2304:Hezi
2273:Yesa
2223:Quju
2206:Robe
2172:Dahu
2137:Shan
2101:Diyi
1977:Wufu
1885:Hufu
1744:2016
1717:ISBN
1661:2019
1580:ISSN
1507:ISSN
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