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8245:. This ceremonial gown was worn over a purple satin apron skirt which would be edged with either blue or gold brocade; a belt of matching colour was also worn around the waist. They also wore flat hats, and some of them had string of pearls which hung over their faces just like the hats which were worn by the Han Chinese emperors of the earlier dynasties. Yuan Shikai's deliberate way of dressing up to pay respect to Heaven was not only made in accordance to the old imperial traditions, but it can also be considered as a public declaration to the Chinese people and to the world that the old Chinese customs were still relevant in modern society. When Yuan Shikai died in 1916, he was buried in imperial gown which was decorated with nine golden dragons. However, since his reign was short-lived, the attempts at restoring ancient Chinese ceremonial and official gowns failed and gradually disappeared.
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6862:"Officials’ robes should fit their bodies. The length of those worn by civil officials is one inch from the ground. The sleeves should be long enough to reach the elbows when they are folded back from the end of the hands; they should be one foot wide, with cuffs of nine inches wide. The sizes of nobles (gonghou), and imperial sons-in-law's robes are the same as civil officials’. So are the sizes of seniors and primary degree holders’ robe, except for the sleeves, which are three inches from the elbow when folded from the hands. A commoners’ robe is five inches from the ground. So is a military official's; their sleeves should be seven inches over their hands, with cuffs as broad as their fists. Soldiers’ clothes are seven inches from the ground, with sleeves five inches longer than their hands, and seven inches wide. Their cuffs are wide enough only for their fists to stretch out".
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8241:; 十二章). Officials gowns were also designed for officials who had to participate in the ceremony; the officials gown were made of black satin and the edges were made with blue brocade. Laws regarding the official dress were also decreed: (1) First-rank officials had to wear nine roundels with nine symbols on their gowns; (2) second-rank officials had to wear seven roundels with seven symbols; (3) Third-rank officials had to wear five roundels with five symbols; (4) fourth-rank officials had to wear three roundels with three symbols; and (5) fifth-rank officials and below had to wear a robe without any borders and without any roundels. Those imperial emblems which were used in the roundels originated from the twelve emblems which were documented in the
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7565:) which was published and enforced by 1766; this publication covered several aspects including the dressing and accessories of the emperors, princes, noblemen and their consorts, Manchu officials, their wives and daughters, and the dress codes for Han Chinese men officials who had reached the rank of mandarin and were employed and their wives; as well as Han Chinese men who were waiting for an official appointment. The aim of this edict was made to preserve the Manchu identity once again, but at the same time, it also attempted to align the image of the emperor with Confucian ideas and codes of behaviours and manners. The dress code designed in the
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the clothing system, and thus to an eventual dress code transgression. In the late Ming, the dress code was widely transgressed by sons of officials and eunuchs who clothes which did not denote their real social status. Fashion changed quickly relatively to the earlier years during the late Ming which caused distress to the literati. The literati were also concerned about the wives of the elites who would parade and show off their clothing and ornaments without having anyone to reproach them. Despite the attempts of
Confucians scholars to urge the ban of illegal and/or improper dress, the dressing code was not enforced by the imperial court.
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borders. Although it still continues the clothing of its predecessors such as Han and Sui dynasties, fashion during the Tang dynasty was also influenced by its cosmopolitan culture and arts. Where previously
Chinese women had been restricted by the old Confucian code to closely wrapped, concealing outfits, female dress in the Tang dynasty gradually became more relaxed, less constricting and even more revealing. The Tang dynasty also saw the ready acceptance and syncretisation with Chinese practice, of elements of foreign culture by the Han Chinese. The foreign influences prevalent during Tang China included cultures from
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7365:. Scholars from the west initially wrongly thought these clothing were purely Manchu as the early Manchu rulers wrote several edicts stressing on maintaining their traditions and clothing. However, there is evidence from excavated tombs which indicates that China had a long tradition of garments that led to the development of the Qing chaofu, and it was not invented or introduced by Manchus in the Qing dynasty or Mongols in the Yuan dynasty. In some cases, the Qing dynasty went further than the Ming dynasty in imitating ancient China to display legitimacy with resurrecting ancient Chinese rituals to claim the
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4057:) on suburban rites and visits to ancestral temple. He also set the colour red as the authoritative colour of the court imperial robes; this included the clothing of emperors and the ceremonial clothing of the princes. Crimson was the colour of martial clothing (i.e. chamber guards, martial guards, generals and duke generals) whereas servants would wear purple clothing, which consisted of hood and loose trousers. During Emperor Gaozu's time, the court official garment was similar to the clothing attire of the commoners, except that it was yellow in colour. Court censors during Emperor Gaozu wore the
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9530:(身體髮膚，受諸父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也)" – which can be roughly translated as 'My body, hair and skin are bestowed by my father and mother, I dare not damage any of them, as this is the least I can do to honor and respect my parents'. In fact, cutting one's hair off in ancient China was considered a legal punishment called 'Kun (髡)', designed to humiliate criminals, as well as applying a character as a facial tattoo to notify one's criminality, the punishment is referred to as 'Qing (黥)', since regular people wouldn't have tattoos on their skin attributed to the same philosophy.
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the arrow sleeves are obviously characteristics of
Mongolian clothing. The Ming dragon robes were simply modified, cut, and tailored by Manchus at the sleeves and waist to make them narrow around the arms and waist instead of wide and added a new narrow cuff to the sleeves; they also made slits in the skirt to make it suitable for falconry, horse riding and archery. The new cuff was made out of fur. The robe's jacket waist had a new strip of scrap cloth put on the waist while the waist was made snug by pleating the top of the skirt on the robe. The
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Han
Chinese did not object to wearing the queue braid on the back of the head as they traditionally wore all their hair long, but fiercely objected to shaving the forehead so the Qing government exclusively focused on forcing people to shave the forehead rather than wear the braid. Han rebels in the first half of the Qing who objected to Qing hairstyle wore the braid but defied orders to shave the front of the head. One person was executed for refusing to shave the front but he had willingly braided the back of his hair.
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technically eighteen Ranks, with First Rank
Primary (正一品) being the highest and the Ninth Rank Secondary (從九品) the lowest. Officials of the upper four Ranks (from First Rank Primary to Fourth Rank Secondary) were entitled to wear the red robes; mid-Ranks (Fifth Rank Primary to Seventh Rank Secondary) to wear blue robes and the lower Ranks (Eighth Rank Primary to Ninth Rank Secondary) to wear green robes. In addition, each exact Rank was indicated by a picture of unique animal (either real or legendary) sewn in a
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4291:. Clothing colours and fabric materials continued to play a role in differentiating ranks; for example, officials of the three upper levels and princes had to wear purple robes; official above the fifth level had to wear red robes; officials of the sixth and seventh level had to wear green robes; and official of eighth and ninth levels had to wear cyan robes. Dragons-with-three-claws emblems also started to be depicted on the clothing of court officials above third ranks and on the clothing of princes; these
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6359:) has been found instead of the Mongol women's one-piece robe. Burial clothing and tomb paintings in the southern territories of the Yuan dynasty also show that women wore the Song-style attire, which looked slimmer when compared to the Mongol court robe. The Song-style clothing is also depicted as consisting of jackets, which were open in the front and had long, narrow and thin sleeves, and sometimes women are depicted as wearing a sleeveless vest-type jackets with front openings. For example, in the
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flower, etc.) or natural fresh flowers. Since the early Song dynasty, the
Emperor would bestow valuable flowers to his officials. Court eunuchs would pin flowers on the futou of the Princes and the Grand councillors whereas other officials would also ornate their futou with flowers by themselves. This custom was developed and extended up until Southern Song, when regulations on the number of flowers which could be worn based on the official's rank were made. These rules on these flower ornaments on
4897:. Another trend which emerged after the An Lushan Rebellion is the sad and depressed-look while looking exquisite which reflected the instability of the political situation in this period. Of note, just like women in the Tang dynasty period incorporated Central Asian-styles in their clothing, Central Asian women were also wearing some Hanfu-style clothing from the Tang dynasty and/or would combine elements of the Han Chinese-style attire and ornament aesthetic in their ethnic attire. In 840 AD, the
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nobles were entitled to wear 9 dragons by the Qing
Illustrated Precedents. Qing sumptuary laws only allowed four clawed dragons for officials, Han Chinese nobles and Manchu nobles while the Qing Imperial family, emperor and princes up to the second degree and their female family members were entitled to wear five clawed dragons. However officials violated these laws all the time and wore 5 clawed dragons and the Spencer Museum's 6 long pao worn by Han Chinese nobles have 5 clawed dragons on them.
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in the mural paintings of Xu
Xianxiu tomb are depicted wearing high black or brown boots, belts, headgears, and clothing which follows the Xianbei-style, i.e. V-neck, long tunic which is below knee-length, with the left lapel of the front covering the right; narrow-sleeved tunic which is worn on top of round-collared undergarment are also depicted. High-waisted skirt style, which likely came from Central Asia, was also introduced to Han Chinese during the Northern Wei dynasty.
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5234:, changes were imposed on the colour system of the official gowns: officials of the fourth rank and above wore purple gown, the sixth rank and above wore crimson gown; and the ninth rank and above officials wore green gown; this noted the removal of black colour as a colour for the official dress. Officials also wore leather belts and kerchiefs as ornaments. If senior officials were allowed to wear purple or crimson official garments, they had to wear a silver or gold
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8789:(a Chinese research institute) shows that by 2020, the number of hanfu enthusiasts in China has reached 5.163 million, creating a market size equivalent to 6.36 billion yuan (US$ 980 million), a proportional increase of over 40% compared to the previous year. Meanwhile, it is projected that by the end of 2021, the total number of hanfu enthusiasts across China will exceed 7 million, and that the market size of hanfu will exceed 9 billion yuan (US$ 1.39 billion).
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styles as obscene and vulgar and preferred slender body figure. Donning clothing which looked simple and humble instead of extravagant was interpreted as expressing sober virtue. The Song dynasty clothing system also specified how women of the imperial court had to dress themselves and this included the Song empresses, the imperial concubines, and the titled gentlewomen; their clothing would also change depending on occasions. Song dynasty empresses wear the
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1992:
6643:"On the Renzi day in the second month of the first year of Hongwu era (Feb 29th, 1368 CE), Hongwu emperor decreed that all fashions of clothing and headwear shall be restored to the standard of Tang, all citizens shall gather their hairs on top of their heads, and officials shall wear the Wu Sha Mao (black-cloth hats), round-collar robes, belts, and black boots." ("洪武元年二月壬子...至是，悉命復衣冠如唐制，士民皆束髮於頂，官則烏紗帽，圓領袍，束帶，黑靴。")
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3613:, just like the Han Chinese, despite being non-Chinese. The Wei shu also records that Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei promoted Chinese-style long robes and official crowns in the court to display the wearer's rank and his hierarchical position in the court and ritual functions. For example, both male and female patrons appeared in Xianbei-style attire during the 5th century AD, this can be seen particular at the
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4356:(披帛). During the Tang dynasty, there were 4 kind of waistline for women skirts: natural waistline; low waistline; high waistline which reached the bust; and, high waistline above the bust, which could create different kind of women's silhouettes and reflected the ideal images of women of this period. This Tang dynasty-style ensemble would reappear several times even after the Tang dynasty, notably during
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regulations were accompanied with
Confucian rituals. Different kind of headgear, weaving and fabric material, as well as ribbons attached to officials seals, were also used to distinguish the officials. The official seal was then placed in a leather pouch, was put on its wearer's waist and the ribbon, which came in different colours, size, and texture to indicate ranking, would hang outside the pouch.
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7422:) was modified by the Manchu by adding a ceremonial big collar (daling) or shawl collar (pijianling); the clothing was also reduced in bulk, the sleeves made narrower, and the side-fastening changed from cross-collared to a curved overlapping right front. The clothing was fastened with loops and buttons. The Manchu also decorated their early Qing robes with dragons similarly to the Ming chaofu.
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their bodies to show modesty and preserve their chastity and because of the cold climate period. Skirts with pleats became very popular and the skirt colour tended to be light. Another form of skirt which was worn in the Ming dynasty is a skirt with two pieces which was deeply pleated and was sewn to a separate, single waistband. In the late Ming dynasty, Ming dynasty women wore the
5169:
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8443:, which she personally designed, consisted of pleated skirts instead of trousers, the sleeves were nearly elbow-length, there was a central opening, and the neckline was V-shaped and was delineated by a wide, white band; the skirt was based on the pleated skirts (i.e. the "one hundred pleats" skirt) worn by the court ladies worn in Tang dynasty paintings. The earliest form of
3662:
7746:, even retained their queue braids on the back but the symbol of their rebellion against the Qing was the growing of hair on the front of the head, causing the Qing government to view shaving the front of the head as the primary sign of loyalty to the Qing rather than wearing the braid on the back which did not violate Han customs and which traditional Han did not object to.
5803:
4935:, women clothing was depicted as a sleeveless gown which was worn under a robe with wide sleeves, with the use of a shawl as an ornament; some of the women painted are fashioned with skirts while others are seen wearing an overskirt above on an underskirt; it is speculated that shawls and cloaks during this period were made from a silk-netted sheer gauze fabric material.
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870:. Other markers of status included the fabric materials, the shape, size, colour of the clothing, the decorative pattern, the length of a skirt, the wideness of a sleeve, and the degree of ornamentation. There were strict regulations on the clothing of the emperor, feudal dukes, senior officials, soldiers, ancestor worshippers, brides, and mourners.
3958:; for example, in the arts and literature which dates from the 5th century, their male clothing appeared to represent the ethnicity of its wearer, but in the 6th century, the attire lost its ethnic significance and did not denote its wearer as Xianbei or non-Chinese. Instead, the nomadic dress had turned into a type of male ordinary dress in the
438:. Many of the earlier designs are more gender-neutral and simpler in cut than later examples. Later garments incorporate multiple pieces with men commonly wearing pants and women commonly wearing skirts. Clothing for women usually accentuates the body's natural curves through wrapping of upper garment lapels or binding with sashes at the waist.
2161:
5404:(朱明衣) on less formal but important occasions such as nobility conferring and appointment, when paying visits to the founding ancestor's temple and when attending court meetings which are held by the Emperor. The Crown prince also wear purple official dress, gold and jade waistband, and wore a folding-up black muslin scarf on his head.
8914:
and board sleeve represents a moral, concordant relation between nature and human creative power; the use of the girdle to fasten the garment over the body represents the constraints of Han culture to limit human's desire that would incur amoral deed. As a result, jiaoling youren has become an inseparable part of modern hanfu design.
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wear a short scarf and left-lapelled clothing; if they did not obey, they were put to death. The
Jurchen queue and shaving hairstyle was not enforced on the Han Chinese in the Jin after an initial attempt to do so which was a rebuke to Jurchen values. However, the rules were not observed and the order was taken back under the Emperor
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hand are depicted wearing two layers of garment and wore a long skirt reaching the ground with long flowing sleeved jacket. The jacket is sometimes closed with a belt or a fastener. White colour was the colour worn by commoner people during the Three Kingdoms and Jin period. Commoner-style clothing from this period can be seen on the
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6268:, the son of Emperor Jingzong, decided to replace Tangut clothing with Hanfu in his court. In his wish list to the Song dynasty court, Emperor Yizong asked permission to use Han Chinese rites and clothing to greet Song dynasty envoys and seek permission to buy Chinese official clothing; both of these requests were granted.
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3625:, whereas in the first third of the 6th century, the patrons tend to appear in Chinese-style clothing in the majority of Northern Wei caves at Longmen; this change in clothing style has been suggested to be the result of sinicization policies regarding the adoption of Chinese-style clothing in the Northern Wei court.
1950:
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2082:, the imperial edicts on the use of general clothing were not specific enough to be restrictive to the people, and were not enforced to a great degree. The clothing was simply differed accordingly to the seasons: blue or green for spring, red for summer, yellow for autumn and black for winter. It was the
7915:
customs started to be forgotten and influence from the Manchu started to influence the women's clothing. Yet, Manchu women and Han Chinese women never emulated each other's clothing; and as a result, by the end of the nineteenth century, Manchu and Han Chinese women had maintained distinctive clothing.
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Children were exempt from the above commandment; they could cut their hair short, make different kinds of knots or braids, or simply just let them hang without any care, especially because such a decision was usually made by the parents rather than the children themselves; therefore, parental respect
8373:
In the early 1920s, the ao became more fitted and was shortened reaching only the top of the hip with a rounded hem, the sleeves were also shortened to three quarter of its length. The skirt became plainer, cut with a simple flared style, and wide waistband was replaced by narrow band in which a cord
8369:
In 1919, women aoqun evolved; the ao became slimmer and longer until it reached below the narrow; the sleeves became narrower to the wrists, and the side slits were shortened; the collars became very high with some corners turning down sometimes and other collars reaching up to the ears. The edges of
7796:
cut down their queues in an act of defiance while most of them only remove a hair strand or unbraided their hair and let it loose. After the Qing dynasty was toppled in the 1911 Xinhai revolution, the Taoist dress and topknot was adopted by the ordinary gentry and "Society for Restoring Ancient Ways"
7632:
edict was issued; however it was strongly opposed by the Han Chinese, in particular those who belonged to the late Ming dynasty scholars class and literati. Qing Manchu prince Dorgon initially canceled the order for all men in Ming territories south of the Great wall (post 1644 additions to the Qing)
7412:
and cloth when they paid tribute to the Ming or traded with the Ming. Therefore, Manchu clothes were modified the Hanfu of Ming China to form their court costume, making it easier to use while hunting. The development of Manchu clothing in the late Ming Dynasty mainly imitated Mongolian clothing, and
6159:
prohibited the Jurchens from dressing like the Han Chinese in 1191 AD as he wanted to revitalize the old Jurchen culture. However, despite his efforts, the influence of the Han Chinese living in the Northern Song territories had a significant influence and by the mid-twelve century, the Jurchens were
6151:
territories by the Jurchens in 1127 AD, the Han Chinese who were living in Northern Song territories became the majority while the Jurchen became an ethnic minority; this led the Jurchens to make political concessions allowing the Han Chinese to practice Han Chinese culture. In 1138 AD, the Jin court
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and decided to establish their own carriages and apparel system. In the early period of the Jin dynasty, the Jin dynasty court first attempted to impose Jurchen hairstyle and clothes on the Han Chinese population in 1126 AD and in 1129 AD. The Hanfu-style clothing was prohibited and the people had to
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in 1911, the wide hemmed and wide sleeved Qing dynasty aoqun was no more popular among urban Han Chinese women in China; instead they started to make their clothing narrower. Ready-to-wear Western clothing had little popularity among Chinese consumers as due to proportion misfit of Western clothing.
7938:
In the middle of the Qing dynasty, Manchu and Han Chinese women started to influence each other's clothing; however, they still maintain the uniqueness of their respective clothing styles. The late Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women in the gentry and aristocratic classes started to imitate the clothing
7914:
For women's clothing, Manchu and Han fashions of clothing coexisted. The Han Chinese women carefully maintained their pure Han Chinese ethnicity and did not wear Manchu clothing. Throughout the Qing dynasty, Han women continued to wear clothing from Ming dynasty; however, with time, the Ming dynasty
5417:
on how to dress accordingly to ceremonial events and carefully chose ornaments which were graded for each occasion based on the classic rituals. While women of the Tang dynasty liked clothing which emphasized on body curves and sometimes revealed décolletage, women in the Song dynasty perceived such
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of Xu Xianxiu's wife are wearing narrow-sleeved clothing which look more closely related to Xianbei-style or Central Asian-style clothing; yet this Xianbei style of attire is different from the depictions of Xianbei-style attire worn before 500 AD. The men (i.e. soldiers, grooms and male attendants)
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of various colours. The combination of upper and lower garments in women's wardrobe eventually became the clothing model of the Han ethnicity of the later generations. During the Qin and Han dynasties, women wore skirts which was composed of four pieces cloth sewn together; a belt was often attached
8754:
Entering the 21st century, hanfu has become a fashion trend and lucrative business sector. In 2018, it was estimated that the hanfu market consisted of 2 million potential consumers. The estimated revenue sales for 2019 was 1.4 billion yuan (US$ 199.3 million). According to the iiMedia 2018 survey,
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At the beginning of the Qing dynasty, Han Chinese women were expected to continue the Han Chinese clothing of the Ming dynasty. Manchu women wore a long, one-piece robe with a curving robe whereas Han Chinese women continued to wear the combination upper and lower garment. As Han Chinese women were
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which was edged with bright blue or white band. Men who were in mourning were also exempted; however, since the mourners were not allowed to wear topknot in accordance to the Confucian rites, the men simply untied their queues and left their loose hair dishevelled. Women from wealthy families could
7608:
When the Manchus established the Qing dynasty, the authorities issued decrees having Han Chinese men to adopt Manchu hairstyle by shaving their hair on the front of the head and braiding the hair on the back of the head into pigtails. The resistances against the hair shaving policy were suppressed.
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The Ming dynasty implemented the use of gold and silver interlocking buckles to close clothing and collars. In the middle of the Ming dynasty, the interlocking buttons were often paired with the upper garment with standing collar; it was commonly used by women partially because they wanted to cover
6962:
The Ming dynasty empresses appeared to be wearing similar dress as their Song dynasty counterparts. The queens wore crown with decorations of dragons and phoenixes, and wore a red large-sleeves upper garments also decorated with dragon and phoenixes. The dressing of officials' wives and mothers who
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dynasties. Moreover, the Ming dynasty dressing regulations were strongly related to the ritual system; the Confucian codes and ideals that were popularized during the Ming dynasty also had a significant effect on those regulations. The dressing regulations determined what attire and ornaments could
6255:
had traditionally worn leather-based and wool clothing and since the Tanguts men were military, they also had no use for silk materials. Yet, silk clothing was still worn in Western Xia during his reign. The Hanfu-style and the Tangut-style clothing were distinguished from each other, but both were
1747:
also show the differences between soldiers and officers' clothing wherein the elites wore long gown while all the commoners wore shorter jackets; they also wore headgears which ranged from simple head cloths to formal official caps. Cavalry riders were also depicted wearing long-sleeved, hip-length
8913:
characteristic. In fact, this design bear special cultural moral and ethical values. It is said the left collar covering the right represents the perfection of human culture on human nature and the overcoming of bodily forces by the spiritual power of ethical ritual teaching; the expansive cutting
7942:
In the late Qing dynasty, Han Chinese's ao continued to share some similarities with the ao worn in the Ming dynasty. However, the clothing worn by the Han Chinese women was also influenced by Manchu culture to some degree; for example, in terms of clothing colour, embroidery and binding. The late
7569:
continued to be used as the standard for the court attire until the end of the Qing dynasty. The Manchu continued to use the five colours symbolism in their clothing which was in line with the previous Han Chinese dynasties; however, they chose the colour blue as their dynasty colour and generally
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which shows the diversity of the late 18th and 19th century non-imperial dragon robes. Ranked officials and Han Chinese nobles had two slits in the skirts while Manchu nobles and the Imperial family had 4 slits in skirts. All first, second and third rank officials as well as Han Chinese and Manchu
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monarchy looked to Ming China for cultural inspiration. The upper classes and the court of Joseon wore Ming-style clothing but also made a few modifications to make the clothing look distinctively Korean; this led to the formation of the women's hanbok style. The lower class of Joseon imitated the
7271:. Vietnamese were ordered to stop cutting and instead grow their hair long and switch to Hanfu in only a month by a Ming official. Ming administrators said their mission was to civilized the unorthodox Vietnamese barbarians. The Ming dynasty only wanted the Vietnamese to wear long hair and to stop
7255:
While clothing regulation were strictly enforced in the early Ming dynasty; it started to weaken in the Mid-Ming dynasty (around the early 16th century) which has been attributed to the failing of ritual practice and the expansion of commercialization which has led to a weakened state control over
6169:
who visited the former territories of the Song dynasty noted that there have been changes in the people's culture and that the Han Chinese's clothing style had also been influenced by the Jurchens in terms of adoption of items; they also noted that the only thing which had not changed much was the
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with long and loose sleeves; however, the officials were bound to wear different colours according to ranks. As the Song dynasty followed the Tang dynasty's clothing system, officials of third ranks and above wore purple gown; fifth ranks officials wore vermillion gown; seventh ranks officials and
4853:
could be worn by men and were also used as main garment for cross-dressing attendants or could be draped across the shoulders like a cloak. The headwear of the women in Tang dynasty also demonstrates evidence of foreign clothing inclusion in their attire. In Taizong's era, women wore a burqa-like
4635:
Another form of popular fashion in women's attire during the Tang dynasty is the wearing of male clothing; it was fashionable for women to dress in male attire in public and in everyday live, especially during the Kaiyuan and Tianbao (742 -756 AD) periods; this fashion started among the members of
3769:
dated back to Northern dynasties, male worshippers are usually dressed in Xianbei style attire while women are dressed in Han Chinese style attire wearing skirts and high-waisted, wrap-style robes with wide sleeves. Moreover, after the fall of the Northern Wei, tensions started to rise between the
3632:
in China tend to be depicted as a knee-length tunic with narrow sleeves, with a front opening, which can typically be collarless, round-collared, and sometimes be V-neck collared; men and women tend to wear that knee-length tunic over trousers for men and long, ground-length skirts for women. When
3352:
Due to the frequent wars in this era, mass migration occurred and resulted in several ethnics living together with communication exchange; as such, this period marked an important time of cultural integration and cultural blending, including the cultural exchange of clothing. Han Chinese living in
3058:
jacket; man's hairstyle is usually a topknot or a flat cap used for head covering. Female commoners dressed in similar fashion as their male counterpart but their jacket was sometimes depicted longer; they also wore long skirt or trousers. Attendants (not to be confused with servants) on the other
823:
This created a strict hierarchical society that used clothing as a status meridian, and inevitably, the height of one's rank influenced the ornateness of a costume. Costumes would also be distinguished by their ceremonial usage. This became the antecedent for the complex system of clothing for all
8185:
In 1912, the republic was established and government ministers were required to western-style clothing. Official attire for both men and women were regulated and published in the government gazettes; the men had to wear western-style clothing on formal days and evening, and in informal time, they
8165:
policy and could be dressed in Hanfu; their clothing was fastened to the right side in the Ming dynasty-style. Their daily clothing was made of silk, and they would wear satin and silk clothing for special occasions; the colours of the clothing were brights and the clothing were typically red and
7347:
gowns. The robes and clothes of the Manchus before entering the customs are called "yijie" in Manchu. They are clothes worn by men, women and children throughout the year. Each gown is cut from a whole piece of clothing. The basic structure is a round neck, a large flap, a left gusset, four-sided
7125:
Though the Ming dynasty restored Hanfu, the dynasty also brought many changes. For example, the formal robes of the early Ming emperors had close-fitting sleeves instead of the Song dynasty's voluminous sleeves. The collar of the Ming dynasty clothing changed from the symmetrical type of the Song
5202:
Song dynasty court dress often used red colour, with accessories made of different colours and materials, black leather shoes and hats. The officials had specific clothing for different occasions: (1) the sacrificial dress, a vermillion colour garment worn when attending ancestral temple or grand
4371:
The women's clothing in the early Tang dynasty was quite similar to the clothing in the Sui dynasty; the upper garment was a short-sleeved short jacket with a low-cut; the lower garment was a tight-fitting skirt which was tied generally above the waist, and sometimes even up to the armpits, and a
4069:
later reformed the dress code in accordance of the ancient customs and news sets of imperial clothing were made. In 605 AD, it was decreed that officials over the fifth-ranks had to dress in crimson or purple, and in 611 AD, any officials who would follow the emperor in expedition together had to
3307:
was a very popular style of clothing during the Northern and Southern dynasties and was a Hanfu created by assimilating non-Han Chinese cultures. New forms of belts with buckles, dubbed as "Jin style", were also designed during the Western Jin. The "Jin style" belts were later exported to several
2110:
used on the sacrificial garments which were used to differentiate social ranks in the earlier times. In addition, regulations on the ornaments used by emperors, councillors, dukes, princes, ministers and officials were specified. There were distinct styles of clothing based on social ranks, these
8893:, started a project to restore Chinese clothing from ancient dynasties based on rigorous research, spending their days reading ancient documents and looking at paintings to find detailed information about the styles, materials, colours and patterns used in ancient times; this group is called the
7854:
Taoist priests also continued to wear Taoist traditional dress and did not adopt Qing Manchu dress. Remains of the Ming dynasty subjects also invented various ways to preserve their hairstyle and their Han-style clothing (for example, in remote places). To avoid wearing the queue and shaving the
4778:
The Tang dynasty represents a golden age in China's history, where the arts, sciences and economy were thriving. Female dress and personal adornments in particular reflected the new visions of this era, which saw unprecedented trade and interaction with cultures and philosophies alien to Chinese
3813:
attire with some altered designs, such as a high waistline and wide standing collar. Xu Xianxiu is depicted wearing a Central Asian-style coat, Xianbei-style tunic, trousers, and boots. Some of the female servants depicted from the tomb murals of Xu Xianxiu are wearing what appears to be Sogdian
8216:
ceremony; he also proclaimed himself as Emperor Hongxian and the beginning of a new dynasty; the robe and hat which specially designed for him to wear on the day of this ceremony was based on the ceremonial dress worn by the Han and Ming dynasty emperors on sacrificial ceremonies. However, Yuan
7725:
policy, the early Qing dynasty court also prohibited Han Chinese from wearing some specific Manchu items and prohibited banner-women from dressing as Han Chinese women in order to maintain ethnic distinction. The early Qing dynasty policies also mainly applied to Han Chinese men. Those who were
6439:
The type of clothing worn in the Yuan dynasty may have also served as a political statement; for example, despite not being the clothing of the ruling elite, the Tang-Song style clothing worn in multiple layers continued to be worn by families who showed that they were resisting the rule of the
6164:
so much that they were almost indistinguishable from the Han Chinese in terms of dress, literacy and social customs. Based on Han Chinese tombs of the Jin dynasty, it appears that ordinary Jurchen clothing may have been a symbol of lower class status as servants and lower-class women tend to be
2449:
8470:
Since the 20th century, hanfu and hanfu-style clothing has been used frequently as ancient costumes in Chinese and foreign television series, films and other forms of entertainment media, and was widely popularized since the late 1980s dramas. One example of historically inaccurate hanfu-style
7712:
hairstyle) and shave their beards, facial hair and side whiskers. This was similar to the Qing dynasty queue order imposed by Dorgon making men shave the pates on the front of their heads. During the late Qing dynasty, the Vietnamese envoy to Qing were still wearing the official attire in Ming
5412:
influenced the women clothing of the Song dynasty; Confucians in the Song dynasty revered antiquity and wanted to revive some old ideas and customs and encouraged women to reject the extravagance of the Tang dynasty fashion. Due to the shift in philosophical thought, the aesthetics of the Song
5262:
was worn by enforcement officials. Flowers pinning was a well-liked custom in the Song dynasty; people regardless of their age, gender, and social ranks would pin flowers on themselves; these flowers could be either artificial flowers (i.e. made of silk, rice-paper plant flower, coloured glaze
7275:
so they could have white teeth and long hair like Chinese. A royal edict was issued by Vietnam in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like that of the Lao, Champa or the "Northerners" which referred to the Ming. The edict was recorded in the 1479
6952:
for officials to have an audience with the emperor) implies that this scene was painted shortly after a court meeting. During the Ming dynasty, both civil and military officials were divided into nine Ranks (品), each Rank was further subdivided into Primary (正) and Secondary (從) so there were
3405:
During the Northern and Southern dynasties, the dressing style followed the style of the Three Kingdoms and Jin dynasty; robes, skirts, trousers, short jackets, sleeveless jackets were worn while fur coats, especially marten coats, were very rare. Young people liked to be dressed in trousers;
9583:
like Li Chengdong and Liu Liangzuo and their Han troops carried out the queue order to force it on the general population. Han Chinese soldiers in 1645 under Han General Hong Chengchou forced the queue on the people of Jiangnan while Han people were initially paid silver to wear the queue in
9562:
to hold the buns in place without concealing them). Thus the 'disheveled hair', a common but erring depiction of ancient Chinese male figures seen in most modern Chinese period dramas or movies with hair (excluding facial hair) hanging down from both sides and/or in the back are historically
8552:
are also derived from the clothing of the Ming dynasty, with a few exception being derived from the Qing dynasty clothing. Costumes of Cantonese opera uses the Ming-style clothing for opera which are set in all dynasties, except for the ones set in the Qing dynasty; those costumes follow the
5550:
According to the Song dynasty's regulations, ordinary people were only allowed to wear white clothes; but at some point, the regulations changed and ordinary people, as well as administrative clerks and intellectuals, were able to wear black clothes. However, in reality, the clothing worn by
359:
comprises all traditional clothing classifications of the Han Chinese with a recorded history of more than three millennia. Each succeeding dynasty produced their own distinctive dress codes, reflecting the socio-cultural environment of the times. Clothing made of silk was initially used for
1535:
ordered his people, regardless of distance and class, to follow a series of regulations in all forms of cultural aspects, including clothing. The clothing style in Qin was therefore unitary. The Qin dynasty adopted a coloured-clothing system, which stipulated people who held higher position
6108:
7570:
avoided the use of red colour in their clothing because red was the dynasty colour of Ming dynasty. On the other hand, Han Chinese continued to view red as a lucky colour because of its connection with rulers of Ming dynasty, and used it extensively in celebratory events and at weddings.
5430:. Imperial concubines like the colour yellow and red; the pomegranate colour skirt was also popular in the Song dynasty. Collar edges and sleeve edges of all clothes that have been excavated were decorated with laces or embroidered patterns. Such clothes were decorated with patterns of
5424:; they often had three to five distinctive jewelry-like marks on their face (two side of the cheek, other two next to the eyebrows and one on the forehead). The everyday clothing of the Empresses and Imperial concubines included: long skirts, loose-sleeves garments, tasselled capes and
4352:(帔) in the Tang dynasty, is a long silk scarf; however it is not used to cover neck, sometimes it covers shoulders and other times just hangs from elbow. Regardless of social status, women in the Tang dynasty tend to be dressed in 3-parts clothing: the upper garment, the skirt, and the
1821:. The robes appeared to be similar, regardless of gender, in cut and construction: a wrap closure, held by a belt or a sash, with large sleeves gathered in a narrower cuff; however, the fabric, colours and ornaments of the robes were different between gender. However, later during the
17593:
Jiang, Wanyi; Li, Zhaoqing (6 January 2021). "Analysis on Evolution, Design and Application of Women's Traditional Coats in Beijing in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Early Republic of China: Based on the Collection of Ethnic Custom Museum of Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology".
6096:
8639:
5977:
which covered the head and upper body; they were revived in Song after they fell out of fashion in Tang dynasty and were worn despite its masculine and barbarian origin, probably because Song women were unaware of its origins. Many of Song dynasty clothing was later adopted in the
3778:(which was less sinicized and resented the sinicized court of Northern Wei). Due to the shift in politics, Han and non-Han Chinese ethnic tensions arose between the successor states of Northern Wei; and Xianbei-style clothing reappeared; however, their clothing had minor changes.
3449:
2582:
continued to evolve. During this period, 220–589 AD, the robe became loose on the wearer's body so a wide band functioned as belt was in use to organise the fitting, and the sleeves of the robe changed to "wide-open" instead of cinched at the wrist; this style is referred as
8451:
photos. Jiang Qing tried to popularize the dress in diverse ways through public and foreign avenues; however, her dress failed to win popularity and was disliked. Since the late 1970s, skirts and dresses reappeared and western-style clothing became popular in daily lives.
2766:
1922:
8389:
was established as the formal, official wear for men, and they were worn for important ceremonies, such as weddings, temple and ancestral halls worship. Women's formal wear was either a black ao and blue skirt with the same style as the earlier outfit or the cheongsam.
4312:
3738:
7645:'s reign, a large number of ordinary people continued to wear Ming dynasty hairstyles and clothing; however, the Han Chinese officials and military generals had to wear the queue and Manchu clothing. The men of certain ethnicities who came under Qing rule later like
7417:
added sable fur skirts, cuffs and collars to Ming dragon robes and trimming sable fur all over them before wearing them. However, some denied that the popular Manchu jackets in the Qing Dynasty originated from the Hanfu in the Ming Dynasty. Han Chinese court costume
7684:
members and Han men serving as government officials, but not the entire male population; therefore, Han Chinese men were allowed to continue to dress in Ming dynasty clothing. But as time passed, Han civilian men eventually voluntarily adopted Manchu clothing like
11184:
8263:
7693:. In the beginning of the Mid-Qing period, the discourses and resistance against the Manchu clothing regulations gradually disappeared. By the late Qing dynasty, not only officials and scholars, but a great many commoners as well, started to wear Manchu attire.
6635:, he decried the "barbarian customs" of the Yuan dynasty and how people imitated the Mongols for personal gains; and so, he called for the restoration of Han Chinese traditions, which included the proper forms of dress, hairstyles, and attires. According to the
7288:. The Vietnamese had adopted the Chinese political system and culture during the 1,000 years of Chinese rule so they viewed their surrounding neighbours like Khmer Cambodians as barbarians and themselves as a small version of China (the Middle Kingdom). By the
6068:
9563:
inaccurate. Females on the other hand, had more choices in terms of decorating their hair as adults. They could still arrange their hair into as various kinds of hairstyles as they pleased. There were different fashions for women in various dynastic periods.
4826:. Popular menswear such as Persian-style round collared robes with tight sleeves and a central band decorated with flowers on the front was also popular among the Tang dynasty's women; this Persian-style round collared robe is different from the local worn
4737:
4138:; however, the construction of the assemble differed from the ones worn in Western countries as Han Chinese women assemble consisted of a separate skirt and upper garment which show low décolletage. In this period, ordinary men did not wear skirts anymore.
3410:
opening tradition. The robes continued to be fastened with a girdle and was worn over a straight-neck undergarment. Tomb figures depicted as servants in this period are also shown wearing skirts, aprons, trousers and upper garments with vertical opening or
7019:(忠靜冠服 or 忠靖冠服; "Dress of Loyalty and Tranquility"), designed for the ranked officials, was dark green in colour; while cloud patterns were granted to the robe for third-rank and above officials, fourth-rank and below officials had to wear plain robes. The
6763:, which mixed Han and Mongol elements was worn as an informal attire by emperors, princes, ministers, and officials in early Ming dynasty; it was worn as a formal uniforms during the middle period of the Ming dynasty; it was worn as a casual dress worn by
7633:
to shave. It was a Han official from Shandong, Sun Zhixie and Li Ruolin who voluntarily shaved their foreheads and demanded Qing Prince Dorgon impose the queue hairstyle on the entire population which led to the queue order. Even after a decade following
2207:
7850:
Neither Taoist priests nor Buddhist monks were required to wear the queue by the Qing; they continued to wear their traditional hairstyles, completely shaved heads for Buddhist monks, and long hair in the traditional Chinese topknot for Taoist priests.
1229:
3966:
regardless of ethnicity. On the other hand, the Xianbei women gradually abandoned their ethnic Xianbei clothing and adopted Han Chinese-style and Central Asian-style clothing to the point that by the Sui dynasty, women in China were no longer wearing
3104:
3698:
2063:
9578:
to show that they submitted to Qing authority, the so-called "Queue Order" (薙髮令). Han children and females were spared from this order, also Taoist monks were allowed to keep their hair and Buddhist monks were allowed to keep all their hair shaven.
9013:
6647:
The attempt was to signified the Han Chinese cultural identity after defeating the Yuan dynasty. The new clothing system that the Hongwu Emperor formulated was based on the dress code of the previous dynasties, which included the dress codes of the
6044:
men adopted and/or combined Hanfu with Khitan clothing and boots, wore Hanfu or wore Khitan clothes. Han women on the other hand did not adopt Khitan dress and continued wearing Hanfu. For example, the tomb of Hann Shixun (a man from distinguished
1975:
4515:
In the middle of the Tang dynasty, women who had a plump appearance were favoured; and thus, the clothing became looser, the sleeves became longer and wider, the upper garment became strapless, and a silk unlined upper garment was worn; they wore
4125:
During the Sui dynasty, an imperial decree which regulated clothing colour stated that lower class could only wear muted blue or black clothing; upper class on the other hand were allowed to wear brighter colours, such as red and blue. Women wore
5037:
4192:
9025:
5001:
5949:, such as felt hats, and from the wearing of exotic clothing. They also banned clothing with colours which was associated to Khitan clothing; such as aeruginous or yellowish-black. They also banned people, except for drama actors, from wearing
5740:
7750:
insulted and criticized the Qing hairstyle by referring to the shaven pate looking like a fly. Koxinga and his men objected to shaving when the Qing demanded they shave in exchange for recognizing Koxinga as a feudatory.The Qing demanded that
8501:
6505:
4213:
2882:
2711:
7134:, the proportion of the upper outer garment to lower skirt in the Ming dynasty was significantly inverted. Since the upper garment was shorter and the lower garment was longer, the jacket gradually became longer to cover the exposed skirt.
8699:
4418:
1139:
dress code started to erode by the middle of Warring States period. Later, many regions decided not to follow the system of Zhou dynasty; the clothing during this period were differentiated among the seven major states (i.e. the states of
12997:"通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 " "武冠，一名武弁，一名大冠，一名繁冠，一名建冠，一名笼冠，即古之惠文冠。或曰赵惠文王所造，因以为名。亦云，惠者蟪也，其冠文轻细如蝉翼，故名惠文。或云，齐人见千岁涸泽之神，名曰庆忌，冠大冠，乘小车，好疾驰，因象其冠而服焉。汉幸臣闳孺为侍中，皆服大冠。天子元服亦先加大冠，左右侍臣及诸将军武官通服之。侍中、常侍则加金珰，附蝉为饰，插以貂毛，黄金为竿，侍中插左，常侍插右。"
8176:
They also wore different style of hats, such as the "rice bowl hat", the "tiger head hat", the "dog head hat", which aim to protect against evil spirit and later on to attract good fortunes when they have to take important examinations.
6845:, saw the fundamentality of making a new dress code to consolidate his rule; he spent almost all his reigning years developing and institutionalizing dressing regulations, which were recorded in various compilation of texts, such as the
4624:
4466:
3569:
3072:
7189:
6057:, where children and servants are depicted wearing Khitan hairstyles and Khitan-style clothing, while the woman who is standing behind the table is depicted in Han Chinese clothing. Han Chinese women living in the Southern Division and
17478:
9047:
The style of historical Han clothing can be summarized as containing garment elements that are arranged in distinctive and sometimes specific ways. A complete set of garment is assembled from several pieces of clothing into an attire:
6880:
were only worn by emperors and other members of the royal family on formal occasions. Officials wore different wore robes of various colours and patterns; they also wore gauze hats. Civil and military officials wore different types of
6080:
17013:
Dorgon did not want to see anything go wrong in a province and this might be the main reason why the government ... When the Chinese were ordered to wear the queue, Sun and Li took the initiative in changing their Ming hairstyle to
4830:. Long Persian trousers and knickers were also worn by women as a result of the cultural and economic exchanges which took place. Stripped trousers were also worn. The Chinese trousers during this period were narrow compared to the
8667:
2754:
4681:
3604:
decreed a prohibition of Xianbei clothing among many other prohibition on Xianbei culture (e.g. language, Xianbei surnames) as a form of sinicization policies and allowed the intermarriage between Xianbei and Chinese elites. The
9521:
In addition, managing hair was also a crucial part of ancient Han people's daily life. Commonly, males and females would stop cutting their hair once they reached adulthood. This was marked by the Chinese coming of age ceremony
3053:
while peasants wore shanku consisting of short jackets and ku. Male commoners wore similar dress as Han dynasty male commoner did; archeological artefacts of this period depict male commoners wearing a full-sleeved, knee-length
7777:, the clothing system was based on the clothing of Qing dynasty, but they change the clothing by establishing their own clothing system. The kings and princes of the Heavenly Kingdom were the only people allowed to wear yellow
3192:
5109:
3406:
however, it was not well-perceived for women to wear trousers; women wore skirts. Based on tomb figures dating from the Southern dynasties, it is known that the robes worn during those period continued the long, wide-sleeves,
2357:
As Buddhism arrived in China during late period of Han dynasty, robes of Buddhist monks started to be produced. The attire worn in the Han dynasty laid the foundation for the clothing development in the succeeding dynasties.
2364:
6664:
dynasties. He also promulgated several decrees to ban Mongol and nomadic clothing style. However, fashionable Mongol attire, items and hats were still sometimes worn by early Ming royals, such as Hongwu Emperor himself and
6061:
women were culture bearers, who generally preserved Han Chinese culture and continued to wear Hanfu which was worn prior to the conquest. Both Khitan women and Han Chinese women in the Liao wore Han style Tang-Song dress.
3521:
8129:
8092:
6446:
3481:
739:
established new system of etiquette and rites on clothing, placing new ceremonial, political and cultural significance on clothing. This tied fashion to the rites and culture of its people, which became the basis for the
2664:
9698:
8104:
18839:古者有冠無幘，其戴也，加首有頍，所以安物。故詩曰「有頍者弁」，此之謂也。三代之世，法制滋彰，下至戰國，文武並用。秦雄諸侯，乃加其武將首飾為絳袙，以表貴賤，其後稍稍作顏題。漢興，續其顏，卻摞之，施巾連題，卻覆之，今喪幘是其制也。名之曰幘。幘者，賾也，頭首嚴賾也。至孝文乃高顏題，續之為耳，崇其巾為屋，合後施收，上下群臣貴賤皆服之。文者長耳，武者短耳，稱其冠也。尚書幘收，方三寸，名曰納言，示以忠正，顯近職也。迎氣五郊，各如其色，從章服也。
9473:
On top of the garments, hats (for men) or hairpieces (for women) may be worn. One can often tell the profession or social rank of someone by what they wear on their heads. The typical types of male headwear are called
7292:
the Vietnamese themselves were ordering Cambodian Khmer to adopt Han Chinese culture by ceasing "barbarous" habits like cropping hair and ordering them to grow it long besides making them replace skirts with trousers.
3825:
911:
was the most distinguished type of formal dress, worn for worshipping and memorial ceremonies; it had a complex structure and there were various decorations which bore symbolic meaning; there were six ranked types of
6639:, a detailed official account of daily activities of Hongwu Emperor written by court historians, he restored the entire clothing system to the standard of the Tang dynasty shortly after the founding of Ming dynasty:
5944:
In the capital of Southern Song, clothing-style from Northern China were popular. The Song dynasty court repeatedly banned people (i.e. common people, literati, and women) from wearing clothing and ornaments worn by
6347:; however, in Southern China, Mongol clothing was rarely seen as both men and women continued to dress in Song-style garments. In the tomb of a woman from a Southern Song site, dating from the late-Yuan dynasty in
4305:
23340:
7552:
The Qing dynasty court continued to reform and regulate the clothing of its subjects, but discussion on ethnic clothing was a sensitive topic even after the Qing dynasty had consolidated its rule. By 1759 AD, the
4650:
and adopted them in the official costumes of the military and civil officials. In some instances, however, Han Chinese-style robe continued to be depicted in arts showing court officials. In the Tang dynasty, the
3545:
2910:
460:; the left side covering the right side and extend to the wearer's right waist. Initially, the style was used because of the habit of the right-handed wearer to wrap the right side first. Later, the people of the
10523:
8726:
The Hanfu Movement is an ongoing social movement which aims at popularizing hanfu and integrating traditional Chinese elements into the design of modern clothing, as a way to promote traditional Chinese culture.
8122:
The clothing of Han women during the 19th century. The top ao from Ming dynasty was changed into a variation of the Manchu qizhuang, while skirt, which inherited the Ming style, was also influenced by Qing-style
5407:
Although some of clothing in the Song dynasty have similarities with previous dynasties, some unique characteristics separate it from the rest. While most of them following the Tang dynasty style, the revival of
3674:
3501:
1135:; those different schools of thoughts naturally influenced the development of the clothing. Moreover, due to the frequent wars occurring during the Warring States period, various etiquette were slowly revoked.
8204:
In 1914 AD during the early years of the republic, cutting off the queue was a pre-requisite for provincial election votes, and in the 1914, policemen cut off the queue of any anyone arrested wearing queues.
5493:
5339:
9393:
stipulated that shoes had to be removed before entering a house; shoes and socks had to be removed at banquets, and ministers who had to meet with the emperor had to remove both their shoes and socks. Being
5551:
civilians were much more colourful than what was stipulated as many colours were used in the garments and skirts. Ordinary people also dressed differently accordingly to their social status and occupations.
4916:, and women's clothing gradually regain a broad and loose fitting, and more traditional Han style clothing was restored. The sleeve width of women's garments for ordinary women was more than 1.3 meters. The
586:, where colours, designs, and rules governing use was implemented across the social strata. Only primary colours (i.e. red, blue, and yellow) and green were used due to the degree of technology at the time.
7978:
to walk with greater ease. The mamianqun had very subtle changes in both the cut and decorations throughout the Qing dynasty. Other Han Chinese women skirts which were popular in the Qing dynasty were the
4617:
3877:
3726:
6992:
was the last ruler of the Ming dynasty; he made significant changes to the Ming dynasty dressing code in order to consolidate his imperial authority. The Jiajing Emperor was very focused in reforming the
5085:
3714:
3360:(褶; a tight sleeved, close fitting long jacket, length reaching below crotch and above knees), while the rulers from northern minorities favoured the court dress of the Han Chinese. Near the areas of the
1854:
515:
and the yin and yang theory; each dynasty favoured certain colours. Some elements of Hanfu have also been influenced by neighbouring cultural clothing, especially by the nomadic peoples to the north, and
2936:(屐; high, wooden clogs for informal wear), and shoes with tips which would curl upward. The shoes with tips curled upward would later become a very popular fashion in the Tang dynasty. Leather boots (靴,
2589:, and usually worn with inner shirt and trousers. In some instances, the upper part of the robe was loose and open with no inner garment worn; men wearing this style of robe was featured in the painting
5472:
3156:
7931:, which was a popular fashion in the Qing dynasty. Trousers were sometimes worn under the skirts if they were commoners or unmarried. Han Chinese women, who were unmarried or were peasants, would wear
5875:
4697:
15700:
8946:
6469:
5672:
2792:
2944:(缺胯; an open-collared robe with tight sleeves; it cannot cover the undershirt), hood and cape ensemble were introduced by northern nomads in China. Tomb inventories found during this period include:
2844:
1934:
8831:) which refers to those that are developed based on historical styles of hanfu, and largely retain the ancient styles (can still be classified into existing categories of historical hanfu, such as
6324:, Mongol dress was the clothing of elite for both genders. The Mongol attire for both men and women worn in the 13th-14th century was completely different from the Hanfu which had been worn in the
5509:
6308:
542:
257:. Nowadays, the hanfu is gaining recognition as the traditional clothing of the Han ethnic group, and has experienced a growing fashion revival among young Han Chinese people in China and in the
7680:, Liu Zhenyu was executed for urging the return of presumably Ming dynasty clothing. However, during this period, Manchu style clothing was only required for scholar-official elite, such as the
6032:
which mandated wearing of the Manchu hairstyle for men. In Han Chinese tombs dating from Liao dynasty, there are tombs murals which depicts purely Chinese customs and Chinese clothing. Tombs in
5617:
5222:(2) the court dress, which was worn when attending court meeting held by the Emperor and sometimes during sacrificial rituals; and (3) the official gown, worn daily by officials who held ranks.
1874:
7015:(燕弁冠服; "Dress of the Casual Hat"), designed for the emperor, was in colour black bordered with a green trim and featured 143 dragons, with a dragon medallion on the front of the clothing. The
3897:
2688:
8233:); this manual provided a detailed description of the attire worn by Yuan Shikai and the participants of the ceremony on this 1914 public, ceremonial event. Yuan Shikai's ceremonial gown was
6416:
6074:
Children and servants wear Khitan-style clothing and hairstyle; the standing women wears Song-style hanfu, Mural painting from the Tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng (M10), Liao dynasty, 1058-1093 AD.
4923:
for example, was made of an almost transparent, thin silk; it featured beauty design and pattern on it and its sleeves were so broad that it was more than 1.3 meters. Based on the painting, "
4220:
6944:(牙牌; lit. 'Tusk Card'; the rectangular ornaments, that hanged from each official's left waist, are ivory plaques that engraved with the wearer's department, position, rank and instructions;
6332:. The Mongol attire was shared by people of different social ranking due to its practicality which contrasted with the dress code of the Han Chinese; as such, Mongol attire was popular. The
5069:
5195:. Clothes could be classified into two major types: officials garments (further differentiated between court clothing and daily wear), and the garment for ordinary people. Some features of
5452:
3647:
14241:"An Attempt to Analyze the Implicitness of the Aesthetic Features of Chinese Art Taking the Aesthetic Features of Women's Clothing in the Flourishing Period of Tang Dynasty as an Example"
8921:
also changes to a style that can be worn daily, and these styles combined with western clothing or even clothing from other cultures. For example, the recent emergence of Christmas-theme
8424:
was popularized for both genders. Skirts also disappeared as they were considered being both impractical for manual work and ideologically inappropriate during this time period. In 1974,
4880:; women eventually stopped wearing hats when horse riding, and by the 750's, women dressing in men's garments became popular. Noble women of the Tang dynasty wore the veil, and after the
2650:(襳; a type of triangular pieces of decorative embroidered-cloth) on the lower hem of the robe that hanged like banners and formed a "layered effect". The robe continued to be worn in the
7443:
6165:
portrayed as wearing modified Jurchen-style clothing whereas women from the upper class wear Hanfu-style clothing. Yet despite the Han Chinese influence on Jurchens, travellers from the
7809:
operated. It was only later westernized revolutionaries, influenced by western hairstyle who began to view the braid as backward and advocated adopting short haired western hairstyles.
3600:
founded the Northern Wei dynasty in 398 A.D. and continued to wear their traditional, tribal nomadic clothing to denote themselves as members of the ruling elite until c. 494 A.D. when
1600:
for the emperor, with the officials following suit and wearing the same black robes. In court, the officials wore hats, loose robes with carving knives hanging from the waist, holding
4007:(品色服), which was a colour grading clothing system to differentiate social ranking; this colour grading system for clothing then continued to be developed in the subsequent dynasties.
2408:
8237:(i.e. fastened over the right side), made of black satin which was bordered with gold brocade and was decorated with twelve roundels which depicted the full twelve Imperial symbols (
7062:
was also worn by eunuchs sometimes to show their superiority. Commoner men usually wore plain-coloured clothing while commoner women wore upper garments and skirts of light colours.
8161:, which was embroidered with luck charms, as their only clothing in hot summer months until they reach the age of two to three years old. Han Chinese children were spared from the
3425:
21115:
17251:
Social Life of the Chinese: With Some Account of Their Religious, Governmental, Educational, and Business Customs and Opinions. With Special But Not Exclusive Reference to Fuhchau
5851:
15868:
8929:
with Christmas elements and Christmas colour hues. Another trend is the incorporation of (western-style) lace elements to the hanfu; however, those designs are not considered as
4259:
clothing traditions was inherited from the Sui dynasty. During the Tang dynasty, yellow-coloured robes and shirts was reserved for emperors; a tradition which was kept until the
2386:
A reconstruction of the Daoyin tu (an exercise chart showing "Guiding and Pulling Chart"), excavated from the Mawangdui Tomb 3 (sealed in 168BC) in the former kingdom of Changsha
3136:
2507:
6809:. Archeological evidence from the tombs of Ming dynasty princes show that the Mongol-style attire continued to exist well until the 16th century. The Ming dynasty also adopted
6170:
women's clothing style. However, the clothing-style of the Han Chinese women living the Jin dynasty was outdated compared to those living in the Southern Song territories. The
3781:
At the end of the Northern and Southern dynasties, foreign immigrants started to settle in China; most of those foreign immigrants were traders and buddhists missionaries from
7023:(保和冠服; "Dress of Preserving Harmony"), designed for the royal princes), was in colour green and bordered with a green trim, and had two rank badges that showed dragon designs.
7970:
The silk skirts which are indigenous to Han Chinese women are a representative garment of the Qing dynasty clothing. A popular form of skirts during the Qing dynasty was the
3917:
9465:
8141:
5295:
4717:
4595:
6905:(燕服; casual or leisure clothing). The officials' robes are usually patched with embroidered square pattern of animals on the back and the front; the patches are called the
4482:
2137:
7919:
not forced to change in to Manchu clothing, most of the clothing elements of the Han Chinese women in the Qing dynasty continued to follow the style of the Ming dynasty's
3863:
The wife of Xu Xianxiu is wearing Han Chinese style clothing which derived from Han prototype with altered details such as high-waist and wide standing collar; Mural from
2826:
2629:
dynasty's ethical code; this kind of lifestyle influenced the development of women's clothing, which became more elaborate. Typical women attire during this period is the
17001:. Faculty of Asian Studies monographs // The Australian National University (illustrated ed.). Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 37.
8217:
Shikai did not adhere to the Han dynasty and Ming dynasty fashion completely and these gowns showed differences in design, i.e. the use of roundels. A manual, called the
7544:
in Qing was first worn when the wedding day of a woman; after the wedding, she would wear it for special important events which were connected with her husband's status.
3939:
6786:
by the family servants of the Ming officials and the imperial family contributed popularity spread of that hat which eventually become a symbol of low-ranking servants.
6605:
5957:(釣墩; a type of lower garment where the socks and trousers were connected to each other) due to its foreign ethnic nature. Song dynasty women also wore the Song-dynasty
3765:. For example, narrow and tight sleeves, which was well adapted to nomadic life-style, started to be favoured and was adopted by Han Chinese. In the Shuiyusi temple of
2096:
of the Qin dynasty. According to the new dress code, the emperor had to be dressed in a black-coloured upper garment and in an ocher yellow-coloured lower garment. The
22988:
8481:
6870:(内单). The fabric material of the outer garment are determined by one's social status. The emperors tend to wear yellow satin gown with dragon designs, jade belts, and
4507:
4450:
2433:
6481:
6028:
The Han Chinese men living in the Liao dynasty were not required to wear the shaved Khitan hairstyle which Khitan men wore to distinguish their ethnicity, unlike the
5790:
5762:
3176:
16124:
Hao, Xiao’ang; Yin, Zhihong (7 September 2020). "Research on Design Aesthetics and Cultural Connotation of Gold and Silver Interlocking Buckle in the Ming Dynasty".
16724:
8021:
recommended shopping for a set of attire called "boudoir set" which consisted of the Qing dynasty aoqun with wide hems and wide sleeves, and shoes. However, by the
7114:
4661:
4402:
1835:
17146:
9526:, usually performed between ages 15 to 20. They allowed their hair to grow long naturally until death, including facial hair. This was due to Confucius' teaching "
8766:
In 2019, it was estimated that there were 1,188 online hanfu stores on Tmall and Taobao which shows an increase of 45.77% over the previous year. The hanfu stores
5700:
8275:
5684:
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the nobility and the court maids and gradually spread in the community. Men's attire during the Tang dynasty usually included robes which was worn with trousers,
23417:
19163:
15402:. University of Hawaii at Manoa. Center for Chinese Studies. University of Hawaiʻi, Center for Chinese Studies and University of Hawaii Press. 2012. p. 101.
9019:
Two ruqun in a clothing store; on the left is a hanfu with a red ru and a white skirt; on the right, the hanfu is composed of a green ru and a green skirt; 2018.
8354:
4552:
3016:(褶裤; jacket with trousers). During this period, the black gauze hats with a flat top and an ear at either side appeared and were popular for both men and women.
8068:
7032:
suddenly made a comeback among Han Chinese and became the formal scholar official robe when the Ming dynasty was founded in 1368 AD. The scholar officials wore
4176:
1465:
which wrapped in a spiral effect and had fuller sleeves, was found to be worn by tomb figurines of the same period. Unearthed clothing from tombs show that the
9308:, which is popularly considered to be the de facto traditional Han Chinese garb. A general comparison of the two styles can be seen as the following provides:
8805:
defining it as a "type of dress from any era when Han Chinese ruled" and reported that the styles based on the Tang, Song, Ming periods were the most popular.
8318:
7955:
with round standing collar, which had a planket by the right, flat sleeves, sleeves which were wrist-length and had a wide cuff. The collar of the Han Chinese
4953:
16677:滿洲之服，其筩袖鎧之緒也。軍容入國，以便趨走，亡咎。若其右方重衽，溫暖不均。於左削袂上起而合手者，如拼矣。嬰絡以效桑門，絳繩以被氈笠，比是觀之，將相驚以精鬽。物極而移，異服者眾，猶曰西服者，苟以隨時。諸解辮有常刑，幸其若是，胡漢猶彌以相惡。蒙古朝祭以冠幞，私燕以質孫，胡服隱也。滿洲遊學以短衣，常居以嬰絳，胡服箸也。
4130:
consisting of short jackets and long skirts. The women's skirts were characterized with high waistline which created a silhouette which looked similar to the
3841:
3256:
3035:(266–420 AD) roughly had the same basic forms as the Han dynasty with special characteristics in their styles; the main clothing worn during those times are:
4536:
2125:
272:
developed into a variety of styles using fabrics that encompassed a number of complex textile production techniques, particularly with rapid advancements in
6286:
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5053:
5021:
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was red in colour if the wearer was a man's principle wife; it was originally undecorated but started to be decorated with dragon by the 18th century. The
5863:
4144:
3216:
8525:
5527:
4822:
An example of foreign influence on Tang women's clothing is the use of garments with a low-cut neckline. Women were also allowed to fashion themselves in
2609:
rejected the traditional court dress and retreated from the rigid Confucian system; this showed up in how they would dress themselves. The style of men's
1626:
A kneeling Terracotta army archer wearing with a shirt, an armoured jacket, a short skirt with underneath trousers, and a shallow-mouth shoes, Qin dynasty
9943:
6256:
used in the Western Xia. The Hanfu-style clothing was worn by officials whereas the Tangut-style clothing was worn by the military. Civil officials wore
5599:
5279:
4160:
1356:
Skirts also appear to have been worn during the Warring States period based on archaeological artifacts and sculpted bronze figures, and was worn in the
21507:
18685:
8687:
6537:
6440:
Mongols. A form of skirts worn in the Yuan dynasty is a skirt which consist of two parts sewn to a separate single waistband which may also be pleated.
6036:
families, for example the Zhang and Hann families, often depicts men dressed in Khitan clothing in corridors and antechambers while inner culture shows
8434:
7130:(胸背; central badges) found on the official cloths became square in shape, different from Song dynasty's round shape. Compared with the clothing of the
5928:
used as a scholar gown was not popular in the Song dynasty and was even considered as "strange garment" despite some scholar-officials appreciated it.
4530:, although archeological evidence shows that this ideal form of female body had emerged before Yang Guifei's ascension to power in the imperial court.
1894:
17877:
Lanying, Guo; Jianxia, Jiang (20 December 2019). "The Market Effect of Cultural Transmission in Chinese Costume Dramas: A Case Study of the Untamed".
7867:
After death, their hair could also be combed into a topknot similar to the ones worn by the Han Chinese in Ming; a practice which was observed by the
7588:
7510:
Wives of Han Chinese noblemen and high-ranking officials had to wear semi-official formal dresses on ceremonial events; their clothing consisted of a
5273:; it was worn by the most senior officials who served the emperor directly; it was the most important clothing after the clothing worn by the emperor.
4576:
4500:
8370:
the ao became narrow contrasting to the wide bands of embroidery which was popular in the past. The ao was worn with a one-piece ankle length skirt.
7389:
adopted Chinese influences in their religion and clothing with Chinese dragons on ceremonial robes, scroll and spiral bird and monster mask designs,
4564:
6155:
In 1161-1189 AD, many Jurchens appear to have begun adopting Han Chinese behavior and forgetting their own traditions and languages; therefore, the
3415:. Servants wore narrow-sleeved upper garment whereas attendants had wider sleeves which could be knotted above the wrist. The court dress was still
2306:(武冠). The kerchief was a piece of clothing that wrapped around the head, and it symbolized the status of adulthood in men. One form of kerchief was
9948:
5578:: the short one is crown rump length and the long one extended to the knees. According to the sacrificial and ceremonial apparel system drafted by
1531:
was short-lived, it set up a series of systems that impacted the later generations greatly. Following the unification of the seven states, Emperor
5802:
4434:
18283:
7355:
clothing, due to the contrast between Ming dynasty clothes unshaped cloth's straight length contrasting to the odd-shaped pieces of Qing dynasty
2836:
2806:
2778:
2631:
427:"Huang Di, Yao, and Shun (simply) wore their upper and lower garments (as patterns to the people), and good order was secured all under heaven".
21993:
8544:
are derived from the Ming dynasty clothing and may be blended with the clothing style from the Tang to Qing dynasty. The opera costumes worn in
8475:, where the wide sleeves of the hanfu were reduced to narrow sleeves reflecting modern fashion and to reflect the character of Disney's Mulan.
8287:
7734:
monks, and Qing dynasty rebels; moreover, men in their living had to wear Manchu-clothing, but they could be buried in Hanfu after their death.
4985:
4795:. The stylistic influences of these cultures were fused into Tang-style clothing without any one particular culture having especial prominence.
23435:
22981:
21823:
18977:
18006:"Intangible cultural heritage preservation: An exploratory study of digitization of the historical literature of Chinese Kunqu opera librettos"
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16455:
15923:
15021:
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14935:
14310:
12428:
10851:
10449:
9574:
forced the male Han people to adopt the hairstyle of Manchu men, which was shave their foreheads bald and gather the rest of the hair into the
8080:
6858:
be worn depending on one's social ranks. For example, the Ming dynasty's basic dressing principles, announced in 1392, included the following:
9877:
In this context, the shanqun refers to the upper garment covering the skirt, while ruqun refers to the covering of upper garment by the skirt.
9389:
There were many etiquettes which rule people's daily lives, and this included the use and etiquettes of shoes and socks wearing. The rules of
8889:
continued to patronize and support the Confucian Duke Yansheng. Around the year 2007 or 2008, a group of young people from Minghang district,
6767:
during the mid-to-late period of the Ming dynasty; and eventually it was worn by Ming court eunuchs, servants and commoners in the late Ming.
2658:; however, there were some minor alterations to the robe, such as higher waistline and the sleeves are usually left open in a dramatic flare.
21778:
21193:
7974:, a skirt made of two separate pieces of fabric which are not sewn together from the waistline to the hemline; this skirt allowed women with
7759:
fiercely objected to shaving.His men and the last Ming dynasty prince, Zhu Shugui (1617 – 1683 AD), fiercely objected to the shaving decree.
7600:
7277:
5778:
5327:
4884:
the veil with hat was worn. After the mid-seventh century, the social expectation that women had to hide their faces in public disappeared.
702:
6260:, boots, purple or crimson gown. Emperor Jingzong also ordered that every people in Western Xia must be shaved in an attempt to restore old
3668:
Procession of the Empress as Donor with Her Court, Chinese, from the Binyang Cave, Longmen, Henan Province, Northern Wei Dynasty, c. 522 AD.
3324:); these belts was later imitated by the Murong Xianbei and Buyeo before evolving into the golden parade belts with hanging metal straps of
1096:
796:", meaning separating the upper and lower garments into two items). Though the fashion gradually evolved and was replaced by styles such as
22997:
14052:
13962:
13931:
8397:, more men started to wear even more Western suits and ties, and the men traditional clothing was worn on informal occasions. In 1932, the
7939:
of the Manchu; similarly, the Manchu women started to imitate the clothing of the Han Chinese women; and thus, they influenced each other.
7458:
7044:
6985:. The illegal use and production of those special robes were prohibited by imperial decree and could result to severe punishment or death.
5607:
2742:
11344:
10014:
9933:
This References is written in Chinese. If it is intended for readers from the Chinese language community, it should be contributed to the
9554:
monks, who would always keep their heads completely shaved to show that they're "cut off from the earthly bonds of the mortal world"; and
6776:
worn by the Mongols in the Yuan dynasty influenced the Han Chinese and continued to be used widely in the Ming dynasty in the form of the
3805:
of the Northern Qi; many of the attire styles are derived from Central Asia or nomadic designs. The wife of Xu Xianxiu is depicted with a
19156:
9602:
Hanfu also consists of many forms of accessories, such as jewelry, waist ornaments, ribbons, shawls, scarves, and other hand-held items.
8590:
8578:
8056:
7369:
after studying Chinese classics. Qing sacrificial ritual vessels deliberately resemble ancient Chinese ones even more than Ming vessels.
7034:
3686:
2350:(介帻) is used by civil servants, usually greenish black in colour until summer seasons. Men and women also wore a lined, long robe called
2240:
or leggings were worn by male labourers. The jackets worn by men who engaged in physical work is described as being a shorter version of
1013:
was closed with a sash which was tied around the waist; jade decorations were sometimes hung from the sash. The length of the skirts and
16529:
14906:. Bangwei Zhang, Fusheng Liu, Chongbang Cai, Zengyu Wang, Peter Ditmanson, Bang Qian Zhu (Updated ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom.
8990:
8269:
Third-rank Official at Yuan Shikai's visit to the sacrificial ceremony at the Temple of Heaven; he is wearing a robe with five roundels.
7792:, the rebels let their hair grow while others kept their queues hidden under red turbans. In the late Qing dynasty, some members of the
7713:
dynasty style. Some of the locals recognized their clothing, yet the envoy received both amusement and ridicule from those who did not.
5142:
4905:
and to the Southeast of Tang frontier to seek refuge, and in 843 AD, all the Uighur living in China had to wear Chinese-style clothing.
15875:
12547:
6975:
6386:
Chinese tomb occupants wearing Mongol-style clothing. The female tomb occupant is depicted wearing the woman's red Mongol robe under a
5044:
1910:
11664:
quote: "凡人之所以為人者，禮義也。禮義之始，在於正容體、齊顏色、順辭令。容體正，顏色齊，辭令順，而後禮義備。以正君臣、親父子、和長幼。君臣正，父子親，長幼和，而後禮義立。故冠而後服備，服備而後容體正、顏色齊、辭令順。故曰：冠者，禮之始也。是故古者聖王重冠。"
6210:
6198:
1250:
Based on the archaeological artifacts dating from the Eastern Zhou dynasty, ordinary men, peasants and labourers, were wearing a long
946:
could also worn by princes during sacrificial occasions and by scholars who would go pay respect to their parents in the morning. The
23450:
22974:
14328:
11756:
9967:
9566:
Such strict "no-cutting" hair tradition was implemented all throughout Han Chinese history since Confucius' time up until the end of
7487:
4386:
16391:
8797:
The 21st century hanfu is still referred as hanfu within the Hanfu cultural community for ease of expression. On March 8, 2021, the
1503:
6882:
6525:
6147:
who was Pro-Chinese allowing the Han Chinese to wear their Han clothing by lifting the ban in 1150 AD. After the occupation of the
5629:
3240:
18659:
16310:
10128:
7892:
was worn with a white pleated skirt which was edged with blue satin; the skirt was embroidered with the many blue shou character.
6909:, and were differentiated between officials' ranks. Minor differences can be observed between the Mandarin squares decreed by the
6251:, rejected Han Chinese silk clothing over the leather and wool clothing of the nomadic people from the Steppe; he argued that the
6049:
families) who died in the early 12th century during the late Liao dynasty depict Khitan-style clothing in the antechamber whereas
20785:
20281:
16337:
13896:
11984:"Innovation Transfer during the Warring States Period: Considering the Importance of Early China's Relationship with the Steppes"
10319:
8966:
6930:
6728:
646:. During this period, this clothing style was unisex. Only rich people wore silk; poor people continued to wear loose shirts and
23191:
12228:
8909:
It is also worth noting that an important feature of the modern hanfu (regardless of the three categories it belongs to) is its
3950:
Of note, significant changes occurred to the form of the garments which had been originally introduced by the Xianbei and other
19149:
10151:
8811:
These reproductions are made strictly following the styles depicted on ancient paintings, murals, and/or archaeological finds.
8512:
6846:
4748:
17119:
13612:"Dyes and Dyeing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China: Preliminary Evidence Based on Primary Sources of Documented Recipes"
12964:
2192:
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19095:
19042:
19008:
18948:
18153:
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17944:
17896:
17780:
17613:
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17087:
16615:
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15580:
15443:
15373:
14997:
14911:
14809:
14683:
14434:
14260:
14223:
14183:
14143:
14106:
13906:
13822:
13760:
13710:
13586:
13212:
13177:
13118:
13059:
12863:
12788:
12740:
12624:
12512:
12477:
12404:
12335:
11726:
11691:
11625:
11461:
11433:
11208:
11194:
11060:
11026:
10982:
10895:
10827:
10771:
10476:
10425:
10320:"Traditional Costume that Represents Okinawa's Culture and National Features, the "Ryusou". | Features | Okinawa Travel Info"
10303:
10275:
6967:; 命妇) were also strictly regulated. The Emperors could bestow special types of robes to people that he favoured, such as the
5940:
actresses in theatrical clothing playing men, wearing headscarf with ring, Xiku and Waku trousers and leggings, Song dynasty.
1382:. A dark yellow-skirt, dating from the late Warring States period, was also found in the Chu Tomb (M1) at the Mashan site in
932:) when meeting with officials or if they had to work on official business. When the emperor were not at court, they wore the
476:, wherein the left lapel represents the yang (which symbolizes life) suppresses the yin (which symbolizes death); therefore,
17761:"Monarchist Ambition in China's New Republic: Illustrated Manual of Dress for Ritual Sacrifice for Yuan Shikai's Presidency"
17400:
16969:
16787:
13744:
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Education, Management, Arts, Economics and Social Science (ICEMAESS 2017)
7653:
already shaved all their heads bald so the shaving order was redundant. However, the shaving policy was not enforced in the
6222:
1620:
23034:
14128:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Ecological Studies (CESSES 2018)
11396:
8251:
7260:
5180:
3340:
10593:
9372:
Flat ornate buttoning systems are typically used to secure the collar and fit the garment around the neck and upper torso
8299:
6404:
1168:). Moreover, the year 307 B.C. also marked an important year with the first reform of the military uniform implemented by
862:
was one of the distinctive features of the Hanfu system, and men could only wear it after the Adulthood ceremony known as
17173:清朝承平日久…唯衣服之製度不改，滿俗終乏雅觀…自清朝入帝中國，四方薙髮變服，二百年來，人已慣耳目不曾又識初來華夏樣矣。我國使部來京，穿戴品服，識者亦有竊羨華風，然其不智者，多群然笑異，見襆頭網巾衣帶,便皆指為倡優樣格，胡俗之移人，一至浩歎如此
16739:
15268:
14087:"The Implicit Beauty and Open Beauty of Tang Dynasty's Aesthetic Taste from Tang Dynasty Noble Women's Clothing Features"
13576:
13492:
9916:
7935:
without any overskirt. Wearing skirts were generally considered a symbol of maturity and was reserved for married women.
6343:
Many Han Chinese and other ethnicities readily adopted Mongol clothing in Northern China to show their allegiance to the
4798:
3394:
worn in Northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period; it is not to be confused with a type of doubled-faced cuirass
779:(華夏) referred to both the ceremonial etiquettes of the central states and the clothing that those states' denizens wore.
17155:
16690:
15468:
15191:
14725:
14556:. Panda books. Yuehua Guan, Liangbi Zhong (illustrated ed.). Chinese Literature Press. 1996. pp. 43, 44, 146.
13812:
12250:
11374:
10755:
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities (ICCESSH 2018)
10207:
9890:
included clothing styles from the Tartars or clothing of the people who lived in the Western Regions during this period.
9533:
8627:(頭髻; a topknot hairstyle) and wear traditional clothing. Some modern taoist abbess and priests also wear cross-collared
3809:; she is wearing a Han Chinese cross-collared, wide-sleeves attire which has the basic clothing design derived from the
23534:
23124:
17310:
17276:
17129:
17105:
Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K. (2008) Cambridge History of China Volume 9 Part 1 The Ch'ing Empire to 1800, p87-88
17037:
16851:
16401:
16347:
16320:
15478:
15278:
15201:
14735:
14474:
13787:
12833:
12813:
11150:
10501:
7948:
7098:
6129:
4881:
2597:
style appears to have been a northern Han Chinese style, and the popularity of the robe was a result of the widespread
1332:
1253:
467:
229:
commonly worn as the lower garment. In addition to clothing, hanfu also includes several forms of accessories, such as
18859:皁衣群吏春服青幘，立夏乃止，助微順氣，尊其方也。武吏常赤幘，成其威也。未冠童子幘無屋者，示未成人也。入學小童幘也句卷屋者，示尚幼少，未遠冒也。喪幘卻摞，反本禮也。升數如冠，與冠偕也。期喪起耳有收，素幘亦如之，禮輕重有制，變除從漸，文也。
13172:. Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 436–439.
12783:. Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 418–442.
9546:
was not violated. However, once they entered adulthood, every male was obliged to tie his long hair into a bun called
9239:
A long silk scarf, however not used to cover neck. Sometimes covering shoulders, other times just hanging from elbow.
8098:
A woman wearing an ao and trousers under an overskirt, she is playing a wind instrument with a curved bell, from 1800.
7906:
The ban of Hanfu also did not apply to performers who wore and displayed Hanfu-style costumes when performing dramas.
7268:
6597:
5971:, in order to relieve embarrassment and to conceal their bodies. These veils originated from the Tang dynasty women's
2282:
was used as a symbol of higher status and could only be worn by people of distinguished background. The emperors wore
1612:
between head and ears. There was an increase in the popularity of robes with large sleeves with cuff laces among men.
485:
23212:
23207:
23169:
23164:
23159:
23154:
21771:
19076:
17811:
17538:
17500:. Vol. 220 of Harvard East Asian monographs (illustrated ed.). Harvard University Asia Center. p. 85.
17302:
Conflict and commerce in maritime East Asia : the Zheng family and the shaping of the modern world, c. 1620-1720
17027:
16700:
16480:
16374:
15538:
15508:
14636:
14535:
14501:
14464:
14292:
13532:
13432:
13396:
12203:
11814:
11766:
11160:
11050:
10607:
10543:
10217:
10080:
18354:
17555:
16364:
13527:. James C. Y. Watt, Prudence Oliver Harper, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004.
13108:
5902:
philosophies also determined the conduct code of the scholars. The Neo-Confucians re-constructed the meaning of the
5413:
dynasty clothing showed simplicity and became more traditional in style. Palace ladies searched for guidance in the
2392:
23355:
23350:
23242:
23237:
23232:
23227:
23222:
23217:
23039:
23010:
21787:
21291:
13427:. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–55, 58, 73, 81.
9580:
8910:
8629:
8338:
7835:
Portrait of a lama or a bonze, drawing by William Alexander, draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy to China in 1793.
7624:
The Qing imposed the shaved head hairstyle on men of all ethnicities under its rule even before 1644 like upon the
5163:
5043:
Lady musicians in a raised-relief, Tomb of Wang Chuzhi (d. 923AD) from the Capital Museum in Beijing, dated to the
4775:(靴屐; a type of boot-like clog) was developed. Some shoes were commonly curved in the front and was phoenix-shaped.
3990:
1340:
612:
455:
16725:"Of Silk and Statecraft:Dowager Empress Cixi (1835–1908) and Power Dressing in Late Qing Dynasty China, 1860–1911"
14599:. Greenwood Press "Daily life through history" series (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
9298:
There is differences between traditional garment of Han ethnic and other ethnic groups in China, most notably the
7967:
could also have narrow sleeves and a front opening. Women clothing in the late Qing dynasty also had piped edges.
3814:
dresses, which tend to be associated with dancing girls and low-status entertainers during this period, while the
20852:
19195:
16814:
12904:
10752:
Ma, Xiaofang (2018). "Study on the Aesthetics of Han Chinese Clothing Culture in the TV Play qNirvana in Fireq".
9956:
6244:
5028:
5012:
4973:
3653:
3601:
3593:
3584:
3560:
3536:
3512:
3492:
3464:
3373:
2694:
2651:
2590:
2230:
The male farmers, workers, businessmen and scholars, were all dressed in similar fashion during the Han dynasty;
2078:
In the beginning of the Han dynasty, there was no restrictions on the clothing worn by common people. During the
1681:, and skirts; they braided their hairs or simply wore skull caps and kerchiefs. The making of different kinds of
16841:
12101:"On "Skirts" and "Trousers" in the Qin Dynasty Manuscript Making Clothes in the Collection of Peking University"
8420:, traditional Chinese clothing, as a broad term, was considered as being part of one of the "four olds" and the
975:
722:
21167:
20882:
18457:
17505:
17435:
17006:
16979:
16824:
16794:(27). China Heritage Project, ANU College of Asia & the Pacific (CAP), The Australian National University.
16566:
16539:
14646:
14608:
14561:
9469:
Han dynasty pottery figure showing topknot partially folded into a tail with braid behind the back of the head.
8559:
128:
16996:
10105:
8899:
8738:
and attracted the public attention. This is commonly perceived as the beginning of the modern Hanfu Movement.
8548:
opera is primarily based on the clothing worn in Ming dynasty. And, most of the style of costumes depicted in
2564:
added with dangling decorations that would sway when the wearer walk and was unique to the Han Chinese women.
23149:
23026:
21078:
20669:
17968:
16127:
Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2020)
15397:
14164:"Research of Women Dresses in the Tang Dynasty and the Modern Dresses Under the Perspective of Postmodernism"
6265:
5116:
5092:
1779:
120:
61:
20832:
18442:
18402:
17929:
Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Humanities and Social Science Research (ICHSSR 2019)
13362:
13337:
10631:
8849:
features and/or elements in their design, but cannot be classified into existing categories of ancient hanfu
7657:
autonomous chiefdoms in Southwestern China where many minorities lived. There was one Han Chinese Tusi, the
7068:
6493:
5666:(儒巾) headscarf. Various kinds of headscarves became fashionable among the commoners and the educated gentry.
5388:(御阅服) was the formal military uniform worn by the Song dynasty Emperors and only came into existence in the
5360:(天子服饰; the emperor's apparel). The apparels worn when attending sacrificial and worshipping ceremonies were
2459:
Chinese tomb mural showing lively scenes of a banquet, dance and music, acrobatics, and wrestling, from the
21764:
21162:
20847:
19313:
19298:
18428:
17880:
Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Economic Management and Cultural Industry (ICEMCI 2019)
6799:
3789:
was also the most striking feature in China in the sixth-century AD. From the mural paintings found in the
2086:
formalized the dress code of Han dynasty in 59 AD, during the Eastern Han, restoring the ceremonial use of
999:
in this period became slightly looser while maintaining the basic form the Shang dynasty in the wearing of
885:
16974:. Vol. 2 of Great Enterprise (illustrated ed.). University of California Press, l. p. 868.
14091:
Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Contemporary Education, Social Sciences and Humanities
10575:
Travelling With Hanfu: A Social Media Analysis of Contemporary Chinese Travelling for Artistic Photographs
7637:
policy implementation, Han Chinese still resisted against the order of shaving the hair and changing into
7173:
6743:
attires found in both countries differed from each other in terms of form and historical development. The
3063:
728:
Woman wearing a shenyi (side view), from the Silk painting with female figure, dragon and phoenix patterns
662:. An example of a Shang dynasty attire can be seen on an anthropomorphic jade figurine excavated from the
620:
a style of upper garment, started to be worn during this period. In winter, padded jackets were worn. The
23129:
23119:
21303:
21265:
21152:
20274:
19354:
14551:
14525:
14491:
14282:
9550:(髻) either on or behind his head and always cover the bun up with different kinds of headdresses (except
8882:
7428:
7328:
7086:
6135:
5176:
3798:
2252:
continued to be worn in the early period of Han dynasty; other forms of trousers in this period were the
1315:. Aristocratic figures did not wear those kind of clothing however, they were wearing wider-sleeved long
1213:
512:
17597:
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Arts, Design and Contemporary Education (ICADCE 2020)
17079:
Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928
16971:
The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China, Volume 1
12855:
The art and archaeology of bodily adornment : studies from Central and East Asian mortuary contexts
7524:(a dragon skirt which was embroidered with dragons and phoenixes on the front and back skirt panels), a
4031:, and the clothing code of the Han dynasty was restored. The Sui system was also based on the system of
3680:
Procession of tomb occupant and his wives, mural painting from the tomb of General Cui Fen; Northern Qi.
23462:
23440:
23071:
21487:
20753:
20574:
18730:
18223:
17495:
15413:
14577:
14398:
14245:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language, Art and Intercultural Communication
13556:
12501:
van Someren, Taco C. R. van; Someren-Wang, Shuhua (2013). "Chinese Culture, Strategy, and Innovation".
12432:
11983:
11084:
7056:
was worn as a casual dress by all levels of society, including the External officials and eunuchs. The
6723:; it is a cross-collared, long sleeved robe with dense and narrow pleats all around the lower hem. The
6018:
5478:
4376:
was commonly worn on top of a plain top and was worn together with high-waisted, striped or one-colour
1865:
1379:
1220:
1022:
317:
20731:
15575:. Maxwell K. Hearn, Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 82–83.
12888:
11885:
8881:
after over five centuries. Robes from the Qing emperors are also preserved there. The Jurchens in the
5446:, etc. Pleated skirts were introduced and became the characteristic skirts of the upper social class.
5346:
1246:
8th century depiction of Confucius donning what was perceived as typical fashion of pre-imperial China
638:, which were knee-high trousers tied onto the calves but left the thighs exposed, were worn under the
23488:
23141:
23056:
23015:
22698:
21983:
21239:
21120:
20972:
20842:
20827:
16342:. Introduction to Asian Civilizations (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 87.
13291:
13244:
12151:
7846:(?－1680 AD), seventh patriarch of the Longmen branch of the taoist school Quanzhen Dao, Qing dynasty.
7612:
7201:
6829:
6754:
6669:. Thus, many Ming dynasty clothing styles absorbed elements of both Han Chinese and Mongol clothing.
5881:"A Children's Puppet Show", a painting by the Song-dynasty era Chinese artist, Early 12th century AD.
5593:, a wrap skirt which consist of two pieces of fabric sewn to a separate, single waistband with ties.
4032:
3290:
3119:
3032:
3024:
2870:
2730:
2625:
period (317 – 420 AD), aristocratic women sought for a carefree life style after the collapse of the
2622:
2602:
918:
which were worn by emperors, princes and officials according to their titles. The emperors also wore
238:
21492:
18582:
15920:
14307:
12735:. Vol. 2. Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
12039:
9459:. Hairs were partially tied at the back of the head with braids, sometimes having no topknot at all.
6957:
on both the front and back of the robe, so fellow officials could identify someone's Rank from afar.
6316:
motifs were strictly reserved for the top members of the Imperial family throughout China's history.
5389:
4522:. This change in the ideal corporal shape of women body has been attributed to a beloved consort of
464:
discouraged left-handedness, considering it unnatural, barbarian, uncivilized, and unfortunate. The
23457:
23345:
23322:
23317:
23305:
23300:
23295:
23290:
23285:
23280:
23275:
23254:
23076:
21188:
19187:
18327:
18202:
17931:. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. Atlantis Press. pp. 189–192.
17032:. Vol. 37 of Turcologica Series (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 22.
16293:
12918:"Trailing Locks and Flowing Robes: Dimensions of Beauty during China's Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 220)"
8808:
According to some contemporary scholars, modern day hanfu can be classified into three categories:
8472:
8394:
7774:
7126:
dynasty to the circular type. Moreover, under the influence of the Yuan dynasty's court dress, the
5311:
5230:
above wore green gowns; and the ninth rank officials and above wore black gown. However, after the
5192:
4964:
4941:
4932:
4871:
4792:
4646:, and dark leather boots. The Tang dynasty inherited all the forms of belts which were worn in the
4523:
2605:, in particular, while many clothing of the Han dynasty were maintained, scholars and adherents of
2495:
Scholars depicted on Han dynasty pictorial brick, discovered in Chengdu. Scholars wore hats called
1638:
Terracotta army soldiers in colours wearing shangru under their daru with ku trousers, Qin dynasty.
1124:
992:
was governed by strict rules which was used maintain social order and to distinguish social class.
765:
72:
17338:
17249:
16125:
15991:
A world trimmed with fur : wild things, pristine places, and the natural fringes of Qing rule
14957:
13742:
13141:
7755:
and his men on Taiwan shave in order to receive recognition as a fiefdom. His men and Ming prince
6567:
6558:
6549:
5908:, restored, and re-invented it as the attire of the scholars. Some Song dynasty scholars, such as
3704:
A pottery figure wearing Han Chinese style attire, Northern Wei (471 - 499 AD). The garment has a
434:
had changed and evolved with the fashion of the days since its commonly assumed beginnings in the
23049:
20486:
18583:"Restoring period clothing helps people learn about Chinese history and culture-- Beijing Review"
18386:[Development of Hanfu Design by Pattern Deconstruction on Traditional Chinese Clothing].
17924:
17878:
17595:
14053:"THE WAISTLINE OF WOMEN'S COSTUMES IN TANG DYNASTY AND ITS AESTHETIC EFFECTS--《中国纺织大学学报》1991年Z1期"
10753:
10724:
9938:
8925:
trend (which occurred especially for Christmas season) on social media and online shops combines
8003:
7991:
7984:
7868:
6688:
6303:
6000:
5712:
5267:
could not be broken without permission. The apparels for court gathering in the Song dynasty was
4867:
4240:
2554:
with more decorations. And a new type of women hair ornament invented during Han dynasty was the
2544:, and hair sticks were common worn in China by the time of Han dynasty. The original hair sticks
1728:
360:
decorative and ceremonial purposes. The cultivation of silk, however, ushered the development of
281:
18250:
14060:
13970:
13939:
9899:
The term 'haner' refers to Han Chinese of mixed origins or who have adopted some Khitan customs.
7781:. As a result, Ming dynasty style clothing was even retained in some places in China during the
5931:
2332:
was adopted into widespread use and worn commonly by military personnel and commoners. Military
23524:
23134:
22708:
20267:
19792:
19787:
19747:
16923:"The Idealised Lives of Women: Visions of Beauty in Chinese Popular Prints of the Qing Dynasty"
16083:
15141:
14600:
11336:
9784:
9754:
9666:
9407:
8398:
7871:; men who were wealthy but held no official rank were allowed to be buried in a deep-blue silk
7762:
6979:(斗牛服; "fighting bull" robe; the "fighting bull" is a two-horned dragon-like creature), and the
6239:
6156:
5661:
5587:
5235:
4771:(屐; wooden clogs) with two spikes were worn when walking outside on muddy roads; in the South,
4360:. One of Tang dynasty's ensemble which consisted of a very short, tight-sleeved jackets and an
4226:(歷代帝王圖), depicting emperors in full regalia spanning several dynasties before and after the Sui
3924:
3463:
depicted on a Southern dynasty brick relief, unearthed in Dengxian, Henan, 1958. depicted on a
1756:
1427:
1021:
could vary from knee-length to ground-length. Common people in the Zhou dynasty, including the
321:
242:
230:
20:
18912:
18892:
18872:
18852:
18832:
18811:
18778:
17637:
17452:
17425:
16556:
15782:
14663:
14240:
10464:
8705:
Taoist ceremony at Xiao ancestral temple in Chaoyang, Shantou, Guangdong (daoshi), April 2010.
23478:
23445:
22816:
22513:
22256:
21622:
19318:
17638:"Skirt that comes with a black silk satin full embroidered top worn for wedding tea ceremony"
17077:
15530:
The great state of white and high : Buddhism and state formation in eleventh-century Xia
12399:. Guobin Xu, Yanhui Chen, Lianhua Xu, Kaiju Chen, Xiyuan Xiong, Wenquan Wu. Singapore. 2018.
12126:
11055:. Christopher Breward, Juliette MacDonald. London, UK: Bloomsbury. 2020. pp. 47–50, 54.
9926:
8865:
are based on sculptures, paintings, art objects, historical records, and historical clothing.
7477:
7404:
originally did not have their own dragon robes or weave textiles and they had to obtain Ming
7217:
6148:
5459:
5286:
5149:
4268:
3440:
3227:
3027:(266–316 AD) dynasties continued the cultural legacy of the Han dynasty. Clothing during the
2675:
2031:
carved stone tomb door showing a man carrying a shield, wearing a long robe with apron and a
1128:
33:
21497:
14903:
A social history of middle-period China : the Song, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasties
14205:
13046:, China Academic Library, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 249–282,
11862:
11842:
11367:"Shang Dynasty (1600 B. C. — 1046 B. C.) — Empire of Bronze Age and Scripts on Oracle Bones"
5133:
1301:) to allow greater ease of movement, but was made of plain cloth instead of silk cloth. The
1235:
Shamans wearing jiaoling yoren ruqun, Chu culture, Warring States period, 4th-3rd century BC
23529:
22728:
22091:
21818:
21657:
21029:
18312:
The Hanfu Movement and Intangible Culture Heritage: Considering the past to know the future
16868:
14668:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine
14168:
Proceedings of the International Conference on Electronics, Mechanics, Culture and Medicine
12292:
11683:
World Clothing and Fashion : an Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence
10791:
10657:
6935:
1409:
Attendant wearing a qujupao shenyi, a typical clothing of its period, Warring States Period
1145:
989:
736:
19132:Рубрикатор ханьфу. Китайский костюм, история, культура - самая полная база знаний о ханьфу
18542:"Rebuilding Confucian Ideology: Ethnicity and Biography in the Appropriation of Tradition"
15270:
The Origins of the Chinese Nation: Song China and the Forging of an East Asian World Order
11480:)." (And that's how China is also called huaxia .) 'The Tenth Year of Duke Ding of Lu' (
10241:"National Museum of Korea: Quarterly Magazine, vol.47 by National Museum of Korea - Issuu"
9333:
Parallel vertical overlapping collars, with paralleled secured lapels, no front openings.
7704:
of Japan passed orders for Japanese men to shave the pate on the front of their head (the
6192:
Standing official with tablet, China, possibly Handan, Hebei, Jin dynasty, early 1200s AD.
4743:
Men wearing round collar gown with boots, belt, trousers; Mural painting from the Tomb of
2524:
54:
8:
23493:
22028:
20914:
20894:
20189:
19221:
19126:
13850:
12080:
9656:
9488:
for formal headdress. Officials and academics have a separate set of hats, typically the
9456:
8417:
8345:
8147:
Woman's two panels skirt, Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Late 19th Century-Early 20th Century.
7264:
6371:
6363:
6054:
6050:
4894:
4135:
4066:
3766:
3629:
3095:
2916:
2148:
2083:
1169:
308:
20106:
17665:
13455:
7528:(a rigid hooped belt which was worn around the jacket) and a phoenix coronet. The women
7351:
It was mistakenly thought that the hunting ancestors of the Manchus skin clothes became
7285:
7281:
7238:
6086:
Women wearing Song-style clothing, consisting of shanqun (upper garment over skirt) and
5487:
with two court ladies wearing a round-collar gown with red pleated skirts, Song dynasty.
5396:(衮冕) when he would accompanied the emperor to sacrificial ceremonies, and he would wear
4860:
which concealed the entire body when horse back riding; the trend changed to the use of
4076:
attire worn by attending officials worn during imperial expeditions was replaced by the
482:
is the clothing of the living while if it is worn in the opposite way in a style called
23483:
23186:
22738:
22663:
22633:
22408:
22298:
22181:
22154:
21920:
21439:
20579:
20371:
20298:
20210:
19975:
19514:
19509:
19504:
19499:
19303:
19288:
18990:
18971:
18477:
18124:
18101:
18078:
18055:
18033:
17950:
17902:
17859:
17767:, East Asian Popular Culture, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 69–89,
17619:
17227:
16950:
16896:
16633:
16449:
16149:
16059:
15810:
15726:
15644:
15407:
15323:
15246:
15115:
15015:
14929:
14780:
14571:
14374:
14366:
14030:
13639:
13550:
13319:
13272:
13039:
12945:
12630:
12422:
12273:
12229:"The great mount of Chen, the Grave of Chu's Late Zhou Silk Painting 陈家大山楚墓出土的《人物龙凤帛画》"
12005:
11964:
11317:
11078:
10845:
10578:(Master of International Tourism Management thesis). Auckland University of Technology.
10443:
9836:
8746:
8600:
8461:
7920:
7701:
7658:
7247:
6699:
6102:
Khitan women wearing Tang-style ruqun; Baoshan tomb No.2 wall-painting of Liao dynasty.
5823:
5560:
5538:
4457:
4380:
in the seventh century. Red coloured skirts were very popular during the Tang dynasty.
4040:
3884:
3864:
3790:
3786:
2812:
2655:
2272:
loose rise introduced by King Wuling. Men in the Han dynasty also wore a kerchief or a
2231:
1256:
789:
615:
442:
216:
17722:
17697:"From Costume to Fashion: Visions of Chinese Modernity in Vogue Magazine, 1892 – 1943"
17556:"The collection of Chinese clothing from the Qing Dynasty – National Museum in Krakow"
15296:"Some Liao Tomb Murals and Images of Nomads in Chinese Paintings of the Wen-Chi Story"
13657:
10573:
10327:
7959:
may be standing collar or low collar stand, and there were slits on both sides of the
6772:
1768:
1325:
which was belted at the waist; one example can be seen from the wooden figures from a
23312:
23270:
23106:
23081:
23066:
22909:
22861:
22801:
22618:
22558:
22518:
22341:
22186:
22126:
22086:
22066:
21968:
21905:
21813:
21720:
21502:
21419:
20942:
20909:
20647:
20589:
20564:
20464:
20361:
20230:
20096:
19944:
19610:
19323:
19091:
19072:
19048:
19038:
19004:
18944:
18563:
18481:
18258:
18159:
18149:
18025:
17984:
17954:
17940:
17906:
17892:
17863:
17851:
17807:
17776:
17726:
17623:
17609:
17534:
17511:
17501:
17497:
Fu Shan's World: The Transformation of Chinese Calligraphy in the Seventeenth Century
17458:
17431:
17358:
17316:
17306:
17272:
17231:
17219:
17200:"Absent Presence: Costuming and Identity in the Qing Drama A Ten-Thousand Li Reunion"
17125:
17083:
17033:
17002:
16975:
16942:
16900:
16888:
16847:
16820:
16795:
16696:
16621:
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16562:
16535:
16486:
16476:
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16427:
16397:
16370:
16343:
16316:
16275:
16265:
16153:
16139:
16103:
16063:
16051:
16047:
16032:"Conservation study of Ming dynasty silk costumes excavated in Jiangsu region, China"
16005:
15995:
15967:
15849:
15814:
15802:
15730:
15716:
15648:
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15586:
15576:
15544:
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15274:
15238:
15197:
15161:
15107:
15003:
14993:
14917:
14907:
14815:
14805:
14772:
14753:"Wives and Patrons: Uygur Political and Artistic Influence in Tenth-Century Dunhuang"
14731:
14679:
14642:
14614:
14604:
14593:
14557:
14531:
14497:
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13706:
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13592:
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13276:
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12483:
12473:
12447:
12410:
12400:
12341:
12331:
12277:
12209:
12199:
12009:
11956:
11945:"NATURALIZING THE EXOTIC: On the Changing Meanings of Ethnic Dress in Medieval China"
11820:
11810:
11762:
11732:
11722:
11697:
11687:
11631:
11621:
11515:
11457:
11429:
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10988:
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10891:
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10603:
10539:
10497:
10472:
10431:
10421:
10370:
10299:
10271:
10213:
10086:
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9769:
9650:
9645:
9597:
9575:
8981:
8878:
8361:
8242:
7826:
7789:
7782:
7743:
7468:
7366:
7269:
imposed the Han Chinese style of men wearing long hair on short haired Vietnamese men
7229:
7058:
6764:
6749:
that had been popular in the Yuan dynasty was also worn by the court bodyguards, the
6745:
6053:
is seen in the painting found in the inner chamber. Another example can be seen in a
5841:
5655:
4810:
4377:
4361:
4131:
3815:
3656:
with his entourage, Central Bingyang cave, Longmen, Zhejiang; Northern Wei c.522-523.
3419:(玄衣; dark cloth); however, there were regulations in terms of fabric materials used.
2098:
2070:
1603:
1415:
741:
573:
303:
18798:
18037:
16528:
Dusenbury, Mary M.; Bier, Carol (2004). Helen Foresman Spencer Museum of Art (ed.).
16088:
Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art / Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek Online
13013:
12575:
12472:. Zhengming Du. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 15–16.
12396:
Introduction to Chinese culture : cultural history, arts, festivals and rituals
11468:
To quote an ancient text, "there is grand ceremonial etiquette so it is called xia (
10015:"From Niche Interest to Fashion Trend: Hanfu Clothing as a Rising Industry in China"
7855:
forehead, the Ming loyalist Fu Shan became a Daoist priest after the Qing took over
6612:
painting depicting Han Chinese clothing and Mongolian-style clothing, unknown author
4424:
A Group of Tang Dynasty Musicians from the Tomb of Li Shou (李壽) (577-630 AD), early
2479:
Military official depicted on Han dynasty stone relief found in Deng county, Henan.
2002:
carved stone tomb door showing a man wearing trousers underneath a long robe with a
419:, who was also revered as the Goddess of sericulture. There is even a saying in the
23412:
23407:
23402:
23386:
23381:
23376:
23371:
23247:
23181:
22966:
22899:
22846:
22733:
22718:
22693:
22483:
22478:
22383:
22134:
22116:
22043:
21828:
21338:
21135:
21019:
20947:
20937:
20810:
20625:
20594:
20437:
20394:
19929:
19839:
19478:
19401:
19283:
19226:
19216:
19141:
18638:
18553:
18520:
18469:
18383:
18145:
Religions of the world : a comprehensive encyclopedia of beliefs and practices
18017:
17976:
17932:
17884:
17843:
17768:
17718:
17708:
17601:
17350:
17211:
16934:
16880:
16819:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 217.
16561:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 214.
16131:
16095:
16084:"A new identity for Rubens's 'Korean man': Portrait of the Chinese merchant Yppong"
16043:
16031:
15959:
15845:
15841:
15794:
15708:
15701:"Wearing the Hat of Loyalty: Imperial Power and Dress Reform in Ming Dynasty China"
15628:
15307:
15230:
15153:
14768:
14764:
14671:
14358:
14248:
14211:
14171:
14131:
14094:
14014:
13862:
13748:
13623:
13307:
13303:
13260:
13256:
13047:
12929:
12612:
12265:
12076:
11995:
11886:"Garments during the Spring & Autumn and Warring States Period – – China Style"
11440:古時炎黃之胄常自稱,「華夏」有時又作「諸夏」《左傳》定公十年(西元前 500 年)有:裔不謀夏,夷不亂華。對於此句其疏曰:中國有禮儀之大,故稱夏;有服章之美,謂之華。
11257:
10759:
10531:
10362:
9826:
9816:
8798:
8532:
8448:
8386:
8190:
8018:
8006:. At the end of the Qing dynasty, a skirt decorated with sword-shaped ribbons with
7999:
7843:
7690:
7677:
7554:
7449:
7393:, using silk and cotton, iron cooking pots, and heated house from China during the
7390:
7370:
5899:
4898:
4668:
4606:
4122:, which could also be used to denote the censor's rank based on the material used.
3802:
3622:
3614:
3369:
2679:
2218:
2217:
skirt made of thin silk, composed of four pieces sewn together. Excavated from the
2168:
2107:
1383:
1268:
981:
500:
396:
258:
21998:
18558:
18128:
18105:
18082:
18059:
17713:
17696:
17483:. Institute of Advanced Studies, Australian National University. 1994. p. 63.
16869:"Contesting the past on the Chinese Internet: Han-centrism and mnemonic practices"
15632:
14018:
13627:
11245:
10682:
9369:
Belts and sashes are used to close, secure, and fit the garments around the waist
8042:
woman wearing Han Chinese clothing composed of an ao and a skirt; on the right, a
7494:
4889:
4080:(戎衣) attire. Emperor Yangdi also wore several kind of imperial headgears, such as
3297:
It was worn with a knee-length tight cotton-padded robe as a set of attire called
2613:
gradually changed into a more simple and casual style, while the style of women's
2312:(帻); it was a headband that keep the head warm during cold weather. Over time the
964:
all consisted of four separate parts: a skirt underneath, a robe in the middle, a
593:
was developed in this period; the combination of upper and lower garments, called
344:
23111:
22957:
22929:
22924:
22415:
22251:
22241:
22226:
22071:
22038:
21652:
21198:
21083:
20872:
20746:
20411:
20054:
19860:
19756:
19681:
19676:
19625:
19544:
19308:
19252:
19200:
19032:
17973:
2017 International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (SSAH 2017)
15927:
15829:
14964:
14314:
13898:
Dressed to rule : 18th century court attire in the Mactaggart Art Collection
13752:
13493:"Silk Road Dress in a Chinese Tomb: Xu Xianxiu and sixth-century cosmopolitanism"
13207:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp. 81, 167.
11615:
11261:
9868:
For wooden figures from a Xingyang warring-state period tomb, see external links.
9821:
9789:
9559:
9518:(笄) that appeared since Neolithic time, and there are more elaborate hairpieces.
9514:
9484:
9198:
8977:
8903:
8845:(漢元素), or "Clothes with Hanfu Elements", refers to modern/everyday clothing with
8839:
etc.), but with modern aesthetics and technologies introduced into their designs.
8549:
8022:
7818:
7340:
6989:
6954:
6914:
6906:
6805:
6666:
5835:
5246:
5217:
5211:
5205:
5172:
4788:
4288:
4273:
4118:
4103:
4082:
4059:
3321:
2990:
2550:
2541:
2425:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2278:
2273:
1967:
1744:
1559:
1421:
Women and men wearing shenyi, Jingmen Tomb of the State of Chu (1030 BC – 223 BC)
1069:
1035:
967:
827:
824:
succeeding eras and dynasties. Importance were hence placed on items such as the
604:
553:
490:, the clothing then becomes burial clothing and is therefore considered a taboo.
19136:
18177:
17772:
17605:
16135:
15944:
15616:
15365:
Women of the conquest dynasties : gender and identity in Liao and Jin China
15157:
15142:"The Scholar's Robe: Material Culture and Political Power in Early Modern China"
14252:
14123:
14086:
14002:
13611:
13051:
12100:
10763:
8074:
A woman dressed in an ao and a trousers, she is playing a small drum, from 1800.
5730:
in Southern Song dynasty depicts rural labourers in the process of making silk.
23514:
23061:
22884:
22806:
22786:
22623:
22420:
22236:
22211:
22149:
22101:
21897:
21612:
21547:
21529:
21409:
21363:
21286:
21222:
21212:
21207:
21157:
20795:
20790:
20642:
20604:
20205:
19985:
19916:
19463:
19364:
19247:
18899:进贤冠，古缁布冠也，文儒者之服也。前高七寸，后高三寸，长八寸。公侯三梁，中二千石以下至博士两梁，自博士以下至小史私学弟子，皆一梁。宗室刘氏亦两梁冠，示加服也。
17888:
17847:
17354:
16846:. Vol. 15 (illustrated, reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 21.
14135:
14098:
12858:. Sheri Lullo, Leslie V. Wallace. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 176–195.
12269:
11809:. 李竹润., 王德华., 顾映晨. (Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she.
11452:
Zhu, Ruixi; Zhang, Bangwei; Liu, Fusheng; Cai, Chongbang; Wang, Zengyu (2016).
10496:. Createspace Independent Publishing (published 7 September 2006). p. 79.
10366:
10240:
9952:
9831:
9774:
9741:
9639:
9384:
8721:
8465:
7995:
7901:
7831:
7727:
7642:
7434:
7405:
7289:
7001:
too vulgar and too common to befit his imperial status. At the end of 1528 AD,
6949:
6910:
6842:
6739:(帖裡), bestowed as present by the Ming dynasty from the year 1424; however, the
6692:
6628:
6475:
Fresco in the Hall of King Ming-ying, Hung-t'ung County, Yuan dynasty painting.
6427:
5950:
5924:, while scholars such as Jin Lüxiang promoted it among his peers. However, the
5833:(短褐; a short, coarse cloth jacket worn by people of low socioeconomic status),
5651:
5517:
5499:
Emperor and empress, Fresco from the Temple of Enlightenment - Life of Buddha,
5269:
4472:
A Young Girl, Fresco from the Tomb of An Yüen-shou (安元壽) (607-683 A.D.), early
4364:
tied just below the bust-line with ribbons also strongly influenced the Korean
4045:
3951:
3610:
3596:(386 - 581 AD), ordinary women always wore short jackets and coats. The ethnic
3317:
3267:
3207:
3183:
3167:
3147:
3115:
3028:
2850:
2671:
2618:
2284:
1589:
873:
663:
420:
412:
392:
234:
85:
22508:
18458:"The Inconvenient Imperial Visit: Writing Clothing and Ethnicity in 1684 Qufu"
18120:
18097:
18074:
18051:
17936:
17760:
17320:
16625:
16531:
Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art
16441:
16099:
15798:
15783:"Dressing for power: Rite, costume, and state authority in Ming Dynasty China"
15712:
15234:
15007:
14444:
14163:
13832:
13720:
13596:
12873:
12616:
12414:
12330:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 50.
11366:
11070:
10837:
8755:
women make up 88.2% of the hanfu enthusiasts and 75.8% of the hanfu stores on
8516:
8488:
6782:, which was worn by the government clerks and family servants. The use of the
6727:
was mainly worn by the upper class and rarely worn by the lower class. In the
6017:(國服; Khitan National garments) and hanfu, which the Khitan inherited from the
4842:
which were worn in the preceding dynasties. In the 7th and 8th centuries, the
3883:
The wife of the Xu Xianxiu in Han Chinese-style clothing, Mural painting from
1632:
23508:
22826:
22796:
22653:
22648:
22376:
22169:
21988:
21925:
21700:
21049:
20899:
20547:
20248:
20111:
19733:
19702:
19438:
19433:
19262:
19052:
18567:
18262:
18163:
18029:
17855:
17831:
17730:
17515:
17362:
17223:
16946:
16892:
16884:
16799:
16279:
16107:
16055:
16009:
15971:
15853:
15806:
15640:
15590:
15453:
15383:
15319:
15242:
15165:
15111:
14921:
14819:
14776:
14618:
14175:
14026:
13916:
13876:
13797:
13635:
13442:
13315:
13268:
13222:
12941:
12522:
12487:
12345:
11960:
11736:
11701:
11656:
11635:
11519:
11313:
11269:
11204:
11036:
10535:
10435:
10374:
10350:
9794:
9779:
9679:
9299:
9042:
8870:
8735:
8614:
8541:
7681:
7662:
7650:
7414:
7401:
7195:
A female ghost in typical Ming-style Hanfu, adapted from a Buddhist allegory
6431:
6252:
6115:
6010:
5946:
5921:
5570:
5414:
5225:
The form of officials' daily dresses had the same design regardless of rank:
5120:
5096:
5076:
4838:
4832:
4647:
4602:
4518:
4409:
4020:
3984:
3980:
3732:
Female xianbei warrior wearing a cloak and xianbei hat, Northern Wei dynasty.
3556:
3532:
3285:
2972:
2967:
2656:
lacquered screen found in the Northern Wei tomb of Sima Jinlong (ca. 483 A.D)
2267:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2236:
2172:
1722:
1678:
1471:
was worn by aristocrats in the state of Chu. The increased popularity of the
1403:
1285:
1195:
1189:
1016:
889:
Western Zhou (c. 9th Century BCE) bronze chariot ornament of a man wearing a
845:
841:
816:
782:
Principle of this practice was the standardization of a garment style called
649:
632:
623:
583:
508:
503:: beliefs, religions, wars, and the emperor's personal liking. Following the
435:
333:
198:
100:
80:
46:
16938:
16490:
15963:
15548:
14675:
13741:
Lang, Qing (2017). "The qRedq Finery System in the Sui and Tang Dynasties".
13542:
12917:
12820:簪珥。珥。耳珰垂珠也。簪以玳瑁为擿，长一尺，端为华胜，上为凤皇爵，以翡翠为毛羽，下有白珠，垂黄金镊。左右一横簪之，以安蔮结。诸簪珥皆同制，其擿有等级焉。
12213:
12000:
11824:
10992:
10922:
10905:
10090:
9446:
8455:
8293:
Part of the participants of the 17th Confucius Conference wear Hanfu, 1910s.
8173:
in the Qing dynasty to wish a child good fortune and as an evil protection.
7038:(程子衣) as leisure clothing. Hats worn by the scholars and literati were: the
22688:
22683:
22638:
22543:
22533:
22430:
22333:
22281:
22106:
22096:
22023:
22018:
21730:
21677:
21627:
21434:
21217:
20992:
20837:
20290:
19881:
19615:
19569:
19359:
19339:
18985:
18525:
18508:
18473:
16692:
Silken threads: a history of embroidery in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam
16605:
16421:
14987:
14424:
13963:"Women's Common Dress in Tang Dynasty and Its Features at Different Stages"
13867:
13187:
12933:
12853:
12798:
12750:
12394:
10817:
9887:
9804:
9727:
9705:
9683:
9567:
9390:
8886:
8866:
8782:, it was estimated that it attracted 40,000 Hanfu enthusiast participants.
8198:
7975:
7646:
7625:
7464:
7394:
7378:
7352:
7336:
7332:
7324:
7208:
7131:
7074:
6854:
6850:
6676:
The Jinyiwei, also known "Brocade-clad guards", dressed in their uniforms (
6661:
6657:
6649:
6632:
6621:
6617:
6609:
6512:
6460:
6395:
6360:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6161:
6144:
6139:
6029:
6009:
adopted a clothing system which allowed the coexistence of Han Chinese and
6006:
5983:
5979:
5809:
5731:
5678:
In the Song dynasty, the headscarf was also secured with a decorative ring.
5558:, which were usually regarded as shirt or jacket and could be matched with
5534:
5500:
5439:
5409:
5318:
5302:
5226:
5196:
5188:
5124:
5100:
4992:
4960:
4913:
4862:
4850:
4724:
4704:
4688:
4672:
4638:
4473:
4425:
4357:
4260:
4256:
4000:
3963:
3782:
3762:
3758:
3720:
Male xianbei warrior wearing a cloak and xianbei hat, Northern Wei dynasty.
3361:
2783:
2540:
Ornaments and jewelries, such as rings, earrings, bracelets, necklace, and
2222:
1532:
1192:, Linhu and Loufan people in battle to facilitate fighting capability. The
1165:
1136:
1132:
1116:
748:
517:
473:
23091:
18643:
18143:
17980:
17215:
16816:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990
16558:
A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990
16259:
15989:
15570:
15433:
15363:
14901:
14799:
14664:"The Effects of Foreign Cultures to the Women Clothes in the Tang Dynasty"
14362:
13777:
13422:
13202:
12502:
12467:
12325:
11716:
11681:
11213:
11021:(1 ed.). New York: New York : Rosen Publishing. pp. 14–22.
11016:
10595:
Notable women of China : Shang dynasty to the early twentieth century
10415:
9437:
8677:-style upper garment. The upper garment is not considered as being hanfu;
8393:
In the mid-1930s as men started to adopt more Western clothing. Under the
6789:
Other new Ming dynasty attires influenced by the Yuan dynasty include the
5752:
5722:
4231:
2119:
to the skirt, but the use of a separate belt was sometimes used by women.
1665:, regardless of their wealth, were never allowed to wear clothing made of
582:
In China, a systemic structure of clothing was first developed during the
562:
22934:
22811:
22723:
22673:
22588:
22563:
22498:
22435:
22403:
22313:
22293:
22286:
22206:
21978:
21695:
21569:
21542:
21459:
21353:
21318:
21130:
20904:
20862:
20763:
20758:
20674:
20635:
20341:
19934:
19902:
19813:
19630:
19519:
19242:
18355:"Meet Shiyin, the Fashion Influencer Shaping China's Hanfu Style Revival"
16470:
15528:
13522:
12193:
11829:
10972:
10885:
10070:
8654:
8508:
8492:
8402:
8209:
8039:
7793:
7778:
7766:
7559:
Illustrated Precedents for the Ritual Paraphernalia of the Imperial Court
7482:
7386:
7357:
7318:
6778:
6653:
6580:
6516:
6454:
6337:
6248:
5060:
4856:
4744:
4687:
Figures in a cortege wearing round-collar robe, from a wall mural in the
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4393:
4292:
4183:
4167:
4151:
4036:
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2415:
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2199:
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1999:
1963:
1822:
1792:
1772:
1528:
1492:
1488:
1242:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1141:
878:
808:
still maintained as the basis for formal and ceremonial wear such as the
760:
504:
408:
365:
325:
273:
265:
153:
since the 2nd millennium BCE. There are several representative styles of
150:
146:
21735:
20147:
19071:. The Chinese Costumes Research Group. Hong Kong: The Commercial Press.
16954:
16922:
15119:
15095:
14784:
14752:
14370:
14346:
14329:"Research of the Foreign Dancing Costumes: From Han to Sui-Tang Dynasty"
13167:
12778:
12730:
12693:
12648:
11968:
11944:
11321:
11301:
6940:(甲申十同年圖), painted in 1503 during one of their reunions. The presence of
6672:
5554:
One of the common clothing styles for woman during the Song dynasty was
2241:
1816:
23176:
22608:
22593:
22578:
22503:
22455:
22450:
22393:
22323:
21930:
21848:
21838:
21579:
21333:
21260:
21125:
20800:
20479:
20457:
20137:
20101:
19897:
19620:
19564:
15705:
The Right to Dress: Sumptuary Laws in a Global Perspective, c.1200–1800
15327:
15295:
15250:
15218:
14730:. Routledge Research in Art History (illustrated ed.). Routledge.
14207:
Toward a definition of "fashion" in Tang China (618–907 CE): BuYun Chen
14124:"Design Comparison of Creative Tang Suit and European Imperial Costume"
10291:
10152:"Traditional Chinese clothing inspires a budding fashion in Saint John"
9670:
8674:
8429:
8425:
8410:
8406:
8305:
7756:
7752:
7697:
7672:
Han Chinese general Zhang Zhiyuan wearing Manchu-style military outfit.
7374:
7157:
5857:
Children Playing in an Autumn Courtyard, 12th century AD, Song Dynasty.
5636:
4844:
4815:
4803:
3345:
3123:
3060:
2606:
1809:
1451:
1161:
752:
407:(especially in elite circles) was inseparable from silk and the art of
22246:
21756:
17969:"Effects of Clothing in the Ming Dynasty on Modern Theatrical Costume"
17300:
17199:
15945:"The dress of the Mongol Empire: Genealogy and diaspora of the Terlig"
13700:
13456:
The Metropolitan Museum of Art : Department of Asian Art (2002).
10209:
Traditional Chinese clothing : costumes, adornments & culture
8110:
Han Chinese embroidered silk lady's jacket and pleated skirt, c. 1900.
7884:(lit. "longevity jacket"), a deep blue or black ao with the character
1054:
showed a girl was already promised to a marriage. Men could also wear
988:). Similarly to the Western Zhou dynasty, the dress code of the early
22904:
22879:
22874:
22869:
22821:
22781:
22743:
22643:
22603:
22553:
22488:
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21358:
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21328:
21296:
20815:
20778:
20719:
20469:
20442:
20366:
20331:
19924:
19717:
19712:
19645:
19529:
19278:
18754:
18677:
18626:
18607:
16369:(illustrated ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 53, 111.
15053:
14215:
13363:"Northern Wei Tombs, Yanbei Teacher College, Datong, Shanxi. Tomb M2"
13081:
10599:
8874:
8382:
8375:
8187:
7971:
7686:
6759:
6585:
6313:
6025:
of the Liao dynasty was also heavily influenced by the Hanfu system.
5913:
5727:
5345:
Song dynasty ritual ceremony, with officials attending in ceremonial
4918:
4784:
4296:
3391:
3091:
2874:
2817:
2734:
2670:
A mural painting showing man and women wearing loose robes, from the
1901:
1784:
1609:
1175:
769:
676:
with a wide band covering around waist, and a skirt underneath. This
521:
461:
349:
21088:
21009:
20070:
19131:
18541:
18485:
18310:
18021:
15311:
15219:""Liao Architecture": Qidan Innovations and Han-Chinese Traditions?"
14466:
Crossing the Gate: Everyday Lives of Women in Song Fujian (960–1279)
13901:. Mactaggart Art Collection. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press.
13658:"2. Clothing – The Influence of Chang-An Culture to Korea and Japan"
12611:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 391–392.
10819:
Wearing the cheongsam : dress and culture in a Chinese diaspora
9031:
Some students wearing diverse forms of Hanfu during a spring outing.
8086:
A woman wearing an ao with a long skirt, Playing a zheng, from 1800.
7163:
was also worn in the late Ming dynasty. Han Chinese women also wore
6866:
In the Ming dynasty, the inner garment that people wore were called
6849:. The dressing regulations were based on the dressing system of the
6620:
had many Mongol clothes and cultural aspects abolished and enforced
3974:
3761:
court, the nomadic style clothing continued to exist in China until
3335:
1433:
A bronze oil lamp stand shaped like a man in shenyi, Warring States.
22851:
22836:
22758:
22568:
22548:
22523:
22470:
22445:
22366:
22361:
22351:
22201:
22139:
22111:
21973:
21963:
21950:
21940:
21878:
21715:
21672:
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21537:
21444:
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21145:
21108:
21103:
21014:
20997:
20877:
20857:
20741:
20736:
20684:
20609:
20452:
20326:
20321:
20121:
20116:
19818:
19769:
19764:
19686:
19524:
19468:
19380:
18315:(Master of International Business Law thesis). University of Macau.
13292:"Changing Patterns of Divinity and Reform in the Late Northern Wei"
11302:"The Disappearance of Silk Weaves with Weft Effects in Early China"
10298:. Washington, USA: University of Washington Press. pp. 25–32.
9759:
9675:
9551:
9538:
9395:
8998:
8894:
8890:
8421:
8170:
8046:
woman wearing a one-piece long robe, which is the precursor of the
7923:. Following the Ming dynasty customs, Han Chinese women would wear
7806:
7707:
7638:
7629:
7593:
7583:
7579:
7503:
7007:
6834:
6391:
5869:
Playing Children, Painting from the mid-12th century; Song dynasty.
5734:
also became popular in the Song dynasty at the end of the dynasty.
5435:
4902:
4780:
3468:
3325:
2460:
2144:
1941:
1662:
1326:
935:
254:
21740:
21482:
21024:
19650:
18005:
17925:"The Application of National Elements in Animation Costume Design"
17268:
What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China
14130:. Vol. 283. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 488–493.
14003:"Material Girls: Silk and Self-Fashioning in Tang China (618–907)"
13932:"Women Fashion of Tang Dynasty and Foreign Cultural Communication"
13702:
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty : His Life, Times, and Legacy
9266:
Belly Cover. Covers front upper body. Worn by women and children.
8869:
Han Chinese robes given by the Ming Emperors to the Chinese noble
8657:
people. Photo taken in 2008 outside the Changchun Temple (長春觀) in
8623:
and Taoism practitioners continue to style their long hair into a
8608:
8515:(1927). Various forms of hanfu-style costumes are depicted in the
6677:
6264:
customs, and disobedience was death penalty. However, in 1061 AD,
5356:
The clothes worn by Song dynasty emperors are collectively called
5238:
as ornament. The official gown were worn with different styles of
5199:
clothing were carried into the Song dynasty, such as court dress.
4344:(裙; usually wide, loose skirt which was almost ankle-length). The
4263:. Moreover, the subjects of Tang dynasty was forbidden from using
3945:
Sogdian figures, wearing Sogdian clothing, Tomb of An Jia, 579 CE.
3583:
upper garment and a skirt with a straight-necked undergarment; d.
1477:
may have been partially due to the influence of Confucianism. The
1077:
1048:, which was performed after a girl was engaged and the wearing of
22952:
22919:
22889:
22831:
22791:
22776:
22713:
22703:
22678:
22668:
22613:
22528:
22493:
22460:
22356:
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22261:
22159:
21958:
21910:
21853:
21710:
21584:
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21368:
21323:
21313:
21232:
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21098:
21034:
21002:
20982:
20952:
20820:
20773:
20768:
20714:
20709:
20559:
20521:
20516:
20511:
20496:
20491:
20421:
20416:
20316:
19980:
19844:
19655:
19448:
19396:
15830:"Remains of Mongol Customs in China During the Early Ming Period"
15572:
The world of Khubilai Khan : Chinese art in the Yuan Dynasty
14170:. Vol. 45. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 672–677.
12649:"Shang Shu : Yu Shu : Yi and Ji – Chinese Text Project"
11665:
9764:
9660:
9523:
9004:
8678:
8062:
Qing dynasty aoqun worn in theatre for female role, 18th century.
7856:
7798:
7747:
7514:(a four-clawed dragon loose fitting jacket with wide sleeves), a
7272:
7146:(short jacket) with a skirt and a short over skirt (yaoqun), the
7105:
6981:
6681:
6372:
mural painting in tomb M2 at Kangzhuangcun in Tunliu from 1276 AD
6367:
6344:
6333:
6261:
4248:
4244:
4028:
3745:
3606:
3597:
3576:
3491:
with robes (and shirt with long skirt) underneath, depicted on a
3353:
the south favoured the driving dress of the northern minorities,
3263:
3203:
3020:
2184:
2180:
2054:
2050:
2013:
2009:
1043:
921:
865:
695:
682:
attire appears to have been designed for the aristocratic class.
369:
361:
21796:
Clothing generally not worn today, except in historical settings
20259:
18509:"Seeing through Pictures and Poetry: A History of Lenses (1681)"
17759:
Wong, Aida Yuen (2018), Pyun, Kyunghee; Wong, Aida Yuen (eds.),
17101:
17099:
17029:
Salar: A Study in Inner Asian Language Contact Processes, Part 1
16312:
Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia
15869:"Culture, Courtiers, and Competition The Ming Court (1368-1644)"
13204:
China between empires : the northern and southern dynasties
13142:"Costume in the Northern and Southern Dynasties – - China Style"
10792:"Ancient China | Chinese Culture: Communicating through Fashion"
8010:
hanging at the sharp corner appear. Han Chinese women also wore
5564:, which was a necessary clothing for daily life of commoners, a
4112:
was popular and was worn from court officials to commoners. The
2300:(進賢冠) was worn by civil officials while military officials wore
1940:
Fresco of two Men from a Western Han Dynasty Tomb in modern-day
452:
were typically worn wrapped over the front, in a style known as
387:
94:
22939:
22894:
22771:
22766:
22748:
22628:
22598:
22583:
22388:
22371:
22346:
22318:
22266:
22231:
22221:
22216:
22191:
22176:
22144:
22081:
22061:
22033:
21915:
21858:
21808:
21745:
21705:
21667:
21662:
21644:
21617:
21589:
21559:
21454:
21389:
21270:
21255:
21093:
21044:
20987:
20977:
20962:
20889:
20805:
20704:
20699:
20694:
20657:
20630:
20584:
20506:
20474:
20406:
20351:
20311:
20306:
20184:
20179:
20174:
20038:
20006:
19959:
19823:
19640:
19635:
19605:
19595:
19590:
19585:
19483:
19458:
19453:
19443:
19344:
18686:"Christmas colours and themes for traditional Chinese clothing"
18660:"Ho-Ho-Ho or No? China's Fashionistas Defend Christmas 'Hanfu'"
17271:(illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 83.
16336:
Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).
9799:
9635:
9625:
9621:
9611:
9585:
9571:
9555:
9417:
8973:
8957:
8953:
8756:
8731:
8646:
8620:
8043:
7932:
7877:
7872:
7839:
7822:
7742:
Han Chinese rebels who went against the Qing dynasty, like the
7731:
7668:
7516:
7499:
7300:
7296:
7078:
7053:
7029:
6969:
6964:
6821:, and a waistcoat with buttons at the front from Yuan dynasty.
6719:
6352:
6348:
5973:
5968:
5959:
5909:
5904:
5891:
5829:
5796:
A working woman who is wearing trousers, Song dynasty painting.
5747:
5579:
5365:
4365:
4072:
3968:
3954:
people who had settled in northern China after the fall of the
3618:
3395:
3354:
3309:
3299:
3008:
2598:
2374:
over a pair of red trousers, Dahuting tomb, Eastern Han dynasty
2088:
1983:
1842:
1799:
1648:
1575:
1567:
1539:
1510:
1443:
1295:
1087:
906:
835:
810:
798:
775:
667:
569:
373:
329:
299:
294:
289:
285:
192:
184:
149:
clothing"), are the traditional styles of clothing worn by the
136:
13387:
Müller, Shing (2019). "Chapter 18 Northern Material Culture".
12889:"LUO GUI XU ZHUAN HONG XIU YANG: – some questions about GUIYI"
9966:
If you want to assess this article, you may want to check its
9426:
7312:
6833:
Early Ming dynasty officials of the 1300-1400s, as painted by
6422:
Yuan dynasty illustration of people wearing hanfu and playing
6090:, inner chamber of the Tomb of Zhang Kuangzheng, Liao dynasty.
5203:
ceremonies, which they had to wear with the proper hats, i.e.
4236:
3006:(衫裙; shirt with long skirt), men's clothing styles are robes,
2483:
hat with pheasant-tail decorations denominates martial status.
511:
of the Han Chinese held symbolic meaning, based on the Taoist
22841:
22658:
22573:
22276:
22164:
22053:
22010:
21873:
21863:
21833:
21725:
21637:
21594:
21477:
21039:
20967:
20957:
20932:
20867:
20679:
20652:
20569:
20554:
20501:
20399:
20356:
20336:
20142:
20091:
20086:
20022:
19865:
19808:
19779:
19671:
19600:
19559:
19554:
19549:
19539:
19534:
19428:
17832:"Looking for the Jiang Qing Dress: Some Preliminary Findings"
17096:
15699:
Chen, BuYun (2019), Riello, Giorgio; Rublack, Ulinka (eds.),
12504:
Innovative China : innovation race between East and West
12134:
The International Foundation of Fashion Technology Institutes
10732:
Journal of the Korea Fashion & Costume Design Association
9629:
9615:
9496:
9490:
9304:
8760:
8658:
8596:
8569:
8545:
8325:
8194:
8158:
8047:
8011:
7928:
7924:
7802:
7382:
7180:
7164:
7152:
7139:
6872:
6817:
6811:
6705:
6387:
6356:
6257:
6152:
adopted the Chinese robes for the emperor and the officials.
6087:
5964:
5769:
5431:
5426:
5240:
4876:
4441:
4330:
4279:
4264:
4127:
4096:
3472:
3329:
3313:
3283:
that were bounded with strings at the knees were also called
3231:
3223:
3163:
3143:
3127:
3050:
3037:
3002:
2996:
2800:
2760:
Back view of a man wearing paofu with trousers under his robe
2638:
2585:
2574:
2556:
2464:
2371:
2351:
2152:
1672:
1656:
1518:
1387:
1367:
1359:
1319:
1110:
1091:
1002:
756:
659:
596:
549:
416:
381:
377:
248:
209:
176:
168:
160:
41:
18148:(2 ed.). Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 856.
15617:"A Preliminary Study of Mongol Costumes in the Ming Dynasty"
13338:"Northern Wei Tomb in Yunboli Road, Datong, Shanxi. Tomb M1"
12852:
Laursen, Sarah (2019). "10 Dressing the Dead in Jin China".
12198:(Di 1 ban ed.). Beijing: Wu zhou chuan bo chu ban she.
9528:
Shenti fa fu, shou zhu fumu, bu gan huishang, xiaozhi shi ye
6713:
The Ming dynasty developed a new attire from Yuan dynasty's
4023:
rituals and adopted the rituals, practices and ideas of the
3835:
dynasty mural of a gate guard from the tomb of Lou Rui (婁叡).
1378:
is the bronze armed warrior holding up chime bells from the
995:
In addition to these class-oriented developments, the daily
22538:
22076:
21935:
21868:
21227:
20724:
20689:
20662:
20599:
20346:
20001:
19473:
19349:
19294:
Chinese auspicious ornaments in textile and clothing (list)
19257:
15707:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 416–434,
14727:
Mongol Court Dress, Identity Formation, and Global Exchange
13581:. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 149.
11474:), and there is the beauty of apparel which is called hua (
10381:
9856:
9810:
9512:(莊子巾). A typical hairpiece for women is the hairpin called
8007:
7654:
6423:
5936:
5483:
5443:
5420:
4336:
3633:
their tunics had lapelled, the lapel opening was typically
3368:
was high, almost equal to the Han Chinese clothing, in the
3182:
Brick painting of group of women wearing jacket and skirt,
3049:(裘; a fur coat). During this period, elites generally wore
2114:
Throughout the years, Han dynasty women commonly also wore
1666:
1183:
1083:
1026:
655:
21888:
18608:"Top 5 Styles of Traditional Chinese Dress & Clothing"
17806:(in Chinese (China)). Ningxia People's Press. p. 42.
16843:
Materials for the Study of Tungusic Languages and Folklore
16082:
Weststeijn, Thijs; Gesterkamp, Lennert (22 October 2016).
15501:
The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of Chin
11337:"Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties : II Economy"
6876:(翼善冠; philanthropy crown, with wings folded upwards). The
5168:
1131:, numerous schools of thought emerged in China, including
22914:
20542:
19707:
17121:
Engaging the Other: 'Japan' and Its Alter-Egos, 1550–1850
16788:"The End of the Queue: Hair as Symbol in Chinese History"
16261:
Chinese dress : from the Qing Dynasty to the Present
13782:(1 ed.). Armonk, N.Y.: Routledge, 2015. p. 27.
13458:"Period of the Northern and Southern Dynasties (386–581)"
12507:. Shuhua Someren-Wang. Berlin: Springer. pp. 27–56.
11486:), Zuo Qiuming's Commentary on Spring and Autumn Annals (
10887:
Changing clothes in China : fashion, history, nation
10471:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 135–136.
10469:
Ethnic Dress in the United States A Cultural Encyclopedia
9972:
please do not add an automated translation to the article
9960:
9934:
9288:
Inner garments, mostly white cotton or silk. Also called
9206:
A cloth attached from the waist, covering front of legs.
8456:
Hanfu in popular media and opera (20th century – present)
8225:), was specially prepared and produced in 1914 AD by the
6355:, the two-pieces system of Southern Song clothing (i.e.,
5886:
5827:(襖; a necessary coat for commoner in their daily lives),
4870:
and Wu Zetian; and after that, during the early reign of
3797:, various types of attire are depicted which reflect the
3692:
Procession, Gongyi, Henan Province, Northern Wei dynasty.
3609:
even claimed that the Xianbei rulers were descendants of
2954:
1684:
1564:
and shoes. The Qin dynasty also abolished Zhou dynasty's
793:
641:
223:
19127:
Wooden figures from a Xingyang warring-state period tomb
18627:"Hanfu Elements in Modern Fashion Design and Innovation"
18284:"Who wears what at Chinese funeral ceremonies – and why"
18203:"The Hidden Meaning of the Daoist Topknot | Daoist Gate"
16998:
Two Rulers in One Reign: Dorgon and Shun-chih, 1644-1660
13814:
History Of Medicine In Chinese Culture, A (In 2 Volumes)
13705:. State University of New York Press. pp. 132–134.
12700:"鹖，毅鸟也，毅不知死。状类鸡，首有冠，性敢于斗，死犹不置，是不知死也。《左传》：鹖冠，武土戴之，象其勇也。 "
11334:
10683:"Book of Changes : Xi Ci II – Chinese Text Project"
10530:, vol. 6, Oxford: Berg Publishers, pp. 75–80,
9398:
was considered a taboo on ceremonial worship occasions.
8933:
but are considered being clothing with Han elements (or
8730:
On 22 November 2003, a man named Wang Letian wore a DIY
7628:
in the 1630s who had to shave their foreheads. In 1645,
7573:
6374:, maids and servants are seen wearing Song-style attire.
5191:
clothing system was established at the beginning of the
3202:, and two male figures with upper garment and trousers,
1916:
Flower-patterned silk piece; 2nd century BCE, Mawangdui.
17430:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. 1998. p. 137.
16659:上觀百世，下觀百世，經世大法，惟本朝為善變。入關之初，即下剃髮之令，頂戴翎枝，端罩馬褂，古無有也，則變服色矣。
14429:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 93.
12500:
12067:
Wang, Yiwen; Luo, Ronglei (2020). "江陵马山一号楚墓襦裙形制及结构研究".
11410:, "vol. 56" quote: "夏，大也。中國有禮儀之大，故稱夏；有服章之美，謂之華。華、夏一也。"
11246:"Symbolism and Evolution of Ku-form in Chinese Costume"
10417:
Luxury the Chinese way : new competitive scenarios
10013:
Wang, Xinyi; Colbert, François; Legoux, Renaud (2020).
7888:
for longevity embroidered in gold all over the ao. The
7150:(袄; a long jacket) which is worn with a skirt, and the
6543:
Puppeteers draw a crowd, Yuan Dynasty, 14th century AD.
5989:
5808:
Rural women wearing pleated skirts with a shan and ru,
5582:, women should wear an overcoat, a long skirt, and the
4232:
Tang dynasty and Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period
3507:
A candle stick holder depicting a man in a robe with a
2069:
Tracing of stone-relief depicting scholar-officials on
1805:
remained popular and developed further into two types:
1572:
ranking system, replaced with a uniform type of black
16695:(illustrated ed.). Harry N. Abrams. p. 148.
13967:
Journal of Wuhan University of Science and Engineering
13389:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 2: Six dynasties
11155:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
10790:
Gardner, Eric; Lin, Shuning; Tan, Qiuye; Ma, Antonia.
10629:
10268:
The kimono inspiration: art and art-to-wear in America
10129:"Putting China's Traditional Hanfu on the World Stage"
10008:
10006:
8741:
8673:
A Taoist monk; he has a topknot hairstyle and wears a
6997:(燕服; casual or leisure clothing), as he found his own
6581:
Ban of hufu, return to hanfu, and cultural integration
6180:
as a signature pattern on men's and women's clothing.
6021:
and were actually clothing from the Tang dynasty. The
5821:(袍; the gown which could be broad or narrow-sleeved),
5750:, Weighing and sorting the cocoons, from the painting
4315:
Court Ladies Wearing Flowered Headdresses, 7th Century
1372:. An archeological example of a bronze figure wearing
496:
is also used by some minority ethnic groups in China.
391:
Han dynasty tomb wall carving depicting the legendary
14426:
Empire of style : silk and fashion in Tang China
10004:
10002:
10000:
9998:
9996:
9994:
9992:
9990:
9988:
9986:
9558:
monks, who would usually just use hair sticks called
8223:
The Illustrated Manual of Dress for Ritual Sacrifices
7895:
7299:
was influenced by the Hanfu of the Ming dynasty. The
6824:
6487:
Three Daoist Figures Playing the Game of Go by Zhushi
6312:
Textile with dragon design, 13th century. Dragon and
4546:
figurine of a plump lady holding a Dog, Tang dynasty.
4101:
3752:
unearthed in Sima Jinlong tomb, Northern Wei, 484 AD.
2530:
2513:
2496:
2419:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2307:
2265:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2003:
1957:
1807:
1797:
1733:
1720:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1654:
1646:
1601:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1537:
1516:
1508:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1449:
1441:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1337:
closures could be found in different shapes, such as
1330:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1293:
1283:
1276:
1262:
1251:
1193:
1181:
1173:
1108:
1102:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1014:
1008:
1000:
973:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
933:
927:
919:
913:
904:
890:
863:
856:
849:
833:
825:
803:
783:
710:
704:
677:
671:
670:, which shows a person wearing a long narrow-sleeved
647:
639:
630:
621:
610:
602:
594:
491:
483:
477:
465:
453:
246:
190:
182:
174:
166:
165:(an upper-body garment with a long outer skirt), the
158:
22996:
19171:
19003:]. Shanghai: Shanghai Century Publishing Group.
18403:"The most traditional not always the most practical"
16335:
16081:
13040:"The Rich and Colorful Social Life in Ancient China"
12454:"通天冠，本秦制。高九寸，正竖，顶少斜却，乃直下，铁为卷梁，前有展筒，冠前加金博山述，乘舆所常服也。 "
12258:
Academic Journal of Humanities & Social Sciences
12251:"Research on Translation of Costume Terms in Chu Ci"
9717:
8770:
ranked third on Tmall in 2019 after the hanfu store
8693:
A Taoist man with a topknot and cross-collared robe.
7951:
and was waist-length. Elderly Chinese women wore an
7812:
6280:
Sitting figures, Western Xia painting, 13th century.
5706:
Song Dynasty Tomb Painting Found in Tengfeng City 6.
4299:. Common people wore white and soldiers wore black.
4295:
were first documented in 694 AD during the reign of
3166:
and a female attendant wearing a jacket with skirt,
2813:
Admonitions of the Instructress to the Palace Ladies
2344:(赤帻). Another variant with a roof-shaped top called
2131:
A married couple drinks and dines, Eastern Han tomb.
1261:
with narrow-sleeves, with a narrow silk band called
1032:
The Zhou dynasty also formalized women's wearing of
173:(an upper-body garment with a long underskirt), the
18958:Huang, Nengfu (黃能馥); Chen, Juanjuan (陳娟娟) (1999).
16475:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 9–10.
15994:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
14093:. Paris, France: Atlantis Press. pp. 352–355.
13747:. Vol. 172. Atlantis Press. pp. 551–557.
13082:"Hanfu History of Ancient Chinese Underwear – 2021"
10758:. Vol. 233. Atlantis Press. pp. 639–643.
10075:. John S. Major. New Haven: Yale University Press.
8231:
Bureau of Rites of the Executive Affairs department
8197:Women started to wear more western-style clothing,
8014:, which was developed from the Ming dynasty dudou.
7737:
6948:were visitor's badge that granted passage into the
6176:was worn in the Jin dynasty and was adopted in the
4558:
Sancai glazed female figurine Tang dynasty 618–907.
4247:-influenced Tang fashion. Taizong himself was half
3757:Despite the sinicization policies attempted by the
3110:Brick painting of a peasant wearing a full-sleeved
3019:Although they had their own cultural identity, the
1764:, the colouring has mostly decayed; 2nd century BCE
1536:(officials of the third rank and above) wore green
527:
19024:Dictionary of Rituals and Customs of Ancient China
18989:
17082:. University of Washington Press. pp. 60–62.
15079:贾玺增 (2011). "巾环、玉屏花、玉逍遥与玉结子——宋元明时期巾帽类首服的固定和装饰用具".
14670:. Vol. 45. Atlantis Press. pp. 497–502.
14592:
12327:Textiles and clothing of Viet Nam : a history
12098:
11189:. Xinzhi Cai. Los Angeles: Bridge21 Publications.
10462:
9983:
8374:or elastic was threaded. The qipao, also known as
7726:exempted from such policies were women, children,
7618:A Night Banquet at Peach and Plum Garden in Spring
6118:, Baoshan tomb No.2 wall-painting of Liao dynasty.
3637:Xianbei people also wore Xianbei-style cloaks and
18443:"Confucius family's secret legacy comes to light"
17401:"The End of the Queue | China Heritage Quarterly"
17339:"Ideological symbols of Heavenly Kingdom's Dress"
17243:
17241:
15943:Cho, Woohyun; Yi, Jaeyoon; Kim, Jinyoung (2015).
15193:Staging Personhood: Costuming in Early Qing Drama
14595:Daily Life in Traditional China: The Tang Dynasty
14247:. Vol. 3. Atlantis Press. pp. 628–631.
11686:. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. pp. 121–122.
10212:(1st ed.). San Francisco: Long River Press.
10012:
9974:, since these are generally of very poor quality.
9330:Crossing diagonally. Loose lapels, front opened.
8439:as the national dress for the Chinese women. The
8378:, was eventually created in the middle of 1920s.
6684:) to guard the Emperor's treasures, Ming dynasty.
6531:Portrait of Yang Zhuxi, dated 1363, Yuan dynasty.
4456:Court ladies of the Tang from Li Xianhui's tomb,
4320:Common women attire in the Tang dynasty included
3975:Sui, Tang, Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period
3336:Sixteen Kingdoms, Northern and Southern dynasties
2892:(珰), used to decorate official headwears such as
2288:(通天冠) when meeting with their imperial subjects,
1775:and silk embroidery reached a new high in the Han
881:industry of the Zhou Dynasty was highly advanced.
854:was used to distinguish social ranks; the use of
23506:
19090:. San Francisco: China Books & Periodicals.
18228:Spirit of Change Magazine | Holistic New England
17450:
17247:
15952:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
14757:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae
14331:. The Korean Society of Costume. pp. 57–72.
13014:"Costume of Wei and Jin Periods – - China Style"
11879:
11877:
10467:. In Annette Lynch; Mitchell D. Strauss (eds.).
9648:
9356:Sparingly used and concealed inside the garment
9182:Single-layer open cross-collar shirt or jacket.
5333:Song dynasty imperial procession, Northern Song.
4887:It was also fashionable for noble women to wear
4271:used this colour for his informal clothing. The
1007:. Broad and narrow sleeves both co-existed. The
895:(矩领, "square collar") robe and an early type of
499:Many factors have contributed to the fashion of
280:has influenced the traditional clothing of many
16607:The Board of Rites and the making of Qing China
15431:
15054:"Guide to Traditional Chinese Clothing – Hanfu"
9171:Multi-layer open cross-collar shirt or jacket.
8960:, Chinese Cultural Festival in Guangzhou, 2008.
8609:Hanfu in modern Taoism (20th century – present)
8360:Dr. Chen Huanzhang (1880-1933), founder of the
6055:mural painting found in the tomb of Zhao Wenzao
4874:, women started wearing a veil-less hat called
3744:Example of a female attendant wearing an early
1860:A female servant and a male advisor in Chinese
1556:as a formal dress and was worn together with a
1275:) being knotted at the waist over the top. The
1078:Spring and Autumn period, Warring States period
685:
19034:An introduction to Chinese history and culture
18468:(2). Johns Hopkins University Press: 137–170.
17876:
17238:
17144:
15473:(reprint ed.). Basic Books. p. 335.
13044:An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture
12127:"A study on skirt construction in Qin dynasty"
11617:An introduction to Chinese history and culture
11609:
11607:
11605:
11603:
11601:
11599:
11597:
11595:
11593:
11591:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11583:
11581:
11579:
11451:
10655:
7705:
7547:
7263:due to the Ming dynasty's conquest during the
5916:, made their own version of the scholar gown,
5119:painting, copy after the original painting of
5095:painting, copy after the original painting of
4707:, 706 AD. The girl in the middle is wearing a
4372:scarf was wrapped around their shoulders. The
2567:
1760:Banqueting and dancing figurines in Han style
22982:
21772:
20275:
19157:
18703:
18519:(1). Johns Hopkins University Press: 47–112.
18507:Kile, S.E.; Kleutghen, Kristina (June 2017).
18506:
18141:
18121:"Cantonese Opera Skirts: "five colour skirt""
17427:Hair: Its Power and Meaning in Asian Cultures
17171:
16527:
15432:Franke, Herbert; Twitchett, Denis C. (2008).
14804:. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. Co. p. 31.
14750:
13524:China : dawn of a golden age, 200–750 AD
13007:
13005:
12965:"Evolution of Chinese Clothing and Cheongsam"
11874:
11577:
11575:
11573:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11565:
11563:
11561:
11559:
11493:
11487:
11481:
11475:
11469:
11239:
11237:
11235:
11233:
11231:
11229:
11227:
11225:
11223:
11221:
10400:
10387:
9605:
9090:Open cross-collar shirt, only worn by women.
8856:
8135:Qing Dynasty pleated skirt; late 19th century
7259:When Han Chinese ruled the Vietnamese in the
6963:were bestowed the title of "appointed lady" (
6511:Man Riding a Horse in a round-collared gown,
5890:Su shi, also known as Su Dongpo, wearing the
5817:Other casual forms of clothing included: the
4925:Court ladies adorning their hair with flowers
4767:(shoes with thick soles), women's boots, and
4570:Tang Dynasty, sancai pottery, woman figurine.
4440:A Tang Dynasty Woman with Flower, dressed in
4015:Following the unification of China under the
2923:(珰) plaque ornament, with embedded gemstones.
2518:(介帻), as worn by a ceramic xiao-flute player.
18964:The Art of Chinese Clothing Through the Ages
17457:. University of Chicago Press. p. 174.
17343:International Journal of Costume and Fashion
15916:
14396:
14326:
13851:"The Development of Academic Dress in China"
12576:"Costume in the Han Dynasty – - China Style"
12548:"China: History of Dress | Encyclopedia.com"
11758:A HISTORY OF ANCIENT CHINESE MUSIC AND DANCE
10917:
10915:
8734:in public; his hanfu story was published in
6709:, which extends down the knees, Ming dynasty
6013:clothing. The Khitan court adopted both the
5608:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
3531:; the upper garment has a vertical opening,
3293:, it was popular to use a felt cord to bind
2994:; while women's clothing style were usually
2316:was attached with a head covering scarf, or
1880:Wooden figurine of a male servant wearing a
18805:显宗遂就大业，初服旒冕，衣裳文章，赤舄絇屦，以祠天地，养三老五更于三雍，于时致治平矣。
18142:Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (2010).
17801:
17765:Fashion, Identity, and Power in Modern Asia
17124:. Brill's Japanese Studies Library. BRILL.
16497:
16315:. Cambridge University Press. p. 110.
15987:
15914:
15912:
15910:
15908:
15906:
15904:
15902:
15900:
15898:
15896:
15273:. Cambridge University Press. p. 241.
14357:(4). University of Hawai'i Press: 255–266.
13817:. Singapore: World Scientific. p. 40.
13391:. Cambridge University Press. p. 408.
13106:
12608:A History of Chinese Science and Technology
10977:. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
10789:
10103:
7313:Development of Qing imperial court clothing
6364:mural paintings from Dongercun from 1269 AD
3364:, the popularity of the ethnic minorities'
16:Traditional dress of the Han Chinese people
22989:
22975:
21779:
21765:
20282:
20268:
20244:
19164:
19150:
18976:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
18010:Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage
17444:
17264:
16638:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
16454:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
15037:
15020:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
14934:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
14630:
14628:
14287:. Columbia University Press. p. 220.
13002:
12427:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12124:
12047:The Bulletin of the Needle and Bobbin Club
11982:Havliček, Christine M. (1 December 2015).
11718:The Spring and autumn annals of Master Yan
11714:
11556:
11428:(in Chinese). Taipei: 知書房出版集團. p. 9.
11218:
10850:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10448:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
10394:
9748:
9401:
9250:Cloaking coat. Usually open at the front.
8540:Many elements and costumes styles worn in
8531:1954 film adaptation of the legend of the
7348:slits, a waistband and horseshoe sleeves.
6637:Veritable Records of Hongwu Emperor (太祖實錄)
5183:wore the same clothing as their ministers.
5045:Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms Period
2782:; lacquer painting, Tomb of Sima Jinlong,
2322:(巾), and developed into a full cap called
18957:
18818:"二年春正月辛未，宗祀光武皇帝於明堂，帝及公卿列侯始服冠冕、衣裳、玉佩、絇屨以行事
18642:
18557:
18524:
17712:
16253:
16251:
16249:
16247:
16245:
16243:
16241:
16239:
16237:
16235:
16233:
16231:
16229:
16227:
16225:
16223:
16221:
16219:
16217:
16215:
16213:
16211:
16209:
16207:
16205:
16203:
16201:
16199:
16197:
16195:
16193:
16191:
16189:
16187:
16185:
16183:
15930:chinaculture.org retrieved 7 January 2010
15533:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
15438:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15435:Alien regimes and border states, 907–1368
15368:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
15093:
14967:chinaculture.org retrieved 7 January 2010
14317:chinaculture.org retrieved 7 January 2010
13866:
13610:Han, Jing; Quye, Anita (2 January 2018).
12226:
11999:
11679:
11534:“所以称深衣者，以余服则，上衣下裳不相连，此深衣衣裳相连，被体深邃，故谓之深衣。”
10923:"Ancestors, The Story of China – BBC Two"
10912:
10524:"Wearing Ethnic Identity: Power of Dress"
10351:"The Ryūkyū Islands: Some Notes on Dress"
10348:
9951:for discussion. If the References is not
8896:Ancient Chinese Clothing Restoration Team
8653:hairstyle, a surviving male hairstyle of
8432:, wanted to make an attire, known as the
7990:which was popular in the early Qing, the
6885:(官服), depending on occasions and events:
5772:. Trousers could be worn under the skirt.
5466:(展翅幞頭; lit. spread wings hat), c.1000 AD.
4648:Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern dynasties
2932:(履; regular shoes for formal occasions),
1727:-trousers is recorded in a Qin dynasty's
1219:A warrior wearing a quju youren shanqun,
1180:, required all Zhao soldiers to wear the
18725:
18723:
18721:
17918:
17916:
17690:
17688:
17686:
17670:Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum
17337:Kim, Sun; Cho, Woo Hyun (30 June 2015).
17332:
17330:
17071:
17069:
16839:
16575:
16415:
16413:
16389:
16308:
16181:
16179:
16177:
16175:
16173:
16171:
16169:
16167:
16165:
16163:
15942:
15938:
15936:
15893:
15866:
15776:
15774:
15772:
15770:
15768:
15766:
15694:
15692:
15690:
15688:
15686:
15684:
15682:
15680:
15678:
15357:
14895:
14893:
14891:
14889:
14887:
14885:
14883:
14881:
14879:
14877:
14875:
14873:
14871:
14869:
14867:
14865:
14863:
14861:
14859:
14857:
14855:
14853:
14851:
14849:
14719:
14717:
14715:
14458:
14456:
14454:
13848:
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13242:
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12264:(2). Francis Academic Press, UK: 83–88.
11981:
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11761:. American Academic Press. p. 139.
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10725:"Modern Meaning of Han Chinese Clothing"
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10494:China, Japan, Korea: Culture and Customs
10349:Nordquist, Barbara K. (1 January 1978).
10019:International Journal of Arts Management
9811:Traditional Chinese clothing and culture
9537:Mural of two women with Han hairstyles,
9532:
9464:
8745:
7838:
7830:
7761:
7667:
7611:
7599:
7587:
7493:
7005:new statutes, adjusted from the ancient
6828:
6698:
6687:
6671:
6604:
6596:
6584:
6307:
5963:, when they would ride animals, such as
5930:
5885:
5462:wearing a white round-collar gown and a
5167:
4931:), a painting attributed to the painter
4809:
4797:
4630:attributed to Zhou Fang, 8th century CE.
4235:
3339:
1981:A man dressing in the Han dynasty style
1956:Mural painting of a male figure wearing
1778:
1767:
1755:
1502:
1241:
1095:
884:
872:
386:
343:
21786:
19085:
19066:
18377:
18375:
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17829:
17825:
17823:
17754:
17752:
17750:
17748:
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17744:
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17740:
17660:
17658:
17592:
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17576:
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17387:
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14695:
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13894:
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13888:
13886:
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13232:
12851:
12389:
12387:
12385:
12383:
12381:
12379:
12377:
12375:
12248:
12187:
12185:
12183:
12181:
12066:
11942:
11938:
11936:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11928:
11926:
11883:
11798:
11250:Research Journal of Textile and Apparel
11144:
11142:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11134:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11126:
11124:
11122:
11120:
11118:
11116:
11114:
10890:. New York: Columbia University Press.
10883:
10456:
10265:
8166:pink as these were auspicious colours.
6729:Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty
6589:A gathering of government officials in
5515:Official paying respects to emperor in
4901:collapsed, the Uyghur refugees fled to
4510:8th Century Court Ladies Preparing Silk
4150:Painted pottery of a female attendant,
2928:Shoes worn during this period included
2501:(进贤冠) to denominate educational status.
1223:, Warring States Period, 6th century BC
1200:with a loose rise was then introduced.
1172:. This reform, commonly referred to as
23507:
19001:Researches on Ancient Chinese Costumes
18755:The Modern Hanfu – China Fashion Guide
18546:Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies
18539:
18224:"Growing Up Daoist On Wudang Mountain"
17336:
17075:
16785:
16534:(illustrated ed.). Hudson Hills.
16396:(4 ed.). Routledge. p. 153.
16362:
16123:
14992:. Lanham, Maryland. pp. 127–129.
14985:
14899:
14751:Russell-Smith, Lilla Bikfalvy (2003).
14340:
14338:
14276:
14274:
14272:
14199:
14197:
14195:
13996:
13994:
13992:
13990:
13988:
13698:
13574:
13420:
13386:
13289:
13165:
13136:
13134:
13132:
13130:
13011:
12776:
12772:
12770:
12768:
12766:
12764:
12762:
12760:
12728:
12724:
12722:
12720:
12718:
12716:
12714:
12712:
12710:
12708:
12600:
12598:
12596:
12542:
12540:
12538:
12536:
12534:
12532:
12373:
12371:
12369:
12367:
12365:
12363:
12361:
12359:
12357:
12355:
12323:
12319:
12317:
12315:
12313:
12179:
12177:
12175:
12173:
12171:
12169:
12167:
12165:
12163:
12161:
12120:
12118:
12094:
12092:
12090:
12062:
12060:
12033:
12031:
12029:
12027:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12019:
11924:
11922:
11920:
11918:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11910:
11908:
11906:
11796:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11788:
11786:
11784:
11782:
11780:
11778:
11750:
11748:
11746:
11675:
11673:
11553:故宮博物院《紫禁城》（1992年第05期），紫禁城雜誌編輯部，第28-32頁
11148:
11112:
11110:
11108:
11106:
11104:
11102:
11100:
11098:
11096:
11094:
11014:
10966:
10964:
10962:
10960:
10958:
10956:
10879:
10877:
10875:
10873:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10865:
10863:
10861:
10785:
10783:
10747:
10745:
10718:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10587:
10585:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10561:
10517:
10515:
10513:
10463:Sandra Lee Evenson (30 October 2014).
10420:. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire.
10201:
10199:
10197:
10195:
10193:
10191:
10189:
10149:
10068:
9949:Pages needing translation into English
9455:Ways of tying the topknot seen on Qin
8649:soothsayer advising a woman; he has a
8281:Official wearing sacrificial clothing.
7716:
7092:A scholar-bureaucrat in casual dress.
6893:(祭服; sacrificial ceremony dress), the
6847:Collected Statutes of the Ming Dynasty
4749:Five dynasties and Ten kingdoms period
4205:(五星二十八宿真形图) painting by Liang Lingzan.
4070:wear martial clothing. In 610 AD, the
3907:. The opening of the upper garment is
3847:Riders on Horseback; Tomb of Lou Rui,
2654:by both men and women, as seen in the
2621:and Jin period, especially during the
2294:(遠遊冠) were worn by dukes and princes;
1928:Eastern Han mural of husband and wife.
1783:Silk with intricate hand drawn motif;
1544:while common people wore normal white
1440:During the Warring States period, the
1060:alone, however more commonly men wore
755:for 2000 years. In reference to this,
703:silk painting featuring a man wearing
568:Jade figurine with sartorial details;
22970:
21760:
20263:
19145:
19030:
18718:
18683:
17913:
17683:
17454:Poets and Murder: A Judge Dee Mystery
17451:Robert van Gulik (15 November 2010).
17327:
17154:. Nhã Nam. p. 31. Archived from
17025:
16786:Godley, Michael R. (September 2011).
16688:
16468:
16410:
16160:
15933:
15399:China Review International, Volume 19
15293:
15210:
14553:Behind the veil of the Forbidden City
14496:. 上海博物館. 上海译文出版社. pp. 297, 298.
14451:
14399:"Woman's costume in the Tang Dynasty"
13200:
13037:
12915:
12570:
12568:
12469:Traditional Chinese rites and rituals
12191:
11613:
11377:from the original on 11 February 2021
11347:from the original on 11 February 2021
11299:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11289:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11281:
11279:
11152:Traditional Chinese rites and rituals
11010:
11008:
11006:
11004:
11002:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10938:
10936:
10722:
10521:
10491:
10413:
10290:
10187:
10185:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10177:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10126:
10064:
10062:
10060:
9955:within the next two weeks it will be
7574:Ban of Chinese clothing and hairstyle
7452:in chaofu (court dress), Qing dynasty
6841:The founder of the Ming dynasty, the
5574:(袴; trousers). There are two size of
5376:(履袍). The emperor's daily wears were
4324:(衫; a long overcoat or long blouse),
4166:Painted pottery of a male attendant,
3923:Northern dynasties attendant wearing
3402:, which was worn during this period.
3262:Mural painting of men wearing robes,
2439:Funerary terracotta soldiers wearing
1040:with a coming-of-age ceremony called
23035:Prehistory of nakedness and clothing
19106:
18984:
18455:
18426:
18400:
18381:
18372:
18352:
18003:
17922:
17883:. Atlantis Press. pp. 617–620.
17820:
17758:
17737:
17694:
17655:
17600:. Atlantis Press. pp. 641–648.
17573:
17384:
17298:
17285:
17197:
17180:
17117:
17108:
17046:
16920:
16907:
16866:
16772:
16590:
16512:
16423:Fashion history : a global view
16366:Brother Enemy: The War After the War
16130:. Atlantis Press. pp. 166–171.
16114:
16070:
16029:
16016:
15978:
15780:
15743:
15698:
15655:
15597:
15568:
15555:
15517:
15498:
15487:
15466:
15420:
15334:
15287:
15257:
15216:
15189:
15172:
15126:
15028:
14970:
14942:
14826:
14723:
14692:
14661:
14590:
14422:
14385:
14344:
14203:
14161:
14152:
14075:
14041:
14000:
13936:Journal of Zhejiang Wanli University
13929:
13883:
13849:Ka Shing, Charles (1 January 2014).
13839:
13775:
13740:
13727:
13675:
13563:
13510:
13475:
13424:Sui and T'ang China, 589–906. Part 1
13405:
13290:Tsiang, Katherine R. (1 June 2002).
13229:
12887:Zhou, Fang; Bian, Xiangyang (2018).
12845:
12604:
12465:
12081:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7003.2020.06.009
12040:"Chinese Skirts of the Qing dynasty"
12037:
11988:Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies
11754:
11182:
11043:
10970:
10623:
10407:
10402:《大南实录・正编・第一纪・卷五十四・嘉隆十五年七月条》，越南阮朝，國史館
10284:
10205:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10046:
10044:
10042:
10040:
9910:
8815:"Contemporary Hanfu" (also known as
8750:Han Chinese wearing hanfu in streets
8584:Cantonese Opera Happy Valley (2008).
8332:gown in the streets of London, 1929.
8208:After the fall of the Qing dynasty,
8017:Outside China in 1911, the magazine
7261:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
7120:Ming-era clerks of various positions
6336:never imposed Mongol customs on the
6216:Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu, 1199 AD.
6204:Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu, 1199 AD.
5990:Liao, Western Xia, and Jin dynasties
5784:Song dynasty painting, 12th century.
5623:Commoners engaged in "tea fighting".
5175:(1077-1100); in accordance with the
4963:women playing with a dog, by artist
4703:Palace ladies; from Li Xian's tomb,
4203:Five Stars and Twenty-Eight Mansions
3903:A warrior in Xianbei-style costume,
3555:opening upper garment and trousers,
3162:Brick painting of two women wearing
2646:(髾; long swirling silk ribbons) and
2617:increased in complexity. During the
1966:dynasty (206 B.C. – 8 A.D.) tomb in
1841:Mawangdui Painted Figurines wearing
395:, who was said to have lived in the
19037:. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer.
18934:
18118:
18095:
17493:
16994:
16722:
16670:
16652:
16503:
16298:. Vietnam Review. 1997. p. 35.
15614:
15078:
15040:History of Chinese Ancient Clothing
14584:
14335:
14284:China : A new cultural history
14280:
14269:
14210:(PhD thesis). Columbia University.
14192:
14121:
14084:
14050:
13985:
13960:
13779:Everyday life: Inside ancient China
13127:
12757:
12705:
12593:
12529:
12352:
12310:
12158:
12115:
12087:
12057:
12016:
11903:
11775:
11743:
11715:Milburn, Olivia; Yan, Ying (2015).
11708:
11670:
11620:. Heidelberg: Heidelberg Springer.
11509:
11423:
11091:
10858:
10815:
10780:
10742:
10701:
10582:
10571:
10558:
10510:
10259:
10127:Zhang, Tianwei (25 November 2020).
9359:Numerous and prominently displayed
8787:Forward Industry Research Institute
8742:Growing popularity and market trend
7909:
7862:
7620:painting, Qing dynasty, before 1772
7486:robes that belonged to Han Chinese
5756:, Southern Song dynasty, c.1200 AD.
4756:The shoes worn by Han Chinese were
4582:Anonymous-Astana Graves Courtesan,
3774:(which was more sinicized) and the
3308:foreign ethnicities (including the
3000:(lined jacket with long skirt) and
2246:and it was worn with trousers. The
1669:. The commoners and labourers wore
1309:of this period also influenced the
520:cultures to the west by way of the
403:From the beginning of its history,
13:
19113:History of Ancient Chinese Costume
19017:
18904:
18884:
18879:武冠，俗谓之大冠，环缨无蕤，以青系为绲，加双鹖尾，竖左右，为鹖冠云"
18864:
18844:
18824:
18790:
18770:
18731:"Ancient Chinese shoes: Etiquette"
18709:
18684:Zhang, Phoebe (25 December 2020).
18657:
18624:
18580:
18308:
18072:
17375:
17204:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
16763:
16581:
15139:
14489:
14462:
14238:
13855:Transactions of the Burgon Society
13810:
13107:Lewandowski, Elizabeth J. (2011).
12565:
11454:A Social History of Medieval China
11276:
10999:
10933:
10751:
10592:Peterson, Barbara Bennett (2015).
10166:
7983:(百襇裙; hundred pleated skirt), the
7896:Chinese opera and drama performers
7616:Hanfu worn by men and women, from
7042:(四方平定巾; flat-top square hat), the
6825:Establishing new dress regulations
6130:Fashion in the Jurchen Jin dynasty
5392:. The crown prince would wear the
5258:was worn by senior officials; and
4283:. Scholars and officials wore the
3142:Brick painting of a woman wearing
1291:(in a style generally referred as
1100:Charioteer figure wearing a short
14:
23546:
20289:
19333:Belief system and social movement
19120:
19086:Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming (1988).
19067:Zhou, Xun; Gao, Chunming (1984).
18943:]. Beijing: Wenmu Chubanshe.
18540:Sloane, Jesse D. (October 2014).
18098:"Cantonese Opera Skirt 1920–1930"
17830:Finnane, Antonia (1 March 2005).
17528:
16840:Majewicz, Alfred F., ed. (2011).
16295:The Vietnam Review: VR., Volume 3
15828:Serruys, Henry (1 January 1957).
14634:
14523:
12962:
12249:Dan, Zhou; Wang, Yunjiao (2021).
10270:. Pomegranate. pp. 131–142.
10106:"Hanfu market grows across China"
10072:China chic : East meets West
10037:
8715:
8214:Sacrifice at the Temple of Heaven
7876:also be buried in a variation of
7813:Taoist and buddhist priests/monks
7805:border where the White Lotus and
6292:Mural depicting men; Western Xia.
3078:Cao Zhi and attendants wearing a
2984:(袄; multi-layered lined jacket),
1743:; 'Making clothes'). The
735:Following the Shang dynasty, the
222:worn as the upper garment with a
23090:
23011:History of clothing and textiles
22951:
21887:
20243:
19173:Traditional Han Chinese clothing
18748:
18651:
18618:
18600:
18574:
18533:
18500:
18449:
18435:
18420:
18394:
18346:
18319:
18302:
18276:
18249:Johnson, Ian (5 November 2010).
18242:
18216:
18195:
18170:
18135:
18112:
18089:
18066:
18044:
17997:
17975:. Francis Academic Press. 2017.
17961:
17870:
17795:
17630:
17548:
17522:
17487:
17471:
17418:
17369:
17258:
17138:
17019:
16988:
16961:
16860:
16833:
16806:
16757:
16716:
16689:Chung, Young Yang Chung (2005).
16682:
16664:
16646:
16548:
16462:
16383:
16356:
16329:
16302:
16286:
16048:10.1179/204705814X13975704319154
15860:
15821:
15460:
15390:
15087:
15072:
15046:
14791:
14744:
14655:
14544:
14517:
14483:
14416:
14320:
14301:
14232:
14115:
13954:
13923:
13804:
13769:
13650:
13603:
13449:
13380:
13355:
13330:
13283:
13245:"The Xianbei in Chinese History"
13194:
13159:
11149:Feng, Ge; Du, Zhengming (2015).
10723:Ho, Wei; Lee, Eun-Young (2009).
10150:Wright, Julia (17 August 2019).
10104:China Daily (4 September 2019).
9915:
9893:
9880:
9734:
9720:
9697:
9570:(1644 CE), when the Qing Prince
9445:
9436:
9425:
9416:
9155:Long skirt, only worn by women.
9024:
9012:
8989:
8965:
8945:
8698:
8686:
8666:
8638:
8589:
8577:
8558:
8524:
8500:
8480:
8447:is documented and appear in the
8353:
8337:
8317:
8298:
8286:
8274:
8262:
8250:
8140:
8128:
8115:
8103:
8091:
8079:
8067:
8055:
8031:
7790:Taiping rebellion (1850-1864 AD)
7738:Rebellion and resistance to Qing
7457:
7442:
7427:
7246:
7237:
7228:
7216:
7200:
7188:
7172:
7113:
7097:
7085:
7067:
6922:
6897:(公服; public service dress), the
6566:
6557:
6548:
6536:
6524:
6504:
6492:
6480:
6468:
6445:
6415:
6403:
6379:
6285:
6273:
6221:
6209:
6197:
6185:
6114:Khitan women wearing Tang-style
6107:
6095:
6079:
6067:
5874:
5862:
5850:
5801:
5789:
5777:
5761:
5739:
5711:
5699:
5683:
5671:
5644:
5628:
5616:
5598:
5526:
5508:
5492:
5471:
5451:
5338:
5326:
5310:
5294:
5278:
5164:Popular fashion in ancient China
5141:
5132:
5108:
5084:
5079:holding a baby, 10th century AD.
5068:
5052:
5036:
5020:
5000:
4984:
4972:
4952:
4940:
4736:
4716:
4696:
4691:Chinese tomb of Li Xian, 706 AD.
4680:
4660:
4655:was worn by both men and women.
4616:
4594:
4575:
4563:
4551:
4535:
4499:
4481:
4465:
4449:
4433:
4417:
4401:
4385:
4304:
4212:
4191:
4175:
4159:
4143:
3991:Popular fashion in ancient China
3938:
3916:
3896:
3876:
3856:
3840:
3824:
3737:
3725:
3713:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3646:
3621:and in the earliest carvings at
3568:
3544:
3520:
3500:
3480:
3448:
3431:Portrait of an official wearing
3424:
3255:
3239:
3215:
3191:
3175:
3155:
3135:
3103:
3071:
2909:
2881:
2843:
2825:
2791:
2765:
2753:
2741:
2710:
2687:
2663:
2523:
2506:
2488:
2472:
2448:
2432:
2407:
2391:
2379:
2363:
2206:
2191:
2160:
2136:
2124:
2062:
2020:
1991:
1974:
1949:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1893:
1873:
1853:
1834:
1631:
1619:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1329:Warring States period tomb. The
1228:
1212:
877:4th Century BCE silk gauze; the
721:
694:
561:
541:
528:Shang dynasty, 2nd millenium BCE
93:
71:
53:
32:
23418:impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
18928:
18384:"중국 전통 복식의 패턴 해체를 통한 한푸 디자인 개발"
18353:Wang, Meng-Yun (8 March 2021).
18004:Chen, Gen-Fang (1 April 2014).
16339:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition
16030:Wang, Chen (1 September 2014).
15294:Rorex, Robert Albright (1984).
13110:The Complete Costume Dictionary
13100:
13074:
13031:
12982:
12956:
12909:
12880:
12825:
12805:
12686:
12666:
12641:
12494:
12459:
12439:
12284:
12242:
12220:
12144:
11975:
11854:
11834:
11649:
11547:
11526:
11503:
11445:
11417:
11401:
11397:"Duke Ding - 10th year - zhuan"
11389:
11359:
11328:
11244:Xu, Rui; Sparks, Diane (2011).
11176:
10809:
10675:
10649:
10485:
10342:
10312:
9871:
9862:
9849:
9588:when it was first implemented.
8792:
8710:
8471:costume is the costume worn by
8257:Picture of Emperor Yuan Shikai.
8193:. Women had to wear Qing style
8180:
7307:
6575:
6297:
5994:
5254:was worn by general officials;
5157:
5029:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
5013:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms
5007:A noble lady from the painting
4182:Female figurines of musicians,
3602:Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
3374:Northern and Southern dynasties
2695:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
2652:Northern and Southern dynasties
2591:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
2264:; both were developed from the
411:, supposedly discovered by the
19115:]. Beijing: Zhongguo Xiju.
19088:5000 years of Chinese costumes
18992:Zhongguo gu dai fu shi yan jiu
18785:"秦以戰國即天子位，滅去禮學，郊祀之服皆以袀玄。漢承秦故。"
18456:Wang, Guojun (December 2016).
17405:www.chinaheritagequarterly.org
17380:. 中國社會科學出版社. pp. 358–360.
17305:. Cambridge University Press.
17172:
16426:. Abby Lillethun. London, UK.
15988:Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017).
15846:10.1080/02549948.1957.11730961
15781:Yuan, Zujie (1 January 2007).
15094:BLANCHARD, LARA C. W. (2009).
14769:10.1556/AOrient.56.2003.2-4.20
14469:. SUNY Press. pp. 70–72.
14347:"Changing Clothes in Chang'an"
13308:10.1080/00043079.2002.10787019
13261:10.1179/1529910413Z.0000000006
13169:The Cambridge history of China
12780:The Cambridge history of China
12732:The Cambridge history of China
11721:. Leiden: Brill. p. 319.
11680:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015).
11456:. Cambridge University Press.
11335:The National Museum of China.
11015:Lüsted, Marcia Amidon (2017).
10401:
10388:
10233:
10143:
10120:
10097:
9591:
8489:Romance of the Western Chamber
7278:Complete Chronicle of Dai Viet
6901:(常服; everyday dress), and the
6457:and the Doctrine of Nonduality
6233:
6123:
5301:Peasents returning from work,
4019:, the Sui court abolished the
4010:
3387:
3383:
3114:jacket that reached to knees,
2835:Fresco of a Woman dressing in
2370:A male dancer wearing a black
2338:was red in color, also called
1751:
1498:
1483:remained the dominant form of
972:on top, and a long cloth belt
141:
132:
124:
1:
21824:Court dress (Empire of Japan)
21079:Traditional Albanian clothing
19069:5000 Years of Chinese Costume
18712:明代以來漢族民間服飾變革與社會變遷（1368–1949年）
18625:Hu, Shaoying (25 June 2014).
18559:10.21866/esjeas.2014.14.2.005
18427:Zhao, Ruixue (14 June 2013).
18328:"2021年中国汉服市场发展现状分析 国潮风推动汉服盛行"
18325:
17714:10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.009
17666:"Skirt (China), 19th century"
17076:Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000).
16995:Lui, Adam Yuen-chung (1989).
16968:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985).
16921:Wang, Anita Xiaoming (2018).
15787:Frontiers of History in China
15633:10.1080/02529203.2018.1414417
15362:Johnson, Linda Cooke (2011).
15196:. Columbia University Press.
15146:Frontiers of History in China
14019:10.1080/1362704X.2016.1138679
13699:Cunrui, Victor Xiong (2006).
13628:10.1080/00404969.2018.1440099
12893:China Silk Information Center
12099:Hao Peng; Zhang Ling (2018).
11803:Zang, Yingchun; 臧迎春. (2003).
10658:"Celebrities of Yangtze Area"
9906:
9678:(traditional clothing of the
8778:. In the 2019 edition of the
8328:, a buddhist monk, wearing a
7994:which was popular during the
7304:clothing of the upper class.
7048:(東坡巾; "Dongpo hat"), and the
6934:Ten Officials Who Passed The
6757:, and by court servants. The
6051:women in Hanfu-style clothing
6040:culture. Some Han Chinese or
5009:Bodhisattva Who Leads the Way
4583:
4412:, early Tang, 7th century AD.
3487:Scholars (and maids) wearing
3390:) is a type of undershirt or
3146:and a man wearing long robe,
1864:, ceramic figurines from the
1487:from the Zhou dynasty to the
548:A standing dignitary wearing
62:The Night Revels of Han Xizai
23520:Chinese traditional clothing
19314:Chinese ornamental gold silk
19272:Textile decoration and craft
18658:Li, You (24 December 2020).
17254:. Harpers. pp. 241–246.
16738:(1): 111–136. Archived from
16732:The Journal of Dress History
16472:Culture and customs of Korea
15921:Clothing in the Ming Dynasty
15503:. Harvard University Press.
14989:Women in Song and Yuan China
13753:10.2991/icemaess-17.2017.121
11341:The National Museum of China
11262:10.1108/rjta-15-01-2011-b002
11186:Snapshots of Chinese culture
10630:China National Silk Museum.
7488:nobility of the Qing dynasty
6753:(校尉; guards of honour), the
6624:style Han Chinese clothing.
5372:(衮冕; a type of mianfu), and
5148:A Buddhist donor from early
4609:, Tang dynasty, c.836 - 907.
4392:Early Tang embroidery, from
4039:. The first emperor of Sui,
2171:statue of a woman holding a
1748:jackets and padded trousers.
1645:In ordinary times, men wore
1507:A kneeling figurine wearing
686:Zhou dynasty, 1046 - 256 BCE
348:Han-era silk piece from the
316:design have also influenced
197:(an upper-body garment with
7:
23334:1920s–1950s Western fashion
23264:1830s–1910s Western fashion
23201:1500s–1820s Western fashion
20092:Xiangnang (fragrant sachet)
19355:Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
19188:Garment and neckline (list)
18445:. Xinhua. 28 November 2018.
18075:"Cantonese Opera Underwear"
17773:10.1007/978-3-319-97199-5_4
17606:10.2991/assehr.k.210106.123
16309:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016).
16258:Garrett, Valery M. (2007).
16136:10.2991/assehr.k.200907.030
15615:Wei, Luo (2 January 2018).
15158:10.3868/s020-005-016-0020-4
14958:Costume in the Song Dynasty
14635:臧, 迎春 (2003). 臧, 迎春 (ed.).
14530:. 中华书局(新)有限公司. p. 87.
14308:Costume in the Tang Dynasty
14253:10.2991/icelaic-14.2014.158
13201:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009).
13052:10.1007/978-3-662-46482-3_9
12324:Howard, Michael C. (2016).
11492:), explained by Yan Shigu (
10764:10.2991/iccessh-18.2018.143
10389:《大南實錄・正編・第一紀・世祖實錄》，越南阮朝，國史館
9713:
9378:
9036:
8877:are still preserved in the
8763:only sell hanfu for women.
8152:
7706:
7548:Clothing reform by Qianlong
7498:Lady in a red robe, with a
5690:Song dynasty women wearing
5635:A "Knickknack Peddler", by
5177:Song's governing philosophy
4912:eventually faded after the
4102:
3630:nomadic Xianbei-style dress
3467:brick relief, unearthed in
2568:Three Kingdoms, Jin dynasty
2531:
2514:
2497:
2420:
2346:
2340:
2334:
2324:
2318:
2308:
2266:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2004:
1958:
1808:
1798:
1734:
1721:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1655:
1647:
1602:
1596:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1550:. The Han Chinese wore the
1546:
1538:
1517:
1509:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1450:
1442:
1374:
1366:
1358:
1348:
1339:
1331:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1294:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1252:
1194:
1182:
1174:
1109:
1103:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1015:
1009:
1001:
974:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
934:
928:
920:
914:
905:
891:
864:
857:
850:
834:
826:
804:
784:
711:
705:
678:
672:
648:
640:
631:
622:
611:
603:
595:
492:
484:
478:
466:
454:
324:, due to the popularity of
247:
191:
183:
175:
167:
159:
84:; decorative stone relief,
10:
23551:
21885:
17889:10.2991/aebmr.k.191217.112
17848:10.2752/136270405778051518
17723:2027/spo.13441566.0047.009
17355:10.7233/ijcf.2015.15.1.039
17265:Meyer-Fong, Tobie (2013).
17026:Dwyer, Arienne M. (2007).
15569:Watt, James C. Y. (2010).
14527:Xie Zhiliu yi shu sheng ya
14490:马, 承源; 岳, 峰, eds. (1998).
14351:China Review International
14136:10.2991/cesses-18.2018.109
14099:10.2991/iccessh-16.2016.90
13421:Wright, Arthur F. (1979).
13243:Holcombe, Charles (2013).
12922:Edinburgh University Press
12270:10.25236/AJHSS.2021.040218
11806:Zhongguo chuan tong fu shi
11018:Ancient Chinese daily life
10974:Six dynasties civilization
10367:10.1179/036121178805298829
10296:Kimono: Fashioning Culture
9690:
9606:Influences and derivatives
9595:
9405:
9382:
9193:A half-sleeved waistcoat.
9144:Closed full-body garment.
9040:
8857:Characteristics and design
8719:
8650:
8624:
8612:
8513:The Cave of the Silken Web
8459:
7899:
7816:
7577:
7540:worn in Ming dynasty; the
7502:on top of her robe, and a
7316:
6301:
6237:
6228:Jin Dynasty Tomb of Zou Fu
6127:
5998:
5161:
5027:Buddhist donatress Chang,
4642:, belt worn at the waist,
3988:
3978:
3527:A female figure wearing a
3086:respectively, depicted on
1693:; 'skirt'; called
1380:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
1221:Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng
1081:
601:, was usually worn with a
339:
328:since the 17th century in
18:
23535:History of Asian clothing
23471:
23428:
23395:
23364:
23333:
23263:
23200:
23099:
23088:
23025:
23016:History of fashion design
23005:
22948:
22860:
22757:
22469:
22332:
22125:
22052:
22009:
21949:
21896:
21801:
21794:
21688:
21605:
21522:
21470:
21379:
21279:
21248:
21178:
21071:
21064:
20925:
20618:
20532:
20430:
20387:
20380:
20297:
20239:
20223:
20198:
20167:
20160:
20130:
20079:
20063:
20047:
20031:
20015:
19994:
19968:
19952:
19943:
19915:
19890:
19874:
19853:
19832:
19801:
19778:
19755:
19746:
19726:
19695:
19664:
19578:
19492:
19421:
19414:
19389:
19373:
19332:
19271:
19235:
19209:
19186:
19179:
19018:Xu, Jialu (許嘉璐) (1991).
17937:10.2991/ichssr-19.2019.33
17529:周, 锡保 (1 January 2002).
17248:Justus Doolittle (1876).
16469:Clark, Donald N. (2000).
16100:10.1163/22145966-90000784
15799:10.1007/s11462-007-0012-x
15713:10.1017/9781108567541.017
15527:Dunnell, Ruth W. (1996).
15267:Tackett, Nicolas (2017).
15235:10.1163/15685320051072744
14801:Governing China, 150-1850
14798:Dardess, John W. (2010).
14591:Benn, Charles D. (2002).
13895:Vollmer, John E. (2007).
12617:10.1007/978-3-662-44166-4
11943:LINGLEY, KATE A. (2010).
11494:
11488:
11482:
11476:
11470:
10884:Finnane, Antonia (2008).
10522:Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010),
10266:Stevens, Rebecca (1996).
9708:clothing, a form of Hanfu
9581:Han defectors to the Qing
9277:Tube top. Worn by women.
9254:
9159:
9132:
9094:
9079:Open cross-collar shirt.
9067:
8780:Xitang Hanfu Culture Week
8599:of the Ming-dynasty play
7604:Hanfu, early Qing dynasty
7592:Coexistence of Hanfu and
6394:, Shazishan Tomb Fresco,
5117:Night Revels of Han Xizai
5093:Night Revels of Han Xizai
4116:was also replaced by the
2867:Wise and Benevolent Women
2727:Wise and Benevolent Women
1740:
1719:; 'outwear') and
1716:
1708:
1700:
1690:
1272:
1025:in Southwest China, wore
985:
364:, and by the time of the
23341:Suffrage Movement period
19108:
19019:
18994:
18959:
18936:
18690:South China Morning Post
18581:Li, Qing (14 May 2020).
18288:South China Morning Post
17802:Yang Zhuhui (May 2012).
17533:. 中国戏剧出版社. p. 449.
17530:
17377:
16885:10.1177/1750698019875996
16792:China Heritage Quarterly
16765:
16673:中國現代學術經典．章太炎卷．訄書．訂礼俗第五十一
16604:Keliher, Macabe (2020).
16390:Chandler, David (2018).
15867:Robinson, David (2008).
15621:Social Sciences in China
14900:Zhu, Ruixi; 朱瑞熙 (2016).
14493:新疆维吾尔自治区絲路考古珎品, Volume 1
14176:10.2991/emcm-15.2016.100
13930:Wang, Qiao-ling (2008).
13491:Lingley, Kate A (2014).
13166:Kieser, Annette (2019).
12916:Lullo, Sheri A. (2019).
12777:Kieser, Annette (2019).
11425:
11408:Chunqiu Zuozhuan Zhengyi
10971:Dien, Albert E. (2007).
10069:Steele, Valerie (1999).
9929:from Chinese to English.
9842:
8801:published an article on
7775:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
7641:frequently. Even during
6938:In The Same Year of 1464
6593:in front of the emperor.
6499:Yuan Daoist Temple Mural
5694:; Northern Song dynasty.
4991:Buddhist donors of late
4872:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
4524:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
4408:Female dancer wearing a
4224:Thirteen Emperors Scroll
4003:dynasties developed the
3551:A male figure wearing a
3246:Fresco of a Young Girl,
3031:era and the clothing in
2888:Golden cicada-patterned
1448:was also developed. The
1125:Spring and Autumn period
773:" suggest that the term
441:From ancient times, the
23000:of clothing and fashion
19137:Рубрикатор ханьфу на ВК
18935:Hua, Mei (華梅) (2004).
18429:"Dressed like nobility"
17145:Trần Quang Đức (2013).
16939:10.3406/arasi.2018.1993
16813:Forsyth, James (1994).
16610:. Oakland, California.
16555:Forsyth, James (1994).
16420:Welters, Linda (2018).
16036:Studies in Conservation
15964:10.1556/062.2015.68.3.2
15926:5 December 2008 at the
15096:"Huizong's New Clothes"
14963:5 December 2008 at the
14724:Shea, Eiren L. (2020).
14676:10.2991/emcm-15.2016.94
14345:Yang, Shao-yun (2017).
14313:5 December 2008 at the
14162:Deng, Qionghua (2016).
12105:Chinese Cultural Relics
12001:10.2478/vjeas-2015-0004
11755:Wang, Ningning (2019).
11510:阮衛萍 (1992). "從今话古談襦裙".
11424:Liu, Xuediao (2005).
10822:. London. p. 149.
10636:www.chinasilkmuseum.com
10206:Yang, Shaorong (2004).
9749:Sub-categories of hanfu
9482:(帽) for stiff hats and
9402:Headwear and hairstyles
8736:Lianhe Zaobao newspaper
8201:was legally abolished.
7536:was developed from the
7467:Empress Robe, reign of
6304:Fashion in Yuan dynasty
6247:, the first emperor of
6001:Fashion in Liao dynasty
4947:Tang dynasty noblewoman
4929:(簪花仕女圖; Zanhua shinü tu
4868:Emperor Gaozong of Tang
4241:Emperor Taizong of Tang
4186:from Zhang Sheng's Tomb
4100:. Civil officials wore
2988:(褶; a type of jacket),
1825:, very few people wore
1653:whereas the women wore
1188:-style uniforms of the
284:, including the Korean
19793:Song official headwear
19788:Tang official headwear
19665:Inner and undergarment
18526:10.1353/late.2017.0001
18474:10.1353/late.2016.0013
18052:"Cantonese Opera Robe"
17695:Chan, Heather (2017).
17494:Bai, Qianshen (2003).
16363:Chanda, Nayan (1986).
15412:: CS1 maint: others (
14576:: CS1 maint: others (
13868:10.4148/2475-7799.1119
13555:: CS1 maint: others (
12934:10.3366/cost.2019.0122
12729:Müller, Shing (2019).
11540:(礼记正义·深衣) vol. 65, of
11300:Sheng, Angela (1995).
11083:: CS1 maint: others (
10536:10.2752/bewdf/edch6014
10414:Rovai, Serena (2016).
9925:This References needs
9785:List of hanfu headwear
9755:Chinese academic dress
9649:
9542:
9470:
9408:List of hanfu headwear
8751:
8399:Nationalist government
8227:Zhengshitang lizhiguan
8186:could Western suit or
7988:(月華裙; moonlight skirt)
7847:
7836:
7770:
7721:The implementation of
7673:
7621:
7605:
7597:
7507:
6889:朝服; court dress), the
6864:
6838:
6710:
6696:
6685:
6645:
6613:
6602:
6594:
6390:but does not wear the
6317:
6240:Fashion in Western Xia
6157:Emperor Shizong of Jin
5941:
5895:
5586:. Women also wore the
5184:
4849:which originated from
4819:
4807:
4488:Wu Zetian depicted on
4328:(襦; a short sweater),
4252:
3579:female figure wearing
3349:
2948:(方衣; square garment),
2418:male figure wearing a
2092:system from the prior
1962:(武冠), discovered in a
1788:
1776:
1765:
1524:
1247:
1120:
900:
882:
535:Hanfu in Shang dynasty
507:, colours used in the
429:
400:
353:
21:Hanfu (disambiguation)
23429:By country and region
22817:Manchu platform shoes
19107:Zhou, Xibao (1984).
19031:Zhang, Qizhi (2015).
18735:www.chinadaily.com.cn
18644:10.5539/ass.v10n13p89
18407:www.chinadaily.com.cn
18382:Dong, Jingsi (2020).
18251:"The Rise of the Tao"
17981:10.25236/ssah.2017.39
17216:10.1353/jas.2019.0005
17198:Wang, Guojun (2019).
17118:Toby, Ron P. (2019).
16764:呤唎 (February 1985).
16723:Yao, Felicia (2020).
16393:A History of Cambodia
16264:. Tokyo: Tuttle Pub.
15499:Khun, Dieter (2011).
15217:Kuhn, Dieter (2000).
15190:Wang, Guojun (2020).
14986:Hinsch, Bret (2021).
14641:. 臧迎春, 李竹润. 五洲传播出版社.
14363:10.1353/cri.2017.0064
14327:Yoon, Ji-Won (2006).
14281:Hsu, Cho-yun (2012).
14239:Xv, Zhaofang (2014).
14051:Bao, Mingxin (1991).
13575:Hinsch, Bret (2019).
13367:dla.library.upenn.edu
13342:dla.library.upenn.edu
13038:Zhang, Qizhi (2015),
12431:) CS1 maint: others (
12192:Hua, Mei; 华梅 (2004).
12038:Hays, Mary V (1989).
11614:Zhang, Qizhi (2015).
10465:"Hanfu Chinese robes"
10324:okinawatravelinfo.com
10131:. Women's Wear Daily
9663:traditional clothing)
9642:traditional clothing)
9632:traditional clothing)
9618:traditional clothing)
9536:
9468:
9302:-influenced clothes,
8902:15 April 2021 at the
8749:
8428:, the fourth wife of
7947:had large sleeves, a
7842:
7834:
7765:
7671:
7615:
7603:
7591:
7497:
7478:Spencer Museum of Art
6860:
6832:
6702:
6691:
6675:
6641:
6608:
6600:
6588:
6452:A female figure from
6311:
6167:Southern Song dynasty
5934:
5889:
5605:Commoners as seen on
5390:Southern Song dynasty
5287:Northern Song dynasty
5285:Male Buddhist Donor,
5193:Northern Song dynasty
5171:
5150:Northern Song dynasty
5115:Men and women in the
5091:Men and women in the
4813:
4801:
4731:; mid 8th century AD.
4255:Many elements of the
4239:
3748:garb, the opening is
3615:Yungang caves temples
3441:Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5
3343:
3268:Three Kingdoms period
3228:Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5
3208:Three Kingdoms period
3184:Three Kingdoms period
3168:Three Kingdoms period
3148:Three Kingdoms period
3023:(220–266 AD) and the
2798:Court ladies wearing
2676:Dingjiazha Tomb No. 5
2198:A female dancer from
2053:Provincial Museum in
2012:Provincial Museum in
1904:tomb 2nd century BCE.
1782:
1771:
1759:
1711:; 'jacket'),
1677:with narrow sleeves,
1506:
1245:
1129:Warring States period
1099:
1074:to fix the headwear.
888:
876:
462:Central Chinese Plain
425:
390:
352:tomb, 2nd century BCE
347:
320:, especially through
302:, and the Vietnamese
282:neighbouring cultures
23396:2000–present fashion
22729:Stephane (headdress)
21658:Mexican pointy boots
20168:Traditional clothing
18919:步摇以黄金为山题，贯白珠为桂枝相缪...
18631:Asian Social Science
18309:Mo, Zhiying (2017).
15140:Hu, Minghui (2016).
14423:Chen, Buyun (2019).
14204:Chen, Buyun (2013).
14001:Chen, BuYun (2017).
13776:Croy, Anita (2015).
13249:Early Medieval China
12552:www.encyclopedia.com
10816:Sim, Cheryl (2019).
10689:(in Chinese (China))
10656:Travel China Guide.
10572:Shi, Songge (2021).
10492:Brown, John (2006).
9959:and/or moved to the
9953:rewritten in English
9944:this article's entry
9502:si-fang pingding jin
8956:and a man wearing a
7567:Huangchao Liqi Tushi
7563:Huangchao Liqi Tushi
7011:, were decreed. The
6936:Imperial Examination
6138:rulers imitated the
5063:tomb, Southern Tang.
4866:during the reign of
4667:A group of eunuchs,
4490:Tang Empress' Travel
4362:empire-waisted skirt
4348:(披帛), also known as
4049:on grand occasions,
3641:(鮮卑帽; xianbei mao).
3088:"Nymph of Luo River"
3041:(jacket and skirt),
2776:and a woman wearing
2748:A man wearing paofu.
2276:on their heads. The
2221:. Now stored in the
2179:period (25-220 AD),
1137:Eastern Zhou dynasty
1117:Eastern Zhou dynasty
990:Eastern Zhou dynasty
763:'s "True Meaning of
737:Western Zhou dynasty
513:Five Elements Theory
384:had been developed.
19:For other uses, see
23436:Indian subcontinent
23365:1960s-1990s fashion
22958:Clothing portal
21788:Historical clothing
21613:Inuit skin clothing
20199:Performance costume
20190:Vietnamese clothing
20161:Influenced clothing
19222:Chinese button knot
18513:Late Imperial China
18462:Late Imperial China
18290:. 26 September 2020
18073:Cheung, Gam Leuhn.
17299:Hang, Xing (2016).
16042:(sup1): S177–S180.
15467:Keay, John (2011).
15038:Chou XiBao (2011).
14662:Ding, Ying (2016).
13973:on 15 February 2021
13811:Ma, Boying (2020).
13578:Women in Tang China
13113:. Scarecrow Press.
12152:"湖北江陵马山一号墓出土的衣被（下）"
12125:Zhang Ling (2016).
9957:listed for deletion
9667:Chinoiserie fashion
9657:Vietnamese clothing
9504:(四方平定巾; or simply,
9478:(巾) for soft caps,
9457:Terracotta soldiers
9106:Trousers or pants.
8885:and Mongols in the
8418:Cultural Revolution
8395:Japanese occupation
8346:Yenching University
8157:Infants would wear
7963:. The waist-length
7717:Tifayifu exemptions
7183:accompanied by maid
7040:sifang pingding jin
6601:Ming tomb figurines
5720:A painting, called
5541:in casual wear, or
5537:period painting of
4895:An Lushan Rebellion
4818:hufu, Tang dynasty.
3849:Northern Qi dynasty
3767:Xiangtangshan Caves
3628:Earliest images of
3096:Eastern Jin dynasty
2966:(襦; lined jacket),
2917:Eastern Jin dynasty
2219:Mawangdui Tomb No.1
2200:Eastern Han dynasty
2149:Eastern Han dynasty
2084:Emperor Ming of Han
1703:) in Qin dynasty),
1491:and further to the
1281:was also worn with
1170:King Wuling of Zhao
474:yin and yang theory
472:collar follows the
423:, which says that:
322:Chinoiserie fashion
309:Vietnamese clothing
129:traditional Chinese
78:Court musicians in
21498:Nationella dräkten
21440:Sombrero de catite
21213:Scottish highlands
19945:Accessories (list)
19727:Religious clothing
19304:Lishui (sea-waves)
19289:Chinese embroidery
18401:Xing, Wen (2018).
18255:The New York Times
18230:. 22 November 2017
18129:community.12567210
18106:community.12906877
18083:community.12739312
18060:community.12835591
17480:East Asian History
14397:Chinaculture.org.
14381:– via JSTOR.
13662:you.stonybrook.edu
12293:"Plain Gauze Gown"
11869:皮弁笄，爵弁笄，緇組紘，纁邊，同篋。
11183:Zhao, Yin (2014).
10796:you.stonybrook.edu
10662:Travel China Guide
9968:Google translation
9939:list of Wikipedias
9671:wrap dress and top
9543:
9471:
9003:possibly during a
8768:Chong Hui Han Tang
8752:
8601:The Peony Pavilion
8487:A movie poster of
8462:Guzhuang (costume)
8004:‘fish-scale’ skirt
7992:phoenix tail skirt
7848:
7837:
7771:
7702:Tokugawa Shogunate
7674:
7659:Chiefdom of Kokang
7622:
7606:
7598:
7508:
6839:
6711:
6697:
6686:
6614:
6603:
6595:
6318:
6005:The rulers of the
5942:
5896:
5539:Emperor Wen of Han
5185:
4820:
4808:
4723:Female servant in
4628:Lady With Servants
4607:"A palace concert"
4458:Qianling Mausoleum
4253:
3791:Tomb of Xu Xianxiu
3787:Cultural diversity
3594:Northern dynasties
3350:
3279:remained popular.
2962:(汗衫; sweatshirt),
2705:molded tomb bricks
2701:, from rubbing of
2535:worn by man (left)
2106:《尚书益稷》records the
1866:Western Han period
1789:
1777:
1766:
1525:
1248:
1121:
901:
883:
753:East Asian culture
556:, 12th century BCE
401:
397:3rd millennium BCE
354:
121:simplified Chinese
64:, 10th century CE.
47:House of Confucius
23502:
23501:
22964:
22963:
22802:Episcopal sandals
22067:Close-bodied gown
21969:Sompot Chong Kben
21754:
21753:
21518:
21517:
21420:Traje de flamenca
21060:
21059:
20362:Senegalese kaftan
20257:
20256:
20219:
20218:
20156:
20155:
20107:Yufu (fish tally)
20097:Hu (ritual baton)
20064:Ribbons and knots
19911:
19910:
19742:
19741:
19410:
19409:
19324:Chinese patchwork
19248:Shangjian xiafeng
19097:978-0-8351-1822-4
19044:978-3-662-46482-3
19010:978-7-80678-329-0
18950:978-7-5010-1472-9
18914:Book of Later Han
18894:Book of Later Han
18874:Book of Later Han
18854:Book of Later Han
18834:Book of Later Han
18813:Book of Later Han
18800:Book of Later Han
18780:Book of Later Han
18155:978-1-59884-204-3
17990:978-1-912407-42-2
17946:978-94-6252-730-0
17923:Zang, Na (2019).
17898:978-94-6252-866-6
17782:978-3-319-97199-5
17615:978-94-6239-314-1
17464:978-0-226-84896-9
17089:978-0-295-98040-9
16867:Wang, Yi (2022).
16617:978-0-520-97176-9
16433:978-1-4742-5363-5
16271:978-0-8048-3663-0
16145:978-94-6239-051-5
16001:978-1-5036-0068-3
15722:978-1-108-47591-4
15582:978-1-58839-402-6
15445:978-1-139-05474-4
15375:978-0-8248-6024-0
14999:978-1-5381-4492-3
14913:978-1-107-16786-5
14811:978-1-60384-447-5
14685:978-94-6252-163-6
14436:978-0-295-74531-2
14262:978-94-6252-013-4
14225:978-3-631-60975-0
14185:978-94-6252-163-6
14145:978-94-6252-606-8
14122:Lin, Lin (2018).
14108:978-94-6252-215-2
13961:Cao, Zhe (2006).
13908:978-1-55195-705-0
13824:978-981-323-799-5
13762:978-94-6252-425-5
13712:978-0-7914-8268-1
13588:978-1-5381-3489-4
13462:www.metmuseum.org
13214:978-0-674-04015-1
13179:978-0-521-24327-8
13146:www.chinastyle.cn
13120:978-0-8108-4004-1
13088:. 15 January 2020
13061:978-3-662-46481-6
13018:www.chinastyle.cn
12865:978-1-351-26832-5
12790:978-0-521-24327-8
12742:978-0-521-24327-8
12626:978-3-662-44165-7
12580:www.chinastyle.cn
12514:978-3-642-36237-8
12479:978-1-4438-8783-0
12466:Feng, Ge (2015).
12406:978-981-10-8156-9
12337:978-1-4766-6332-6
11890:www.chinastyle.cn
11728:978-90-04-30966-1
11693:978-1-317-45167-9
11627:978-3-662-46482-3
11463:978-1-107-16786-5
11435:978-986-7640-65-9
11371:chinafetching.com
11196:978-1-62643-003-7
11062:978-1-350-05114-0
11028:978-1-4777-8889-9
10984:978-0-300-07404-8
10897:978-0-231-14350-9
10829:978-1-350-10987-2
10773:978-94-6252-528-3
10478:978-0-7591-2150-8
10427:978-1-137-53775-1
10305:978-0-295-98155-0
10277:978-0-87654-598-0
9979:
9978:
9961:Chinese Knowledge
9935:Chinese Knowledge
9770:Hanfu accessories
9682:, especially the
9598:Hanfu accessories
9376:
9375:
9346:Narrow and tight
9296:
9295:
9128:Skirt for women.
8996:Men and women in
8879:Confucius Mansion
8507:A scene from the
8364:, wearing shenyi.
8362:Confucian Academy
8169:They also wore a
8023:Xinhai revolution
7797:(Fuguhui) on the
7783:Xinhai Revolution
7769:, Taiping Kingdom
7661:populated by Han
7557:commissioned the
7469:Yongzheng Emperor
7367:Mandate of Heaven
7223:Ming noble woman.
7167:as an underwear.
6765:scholar-officials
6735:were recorded as
6019:Later Jin dynasty
5922:The book of Rites
5726:, by the painter
4908:The influence of
4297:Empress Wu Zetian
4267:yellow colour as
4136:Napoleonic France
4029:Cao Wei dynasties
3816:ladies-in-waiting
3312:, the Kingdom of
3222:A dancer wearing
3198:Figure wearing a
2919:cicada-patterned
2461:Dahuting Han Tomb
2145:Dahuting Han Tomb
2071:Wu Family Shrines
1787:, 2nd century BCE
1029:-based clothing.
840:, as recorded in
759:writings such as
589:The rudiments of
574:2nd millennium BC
23542:
23248:Directoire style
23094:
22991:
22984:
22977:
22968:
22967:
22956:
22955:
22847:Tiger-head shoes
22117:Zaju chuishao fu
22002:
21891:
21781:
21774:
21767:
21758:
21757:
21623:Ceinture fléchée
21339:Ukrainian wreath
21069:
21068:
20848:Formal Chut Thai
20811:Maria Clara gown
20385:
20384:
20284:
20277:
20270:
20261:
20260:
20247:
20246:
20165:
20164:
20112:Yudai (fish bag)
19950:
19949:
19930:Tiger-head shoes
19753:
19752:
19479:Zaju chuishao fu
19419:
19418:
19402:Ji Li (ceremony)
19284:Chinese knotting
19184:
19183:
19166:
19159:
19152:
19143:
19142:
19116:
19101:
19082:
19063:
19061:
19059:
19027:
19014:
18998:
18981:
18975:
18967:
18954:
18922:
18921:
18908:
18902:
18901:
18888:
18882:
18881:
18868:
18862:
18861:
18848:
18842:
18841:
18828:
18822:
18820:
18807:
18794:
18788:
18787:
18774:
18762:
18752:
18746:
18745:
18743:
18741:
18727:
18716:
18715:
18707:
18701:
18700:
18698:
18696:
18681:
18675:
18674:
18672:
18670:
18655:
18649:
18648:
18646:
18622:
18616:
18615:
18604:
18598:
18597:
18595:
18593:
18578:
18572:
18571:
18561:
18537:
18531:
18530:
18528:
18504:
18498:
18497:
18495:
18493:
18484:. Archived from
18453:
18447:
18446:
18439:
18433:
18432:
18424:
18418:
18417:
18415:
18413:
18398:
18392:
18391:
18379:
18370:
18369:
18367:
18365:
18350:
18344:
18343:
18341:
18339:
18323:
18317:
18316:
18306:
18300:
18299:
18297:
18295:
18280:
18274:
18273:
18271:
18269:
18246:
18240:
18239:
18237:
18235:
18220:
18214:
18213:
18211:
18209:
18199:
18193:
18192:
18190:
18188:
18178:"Daoist Topknot"
18174:
18168:
18167:
18139:
18133:
18132:
18116:
18110:
18109:
18093:
18087:
18086:
18070:
18064:
18063:
18048:
18042:
18041:
18001:
17995:
17994:
17965:
17959:
17958:
17920:
17911:
17910:
17874:
17868:
17867:
17827:
17818:
17817:
17799:
17793:
17792:
17791:
17789:
17756:
17735:
17734:
17716:
17692:
17681:
17680:
17678:
17676:
17662:
17653:
17652:
17650:
17648:
17642:www.roots.gov.sg
17634:
17628:
17627:
17590:
17571:
17570:
17568:
17566:
17552:
17546:
17544:
17526:
17520:
17519:
17491:
17485:
17484:
17475:
17469:
17468:
17448:
17442:
17441:
17422:
17416:
17415:
17413:
17411:
17397:
17382:
17381:
17373:
17367:
17366:
17334:
17325:
17324:
17296:
17283:
17282:
17262:
17256:
17255:
17245:
17236:
17235:
17195:
17178:
17177:
17175:
17174:
17168:
17166:
17160:
17153:
17142:
17136:
17135:
17115:
17106:
17103:
17094:
17093:
17073:
17044:
17043:
17023:
17017:
17016:
16992:
16986:
16985:
16965:
16959:
16958:
16918:
16905:
16904:
16864:
16858:
16857:
16837:
16831:
16830:
16810:
16804:
16803:
16783:
16770:
16769:
16761:
16755:
16754:
16752:
16750:
16744:
16729:
16720:
16714:
16713:
16711:
16709:
16686:
16680:
16679:
16668:
16662:
16661:
16650:
16644:
16643:
16637:
16629:
16601:
16588:
16587:
16579:
16573:
16572:
16552:
16546:
16545:
16525:
16510:
16509:
16501:
16495:
16494:
16466:
16460:
16459:
16453:
16445:
16417:
16408:
16407:
16387:
16381:
16380:
16360:
16354:
16353:
16333:
16327:
16326:
16306:
16300:
16299:
16290:
16284:
16283:
16255:
16158:
16157:
16121:
16112:
16111:
16079:
16068:
16067:
16027:
16014:
16013:
15985:
15976:
15975:
15949:
15940:
15931:
15918:
15891:
15890:
15888:
15886:
15880:
15874:. Archived from
15873:
15864:
15858:
15857:
15840:(1–2): 137–190.
15834:Monumenta Serica
15825:
15819:
15818:
15778:
15741:
15740:
15739:
15737:
15696:
15653:
15652:
15612:
15595:
15594:
15566:
15553:
15552:
15524:
15515:
15514:
15496:
15485:
15484:
15470:China: A History
15464:
15458:
15457:
15429:
15418:
15417:
15411:
15403:
15394:
15388:
15387:
15359:
15332:
15331:
15306:(2/3): 174–198.
15291:
15285:
15284:
15264:
15255:
15254:
15229:(4/5): 325–362.
15214:
15208:
15207:
15187:
15170:
15169:
15137:
15124:
15123:
15091:
15085:
15084:
15076:
15070:
15069:
15067:
15065:
15050:
15044:
15043:
15035:
15026:
15025:
15019:
15011:
14983:
14968:
14955:
14940:
14939:
14933:
14925:
14897:
14824:
14823:
14795:
14789:
14788:
14763:(2/4): 401–428.
14748:
14742:
14741:
14721:
14690:
14689:
14659:
14653:
14652:
14632:
14623:
14622:
14598:
14588:
14582:
14581:
14575:
14567:
14548:
14542:
14541:
14521:
14515:
14514:
14512:
14510:
14487:
14481:
14480:
14463:Xu, Man (2016).
14460:
14449:
14448:
14420:
14414:
14413:
14411:
14409:
14394:
14383:
14382:
14342:
14333:
14332:
14324:
14318:
14305:
14299:
14298:
14278:
14267:
14266:
14236:
14230:
14229:
14216:10.7916/D8KK9B6D
14201:
14190:
14189:
14159:
14150:
14149:
14119:
14113:
14112:
14085:Wan, Li (2016).
14082:
14073:
14072:
14070:
14068:
14059:. Archived from
14048:
14039:
14038:
13998:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13969:. Archived from
13958:
13952:
13951:
13949:
13947:
13938:. Archived from
13927:
13921:
13920:
13892:
13881:
13880:
13870:
13846:
13837:
13836:
13808:
13802:
13801:
13773:
13767:
13766:
13738:
13725:
13724:
13696:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13668:
13654:
13648:
13647:
13607:
13601:
13600:
13572:
13561:
13560:
13554:
13546:
13519:
13508:
13507:
13497:
13488:
13473:
13472:
13470:
13468:
13453:
13447:
13446:
13418:
13403:
13402:
13384:
13378:
13377:
13375:
13373:
13359:
13353:
13352:
13350:
13348:
13334:
13328:
13327:
13296:The Art Bulletin
13287:
13281:
13280:
13240:
13227:
13226:
13198:
13192:
13191:
13163:
13157:
13156:
13154:
13152:
13138:
13125:
13124:
13104:
13098:
13097:
13095:
13093:
13086:www.newhanfu.com
13078:
13072:
13071:
13070:
13068:
13035:
13029:
13028:
13026:
13024:
13009:
13000:
12999:
12986:
12980:
12979:
12977:
12975:
12960:
12954:
12953:
12913:
12907:
12903:
12901:
12899:
12884:
12878:
12877:
12849:
12843:
12842:
12829:
12823:
12822:
12809:
12803:
12802:
12774:
12755:
12754:
12726:
12703:
12702:
12690:
12684:
12683:
12670:
12664:
12663:
12661:
12659:
12645:
12639:
12638:
12602:
12591:
12590:
12588:
12586:
12572:
12563:
12562:
12560:
12558:
12544:
12527:
12526:
12498:
12492:
12491:
12463:
12457:
12456:
12443:
12437:
12436:
12426:
12418:
12391:
12350:
12349:
12321:
12308:
12307:
12305:
12303:
12288:
12282:
12281:
12255:
12246:
12240:
12239:
12237:
12235:
12224:
12218:
12217:
12189:
12156:
12155:
12148:
12142:
12141:
12131:
12122:
12113:
12112:
12096:
12085:
12084:
12064:
12055:
12054:
12044:
12035:
12014:
12013:
12003:
11979:
11973:
11972:
11940:
11901:
11900:
11898:
11896:
11881:
11872:
11871:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11838:
11832:
11828:
11800:
11773:
11772:
11752:
11741:
11740:
11712:
11706:
11705:
11677:
11668:
11653:
11647:
11646:
11644:
11642:
11611:
11554:
11551:
11545:
11530:
11524:
11523:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11497:
11496:
11491:
11490:
11485:
11484:
11479:
11478:
11473:
11472:
11449:
11443:
11442:
11421:
11415:
11405:
11399:
11393:
11387:
11386:
11384:
11382:
11363:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11352:
11332:
11326:
11325:
11297:
11274:
11273:
11241:
11216:
11212:
11207:. Archived from
11180:
11174:
11173:
11171:
11169:
11146:
11089:
11088:
11082:
11074:
11052:Styling Shanghai
11047:
11041:
11040:
11012:
10997:
10996:
10968:
10931:
10930:
10919:
10910:
10909:
10881:
10856:
10855:
10849:
10841:
10813:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10802:
10787:
10778:
10777:
10749:
10740:
10739:
10729:
10720:
10699:
10698:
10696:
10694:
10679:
10673:
10672:
10670:
10668:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10627:
10621:
10620:
10618:
10616:
10589:
10580:
10579:
10569:
10556:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10519:
10508:
10507:
10489:
10483:
10482:
10460:
10454:
10453:
10447:
10439:
10411:
10405:
10404:
10403:
10398:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10385:
10379:
10378:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10326:. Archived from
10316:
10310:
10309:
10288:
10282:
10281:
10263:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10252:
10237:
10231:
10230:
10228:
10226:
10203:
10164:
10163:
10161:
10159:
10147:
10141:
10140:
10138:
10136:
10124:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10101:
10095:
10094:
10066:
10035:
10034:
10032:
10030:
10010:
9919:
9911:
9900:
9897:
9891:
9884:
9878:
9875:
9869:
9866:
9860:
9853:
9827:History of China
9817:Chinese Clothing
9744:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9730:
9725:
9724:
9723:
9701:
9654:
9449:
9440:
9429:
9420:
9311:
9310:
9051:
9050:
9028:
9016:
9005:Guan Li ceremony
8993:
8969:
8952:A woman wearing
8949:
8785:A study done by
8772:Hanshang Hualian
8702:
8690:
8670:
8642:
8633:robes and hats.
8593:
8581:
8562:
8533:Butterfly Lovers
8528:
8504:
8484:
8449:1974 Asian Games
8445:Jiang Qing dress
8441:Jiang Qing dress
8435:Jiang Qing dress
8357:
8341:
8321:
8312:clothing, 1920s.
8302:
8290:
8278:
8266:
8254:
8144:
8132:
8119:
8107:
8095:
8083:
8071:
8059:
8035:
7910:Women's clothing
7863:Burial practices
7794:White Lotus sect
7711:
7555:Qianlong Emperor
7461:
7450:Qianlong Emperor
7446:
7437:in casual dress.
7431:
7391:Chinese New Year
7286:Later Lê dynasty
7273:teeth blackening
7250:
7241:
7232:
7220:
7204:
7192:
7176:
7117:
7108:in formal dress.
7101:
7089:
7077:in a Ming-style
7071:
7017:zhongjing guanfu
6926:
6570:
6561:
6552:
6540:
6528:
6519:, dated 1296 AD.
6508:
6496:
6484:
6472:
6449:
6419:
6407:
6388:short overjacket
6383:
6289:
6277:
6245:Emperor Jingzong
6225:
6213:
6201:
6189:
6111:
6099:
6083:
6071:
5892:Confucian shenyi
5878:
5866:
5854:
5805:
5793:
5781:
5765:
5743:
5715:
5703:
5687:
5675:
5648:
5632:
5620:
5602:
5530:
5512:
5496:
5475:
5455:
5364:(大裘冕; a type of
5342:
5330:
5314:
5298:
5282:
5145:
5136:
5112:
5088:
5072:
5056:
5040:
5024:
5004:
4988:
4976:
4956:
4944:
4914:High Tang period
4740:
4720:
4700:
4684:
4669:Prince Zhanghuai
4664:
4620:
4598:
4588:
4585:
4579:
4567:
4555:
4539:
4519:"breast dresses"
4503:
4485:
4469:
4453:
4437:
4421:
4405:
4389:
4308:
4216:
4195:
4179:
4163:
4147:
4107:
3942:
3920:
3900:
3880:
3860:
3844:
3828:
3803:multiculturalism
3799:internationalism
3741:
3729:
3717:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3665:
3650:
3585:Southern dynasty
3572:
3561:Southern dynasty
3548:
3537:Southern dynasty
3524:
3513:Southern dynasty
3504:
3493:Southern dynasty
3484:
3465:Southern dynasty
3452:
3428:
3389:
3385:
3370:Sixteen Kingdoms
3259:
3243:
3234:Province, China.
3219:
3195:
3179:
3159:
3139:
3107:
3075:
2913:
2885:
2847:
2829:
2795:
2769:
2757:
2745:
2714:
2691:
2680:Sixteen Kingdoms
2667:
2534:
2527:
2517:
2510:
2500:
2492:
2476:
2452:
2436:
2423:
2411:
2395:
2383:
2367:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2311:
2271:
2210:
2195:
2164:
2140:
2128:
2066:
2049:(介帻), stored in
2048:
2042:
2036:
2024:
2007:
1995:
1978:
1961:
1953:
1937:
1925:
1913:
1897:
1877:
1868:(202 BCE – 9 CE)
1857:
1838:
1813:
1803:
1742:
1737:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1676:
1660:
1652:
1635:
1623:
1607:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1522:
1514:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1455:
1447:
1430:
1418:
1406:
1384:Jiangling County
1377:
1371:
1363:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1323:
1314:
1307:
1299:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1260:
1232:
1216:
1199:
1187:
1179:
1114:
1106:
1073:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1020:
1012:
1006:
987:
979:
971:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
931:
926:(only second to
925:
917:
910:
894:
869:
860:
853:
839:
831:
807:
805:Shangyi Xiachang
787:
785:Shangyi Xiachang
725:
714:
708:
698:
681:
675:
653:
645:
636:
627:
619:
608:
600:
565:
545:
495:
489:
481:
471:
459:
298:), the Ryukyuan
259:overseas Chinese
252:
196:
188:
180:
172:
164:
143:
134:
126:
97:
75:
57:
36:
23550:
23549:
23545:
23544:
23543:
23541:
23540:
23539:
23505:
23504:
23503:
23498:
23467:
23424:
23391:
23360:
23329:
23259:
23196:
23095:
23086:
23021:
23020:
23001:
22995:
22965:
22960:
22950:
22944:
22925:Perfumed gloves
22856:
22753:
22465:
22328:
22227:Mackinaw jacket
22121:
22048:
22005:
21996:
21945:
21892:
21883:
21797:
21790:
21785:
21755:
21750:
21684:
21601:
21514:
21466:
21375:
21275:
21244:
21199:Windsor uniform
21174:
21056:
20921:
20614:
20595:Peshawari pagri
20528:
20426:
20376:
20293:
20288:
20258:
20253:
20235:
20215:
20194:
20152:
20126:
20075:
20059:
20043:
20027:
20011:
19990:
19964:
19939:
19917:Footwear (list)
19907:
19886:
19870:
19861:Chinese hairpin
19849:
19828:
19797:
19774:
19748:Headwear (list)
19738:
19722:
19691:
19660:
19626:Panling Lanshan
19574:
19488:
19406:
19390:Related rituals
19385:
19369:
19328:
19309:Mandarin square
19267:
19231:
19205:
19201:Mandarin collar
19196:Jiaoling youren
19180:Characteristics
19175:
19170:
19123:
19110:
19098:
19079:
19057:
19055:
19045:
19021:
19011:
18996:
18969:
18968:
18966:]. Beijing.
18961:
18951:
18941:Ancient Costume
18938:
18931:
18926:
18925:
18910:
18909:
18905:
18890:
18889:
18885:
18870:
18869:
18865:
18850:
18849:
18845:
18830:
18829:
18825:
18809:
18796:
18795:
18791:
18776:
18775:
18771:
18766:
18765:
18753:
18749:
18739:
18737:
18729:
18728:
18719:
18708:
18704:
18694:
18692:
18682:
18678:
18668:
18666:
18656:
18652:
18623:
18619:
18606:
18605:
18601:
18591:
18589:
18579:
18575:
18538:
18534:
18505:
18501:
18491:
18489:
18454:
18450:
18441:
18440:
18436:
18425:
18421:
18411:
18409:
18399:
18395:
18380:
18373:
18363:
18361:
18351:
18347:
18337:
18335:
18324:
18320:
18307:
18303:
18293:
18291:
18282:
18281:
18277:
18267:
18265:
18247:
18243:
18233:
18231:
18222:
18221:
18217:
18207:
18205:
18201:
18200:
18196:
18186:
18184:
18182:American Wudang
18176:
18175:
18171:
18156:
18140:
18136:
18117:
18113:
18094:
18090:
18071:
18067:
18050:
18049:
18045:
18022:10.1145/2583114
18016:(1): 4:1–4:16.
18002:
17998:
17991:
17967:
17966:
17962:
17947:
17921:
17914:
17899:
17875:
17871:
17828:
17821:
17814:
17800:
17796:
17787:
17785:
17783:
17757:
17738:
17693:
17684:
17674:
17672:
17664:
17663:
17656:
17646:
17644:
17636:
17635:
17631:
17616:
17591:
17574:
17564:
17562:
17554:
17553:
17549:
17541:
17532:
17527:
17523:
17508:
17492:
17488:
17477:
17476:
17472:
17465:
17449:
17445:
17438:
17424:
17423:
17419:
17409:
17407:
17399:
17398:
17385:
17379:
17376:千志, 魏 (1998).
17374:
17370:
17335:
17328:
17313:
17297:
17286:
17279:
17263:
17259:
17246:
17239:
17210:(1–2): 97–130.
17196:
17181:
17164:
17162:
17158:
17151:
17143:
17139:
17132:
17116:
17109:
17104:
17097:
17090:
17074:
17047:
17040:
17024:
17020:
17009:
16993:
16989:
16982:
16966:
16962:
16927:Arts Asiatiques
16919:
16908:
16865:
16861:
16854:
16838:
16834:
16827:
16811:
16807:
16784:
16773:
16767:
16762:
16758:
16748:
16746:
16742:
16727:
16721:
16717:
16707:
16705:
16703:
16687:
16683:
16669:
16665:
16651:
16647:
16631:
16630:
16618:
16602:
16591:
16580:
16576:
16569:
16553:
16549:
16542:
16526:
16513:
16502:
16498:
16483:
16467:
16463:
16447:
16446:
16434:
16418:
16411:
16404:
16388:
16384:
16377:
16361:
16357:
16350:
16334:
16330:
16323:
16307:
16303:
16292:
16291:
16287:
16272:
16256:
16161:
16146:
16122:
16115:
16080:
16071:
16028:
16017:
16002:
15986:
15979:
15947:
15941:
15934:
15928:Wayback Machine
15919:
15894:
15884:
15882:
15881:on 11 June 2016
15878:
15871:
15865:
15861:
15826:
15822:
15779:
15744:
15735:
15733:
15723:
15697:
15656:
15613:
15598:
15583:
15567:
15556:
15541:
15525:
15518:
15511:
15497:
15488:
15481:
15465:
15461:
15446:
15430:
15421:
15405:
15404:
15396:
15395:
15391:
15376:
15360:
15335:
15312:10.2307/3249729
15292:
15288:
15281:
15265:
15258:
15215:
15211:
15204:
15188:
15173:
15138:
15127:
15092:
15088:
15077:
15073:
15063:
15061:
15052:
15051:
15047:
15036:
15029:
15013:
15012:
15000:
14984:
14971:
14965:Wayback Machine
14956:
14943:
14927:
14926:
14914:
14898:
14827:
14812:
14796:
14792:
14749:
14745:
14738:
14722:
14693:
14686:
14660:
14656:
14649:
14633:
14626:
14611:
14589:
14585:
14569:
14568:
14564:
14550:
14549:
14545:
14538:
14522:
14518:
14508:
14506:
14504:
14488:
14484:
14477:
14461:
14452:
14437:
14421:
14417:
14407:
14405:
14395:
14386:
14343:
14336:
14325:
14321:
14315:Wayback Machine
14306:
14302:
14295:
14279:
14270:
14263:
14237:
14233:
14226:
14202:
14193:
14186:
14160:
14153:
14146:
14120:
14116:
14109:
14083:
14076:
14066:
14064:
14049:
14042:
13999:
13986:
13976:
13974:
13959:
13955:
13945:
13943:
13928:
13924:
13909:
13893:
13884:
13847:
13840:
13825:
13809:
13805:
13790:
13774:
13770:
13763:
13739:
13728:
13713:
13697:
13676:
13666:
13664:
13656:
13655:
13651:
13616:Textile History
13608:
13604:
13589:
13573:
13564:
13548:
13547:
13535:
13521:
13520:
13511:
13495:
13489:
13476:
13466:
13464:
13454:
13450:
13435:
13419:
13406:
13399:
13385:
13381:
13371:
13369:
13361:
13360:
13356:
13346:
13344:
13336:
13335:
13331:
13288:
13284:
13241:
13230:
13215:
13199:
13195:
13180:
13164:
13160:
13150:
13148:
13140:
13139:
13128:
13121:
13105:
13101:
13091:
13089:
13080:
13079:
13075:
13066:
13064:
13062:
13036:
13032:
13022:
13020:
13010:
13003:
12988:
12987:
12983:
12973:
12971:
12969:Nancy Duong Art
12961:
12957:
12914:
12910:
12897:
12895:
12885:
12881:
12866:
12850:
12846:
12831:
12830:
12826:
12811:
12810:
12806:
12791:
12775:
12758:
12743:
12727:
12706:
12692:
12691:
12687:
12681:"介帻服文吏，平上帻服武官也"
12672:
12671:
12667:
12657:
12655:
12647:
12646:
12642:
12627:
12603:
12594:
12584:
12582:
12574:
12573:
12566:
12556:
12554:
12546:
12545:
12530:
12515:
12499:
12495:
12480:
12464:
12460:
12445:
12444:
12440:
12420:
12419:
12407:
12393:
12392:
12353:
12338:
12322:
12311:
12301:
12299:
12289:
12285:
12253:
12247:
12243:
12233:
12231:
12227:HunanChangsha.
12225:
12221:
12206:
12195:Zhongguo fu shi
12190:
12159:
12150:
12149:
12145:
12129:
12123:
12116:
12097:
12088:
12069:Journal of Silk
12065:
12058:
12042:
12036:
12017:
11980:
11976:
11941:
11904:
11894:
11892:
11882:
11875:
11860:
11859:
11855:
11840:
11839:
11835:
11817:
11801:
11776:
11769:
11753:
11744:
11729:
11713:
11709:
11694:
11678:
11671:
11654:
11650:
11640:
11638:
11628:
11612:
11557:
11552:
11548:
11531:
11527:
11508:
11504:
11464:
11450:
11446:
11436:
11427:
11422:
11418:
11406:
11402:
11394:
11390:
11380:
11378:
11365:
11364:
11360:
11350:
11348:
11333:
11329:
11306:Chinese Science
11298:
11277:
11242:
11219:
11211:on 24 May 2021.
11197:
11181:
11177:
11167:
11165:
11163:
11147:
11092:
11076:
11075:
11063:
11049:
11048:
11044:
11029:
11013:
11000:
10985:
10969:
10934:
10921:
10920:
10913:
10898:
10882:
10859:
10843:
10842:
10830:
10814:
10810:
10800:
10798:
10788:
10781:
10774:
10750:
10743:
10727:
10721:
10702:
10692:
10690:
10681:
10680:
10676:
10666:
10664:
10654:
10650:
10640:
10638:
10628:
10624:
10614:
10612:
10610:
10590:
10583:
10570:
10559:
10550:
10548:
10546:
10520:
10511:
10504:
10490:
10486:
10479:
10461:
10457:
10441:
10440:
10428:
10412:
10408:
10399:
10395:
10386:
10382:
10347:
10343:
10333:
10331:
10318:
10317:
10313:
10306:
10289:
10285:
10278:
10264:
10260:
10250:
10248:
10239:
10238:
10234:
10224:
10222:
10220:
10204:
10167:
10157:
10155:
10148:
10144:
10134:
10132:
10125:
10121:
10111:
10109:
10102:
10098:
10083:
10067:
10038:
10028:
10026:
10011:
9984:
9975:
9965:
9931:
9920:
9909:
9904:
9903:
9898:
9894:
9885:
9881:
9876:
9872:
9867:
9863:
9854:
9850:
9845:
9822:Chinese Culture
9813:
9790:Mandarin square
9751:
9740:
9735:
9733:
9726:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9693:
9608:
9600:
9594:
9463:
9462:
9461:
9460:
9452:
9451:
9450:
9442:
9441:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9422:
9421:
9410:
9404:
9387:
9381:
9343:Long and loose
9134:Full-body Cloth
9117:Skirt for men.
9045:
9039:
9032:
9029:
9020:
9017:
9008:
8994:
8985:
8984:, date unknown.
8978:panling lanshan
8970:
8961:
8950:
8931:authentic hanfu
8911:jiaoling youren
8904:Wayback Machine
8873:descended from
8859:
8795:
8761:Tmall platforms
8744:
8724:
8718:
8713:
8706:
8703:
8694:
8691:
8682:
8681:, date unknown.
8671:
8662:
8643:
8630:jiaoling youren
8617:
8611:
8604:
8594:
8585:
8582:
8573:
8563:
8550:Cantonese opera
8536:
8529:
8520:
8505:
8496:
8485:
8468:
8460:Main articles:
8458:
8413:to wear hanfu.
8401:began to force
8365:
8358:
8349:
8342:
8333:
8322:
8313:
8310:jiaoling youren
8303:
8294:
8291:
8282:
8279:
8270:
8267:
8258:
8255:
8235:jiaoling youren
8183:
8155:
8148:
8145:
8136:
8133:
8124:
8120:
8111:
8108:
8099:
8096:
8087:
8084:
8075:
8072:
8063:
8060:
8051:
8038:On the left, a
8036:
7996:reign of Kangxi
7912:
7904:
7898:
7865:
7829:
7819:Taoist clothing
7817:Main articles:
7815:
7740:
7719:
7639:Manchu clothing
7594:Manchu clothing
7586:
7576:
7550:
7506:, Qing dynasty.
7472:
7462:
7453:
7447:
7438:
7432:
7321:
7315:
7310:
7251:
7242:
7233:
7224:
7221:
7212:
7205:
7196:
7193:
7184:
7177:
7121:
7118:
7109:
7102:
7093:
7090:
7081:
7072:
6990:Jiajing Emperor
6960:
6959:
6958:
6955:Mandarin square
6932:
6927:
6915:Jiajing Emperor
6907:Mandarin square
6827:
6800:liuheyitong mao
6703:Lady wearing a
6667:Zhengde Emperor
6627:As soon as the
6583:
6578:
6571:
6562:
6553:
6544:
6541:
6532:
6529:
6520:
6509:
6500:
6497:
6488:
6485:
6476:
6473:
6464:
6450:
6435:
6420:
6411:
6410:People in Hanfu
6408:
6399:
6384:
6306:
6300:
6293:
6290:
6281:
6278:
6242:
6236:
6229:
6226:
6217:
6214:
6205:
6202:
6193:
6190:
6132:
6126:
6119:
6112:
6103:
6100:
6091:
6084:
6075:
6072:
6003:
5997:
5992:
5894:, Song dynasty.
5882:
5879:
5870:
5867:
5858:
5855:
5813:
5806:
5797:
5794:
5785:
5782:
5773:
5766:
5757:
5744:
5716:
5707:
5704:
5695:
5688:
5679:
5676:
5667:
5649:
5640:
5633:
5624:
5621:
5612:
5603:
5546:
5531:
5522:
5513:
5504:
5497:
5488:
5476:
5467:
5456:
5352:
5343:
5334:
5331:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5299:
5290:
5283:
5250:. For example,
5236:fish-shaped bag
5232:Yuanfeng period
5173:Emperor Zhezong
5166:
5160:
5153:
5146:
5137:
5128:
5113:
5104:
5089:
5080:
5073:
5064:
5057:
5048:
5041:
5032:
5025:
5016:
5005:
4996:
4989:
4980:
4979:Buddhist donors
4977:
4968:
4957:
4948:
4945:
4806:, Tang dynasty.
4752:
4741:
4732:
4721:
4712:
4701:
4692:
4685:
4676:
4665:
4633:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4610:
4599:
4590:
4589:, Tang dynasty.
4586:
4580:
4571:
4568:
4559:
4556:
4547:
4540:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4504:
4493:
4486:
4477:
4470:
4461:
4454:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4422:
4413:
4406:
4397:
4390:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4309:
4289:panling lanshan
4287:along with the
4277:as replaced by
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4206:
4196:
4187:
4180:
4171:
4164:
4155:
4148:
4092:white gauze cap
4013:
3993:
3987:
3979:Main articles:
3977:
3946:
3943:
3934:
3921:
3912:
3901:
3892:
3885:Xu Xianxiu Tomb
3881:
3872:
3865:Xu Xianxiu Tomb
3861:
3852:
3845:
3836:
3829:
3807:flying-bird bun
3753:
3742:
3733:
3730:
3721:
3718:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3690:
3681:
3678:
3669:
3666:
3657:
3654:Emperor Xiaowen
3651:
3588:
3573:
3564:
3549:
3540:
3525:
3516:
3505:
3496:
3485:
3476:
3453:
3444:
3429:
3338:
3271:
3260:
3251:
3244:
3235:
3220:
3211:
3196:
3187:
3180:
3171:
3160:
3151:
3140:
3131:
3108:
3099:
3076:
3064:bricks painting
2924:
2914:
2905:
2886:
2877:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2796:
2787:
2770:
2761:
2758:
2749:
2746:
2737:
2715:
2706:
2692:
2683:
2668:
2636:a wide-sleeved
2570:
2536:
2528:
2519:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2484:
2477:
2468:
2453:
2444:
2437:
2428:
2426:Shanghai Museum
2412:
2403:
2402:warrior figure.
2396:
2387:
2384:
2375:
2368:
2226:
2211:
2202:
2196:
2187:
2169:Chinese ceramic
2165:
2156:
2141:
2132:
2129:
2074:
2067:
2058:
2025:
2016:
2008:hat, stored in
1996:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1968:Jinxiang County
1954:
1945:
1938:
1929:
1926:
1917:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1878:
1869:
1858:
1849:
1839:
1791:By the time of
1754:
1745:Terracotta army
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1594:instead of the
1501:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1341:jiaoling youren
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1233:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1094:
1080:
1023:minority groups
751:that dominated
733:
732:
731:
730:
729:
726:
718:
717:
699:
688:
613:jiaoling youren
580:
579:
578:
577:
576:
566:
558:
557:
546:
537:
536:
530:
456:jiaoling youren
342:
318:Western fashion
312:). Elements of
288:, the Japanese
204:Traditionally,
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
98:
90:
89:
76:
67:
66:
65:
58:
50:
49:
37:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
23548:
23538:
23537:
23532:
23527:
23522:
23517:
23500:
23499:
23497:
23496:
23491:
23486:
23481:
23475:
23473:
23469:
23468:
23466:
23465:
23460:
23455:
23454:
23453:
23443:
23438:
23432:
23430:
23426:
23425:
23423:
23422:
23421:
23420:
23410:
23405:
23399:
23397:
23393:
23392:
23390:
23389:
23384:
23379:
23374:
23368:
23366:
23362:
23361:
23359:
23358:
23353:
23348:
23343:
23337:
23335:
23331:
23330:
23328:
23327:
23326:
23325:
23320:
23310:
23309:
23308:
23303:
23298:
23293:
23288:
23283:
23278:
23267:
23265:
23261:
23260:
23258:
23257:
23252:
23251:
23250:
23240:
23235:
23230:
23225:
23220:
23215:
23210:
23204:
23202:
23198:
23197:
23195:
23194:
23189:
23184:
23179:
23174:
23173:
23172:
23167:
23162:
23157:
23152:
23144:
23139:
23138:
23137:
23132:
23127:
23122:
23114:
23109:
23103:
23101:
23097:
23096:
23089:
23087:
23085:
23084:
23079:
23074:
23069:
23064:
23059:
23054:
23053:
23052:
23047:
23037:
23031:
23029:
23023:
23022:
23019:
23018:
23013:
23007:
23006:
23003:
23002:
22994:
22993:
22986:
22979:
22971:
22962:
22961:
22949:
22946:
22945:
22943:
22942:
22937:
22932:
22927:
22922:
22917:
22912:
22907:
22902:
22897:
22892:
22887:
22885:Cravat (early)
22882:
22877:
22872:
22866:
22864:
22858:
22857:
22855:
22854:
22849:
22844:
22839:
22834:
22829:
22824:
22819:
22814:
22809:
22804:
22799:
22794:
22789:
22787:Chinese styles
22784:
22779:
22774:
22769:
22763:
22761:
22755:
22754:
22752:
22751:
22746:
22741:
22736:
22731:
22726:
22721:
22716:
22711:
22706:
22701:
22696:
22691:
22686:
22681:
22676:
22671:
22666:
22661:
22656:
22651:
22646:
22641:
22636:
22631:
22626:
22621:
22619:Matron's badge
22616:
22611:
22606:
22601:
22596:
22591:
22586:
22581:
22576:
22571:
22566:
22561:
22556:
22551:
22546:
22541:
22536:
22531:
22526:
22521:
22516:
22511:
22506:
22501:
22496:
22491:
22486:
22481:
22475:
22473:
22467:
22466:
22464:
22463:
22458:
22453:
22448:
22443:
22438:
22433:
22428:
22423:
22421:Liberty bodice
22418:
22413:
22412:
22411:
22406:
22401:
22391:
22386:
22381:
22380:
22379:
22369:
22364:
22359:
22354:
22349:
22344:
22338:
22336:
22330:
22329:
22327:
22326:
22321:
22316:
22311:
22306:
22301:
22296:
22291:
22290:
22289:
22284:
22274:
22269:
22264:
22259:
22254:
22249:
22244:
22239:
22237:Norfolk jacket
22234:
22229:
22224:
22219:
22214:
22212:Inverness cape
22209:
22204:
22199:
22194:
22189:
22184:
22179:
22174:
22173:
22172:
22162:
22157:
22152:
22150:Cardinal cloak
22147:
22142:
22137:
22131:
22129:
22123:
22122:
22120:
22119:
22114:
22109:
22104:
22102:Sack-back gown
22099:
22094:
22089:
22084:
22079:
22074:
22069:
22064:
22058:
22056:
22050:
22049:
22047:
22046:
22041:
22036:
22031:
22026:
22021:
22015:
22013:
22007:
22006:
22004:
22003:
21991:
21986:
21984:Knickerbockers
21981:
21976:
21971:
21966:
21961:
21955:
21953:
21947:
21946:
21944:
21943:
21938:
21933:
21928:
21923:
21918:
21913:
21908:
21902:
21900:
21894:
21893:
21886:
21884:
21882:
21881:
21876:
21871:
21866:
21861:
21856:
21851:
21846:
21841:
21836:
21831:
21826:
21821:
21816:
21811:
21805:
21803:
21799:
21798:
21795:
21792:
21791:
21784:
21783:
21776:
21769:
21761:
21752:
21751:
21749:
21748:
21743:
21738:
21733:
21728:
21723:
21718:
21713:
21708:
21703:
21698:
21692:
21690:
21686:
21685:
21683:
21682:
21681:
21680:
21675:
21670:
21665:
21660:
21655:
21647:
21642:
21641:
21640:
21635:
21625:
21620:
21615:
21609:
21607:
21603:
21602:
21600:
21599:
21598:
21597:
21587:
21582:
21577:
21572:
21567:
21562:
21557:
21556:
21555:
21550:
21548:Chilote poncho
21545:
21540:
21532:
21526:
21524:
21520:
21519:
21516:
21515:
21513:
21512:
21511:
21510:
21508:Sverigedräkten
21505:
21500:
21490:
21485:
21480:
21474:
21472:
21468:
21467:
21465:
21464:
21463:
21462:
21457:
21449:
21448:
21447:
21442:
21437:
21432:
21427:
21422:
21414:
21413:
21412:
21410:Breton costume
21404:
21403:
21402:
21397:
21392:
21383:
21381:
21377:
21376:
21374:
21373:
21372:
21371:
21366:
21364:Orenburg shawl
21361:
21356:
21351:
21343:
21342:
21341:
21336:
21331:
21326:
21321:
21316:
21311:
21301:
21300:
21299:
21289:
21283:
21281:
21277:
21276:
21274:
21273:
21268:
21263:
21258:
21252:
21250:
21246:
21245:
21243:
21242:
21237:
21236:
21235:
21230:
21225:
21223:Feather bonnet
21220:
21210:
21205:
21204:
21203:
21202:
21201:
21191:
21182:
21180:
21176:
21175:
21173:
21172:
21171:
21170:
21160:
21155:
21150:
21149:
21148:
21143:
21138:
21128:
21123:
21118:
21113:
21112:
21111:
21106:
21101:
21096:
21091:
21086:
21075:
21073:
21066:
21062:
21061:
21058:
21057:
21055:
21054:
21053:
21052:
21042:
21037:
21032:
21027:
21022:
21017:
21012:
21007:
21006:
21005:
21000:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20950:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20929:
20927:
20923:
20922:
20920:
20919:
20918:
20917:
20912:
20907:
20902:
20892:
20887:
20886:
20885:
20880:
20875:
20870:
20865:
20860:
20855:
20850:
20845:
20840:
20835:
20825:
20824:
20823:
20818:
20813:
20808:
20803:
20798:
20793:
20791:Barong tagalog
20783:
20782:
20781:
20776:
20771:
20766:
20761:
20751:
20750:
20749:
20744:
20739:
20729:
20728:
20727:
20722:
20717:
20712:
20707:
20702:
20697:
20692:
20687:
20682:
20677:
20667:
20666:
20665:
20660:
20655:
20650:
20640:
20639:
20638:
20633:
20622:
20620:
20616:
20615:
20613:
20612:
20607:
20605:Shalwar kameez
20602:
20597:
20592:
20587:
20582:
20577:
20572:
20567:
20562:
20557:
20552:
20551:
20550:
20545:
20536:
20534:
20530:
20529:
20527:
20526:
20525:
20524:
20519:
20514:
20509:
20504:
20499:
20494:
20484:
20483:
20482:
20477:
20472:
20462:
20461:
20460:
20455:
20450:
20445:
20434:
20432:
20428:
20427:
20425:
20424:
20419:
20414:
20409:
20404:
20403:
20402:
20391:
20389:
20382:
20378:
20377:
20375:
20374:
20369:
20364:
20359:
20354:
20349:
20344:
20339:
20334:
20329:
20324:
20319:
20314:
20309:
20303:
20301:
20295:
20294:
20287:
20286:
20279:
20272:
20264:
20255:
20254:
20252:
20251:
20240:
20237:
20236:
20234:
20233:
20227:
20225:
20221:
20220:
20217:
20216:
20214:
20213:
20208:
20202:
20200:
20196:
20195:
20193:
20192:
20187:
20182:
20177:
20171:
20169:
20162:
20158:
20157:
20154:
20153:
20151:
20150:
20145:
20140:
20138:Longevity lock
20134:
20132:
20128:
20127:
20125:
20124:
20119:
20114:
20109:
20104:
20099:
20094:
20089:
20083:
20081:
20077:
20076:
20074:
20073:
20067:
20065:
20061:
20060:
20058:
20057:
20051:
20049:
20045:
20044:
20042:
20041:
20035:
20033:
20029:
20028:
20026:
20025:
20019:
20017:
20013:
20012:
20010:
20009:
20004:
19998:
19996:
19992:
19991:
19989:
19988:
19986:Fangxingquling
19983:
19978:
19972:
19970:
19966:
19965:
19963:
19962:
19956:
19954:
19947:
19941:
19940:
19938:
19937:
19932:
19927:
19921:
19919:
19913:
19912:
19909:
19908:
19906:
19905:
19900:
19894:
19892:
19888:
19887:
19885:
19884:
19878:
19876:
19872:
19871:
19869:
19868:
19863:
19857:
19855:
19851:
19850:
19848:
19847:
19842:
19836:
19834:
19830:
19829:
19827:
19826:
19821:
19816:
19811:
19805:
19803:
19799:
19798:
19796:
19795:
19790:
19784:
19782:
19776:
19775:
19773:
19772:
19767:
19761:
19759:
19750:
19744:
19743:
19740:
19739:
19737:
19736:
19730:
19728:
19724:
19723:
19721:
19720:
19715:
19710:
19705:
19699:
19697:
19693:
19692:
19690:
19689:
19684:
19679:
19674:
19668:
19666:
19662:
19661:
19659:
19658:
19653:
19648:
19643:
19638:
19633:
19628:
19623:
19618:
19613:
19608:
19603:
19598:
19593:
19588:
19582:
19580:
19576:
19575:
19573:
19572:
19567:
19562:
19557:
19552:
19547:
19542:
19537:
19532:
19527:
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19471:
19466:
19464:Tongtianguanfu
19461:
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19387:
19386:
19384:
19383:
19377:
19375:
19374:Sumptuary laws
19371:
19370:
19368:
19367:
19365:Hanfu movement
19362:
19357:
19352:
19347:
19342:
19336:
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19330:
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19176:
19169:
19168:
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19154:
19146:
19140:
19139:
19134:
19129:
19122:
19121:External links
19119:
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19077:
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19028:
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18717:
18702:
18676:
18650:
18617:
18599:
18587:Beijing Review
18573:
18552:(2): 235–255.
18532:
18499:
18488:on 7 July 2021
18448:
18434:
18431:. China Daily.
18419:
18393:
18371:
18345:
18334:. 深圳前瞻资讯股份有限公司
18318:
18301:
18275:
18241:
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18111:
18088:
18065:
18043:
17996:
17989:
17960:
17945:
17912:
17897:
17869:
17836:Fashion Theory
17819:
17812:
17794:
17781:
17736:
17701:Ars Orientalis
17682:
17654:
17629:
17614:
17572:
17547:
17539:
17521:
17506:
17486:
17470:
17463:
17443:
17436:
17417:
17383:
17368:
17326:
17312:978-1316453841
17311:
17284:
17278:978-0804785594
17277:
17257:
17237:
17179:
17161:on 7 July 2021
17148:Ngàn năm áo mũ
17137:
17131:978-9004393516
17130:
17107:
17095:
17088:
17045:
17039:978-3447040914
17038:
17018:
17007:
16987:
16980:
16960:
16906:
16879:(2): 304–317.
16873:Memory Studies
16859:
16853:978-3110221053
16852:
16832:
16825:
16805:
16771:
16756:
16745:on 17 May 2021
16715:
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16409:
16403:978-0429964060
16402:
16382:
16375:
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16349:978-0231511100
16348:
16328:
16322:978-1316531310
16321:
16301:
16285:
16270:
16159:
16144:
16113:
16094:(1): 142–169.
16069:
16015:
16000:
15977:
15932:
15892:
15859:
15820:
15793:(2): 181–212.
15742:
15721:
15654:
15627:(1): 165–185.
15596:
15581:
15554:
15539:
15516:
15509:
15486:
15480:978-0465025183
15479:
15459:
15444:
15419:
15389:
15374:
15333:
15286:
15280:978-1108186926
15279:
15256:
15209:
15203:978-0231549578
15202:
15171:
15152:(3): 339–375.
15125:
15100:Ars Orientalis
15086:
15071:
15045:
15027:
14998:
14969:
14941:
14912:
14825:
14810:
14790:
14743:
14737:978-1000027891
14736:
14691:
14684:
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14647:
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14609:
14583:
14562:
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14516:
14502:
14482:
14476:978-1438463223
14475:
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14268:
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14184:
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14144:
14114:
14107:
14074:
14063:on 14 May 2021
14057:en.cnki.com.cn
14040:
14007:Fashion Theory
13984:
13953:
13942:on 7 July 2021
13922:
13907:
13882:
13838:
13823:
13803:
13789:978-1317470939
13788:
13768:
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13711:
13674:
13649:
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13587:
13562:
13533:
13509:
13474:
13448:
13433:
13404:
13397:
13379:
13354:
13329:
13302:(2): 222–245.
13282:
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13193:
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13158:
13126:
13119:
13099:
13073:
13060:
13030:
13001:
12981:
12963:Duong, Nancy.
12955:
12928:(2): 231–255.
12908:
12879:
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12844:
12824:
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12741:
12704:
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12336:
12309:
12291:Hunan Museum.
12283:
12241:
12219:
12204:
12157:
12143:
12114:
12086:
12056:
12015:
11994:(1): 103–128.
11974:
11949:Ars Orientalis
11902:
11873:
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11833:
11815:
11774:
11767:
11742:
11727:
11707:
11692:
11669:
11648:
11626:
11555:
11546:
11542:Wujing Zhengyi
11525:
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10741:
10700:
10674:
10648:
10622:
10608:
10581:
10557:
10544:
10509:
10503:978-1419648939
10502:
10484:
10477:
10455:
10426:
10406:
10393:
10380:
10341:
10330:on 7 July 2021
10311:
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9892:
9879:
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9846:
9844:
9841:
9840:
9839:
9834:
9832:Hanfu Movement
9829:
9824:
9819:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9775:Hanfu footwear
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9750:
9747:
9746:
9745:
9742:Fashion portal
9731:
9715:
9712:
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9703:
9696:
9692:
9689:
9688:
9687:
9673:
9664:
9643:
9633:
9619:
9607:
9604:
9596:Main article:
9593:
9590:
9508:: 方巾) and the
9454:
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9385:Hanfu footwear
9383:Main article:
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9018:
9011:
9009:
8995:
8988:
8986:
8971:
8964:
8962:
8951:
8944:
8942:
8871:Dukes Yansheng
8858:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8840:
8829:improved hanfu
8825:restored hanfu
8799:magazine Vogue
8794:
8791:
8743:
8740:
8722:Hanfu Movement
8720:Main article:
8717:
8716:Hanfu Movement
8714:
8712:
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8707:
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8695:
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8672:
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8613:Main article:
8610:
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8537:
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8523:
8521:
8506:
8499:
8497:
8486:
8479:
8473:Disney's Mulan
8466:Xifu (Costume)
8457:
8454:
8367:
8366:
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8352:
8350:
8343:
8336:
8334:
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7908:
7902:Xifu (Costume)
7900:Main article:
7897:
7894:
7864:
7861:
7814:
7811:
7744:Taiping rebels
7739:
7736:
7718:
7715:
7678:Qianlong reign
7643:emperor Kangxi
7596:, Qing dynasty
7575:
7572:
7549:
7546:
7474:
7473:
7463:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7441:
7439:
7435:Kangxi Emperor
7433:
7426:
7400:Moreover, the
7373:people on the
7341:Jurchen people
7317:Main article:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7301:Joseon dynasty
7290:Nguyen dynasty
7253:
7252:
7245:
7243:
7236:
7234:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7215:
7213:
7207:Painting of a
7206:
7199:
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7185:
7178:
7171:
7123:
7122:
7119:
7112:
7110:
7103:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7084:
7082:
7073:
7066:
7013:yanbian guanfu
6950:Forbidden City
6929:
6928:
6921:
6920:
6919:
6911:Hongwu Emperor
6843:Hongwu Emperor
6826:
6823:
6755:brocade guards
6695:in court dress
6693:Tianqi Emperor
6631:conquered the
6629:Hongwu Emperor
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6573:
6572:
6565:
6563:
6556:
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6510:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6467:
6465:
6451:
6444:
6437:
6436:
6428:Shilin Guangji
6421:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6402:
6400:
6385:
6378:
6302:Main article:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6291:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6272:
6266:Emperor Yizong
6238:Main article:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6184:
6128:Main article:
6125:
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6120:
6113:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6094:
6092:
6085:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6066:
5999:Main article:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5849:
5815:
5814:
5807:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5776:
5774:
5768:Women wearing
5767:
5760:
5758:
5745:
5738:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5698:
5696:
5689:
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5677:
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5668:
5650:
5643:
5641:
5634:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5613:
5604:
5597:
5568:(裙; skirt) or
5548:
5547:
5532:
5525:
5523:
5518:tongtianguanfu
5514:
5507:
5505:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5477:
5470:
5468:
5457:
5450:
5358:tianzi apparel
5354:
5353:
5344:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5325:
5323:
5317:Polo players,
5316:
5309:
5307:
5300:
5293:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:tongtianguanfu
5159:
5156:
5155:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5114:
5107:
5105:
5090:
5083:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5017:
5006:
4999:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4971:
4969:
4967:, 8th century.
4959:A painting of
4958:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4939:
4814:Woman wearing
4802:Woman wearing
4754:
4753:
4742:
4735:
4733:
4722:
4715:
4713:
4702:
4695:
4693:
4686:
4679:
4677:
4666:
4659:
4623:
4622:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4605:, Painting of
4601:Women wearing
4600:
4593:
4591:
4581:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4550:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4506:
4505:
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4416:
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4384:
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4310:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4233:
4230:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4190:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4132:Empire dresses
4067:Emperor Yangdi
4012:
4009:
3976:
3973:
3964:Tang dynasties
3948:
3947:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3922:
3915:
3913:
3902:
3895:
3893:
3882:
3875:
3873:
3862:
3855:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3755:
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3736:
3734:
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3724:
3722:
3719:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3645:
3611:Yellow Emperor
3590:
3589:
3574:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3543:
3541:
3526:
3519:
3517:
3506:
3499:
3497:
3486:
3479:
3477:
3454:
3447:
3445:
3430:
3423:
3413:youren opening
3344:Ruqun, from a
3337:
3334:
3322:Eurasian Avars
3310:Murong Xianbei
3273:
3272:
3261:
3254:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3214:
3212:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3172:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3141:
3134:
3132:
3116:Three Kingdoms
3109:
3102:
3100:
3077:
3070:
3029:Three Kingdoms
2926:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2887:
2880:
2878:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2824:
2822:
2797:
2790:
2788:
2772:A man wearing
2771:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2740:
2738:
2721:(衞懿公) wearing
2716:
2709:
2707:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2672:Northern Liang
2669:
2662:
2619:Three Kingdoms
2569:
2566:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2469:
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2438:
2431:
2429:
2413:
2406:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2378:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2234:, aprons, and
2228:
2227:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2166:
2159:
2157:
2142:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2123:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2059:
2026:
2019:
2017:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1973:
1971:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1900:Silk from the
1899:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1872:
1870:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1840:
1833:
1753:
1750:
1637:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1523:, Qin dynasty.
1500:
1497:
1432:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1388:Hubei province
1234:
1227:
1226:
1218:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1079:
1076:
794:lower garnment
727:
720:
719:
715:with a dragon.
700:
693:
692:
691:
690:
689:
687:
684:
664:Tomb of Fu Hao
567:
560:
559:
547:
540:
539:
538:
534:
533:
532:
531:
529:
526:
509:sumptuary laws
446:upper garments
421:Book of Change
413:Yellow Emperor
393:Yellow Emperor
341:
338:
208:consists of a
157:, such as the
99:
92:
91:
86:Five dynasties
77:
70:
69:
68:
59:
52:
51:
45:stored by the
38:
31:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
23547:
23536:
23533:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23525:Folk costumes
23523:
23521:
23518:
23516:
23513:
23512:
23510:
23495:
23492:
23490:
23487:
23485:
23482:
23480:
23477:
23476:
23474:
23470:
23464:
23463:Western world
23461:
23459:
23456:
23452:
23449:
23448:
23447:
23444:
23442:
23439:
23437:
23434:
23433:
23431:
23427:
23419:
23416:
23415:
23414:
23411:
23409:
23406:
23404:
23401:
23400:
23398:
23394:
23388:
23385:
23383:
23380:
23378:
23375:
23373:
23370:
23369:
23367:
23363:
23357:
23354:
23352:
23349:
23347:
23344:
23342:
23339:
23338:
23336:
23332:
23324:
23321:
23319:
23316:
23315:
23314:
23311:
23307:
23304:
23302:
23299:
23297:
23294:
23292:
23289:
23287:
23284:
23282:
23279:
23277:
23274:
23273:
23272:
23269:
23268:
23266:
23262:
23256:
23253:
23249:
23246:
23245:
23244:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23229:
23226:
23224:
23221:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23211:
23209:
23206:
23205:
23203:
23199:
23193:
23190:
23188:
23185:
23183:
23180:
23178:
23175:
23171:
23168:
23166:
23163:
23161:
23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23147:
23145:
23143:
23140:
23136:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23126:
23123:
23121:
23118:
23117:
23115:
23113:
23110:
23108:
23105:
23104:
23102:
23098:
23093:
23083:
23080:
23078:
23075:
23073:
23070:
23068:
23065:
23063:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23051:
23048:
23046:
23043:
23042:
23041:
23038:
23036:
23033:
23032:
23030:
23028:
23024:
23017:
23014:
23012:
23009:
23008:
23004:
22999:
22992:
22987:
22985:
22980:
22978:
22973:
22972:
22969:
22959:
22954:
22947:
22941:
22938:
22936:
22933:
22931:
22928:
22926:
22923:
22921:
22918:
22916:
22913:
22911:
22908:
22906:
22903:
22901:
22898:
22896:
22893:
22891:
22888:
22886:
22883:
22881:
22878:
22876:
22873:
22871:
22868:
22867:
22865:
22863:
22859:
22853:
22850:
22848:
22845:
22843:
22840:
22838:
22835:
22833:
22830:
22828:
22825:
22823:
22820:
22818:
22815:
22813:
22810:
22808:
22805:
22803:
22800:
22798:
22795:
22793:
22790:
22788:
22785:
22783:
22780:
22778:
22775:
22773:
22770:
22768:
22765:
22764:
22762:
22760:
22756:
22750:
22747:
22745:
22742:
22740:
22737:
22735:
22732:
22730:
22727:
22725:
22722:
22720:
22717:
22715:
22712:
22710:
22707:
22705:
22702:
22700:
22697:
22695:
22692:
22690:
22687:
22685:
22682:
22680:
22677:
22675:
22672:
22670:
22667:
22665:
22662:
22660:
22657:
22655:
22652:
22650:
22649:Motoring hood
22647:
22645:
22642:
22640:
22637:
22635:
22632:
22630:
22627:
22625:
22622:
22620:
22617:
22615:
22612:
22610:
22607:
22605:
22602:
22600:
22597:
22595:
22592:
22590:
22587:
22585:
22582:
22580:
22577:
22575:
22572:
22570:
22567:
22565:
22562:
22560:
22557:
22555:
22552:
22550:
22547:
22545:
22542:
22540:
22537:
22535:
22532:
22530:
22527:
22525:
22522:
22520:
22517:
22515:
22512:
22510:
22507:
22505:
22502:
22500:
22497:
22495:
22492:
22490:
22487:
22485:
22482:
22480:
22477:
22476:
22474:
22472:
22468:
22462:
22459:
22457:
22454:
22452:
22449:
22447:
22444:
22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22414:
22410:
22407:
22405:
22402:
22400:
22397:
22396:
22395:
22392:
22390:
22387:
22385:
22382:
22378:
22377:Waist cincher
22375:
22374:
22373:
22370:
22368:
22365:
22363:
22360:
22358:
22355:
22353:
22350:
22348:
22345:
22343:
22340:
22339:
22337:
22335:
22331:
22325:
22322:
22320:
22317:
22315:
22312:
22310:
22307:
22305:
22302:
22300:
22297:
22295:
22292:
22288:
22285:
22283:
22280:
22279:
22278:
22275:
22273:
22270:
22268:
22265:
22263:
22260:
22258:
22255:
22253:
22250:
22248:
22245:
22243:
22240:
22238:
22235:
22233:
22230:
22228:
22225:
22223:
22220:
22218:
22215:
22213:
22210:
22208:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22198:
22195:
22193:
22190:
22188:
22185:
22183:
22180:
22178:
22175:
22171:
22170:Kinsale cloak
22168:
22167:
22166:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22156:
22153:
22151:
22148:
22146:
22143:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22133:
22132:
22130:
22128:
22124:
22118:
22115:
22113:
22110:
22108:
22105:
22103:
22100:
22098:
22095:
22093:
22090:
22088:
22085:
22083:
22080:
22078:
22075:
22073:
22070:
22068:
22065:
22063:
22060:
22059:
22057:
22055:
22051:
22045:
22042:
22040:
22037:
22035:
22032:
22030:
22027:
22025:
22022:
22020:
22017:
22016:
22014:
22012:
22008:
22000:
21995:
21992:
21990:
21989:Pedal pushers
21987:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21975:
21972:
21970:
21967:
21965:
21962:
21960:
21957:
21956:
21954:
21952:
21948:
21942:
21939:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21926:Peascod belly
21924:
21922:
21919:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21903:
21901:
21899:
21895:
21890:
21880:
21877:
21875:
21872:
21870:
21867:
21865:
21862:
21860:
21857:
21855:
21852:
21850:
21847:
21845:
21842:
21840:
21837:
21835:
21832:
21830:
21827:
21825:
21822:
21820:
21817:
21815:
21812:
21810:
21807:
21806:
21804:
21800:
21793:
21789:
21782:
21777:
21775:
21770:
21768:
21763:
21762:
21759:
21747:
21744:
21742:
21739:
21737:
21734:
21732:
21729:
21727:
21724:
21722:
21719:
21717:
21714:
21712:
21709:
21707:
21704:
21702:
21701:Feather cloak
21699:
21697:
21694:
21693:
21691:
21687:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21669:
21666:
21664:
21661:
21659:
21656:
21654:
21651:
21650:
21648:
21646:
21643:
21639:
21636:
21634:
21631:
21630:
21629:
21626:
21624:
21621:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21610:
21608:
21606:North America
21604:
21596:
21593:
21592:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21581:
21578:
21576:
21573:
21571:
21568:
21566:
21563:
21561:
21558:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21535:
21533:
21531:
21528:
21527:
21525:
21523:South America
21521:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21495:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21484:
21481:
21479:
21476:
21475:
21473:
21469:
21461:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21452:
21450:
21446:
21443:
21441:
21438:
21436:
21433:
21431:
21428:
21426:
21423:
21421:
21418:
21417:
21415:
21411:
21408:
21407:
21405:
21401:
21398:
21396:
21393:
21391:
21388:
21387:
21385:
21384:
21382:
21378:
21370:
21367:
21365:
21362:
21360:
21357:
21355:
21352:
21350:
21347:
21346:
21344:
21340:
21337:
21335:
21332:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21307:
21306:
21305:
21302:
21298:
21295:
21294:
21293:
21290:
21288:
21285:
21284:
21282:
21278:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21253:
21251:
21247:
21241:
21238:
21234:
21231:
21229:
21226:
21224:
21221:
21219:
21216:
21215:
21214:
21211:
21209:
21206:
21200:
21197:
21196:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21186:
21184:
21183:
21181:
21179:British Isles
21177:
21169:
21166:
21165:
21164:
21161:
21159:
21156:
21154:
21151:
21147:
21144:
21142:
21139:
21137:
21134:
21133:
21132:
21129:
21127:
21124:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21114:
21110:
21107:
21105:
21102:
21100:
21097:
21095:
21092:
21090:
21087:
21085:
21082:
21081:
21080:
21077:
21076:
21074:
21070:
21067:
21063:
21051:
21048:
21047:
21046:
21043:
21041:
21038:
21036:
21033:
21031:
21028:
21026:
21023:
21021:
21018:
21016:
21013:
21011:
21008:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20975:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20930:
20928:
20924:
20916:
20913:
20911:
20908:
20906:
20903:
20901:
20898:
20897:
20896:
20893:
20891:
20888:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20874:
20871:
20869:
20866:
20864:
20861:
20859:
20856:
20854:
20851:
20849:
20846:
20844:
20841:
20839:
20836:
20834:
20831:
20830:
20829:
20826:
20822:
20819:
20817:
20814:
20812:
20809:
20807:
20804:
20802:
20799:
20797:
20794:
20792:
20789:
20788:
20787:
20784:
20780:
20777:
20775:
20772:
20770:
20767:
20765:
20762:
20760:
20757:
20756:
20755:
20752:
20748:
20745:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20734:
20733:
20730:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20711:
20708:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20696:
20693:
20691:
20688:
20686:
20683:
20681:
20678:
20676:
20673:
20672:
20671:
20668:
20664:
20661:
20659:
20656:
20654:
20651:
20649:
20646:
20645:
20644:
20641:
20637:
20634:
20632:
20629:
20628:
20627:
20624:
20623:
20621:
20617:
20611:
20608:
20606:
20603:
20601:
20598:
20596:
20593:
20591:
20588:
20586:
20583:
20581:
20578:
20576:
20573:
20571:
20568:
20566:
20563:
20561:
20558:
20556:
20553:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20540:
20538:
20537:
20535:
20531:
20523:
20520:
20518:
20515:
20513:
20510:
20508:
20505:
20503:
20500:
20498:
20495:
20493:
20490:
20489:
20488:
20485:
20481:
20478:
20476:
20473:
20471:
20468:
20467:
20466:
20463:
20459:
20456:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20446:
20444:
20441:
20440:
20439:
20436:
20435:
20433:
20429:
20423:
20420:
20418:
20415:
20413:
20410:
20408:
20405:
20401:
20398:
20397:
20396:
20393:
20392:
20390:
20386:
20383:
20379:
20373:
20370:
20368:
20365:
20363:
20360:
20358:
20355:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20310:
20308:
20305:
20304:
20302:
20300:
20296:
20292:
20291:Folk costumes
20285:
20280:
20278:
20273:
20271:
20266:
20265:
20262:
20250:
20249:List of Hanfu
20242:
20241:
20238:
20232:
20229:
20228:
20226:
20222:
20212:
20209:
20207:
20204:
20203:
20201:
20197:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20172:
20170:
20166:
20163:
20159:
20149:
20146:
20144:
20141:
20139:
20136:
20135:
20133:
20129:
20123:
20120:
20118:
20115:
20113:
20110:
20108:
20105:
20103:
20100:
20098:
20095:
20093:
20090:
20088:
20085:
20084:
20082:
20078:
20072:
20069:
20068:
20066:
20062:
20056:
20053:
20052:
20050:
20046:
20040:
20037:
20036:
20034:
20030:
20024:
20021:
20020:
20018:
20014:
20008:
20005:
20003:
20000:
19999:
19997:
19993:
19987:
19984:
19982:
19979:
19977:
19974:
19973:
19971:
19967:
19961:
19958:
19957:
19955:
19951:
19948:
19946:
19942:
19936:
19933:
19931:
19928:
19926:
19923:
19922:
19920:
19918:
19914:
19904:
19901:
19899:
19896:
19895:
19893:
19889:
19883:
19880:
19879:
19877:
19873:
19867:
19864:
19862:
19859:
19858:
19856:
19852:
19846:
19843:
19841:
19838:
19837:
19835:
19831:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19806:
19804:
19800:
19794:
19791:
19789:
19786:
19785:
19783:
19781:
19777:
19771:
19768:
19766:
19763:
19762:
19760:
19758:
19754:
19751:
19749:
19745:
19735:
19734:Daojiao fushi
19732:
19731:
19729:
19725:
19719:
19716:
19714:
19711:
19709:
19706:
19704:
19701:
19700:
19698:
19696:Lower garment
19694:
19688:
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19675:
19673:
19670:
19669:
19667:
19663:
19657:
19654:
19652:
19649:
19647:
19644:
19642:
19639:
19637:
19634:
19632:
19629:
19627:
19624:
19622:
19619:
19617:
19614:
19612:
19609:
19607:
19604:
19602:
19599:
19597:
19594:
19592:
19589:
19587:
19584:
19583:
19581:
19577:
19571:
19568:
19566:
19563:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19533:
19531:
19528:
19526:
19523:
19521:
19518:
19516:
19513:
19511:
19508:
19506:
19503:
19501:
19498:
19497:
19495:
19493:Upper garment
19491:
19485:
19482:
19480:
19477:
19475:
19472:
19470:
19467:
19465:
19462:
19460:
19457:
19455:
19452:
19450:
19447:
19445:
19442:
19440:
19439:Qixiong ruqun
19437:
19435:
19434:Tanling ruqun
19432:
19430:
19427:
19426:
19424:
19422:Set of attire
19420:
19417:
19413:
19403:
19400:
19398:
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19295:
19292:
19290:
19287:
19285:
19282:
19280:
19277:
19276:
19274:
19270:
19264:
19263:List of hanfu
19261:
19259:
19256:
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19251:
19249:
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19240:
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19234:
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19128:
19125:
19124:
19114:
19105:
19099:
19093:
19089:
19084:
19083:
19080:
19078:962-07-5021-7
19074:
19070:
19065:
19054:
19050:
19046:
19040:
19036:
19035:
19029:
19025:
19016:
19012:
19006:
19002:
18997:
18993:
18987:
18986:Shen, Congwen
18983:
18979:
18973:
18965:
18956:
18952:
18946:
18942:
18933:
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18916:
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16482:0-313-00727-6
16478:
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15550:
15546:
15542:
15540:0-585-34402-7
15536:
15532:
15531:
15523:
15521:
15512:
15510:9780674244344
15506:
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15321:
15317:
15313:
15309:
15305:
15301:
15300:Artibus Asiae
15297:
15290:
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14559:
14555:
14554:
14547:
14539:
14537:9789971615215
14533:
14529:
14528:
14524:郑, 重 (1991).
14520:
14505:
14503:9787532721450
14499:
14495:
14494:
14486:
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14472:
14468:
14467:
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14304:
14296:
14294:9780231528184
14290:
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14264:
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13754:
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13722:
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13714:
13708:
13704:
13703:
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13693:
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13687:
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13679:
13663:
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13625:
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13590:
13584:
13580:
13579:
13571:
13569:
13567:
13558:
13552:
13544:
13540:
13536:
13534:1-58839-126-4
13530:
13526:
13525:
13518:
13516:
13514:
13505:
13501:
13500:The Silk Road
13494:
13487:
13485:
13483:
13481:
13479:
13463:
13459:
13452:
13444:
13440:
13436:
13434:1-139-05594-1
13430:
13426:
13425:
13417:
13415:
13413:
13411:
13409:
13400:
13398:9781139107334
13394:
13390:
13383:
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13364:
13358:
13343:
13339:
13333:
13325:
13321:
13317:
13313:
13309:
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13301:
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13293:
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13254:
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13233:
13224:
13220:
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13210:
13206:
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13189:
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13143:
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13083:
13077:
13063:
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13049:
13045:
13041:
13034:
13019:
13015:
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13006:
12998:
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12993:
12985:
12970:
12966:
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12951:
12947:
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12939:
12935:
12931:
12927:
12923:
12919:
12912:
12906:
12894:
12890:
12883:
12875:
12871:
12867:
12861:
12857:
12856:
12848:
12841:
12840:步搖，上有垂珠，步則搖也。
12837:
12836:
12828:
12821:
12817:
12816:
12808:
12800:
12796:
12792:
12786:
12782:
12781:
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12769:
12767:
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12709:
12701:
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12682:
12678:
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12669:
12654:
12650:
12644:
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12632:
12628:
12622:
12618:
12614:
12610:
12609:
12601:
12599:
12597:
12581:
12577:
12571:
12569:
12553:
12549:
12543:
12541:
12539:
12537:
12535:
12533:
12524:
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12516:
12510:
12506:
12505:
12497:
12489:
12485:
12481:
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12471:
12470:
12462:
12455:
12451:
12450:
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12424:
12416:
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12408:
12402:
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12386:
12384:
12382:
12380:
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12376:
12374:
12372:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12364:
12362:
12360:
12358:
12356:
12347:
12343:
12339:
12333:
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12328:
12320:
12318:
12316:
12314:
12298:
12294:
12287:
12279:
12275:
12271:
12267:
12263:
12259:
12252:
12245:
12230:
12223:
12215:
12211:
12207:
12205:7-5085-0540-9
12201:
12197:
12196:
12188:
12186:
12184:
12182:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12174:
12172:
12170:
12168:
12166:
12164:
12162:
12153:
12147:
12139:
12135:
12128:
12121:
12119:
12111:(1): 248–268.
12110:
12106:
12102:
12095:
12093:
12091:
12082:
12078:
12074:
12070:
12063:
12061:
12052:
12048:
12041:
12034:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12026:
12024:
12022:
12020:
12011:
12007:
12002:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11985:
11978:
11970:
11966:
11962:
11958:
11954:
11950:
11946:
11939:
11937:
11935:
11933:
11931:
11929:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11921:
11919:
11917:
11915:
11913:
11911:
11909:
11907:
11891:
11887:
11884:China Style.
11880:
11878:
11870:
11866:
11865:
11857:
11850:
11849:女子許嫁，笄而醴之，稱字。
11846:
11845:
11837:
11831:
11826:
11822:
11818:
11816:7-5085-0279-5
11812:
11808:
11807:
11799:
11797:
11795:
11793:
11791:
11789:
11787:
11785:
11783:
11781:
11779:
11770:
11768:9781631816345
11764:
11760:
11759:
11751:
11749:
11747:
11738:
11734:
11730:
11724:
11720:
11719:
11711:
11703:
11699:
11695:
11689:
11685:
11684:
11676:
11674:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11658:
11657:Book of Rites
11652:
11637:
11633:
11629:
11623:
11619:
11618:
11610:
11608:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11600:
11598:
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11594:
11592:
11590:
11588:
11586:
11584:
11582:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11570:
11568:
11566:
11564:
11562:
11560:
11550:
11543:
11539:
11535:
11529:
11521:
11517:
11513:
11506:
11499:
11465:
11459:
11455:
11448:
11441:
11437:
11431:
11420:
11413:
11409:
11404:
11398:
11392:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11362:
11346:
11342:
11338:
11331:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11308:(12): 41–76.
11307:
11303:
11296:
11294:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11271:
11267:
11263:
11259:
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11234:
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11228:
11226:
11224:
11222:
11215:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11192:
11188:
11187:
11179:
11164:
11162:9781443887830
11158:
11154:
11153:
11145:
11143:
11141:
11139:
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11135:
11133:
11131:
11129:
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11125:
11123:
11121:
11119:
11117:
11115:
11113:
11111:
11109:
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11105:
11103:
11101:
11099:
11097:
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11080:
11072:
11068:
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11058:
11054:
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11046:
11038:
11034:
11030:
11024:
11020:
11019:
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11009:
11007:
11005:
11003:
10994:
10990:
10986:
10980:
10976:
10975:
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10963:
10961:
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10924:
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10916:
10907:
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10899:
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10880:
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10874:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10862:
10853:
10847:
10839:
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10825:
10821:
10820:
10812:
10797:
10793:
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10784:
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10761:
10757:
10756:
10748:
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10737:
10733:
10726:
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10715:
10713:
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10709:
10707:
10705:
10688:
10684:
10678:
10663:
10659:
10652:
10637:
10633:
10626:
10611:
10609:9781315702063
10605:
10601:
10597:
10596:
10588:
10586:
10577:
10576:
10568:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10547:
10545:9781847888556
10541:
10537:
10533:
10529:
10525:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10505:
10499:
10495:
10488:
10480:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10459:
10451:
10445:
10437:
10433:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10418:
10410:
10397:
10384:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10364:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10345:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10315:
10307:
10301:
10297:
10293:
10287:
10279:
10273:
10269:
10262:
10247:. 20 May 2019
10246:
10242:
10236:
10221:
10219:9781592650194
10215:
10211:
10210:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10196:
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10192:
10190:
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10184:
10182:
10180:
10178:
10176:
10174:
10172:
10170:
10153:
10146:
10130:
10123:
10108:. China Daily
10107:
10100:
10092:
10088:
10084:
10082:0-300-07930-3
10078:
10074:
10073:
10065:
10063:
10061:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10051:
10049:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10041:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10009:
10007:
10005:
10003:
10001:
9999:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9989:
9987:
9982:
9973:
9969:
9964:
9962:
9958:
9954:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9941:. Please see
9940:
9936:
9930:
9928:
9922:
9918:
9913:
9912:
9896:
9889:
9883:
9874:
9865:
9858:
9852:
9848:
9838:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9818:
9815:
9814:
9806:
9803:
9801:
9798:
9796:
9795:Qixiong Ruqun
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9780:List of hanfu
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9752:
9743:
9732:
9729:
9718:
9707:
9700:
9695:
9694:
9685:
9681:
9680:Manchu people
9677:
9674:
9672:
9668:
9665:
9662:
9658:
9653:
9652:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9631:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9617:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9603:
9599:
9589:
9587:
9582:
9577:
9573:
9569:
9564:
9561:
9557:
9553:
9549:
9540:
9535:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9511:
9507:
9503:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9477:
9467:
9458:
9448:
9439:
9428:
9419:
9409:
9399:
9397:
9392:
9386:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9349:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9336:
9332:
9329:
9327:
9324:
9323:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9276:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9265:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9256:Inner Garment
9253:
9249:
9246:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9227:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9216:
9213:
9210:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9181:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9164:
9162:
9161:Outer Garment
9158:
9154:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9137:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9124:
9121:
9120:
9116:
9113:
9110:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9099:
9097:
9096:Lower Garment
9093:
9089:
9086:
9083:
9082:
9078:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9069:Upper Garment
9066:
9062:
9059:
9056:
9053:
9052:
9049:
9044:
9043:List of Hanfu
9027:
9022:
9015:
9010:
9006:
9002:
9000:
8992:
8987:
8983:
8979:
8975:
8968:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8938:
8936:
8932:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8915:
8912:
8907:
8905:
8901:
8898:
8897:
8892:
8888:
8884:
8880:
8876:
8872:
8868:
8864:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8838:
8834:
8830:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8800:
8790:
8788:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8748:
8739:
8737:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8701:
8696:
8689:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8669:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8641:
8636:
8635:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8622:
8616:
8615:Daojiao fushi
8602:
8598:
8592:
8587:
8580:
8575:
8571:
8567:
8561:
8556:
8555:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8542:Chinese opera
8534:
8527:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8503:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8467:
8463:
8453:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8436:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8396:
8391:
8388:
8384:
8379:
8377:
8371:
8363:
8356:
8351:
8347:
8340:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8320:
8315:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8296:
8289:
8284:
8277:
8272:
8265:
8260:
8253:
8248:
8247:
8246:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8232:
8228:
8224:
8220:
8219:Jisi guanfutu
8215:
8211:
8206:
8202:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8178:
8174:
8172:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8143:
8138:
8131:
8126:
8118:
8113:
8106:
8101:
8094:
8089:
8082:
8077:
8070:
8065:
8058:
8053:
8049:
8045:
8041:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8027:
8024:
8020:
8015:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7949:slant opening
7946:
7943:Qing dynasty
7940:
7936:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7916:
7907:
7903:
7893:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7879:
7874:
7870:
7860:
7858:
7852:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7810:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7758:
7754:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7733:
7729:
7724:
7714:
7710:
7709:
7703:
7699:
7694:
7692:
7688:
7683:
7682:Eight Banners
7679:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:Kokang people
7660:
7656:
7652:
7651:Uyghur people
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7619:
7614:
7610:
7602:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7581:
7571:
7568:
7564:
7560:
7556:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7505:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7489:
7485:
7484:
7479:
7470:
7466:
7460:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7440:
7436:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7423:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7398:
7396:
7392:
7388:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7364:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7346:
7342:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7326:
7320:
7305:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7283:
7279:
7274:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7257:
7249:
7244:
7240:
7235:
7231:
7226:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7203:
7198:
7191:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7154:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7135:
7133:
7129:
7116:
7111:
7107:
7100:
7095:
7088:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7065:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7046:
7041:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7004:
7000:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6984:
6983:
6978:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6956:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6925:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6836:
6831:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6807:
6803:(六合一統帽), the
6802:
6801:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6775:
6774:
6768:
6766:
6762:
6761:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6747:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6708:
6707:
6701:
6694:
6690:
6683:
6679:
6674:
6670:
6668:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6644:
6640:
6638:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6592:
6587:
6569:
6564:
6560:
6555:
6551:
6546:
6539:
6534:
6527:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6507:
6502:
6495:
6490:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6456:
6448:
6443:
6442:
6441:
6433:
6432:Chen Yuanjing
6429:
6425:
6418:
6413:
6406:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6389:
6382:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6288:
6283:
6276:
6271:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6241:
6224:
6219:
6212:
6207:
6200:
6195:
6188:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6179:
6175:
6174:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6150:
6149:Northern Song
6146:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6117:
6116:qixiong ruqun
6110:
6105:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6065:
6064:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5987:
5985:
5981:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5947:Khitan people
5939:
5938:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5900:Neo-Confucian
5898:In addition,
5893:
5888:
5877:
5872:
5865:
5860:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5811:
5804:
5799:
5792:
5787:
5780:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5749:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5724:
5714:
5709:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5686:
5681:
5674:
5669:
5665:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5647:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5626:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5601:
5596:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5589:liangpian qun
5585:
5581:
5577:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5519:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5495:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5469:
5465:
5464:zhanchi futou
5461:
5454:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5422:
5416:
5415:Rites of Zhou
5411:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5398:yuanyouguanfu
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5349:
5341:
5336:
5329:
5324:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5288:
5281:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5242:
5237:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5219:
5215:
5213:
5208:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5190:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5165:
5151:
5144:
5139:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5121:Southern Tang
5118:
5111:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5097:Southern Tang
5094:
5087:
5082:
5078:
5077:Southern Tang
5071:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5050:
5047:(907-960 AD).
5046:
5039:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4955:
4950:
4943:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4906:
4904:
4900:
4899:Uyghur empire
4896:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4883:
4882:Yonghui reign
4879:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4829:
4825:
4817:
4812:
4805:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4730:
4727:dressed in a
4726:
4719:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4699:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:
4629:
4625:
4619:
4608:
4604:
4603:qixiong ruqun
4597:
4592:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4508:
4502:
4491:
4484:
4479:
4475:
4468:
4463:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4436:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4415:
4411:
4410:tanling ruqun
4404:
4399:
4395:
4388:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4313:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4269:Emperor Gaozu
4266:
4262:
4258:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4043:, would wear
4042:
4041:Emperor Gaozu
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4021:Northern Zhou
4018:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3986:
3985:Tanling ruqun
3982:
3981:Qixiong ruqun
3972:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3707:
3700:
3695:
3688:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3557:Liang dynasty
3554:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:Liang dynasty
3530:
3523:
3518:
3515:(420-589 AD).
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3495:brick relief.
3494:
3490:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3398:, also named
3397:
3393:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3355:trousers and
3347:
3342:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3289:, During the
3288:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3173:
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3158:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3011:
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3004:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2768:
2763:
2756:
2751:
2744:
2739:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:bao yi bo dai
2696:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2642:adorned with
2641:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:bao yi bo dai
2592:
2588:
2587:
2586:bao yi bo dai
2581:
2577:
2576:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2201:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:bronze mirror
2170:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1848:, Han dynasty
1847:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1794:
1786:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1758:
1749:
1746:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1697:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1634:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1586:(袀玄) and
1584:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1527:Although the
1521:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1445:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1279:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1244:
1231:
1222:
1215:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1004:
998:
993:
991:
983:
978:
977:
970:
969:
962:
956:
950:
944:
938:
937:
930:
924:
923:
916:
909:
908:
898:
893:
887:
880:
875:
871:
868:
867:
861:
859:
852:
847:
846:Book of Rites
843:
842:Rites of Zhou
838:
837:
830:
829:
821:
819:
818:
813:
812:
806:
801:
800:
795:
791:
786:
780:
778:
777:
772:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
745:(禮) orthodoxy
744:
738:
724:
716:
713:
707:
701:Eastern Zhou
697:
683:
680:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
651:
644:
643:
637:
635:
634:
626:
625:
618:
617:
614:
607:
606:
599:
598:
592:
587:
585:
584:Shang dynasty
575:
571:
564:
555:
551:
544:
525:
523:
519:
518:Central Asian
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:ancient China
497:
494:
488:
487:
480:
475:
470:
469:
463:
458:
457:
451:
447:
445:
439:
437:
436:Shang dynasty
433:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
394:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
351:
346:
337:
335:
334:United States
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
255:handheld fans
251:
250:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
226:
221:
219:
214:
212:
207:
202:
200:
195:
194:
187:
186:
179:
178:
171:
170:
163:
162:
156:
152:
148:
144:
138:
130:
122:
118:
117:
106:
102:
101:Wanli Emperor
96:
87:
83:
82:
81:Qixiong Ruqun
74:
63:
60:a section of
56:
48:
44:
43:
35:
26:
22:
23044:
22479:Anthony Eden
22431:Open drawers
22282:Galway shawl
22097:Robe de cour
21843:
21678:Quechquemitl
21628:Western wear
21503:Bäckadräkten
21471:Scandinavian
21435:Cordovan hat
21386:Netherlands
20993:Tallit katan
20910:Áo giao lĩnh
20838:Chong kraben
20447:
19570:Yuanlingshan
19360:Yin and Yang
19340:Confucianism
19172:
19112:
19087:
19068:
19056:. Retrieved
19033:
19023:
19000:
18991:
18963:
18940:
18929:Bibliography
18918:
18913:
18906:
18898:
18893:
18886:
18878:
18873:
18866:
18858:
18853:
18846:
18838:
18833:
18826:
18817:
18812:
18808:
18804:
18799:
18792:
18784:
18779:
18772:
18758:
18750:
18738:. Retrieved
18734:
18714:. 武漢理工大學出版社.
18711:
18705:
18693:. Retrieved
18689:
18679:
18667:. Retrieved
18663:
18653:
18634:
18630:
18620:
18611:
18602:
18590:. Retrieved
18586:
18576:
18549:
18545:
18535:
18516:
18512:
18502:
18490:. Retrieved
18486:the original
18465:
18461:
18451:
18437:
18422:
18410:. Retrieved
18406:
18396:
18387:
18362:. Retrieved
18358:
18348:
18336:. Retrieved
18331:
18321:
18311:
18304:
18292:. Retrieved
18287:
18278:
18266:. Retrieved
18254:
18244:
18232:. Retrieved
18227:
18218:
18206:. Retrieved
18197:
18185:. Retrieved
18181:
18172:
18144:
18137:
18114:
18091:
18068:
18046:
18013:
18009:
17999:
17972:
17963:
17928:
17879:
17872:
17839:
17835:
17803:
17797:
17786:, retrieved
17764:
17707:(20210122).
17704:
17700:
17673:. Retrieved
17669:
17645:. Retrieved
17641:
17632:
17596:
17563:. Retrieved
17559:
17550:
17524:
17496:
17489:
17479:
17473:
17453:
17446:
17426:
17420:
17408:. Retrieved
17404:
17371:
17349:(1): 39–49.
17346:
17342:
17301:
17267:
17260:
17250:
17207:
17203:
17170:
17163:. Retrieved
17156:the original
17147:
17140:
17120:
17078:
17028:
17021:
17012:
16997:
16990:
16970:
16963:
16930:
16926:
16876:
16872:
16862:
16842:
16835:
16815:
16808:
16791:
16759:
16747:. Retrieved
16740:the original
16735:
16731:
16718:
16706:. Retrieved
16691:
16684:
16676:
16672:
16671:章太炎 (1996).
16666:
16658:
16655:飲冰室合集·論不變法之害
16654:
16653:梁啟超 (1989).
16648:
16606:
16584:清前期皇室及貴族服飾研究
16583:
16577:
16557:
16550:
16530:
16505:
16504:顧凡穎 (2018).
16499:
16471:
16464:
16422:
16392:
16385:
16365:
16358:
16338:
16331:
16311:
16304:
16294:
16288:
16260:
16126:
16091:
16087:
16039:
16035:
15990:
15958:(3): 22–29.
15955:
15951:
15883:. Retrieved
15876:the original
15862:
15837:
15833:
15823:
15790:
15786:
15734:, retrieved
15704:
15624:
15620:
15571:
15529:
15500:
15469:
15462:
15434:
15398:
15392:
15364:
15303:
15299:
15289:
15269:
15226:
15222:
15212:
15192:
15149:
15145:
15103:
15099:
15089:
15080:
15074:
15062:. Retrieved
15057:
15048:
15039:
14988:
14902:
14800:
14793:
14760:
14756:
14746:
14726:
14667:
14657:
14637:
14594:
14586:
14552:
14546:
14526:
14519:
14507:. Retrieved
14492:
14485:
14465:
14425:
14418:
14406:. Retrieved
14402:
14354:
14350:
14322:
14303:
14283:
14244:
14234:
14206:
14167:
14127:
14117:
14090:
14065:. Retrieved
14061:the original
14056:
14010:
14006:
13975:. Retrieved
13971:the original
13966:
13956:
13944:. Retrieved
13940:the original
13935:
13925:
13897:
13861:(1): 60–68.
13858:
13854:
13813:
13806:
13778:
13771:
13743:
13701:
13665:. Retrieved
13661:
13652:
13622:(1): 44–70.
13619:
13615:
13605:
13577:
13523:
13503:
13499:
13465:. Retrieved
13461:
13451:
13423:
13388:
13382:
13370:. Retrieved
13366:
13357:
13345:. Retrieved
13341:
13332:
13299:
13295:
13285:
13255:(19): 1–38.
13252:
13248:
13203:
13196:
13168:
13161:
13149:. Retrieved
13145:
13109:
13102:
13090:. Retrieved
13085:
13076:
13065:, retrieved
13043:
13033:
13021:. Retrieved
13017:
13012:Chinastyle.
12996:
12991:
12984:
12972:. Retrieved
12968:
12958:
12925:
12921:
12911:
12896:. Retrieved
12892:
12882:
12854:
12847:
12839:
12834:
12827:
12819:
12814:
12807:
12779:
12731:
12699:
12694:
12688:
12680:
12675:
12668:
12656:. Retrieved
12652:
12643:
12607:
12583:. Retrieved
12579:
12555:. Retrieved
12551:
12503:
12496:
12468:
12461:
12453:
12448:
12441:
12395:
12326:
12300:. Retrieved
12297:Hunan Museum
12296:
12286:
12261:
12257:
12244:
12232:. Retrieved
12222:
12194:
12146:
12137:
12133:
12108:
12104:
12075:(6): 52–57.
12072:
12068:
12050:
12046:
11991:
11987:
11977:
11952:
11948:
11893:. Retrieved
11889:
11868:
11863:
11856:
11848:
11843:
11836:
11805:
11757:
11717:
11710:
11682:
11661:
11660:, "vol. 43"
11655:
11651:
11639:. Retrieved
11616:
11549:
11541:
11538:Liji Zhengyi
11537:
11533:
11528:
11514:(5): 26–30.
11511:
11505:
11467:
11453:
11447:
11439:
11419:
11407:
11403:
11391:
11379:. Retrieved
11370:
11361:
11349:. Retrieved
11340:
11330:
11305:
11256:(1): 11–21.
11253:
11249:
11209:the original
11185:
11178:
11166:. Retrieved
11151:
11051:
11045:
11017:
10973:
10926:
10886:
10818:
10811:
10799:. Retrieved
10795:
10754:
10738:(1): 99–109.
10735:
10731:
10691:. Retrieved
10686:
10677:
10665:. Retrieved
10661:
10651:
10639:. Retrieved
10635:
10625:
10613:. Retrieved
10594:
10574:
10549:, retrieved
10527:
10493:
10487:
10468:
10458:
10416:
10409:
10396:
10383:
10361:(1): 66–75.
10358:
10354:
10344:
10332:. Retrieved
10328:the original
10323:
10314:
10295:
10286:
10267:
10261:
10249:. Retrieved
10244:
10235:
10223:. Retrieved
10208:
10156:. Retrieved
10145:
10133:. Retrieved
10122:
10110:. Retrieved
10099:
10071:
10027:. Retrieved
10022:
10018:
9971:
9942:
9932:
9924:
9895:
9888:Tang dynasty
9886:Hufu in the
9882:
9873:
9864:
9851:
9805:Yuanlingshan
9728:China portal
9706:Tang dynasty
9686:court dress)
9684:Qing dynasty
9669:, including
9651:áo giao lĩnh
9601:
9568:Ming dynasty
9565:
9547:
9544:
9527:
9520:
9513:
9510:Zhuangzi jin
9509:
9505:
9501:
9495:
9489:
9483:
9479:
9475:
9472:
9388:
9364:
9351:
9338:
9325:
9303:
9297:
9289:
9255:
9160:
9133:
9095:
9068:
9057:Romanization
9046:
8997:
8972:Men wearing
8941:Modern hanfu
8934:
8930:
8926:
8922:
8919:modern hanfu
8918:
8916:
8908:
8895:
8887:Yuan dynasty
8867:Ming dynasty
8863:modern hanfu
8862:
8860:
8850:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8817:modern hanfu
8816:
8810:
8807:
8803:modern hanfu
8802:
8796:
8793:Modern hanfu
8786:
8784:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8767:
8765:
8753:
8729:
8725:
8711:21st century
8628:
8621:Taoist monks
8618:
8572:performance.
8565:
8553:Qing-style.
8539:
8493:silent movie
8469:
8444:
8440:
8433:
8415:
8392:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8344:Graduate of
8329:
8309:
8238:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8213:
8212:revived the
8207:
8203:
8199:Foot binding
8184:
8181:20th century
8175:
8168:
8162:
8156:
8016:
7985:
7980:
7976:bounded feet
7969:
7964:
7960:
7956:
7952:
7944:
7941:
7937:
7917:
7913:
7905:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7866:
7853:
7849:
7844:Wang Chanyue
7787:
7785:in 1911 AD.
7772:
7741:
7722:
7720:
7695:
7675:
7647:Salar people
7634:
7626:Nanai people
7623:
7617:
7607:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7551:
7541:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7525:
7521:
7515:
7511:
7509:
7481:
7475:
7465:Qing dynasty
7419:
7409:
7406:dragon robes
7399:
7395:Ming dynasty
7362:
7356:
7353:Qing dynasty
7350:
7344:
7343:mainly wore
7322:
7308:Qing dynasty
7295:
7258:
7254:
7209:Ming dynasty
7179:Old lady in
7159:
7151:
7147:
7143:
7136:
7132:Tang dynasty
7127:
7124:
7104:Portrait of
7075:Matteo Ricci
7057:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7033:
7027:
7024:
7021:baohe guanfu
7020:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6968:
6961:
6945:
6941:
6933:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6877:
6871:
6867:
6865:
6861:
6840:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6788:
6783:
6777:
6771:
6769:
6758:
6750:
6744:
6741:terlig-style
6740:
6736:
6732:
6724:
6718:
6714:
6712:
6704:
6646:
6642:
6636:
6633:Yuan dynasty
6626:
6622:Tang dynasty
6618:Ming dynasty
6615:
6610:Ming dynasty
6590:
6576:Ming dynasty
6515:painting by
6513:Yuan dynasty
6461:Yuan dynasty
6453:
6438:
6396:Yuan Dynasty
6361:Yuan dynasty
6342:
6330:Song dynasty
6326:Tang dynasty
6322:Yuan dynasty
6319:
6298:Yuan dynasty
6243:
6178:Yuan dynasty
6171:
6154:
6145:Wanyan Liang
6140:Song dynasty
6133:
6058:
6046:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6030:Qing dynasty
6027:
6022:
6014:
6007:Liao dynasty
6004:
5995:Liao dynasty
5972:
5958:
5954:
5943:
5935:
5925:
5917:
5903:
5897:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5822:
5818:
5816:
5810:Song dynasty
5751:
5746:Man wearing
5732:Foot binding
5721:
5719:
5691:
5662:
5656:
5606:
5588:
5583:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5542:
5535:Song dynasty
5516:
5501:Song dynasty
5482:
5463:
5458:Portrait of
5440:plum blossom
5425:
5419:
5410:Confucianism
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5361:
5357:
5355:
5347:
5319:Song dynasty
5303:Song dynasty
5268:
5264:
5259:
5256:diaochanguan
5255:
5251:
5245:
5239:
5231:
5224:
5216:
5212:diaochanguan
5210:
5204:
5201:
5197:Tang dynasty
5189:Song dynasty
5186:
5158:Song dynasty
5125:Gu Hongzhong
5101:Gu Hongzhong
5008:
4993:Tang dynasty
4961:Tang dynasty
4928:
4924:
4917:
4909:
4907:
4888:
4886:
4875:
4861:
4855:
4851:Central Asia
4843:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4816:kuapao-style
4777:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4728:
4725:Tang dynasty
4708:
4705:Tang dynasty
4689:Tang Dynasty
4673:Tang dynasty
4652:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4627:
4543:
4517:
4514:
4489:
4474:Tang dynasty
4460:, dated 706.
4426:Tang dynasty
4378:A-line skirt
4373:
4370:
4358:Ming dynasty
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4293:dragon robes
4284:
4278:
4272:
4261:Qing dynasty
4257:Tang dynasty
4254:
4223:
4202:
4198:
4170:(581–618 AD)
4154:(581–618 AD)
4124:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4065:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4014:
4004:
3994:
3949:
3930:
3925:
3908:
3806:
3783:Central Asia
3780:
3763:Tang dynasty
3759:Northern Wei
3756:
3749:
3705:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3591:
3580:
3575:Earthenware
3552:
3528:
3508:
3488:
3460:
3456:
3455:Men wearing
3436:
3432:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3399:
3379:
3378:
3365:
3362:Yellow River
3356:
3351:
3316:, the early
3304:
3298:
3294:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:
3199:
3111:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3055:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3018:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2980:(两裆; vest),
2977:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2952:(衫; shirt),
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2920:
2902:tongtianguan
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2866:
2863:tongtianguan
2862:
2858:
2811:
2805:
2799:
2784:Northern Wei
2777:
2773:
2726:
2722:
2698:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2630:
2614:
2610:
2594:
2584:
2578:worn in the
2573:
2571:
2561:
2560:, which was
2555:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2498:Jinxian Guan
2480:
2440:
2356:
2329:
2313:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2285:tongtianguan
2283:
2277:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2223:Hunan Museum
2147:of the late
2115:
2113:
2108:12 ornaments
2103:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2077:
1982:
1885:
1881:
1861:
1843:
1826:
1817:
1806:
1796:
1790:
1761:
1732:
1712:
1704:
1644:
1608:, and stuck
1590:tongtianguan
1533:Qin Shihuang
1526:
1484:
1456:
1439:
1355:
1346:
1316:
1302:
1292:
1282:
1249:
1133:Confucianism
1122:
1101:
1031:
996:
994:
902:
896:
879:sericultural
855:
822:
815:
809:
797:
781:
774:
764:
749:Confucianism
742:
734:
629:
590:
588:
581:
498:
449:
443:
440:
431:
430:
426:
404:
402:
356:
355:
313:
307:
304:áo giao lĩnh
293:
277:
269:
263:
224:
217:
210:
205:
203:
154:
140:
115:
114:
113:
104:
79:
40:
25:
23530:Han Chinese
23472:By clothing
23135:Western Xia
23125:Jurchen Jin
23107:Anglo-Saxon
23100:Middle Ages
23045:Han Chinese
22935:Shoe buckle
22862:Accessories
22812:Lotus shoes
22589:Jeongjagwan
22564:French hood
22514:Blessed hat
22436:Pantalettes
22404:Farthingale
22314:Ulster coat
22294:Smock-frock
22207:Houppelande
21997: [
21802:Body-length
21696:Grass skirt
21570:Liqui liqui
21543:Chilote cap
21460:Coppola cap
21354:Kosovorotka
21319:Kozhushanka
20926:Middle East
20863:Raj pattern
20853:Pha khao ma
20796:Baro't saya
20786:Philippines
20764:Baju Melayu
20759:Baju Kurung
20636:Gaung baung
20395:Afghanistan
20342:Kente cloth
20117:Folding fan
19935:Lotus shoes
19616:Yuanlingpao
19243:Baoyi bodai
18592:13 February
18388:이화여자대학교 대학원
17842:(1): 3–22.
16766:《太平天國革命親歷記》
16675:. 河北教育出版社.
16582:劉菲 (2017).
15736:16 February
15106:: 111–135.
14509:17 November
14403:China Daily
14067:20 February
14013:(1): 5–33.
13151:13 February
13067:14 February
13023:10 February
12992:Book of Jin
12974:11 February
12898:11 February
12658:17 February
12557:28 February
12449:Book of Jin
11498:, 581–645).
11351:11 February
10801:28 February
10551:28 February
10292:Dalby, Liza
9970:. However,
9927:translation
9592:Accessories
9063:Definition
8883:Jin dynasty
8847:hanfu style
8843:"Hanyuansu"
8597:Kunqu opera
8509:silent film
8416:During the
8239:shier zhang
8210:Yuan Shikai
8040:Han Chinese
7890:bai shou yi
7882:bai shou yi
7880:called the
7788:During the
7779:dragon robe
7767:Dragon robe
7676:During the
7339:dynasties,
7319:Dragon robe
7282:Ngô Sĩ Liên
7265:Ming–Hồ War
7142:daily, the
6517:Zhao Mengfu
6455:Vimalakirti
6370:and in the
6338:Han Chinese
6320:During the
6249:Western Xia
6234:Western Xia
6136:Jin dynasty
6124:Jin dynasty
5986:dynasties.
5953:and Khitan
5920:, based on
5753:Sericulture
5723:Sericulture
5660:-robes and
5479:Empress Cao
5400:(远游冠服) and
5252:jinxianguan
5227:yuanlingpao
5206:jinxianguan
5061:Wang Chuzhi
4890:Huihuzhuang
4828:yuanlingpao
4745:Wang Chuzhi
4729:yuanlingpao
4709:yuanlingpao
4653:yuanlingpao
4639:yuanlingpao
4528:Yang Guifei
4394:Mogao caves
4199:Jinxianguan
4184:Sui dynasty
4168:Sui dynasty
4152:Sui dynasty
4104:jinxianguan
4094:), and the
4055:dragon robe
4037:Northern Qi
4033:Western Jin
4017:Sui dynasty
4011:Sui dynasty
3956:Han dynasty
3926:pingshangze
3905:Northern Qi
3889:Northern Qi
3869:Northern Qi
3833:Northern Qi
3811:Han dynasty
3795:Northern Qi
3776:Eastern Wei
3772:Western Wei
3639:xianbei hat
3437:jinxianguan
3291:Western Jin
3248:Western Wei
3122:, found in
3033:Jin dynasty
3025:Western Jin
2871:Jin dynasty
2869:(列女仁智圖) by
2731:Jin dynasty
2729:(列女仁智圖) by
2717:Duke Yi of
2703:Eastern Jin
2627:Eastern Han
2623:Eastern Jin
2603:Jin dynasty
2580:Han dynasty
2548:evolved to
2457:Eastern Han
2416:Eastern Han
2400:Western Han
2372:jiaolingpao
2297:jinxianguan
2291:yuanyouguan
2215:Western Han
2177:Eastern Han
2143:Mural from
2080:Western Han
2029:Eastern Han
2000:Eastern Han
1964:Western Han
1823:Eastern Han
1793:Han dynasty
1773:Sericulture
1752:Han dynasty
1729:bamboo slip
1673:jiaolingpao
1529:Qin dynasty
1519:jiaolingpao
1499:Qin dynasty
1493:Han dynasty
1489:Qin dynasty
1349:quju youren
1123:During the
761:Kong Yingda
572:mausoleum,
505:Qin dynasty
415:'s consort
409:sericulture
366:Han dynasty
332:and in the
326:Chinoiserie
274:sericulture
266:Han dynasty
199:ku trousers
151:Han Chinese
23509:Categories
23192:Vietnamese
23150:400s–1000s
22905:Lavallière
22822:Pampooties
22579:Gable hood
22456:Union suit
22451:Pettipants
22394:Hoop skirt
22324:Witzchoura
21994:Saragüells
21931:Poet shirt
21849:Justacorps
21839:Frock coat
21580:Panama hat
21334:Vyshyvanka
21292:Azerbaijan
21261:Lederhosen
21126:Fustanella
20915:Áo tứ thân
20801:Buntal hat
20648:Chong Kben
20458:Tangzhuang
20102:Fu (tally)
19898:Honggaitou
19621:Fanlingpao
19565:Shuitianyi
19058:4 February
19020:【中國古代禮俗辭典】
18995:【中國古代服飾研究】
18960:【中華歷代服飾藝術】
18695:8 February
18669:8 February
18664:Sixth Tone
17507:0674010922
17437:0791437418
17321:1021375081
17008:0731506545
16981:0520048040
16826:0521477719
16768:. 上海古籍出版社.
16708:4 December
16626:1090283580
16586:. 山東大學出版社.
16568:0521477719
16541:1555952380
16508:. 北京日報出版社.
16442:1004424828
15223:T'oung Pao
15008:1184122156
14648:7508502795
14610:0313309558
14563:0835131785
14445:1101879641
14408:9 February
13977:9 February
13946:9 February
13833:1147841857
13721:1042816832
13597:1122686753
13092:7 February
12874:1090702934
12585:6 February
12415:1030303372
12302:3 February
12234:6 February
12140:: 198–205.
11895:4 February
11641:4 February
11395:Zuozhuan,
11168:4 February
11071:1029205918
10838:1109390790
10693:4 February
10667:4 February
10641:4 February
10615:3 February
10598:. London:
10225:4 February
10158:1 February
10154:. CBC News
10135:1 February
10112:31 January
10029:1 February
9937:. See the
9907:References
9661:Vietnamese
9646:Vietnamese
9406:See also:
9041:See also:
8675:tangzhuang
8430:Mao Zedong
8426:Jiang Qing
8411:Kam people
8308:wearing a
8306:Sai Jinhua
8002:, and the
7981:baijianqun
7757:Zhu Shugui
7753:Zheng Jing
7698:Edo period
7578:See also:
7375:Amur river
7052:(方巾). The
7045:dongpo jin
6878:yishanguan
6873:yishanguan
6426:(from the
5637:Su Hanchen
5481:wearing a
5460:Song Taizu
5384:(窄袍). The
5260:xiezhiguan
5218:xiezhiguan
5162:See also:
4893:after the
4804:fanlingpao
4587: 744
4492:-painting.
4340:(披帛), and
4119:xiezhiguan
4114:quefeiguan
4108:, and the
4060:quefeiguan
4046:tongtianfu
3989:See also:
3971:clothing.
3962:and early
3346:Former Qin
2816:(女史箴图) by
2786:, c.484 AD
2607:Neo-Taoism
2328:(巾帻). The
1459:a type of
1082:See also:
264:After the
261:diaspora.
189:, and the
23356:1945–1960
23351:1930–1945
23313:Edwardian
23271:Victorian
23243:1795–1820
23238:1775–1795
23233:1750–1775
23228:1700–1750
23223:1650–1700
23218:1600–1650
23213:1550–1600
23208:1500–1550
23187:Tocharian
23112:Byzantine
22880:Cointoise
22875:Belt hook
22870:Ascot tie
22852:Turnshoes
22837:Poulaines
22797:Duckbills
22782:Carbatina
22744:Welsh Wig
22694:Printer's
22654:Mounteere
22644:Mooskappe
22604:Kokoshnik
22489:Arakhchin
22441:Petticoat
22426:Loincloth
22399:Crinoline
22334:Underwear
22272:Shadbelly
22242:Overfrock
22197:Greatcoat
22127:Outerwear
22092:Polonaise
22072:Debutante
22029:Safeguard
21819:Brunswick
21565:Guayabera
21430:Cachirulo
21425:Barretina
21349:Kokoshnik
21329:Sharovary
21297:Kelaghayi
21153:Macedonia
21116:Aromanian
21030:Palestine
20883:Tabengman
20843:Chut Thai
20816:Patadyong
20779:Tengkolok
20675:Baju bodo
20670:Indonesia
20619:Southeast
20470:Hachimaki
20443:Cheongsam
20367:Tagelmust
20332:Jellabiya
20224:Cosmetics
20131:Jewellery
19995:Shoulders
19925:Xiuhuaxie
19718:Mamianqun
19713:Baidiequn
19530:Daxiushan
19210:Fastening
19109:【中國古代服飾史】
19053:909065833
18972:cite book
18612:Newhanfuz
18568:1598-2661
18482:151370452
18338:29 August
18263:0362-4331
18164:711782366
18119:Artstor.
18096:Artstor.
18030:1556-4673
17955:198990188
17907:213417134
17864:192596770
17856:1362-704X
17731:2328-1286
17624:234293619
17531:《中国古代服饰史》
17516:0073-0483
17363:2233-9051
17232:228163567
17224:1944-6454
17165:1 January
16947:0004-3958
16933:: 61–80.
16901:204374195
16893:1750-6980
16800:1833-8461
16634:cite book
16450:cite book
16280:154701513
16154:221756137
16108:2214-5966
16064:191384101
16056:0039-3630
16010:949669739
15972:0001-6446
15854:0254-9948
15815:195069294
15807:1673-3401
15731:165356490
15649:149138176
15641:0252-9203
15591:606786260
15454:317592785
15408:cite book
15384:794925381
15320:0004-3648
15243:0082-5433
15166:1673-3401
15112:0571-1371
15016:cite book
14930:cite book
14922:953576345
14820:669127176
14777:0001-6446
14619:1080-4749
14572:cite book
14379:217042987
14035:155949571
14027:1362-704X
13917:680510577
13877:2475-7799
13798:907525912
13644:192360196
13636:0040-4969
13551:cite book
13443:317592780
13324:154208315
13316:0004-3079
13277:162191498
13269:1529-9104
13223:432671549
12950:204710548
12942:0590-8876
12653:ctext.org
12635:106930105
12523:842903195
12488:935642485
12423:cite book
12346:933520702
12278:233704568
12010:134772057
11961:0571-1371
11955:: 50–80.
11737:933295487
11702:910448387
11636:909065833
11520:1003-0328
11314:0361-9001
11270:1560-6074
11205:912499249
11079:cite book
11037:957525459
10846:cite book
10687:ctext.org
10632:"中国丝绸博物馆"
10600:Routledge
10528:East Asia
10444:cite book
10436:946357865
10375:0361-2112
10251:2 January
10245:issuu.com
9314:Component
9244:Zhao shan
9054:Component
8935:hanyuansu
8875:Confucius
8821:new hanfu
8491:, a 1927
8383:changshan
8381:In 1927,
8376:cheongsam
8324:Eminence
8229:(政事堂禮制館;
8188:changshan
8123:patterns.
7986:yuehuaqun
7972:mamianqun
7869:Europeans
7687:changshan
7158:shuitiany
7035:chengziyi
6791:small hat
6760:yesa robe
6162:sinicized
5728:Liang Kai
5402:zhumingfu
5380:(衫袍) and
5362:daqiumian
5289:, 981 AD.
5123:painter,
5099:painter,
5075:Women of
5059:Mural of
4965:Zhou Fang
4933:Zhou Fang
4919:daxiushan
4785:Turkestan
4675:, 706 AD.
4671:'s tomb,
4526:, called
4251:by blood.
4088:baishamao
3931:liangdang
3891:, 571 AD.
3871:, 571 AD.
3511:opening,
3400:liangdang
3392:waistcoat
3380:Liangdang
3124:Jiayuguan
3092:Gu Kaizhi
3080:liangguan
3061:Jiayuguan
2978:liangdang
2875:Gu Kaizhi
2818:Gu Kaizhi
2735:Gu Kaizhi
2601:. In the
1944:, Shaanxi
1902:Mawangdui
1884:(长冠) and
1882:changguan
1785:Mawangdui
1663:Merchants
1610:ink brush
1278:youren yi
1176:Hufuqishe
1066:with the
790:upper top
770:Zuo zhuan
522:Silk Road
350:Mawangdui
243:jewellery
23494:Swimwear
23458:Thailand
23116:Chinese
23082:Thracian
23067:Biblical
23057:Egyptian
22998:Timeline
22832:Pigaches
22792:Chopines
22759:Footwear
22684:Phrygian
22664:Nightcap
22639:Monmouth
22569:Fontange
22549:Cornette
22544:Coonskin
22534:Cavalier
22524:Capotain
22471:Headwear
22446:Peignoir
22367:Corselet
22362:Codpiece
22352:Chausses
22202:Himation
22140:Car coat
22112:Tea gown
21974:Culottes
21964:Breeches
21951:Trousers
21941:Suea pat
21879:Xout lao
21736:Taʻovala
21716:Lavalava
21673:Sombrero
21653:Huarache
21633:Bolo tie
21553:Chupalla
21538:Chamanto
21445:Mantilla
21400:Oorijzer
21309:Kobeniak
21185:Britain
21146:Himation
21109:Xhubleta
21104:Xhamadan
21015:Keffiyeh
20998:Tefillin
20900:Áo bà ba
20878:Suea pat
20858:Pha nung
20828:Thailand
20754:Malaysia
20742:Suea pat
20737:Xout lao
20685:Blangkon
20643:Cambodia
20610:Sherwani
20580:Pakistan
20522:Manggeon
20453:Mao suit
20327:Head tie
20322:Djellaba
20211:Guzhuang
20122:Tuanshan
20080:Portable
19819:Liangmao
19770:Fengguan
19765:Mianguan
19687:Maweiqun
19525:Baijiayi
19520:Chang'ao
19469:Xuanduan
19415:Garments
19381:Tifayifu
19319:Goldwork
19299:Xiangyun
18988:(2006).
18759:Newhanfu
18740:28 March
18710:崔榮榮、牛犁.
18390:: 95–96.
18364:26 March
18294:26 March
18268:26 March
18038:17997272
16955:26585538
16657:. 中華書局.
16491:51432263
15924:Archived
15549:47010540
15120:40646246
15083:(1): 86.
15064:12 March
15058:Newhanfu
14961:Archived
14785:23659378
14371:26892132
14311:Archived
13667:11 March
13543:55846475
13372:11 March
12214:60568032
12154:. 中国考古网.
11969:29550020
11825:55895164
11375:Archived
11345:Archived
11322:43290485
10993:72868060
10906:84903948
10334:22 March
10294:(2001).
10091:40135301
9837:Guzhuang
9760:Fengguan
9714:See also
9676:Qizhuang
9640:Okinawan
9630:Japanese
9552:Buddhist
9539:Dahuting
9497:wushamao
9396:barefoot
9379:Footwear
9365:Fittings
9290:zhongdan
9211:Dou Peng
9149:Chang ru
9037:Garments
8999:xuanduan
8958:zhiqupao
8900:Archived
8891:Shanghai
8776:Shisanyu
8661:, China.
8422:Mao suit
8243:Shangshu
8221:(祭祀冠服圖;
8171:baijiayi
8163:tifayifu
8153:Children
8000:Qianlong
7807:Gelaohui
7728:Buddhist
7723:tifayifu
7708:chonmage
7689:and the
7635:tifayifu
7630:tifayifu
7584:Qizhuang
7580:Tifayifu
7526:jiao dai
7522:mang chu
7480:has six
7371:Tungusic
7128:xiongbei
7008:xuanduan
6976:douniufu
6913:and the
6887:chaofu (
6835:Xie Huan
6773:boli hat
6392:gugu hat
5914:Shaoyong
5654:wearing
5652:Scholars
5436:camellia
5386:yuyue fu
5181:emperors
4903:Xinjiang
4836:and the
4781:Gandhara
4110:wushamao
4097:wushamao
3999:and the
3708:opening.
3469:Dengxian
3376:period.
3372:and the
3326:Goguryeo
3320:and the
3295:dakouku.
3084:longguan
2894:longguan
2857:wearing
2833:Dunhuang
2697:wearing
2542:hairpins
2268:hedangku
2243:zhijupao
2183:Museum,
2099:Shangshu
2043:(武弁) on
1818:zhijupao
1679:trousers
1597:mianguan
1327:Xingyang
1196:hedangku
1127:and the
961:xuanduan
943:Xuanduan
936:xuanduan
788:(上衣下裳, "
654:made of
235:footwear
231:headwear
181:and the
145:, lit. "
23182:Ottoman
23146:Europe
23142:English
23027:Ancient
22920:Partlet
22890:Hairpin
22827:Pattens
22807:Hessian
22777:Caligae
22767:Buskins
22739:Taranga
22724:Smoking
22714:Salakot
22704:Qeleshe
22699:Pudding
22679:Petasos
22674:Pahlavi
22669:Ochipok
22624:Miner's
22614:Malahai
22609:Llawt'u
22529:Caubeen
22509:Bergère
22499:Aviator
22494:Attifet
22409:Pannier
22357:Chemise
22309:Surtout
22304:Surcoat
22299:Spencer
22262:Pelisse
22257:Pallium
22247:Pañuelo
22182:Doublet
22160:Chlamys
22155:Chamail
22054:Dresses
21959:Braccae
21921:Doublet
21911:Bedgown
21854:Paenula
21711:Lap-lap
21689:Oceania
21649:Mexico
21585:Pollera
21575:Lliklla
21488:Iceland
21406:France
21395:Kraplap
21380:Western
21369:Sarafan
21345:Russia
21324:Ochipok
21314:Kozhukh
21304:Ukraine
21287:Armenia
21280:Eastern
21249:Central
21233:Sporran
21208:Ireland
21189:Country
21158:Romania
21141:Chlamys
21121:Croatia
21099:Qeleshe
21035:Pandama
21020:Kurdish
21003:Tzitzit
20983:Sheitel
20953:Boshiya
20943:Assyria
20895:Vietnam
20821:Salakot
20774:Songkok
20769:Songket
20715:Songkok
20710:Songket
20560:Dupatta
20539:Bhutan
20517:Jokduri
20512:Hwagwan
20497:Daenggi
20492:Cheopji
20422:Paranja
20417:Malahai
20388:Central
20372:Wrapper
20317:Dashiki
20231:Huadian
19981:Yunjian
19976:Yingluo
19854:Hairpin
19845:Wangjin
19682:Moxiong
19656:Feiyufu
19631:Longpao
19560:Hechang
19449:Xiuhefu
19397:Guan Li
19279:Diancui
19227:Zimukou
18911:"120".
18891:"120".
18871:"120".
18851:"120".
18831:"120".
18797:"120".
18777:"120".
18614:. 2020.
18412:18 June
18326:杨, 玮圆.
18234:6 March
18208:6 March
18187:6 March
17788:4 March
17675:2 March
17647:2 March
17565:2 March
17410:2 March
17378:《明清史概論》
16749:2 March
15328:3249729
15251:4528851
13506:: 1–13.
13467:3 March
13347:9 March
13188:2424772
12905:Alt URL
12835:Shiming
12815:Shiming
12799:2424772
12751:2424772
12053:: 4–42.
11830:Alt URL
11544:(五经正义).
11426:中國文化史講稿
11381:8 March
11214:Alt URL
9765:Guan Li
9691:Gallery
9524:Guan Li
9506:fangjin
9352:Buttons
9339:Sleeves
9326:Collars
9320:Manchu
9282:Zhongyi
9271:Moxiong
9228:Cloak.
9007:, 2007.
8954:qujupao
8679:Beijing
8651:topknot
8619:Modern
8348:, 1930.
7921:ao coat
7857:Taiyuan
7799:Sichuan
7773:In the
7748:Koxinga
7696:In the
7530:mang ao
7512:mang ao
7504:coronet
7483:longpao
7415:Manchus
7402:Manchus
7358:longpao
7323:In the
7284:in the
7106:Koxinga
7059:zhishen
7050:fangjin
7003:yanfu's
6982:feiyufu
6899:changfu
6795:xiaomao
6751:xiaowei
6737:ch'obli
6682:feiyufu
6591:Changfu
6368:Shaanxi
6345:Mongols
6334:Mongols
6314:phoenix
6262:Xianbei
6253:Tanguts
6173:yunjian
5969:donkeys
5955:diaodun
5951:Jurchen
5836:lanshan
5521:(通天冠服).
5394:gunmian
5382:zhaipao
5378:shanpao
5370:gunmian
4839:dakouku
4249:Xianbei
4245:Xianbei
4201:, from
4005:pinsefu
3793:of the
3750:zuoren,
3746:Xianbei
3635:zuoren.
3623:Longmen
3607:Wei shu
3598:Xianbei
3592:In the
3577:Nanjing
3529:shanqun
3475:, 1958.
3281:Dakouku
3277:dakouku
3264:Cao Wei
3204:Cao Wei
3200:shanqun
3021:Cao Wei
3003:shanqun
2960:hanshan
2865:, from
2851:King Wu
2820:, c.380
2810:, from
2725:, from
2678:of the
2467:, China
2455:A late
2255:dakouku
2237:dubikun
2232:jackets
2185:Chengdu
2181:Sichuan
2155:, China
2094:junxuan
2055:Chengdu
2051:Sichuan
2014:Chengdu
2010:Sichuan
1844:qujupao
1810:qujupao
1731:called
1705:shangru
1583:junxuan
1580:called
1452:qujupao
1375:shanqun
1360:shanqun
1269:Chinese
1003:yichang
982:Chinese
866:Guan Li
766:Chunqiu
679:yichang
597:yichang
550:yichang
370:brocade
362:weaving
340:History
215:, or a
107:regalia
23484:Corset
23479:Bikini
23177:Korean
22940:Visard
22895:Hatpin
22772:Calcei
22749:Wimple
22734:Tainia
22689:Pileus
22634:Modius
22599:Kausia
22594:Jewish
22584:Hennin
22559:Fillet
22519:Bonnet
22504:Ba tầm
22389:Garter
22384:Dickey
22372:Corset
22347:Bustle
22342:Basque
22319:Visite
22267:Poncho
22232:Nadiri
22222:Kandys
22217:Jerkin
22192:Exomis
22187:Duster
22177:Dolman
22145:Caraco
22135:Capote
22107:Sailor
22087:Mantua
22082:Kirtle
22062:Bliaut
22034:Sompot
22024:Poodle
22019:Hobble
22011:Skirts
21916:Bodice
21906:Basque
21859:Peplos
21829:Chiton
21814:Banyan
21809:Abolla
21746:Tupenu
21721:Kiekie
21706:I-sala
21668:Serape
21663:Rebozo
21645:Huipil
21618:Tignon
21590:Poncho
21560:Chullo
21534:Chile
21530:Aguayo
21493:Sweden
21455:Ciocia
21451:Italy
21416:Spain
21390:Poffer
21271:Tracht
21266:Poland
21256:Dirndl
21218:Aboyne
21168:Kosovo
21163:Serbia
21136:Chiton
21094:Opinga
21089:Çorape
21072:Balkan
21065:Europe
21050:Hejazi
21045:Turban
21010:Jilbāb
20988:Tallit
20978:Kippah
20973:Jewish
20963:Chador
20905:Áo dài
20890:Tudong
20833:Banong
20806:Malong
20720:Tanjak
20705:Kupiah
20700:Kemben
20695:Kebaya
20658:Sompot
20631:Longyi
20585:Pathin
20507:Hanbok
20475:Kimono
20407:Chapan
20352:Litham
20312:Boubou
20307:Balgha
20299:Africa
20185:Ryusou
20180:Hanbok
20175:Kimono
20071:Lào zi
20039:Yaoqun
20007:Xiapei
19960:Lingzi
19824:Weimao
19651:Zhisun
19636:Mangfu
19611:Zhiduo
19606:Daopao
19586:Shenyi
19555:Pifeng
19484:Shanku
19459:Bianfu
19454:Mianfu
19444:Qungua
19345:Taoism
19236:Styles
19217:Pankou
19094:
19075:
19051:
19041:
19026:].
19007:
18947:
18937:【古代服飾】
18637:(13).
18566:
18492:15 May
18480:
18332:前瞻经济学人
18261:
18162:
18152:
18127:
18104:
18081:
18058:
18036:
18028:
17987:
17953:
17943:
17905:
17895:
17862:
17854:
17810:
17779:
17729:
17622:
17612:
17560:mnk.pl
17537:
17514:
17504:
17461:
17434:
17361:
17319:
17309:
17275:
17230:
17222:
17128:
17086:
17036:
17005:
16978:
16953:
16945:
16899:
16891:
16850:
16823:
16798:
16699:
16624:
16614:
16565:
16538:
16489:
16479:
16440:
16430:
16400:
16373:
16346:
16319:
16278:
16268:
16152:
16142:
16106:
16062:
16054:
16008:
15998:
15970:
15852:
15813:
15805:
15729:
15719:
15647:
15639:
15589:
15579:
15547:
15537:
15507:
15477:
15452:
15442:
15382:
15372:
15326:
15318:
15277:
15249:
15241:
15200:
15164:
15118:
15110:
15060:. 2020
15006:
14996:
14920:
14910:
14818:
14808:
14783:
14775:
14734:
14682:
14645:
14638:中国传统服饰
14617:
14607:
14560:
14534:
14500:
14473:
14443:
14433:
14377:
14369:
14291:
14259:
14222:
14182:
14142:
14105:
14033:
14025:
13915:
13905:
13875:
13831:
13821:
13796:
13786:
13759:
13719:
13709:
13642:
13634:
13595:
13585:
13541:
13531:
13441:
13431:
13395:
13322:
13314:
13275:
13267:
13221:
13211:
13186:
13176:
13117:
13058:
12989:"25".
12948:
12940:
12872:
12862:
12832:"15".
12812:"15".
12797:
12787:
12749:
12739:
12673:"26".
12633:
12623:
12521:
12511:
12486:
12476:
12446:"25".
12413:
12403:
12344:
12334:
12276:
12212:
12202:
12008:
11967:
11959:
11823:
11813:
11765:
11735:
11725:
11700:
11690:
11666:1 of 4
11634:
11624:
11518:
11460:
11432:
11414:of 118
11320:
11312:
11268:
11203:
11193:
11159:
11069:
11059:
11035:
11025:
10991:
10981:
10904:
10894:
10836:
10826:
10770:
10606:
10542:
10500:
10475:
10434:
10424:
10373:
10302:
10274:
10216:
10089:
10079:
9800:Shanku
9636:Ryusou
9626:Wafuku
9622:Kimono
9616:Korean
9612:Hanbok
9586:Fuzhou
9572:Dorgon
9556:Taoist
9500:, the
9494:, the
9300:Manchu
9292:(中单).
9222:Pifeng
9217:Cape.
8982:zhiduo
8980:, and
8974:shenyi
8757:Taobao
8732:shenyi
8647:Taoist
8409:, and
8330:youren
8044:Manchu
7933:shanku
7878:shenyi
7873:shenyi
7827:Zhiduo
7825:, and
7823:Daopao
7732:Taoist
7700:, the
7542:xiapei
7538:xiapei
7534:xiapei
7517:xiapei
7500:xiapei
7420:chaofu
7410:Chaofu
7379:Udeghe
7363:chaofu
7345:Zuojun
7335:, and
7297:Hanbok
7211:woman.
7156:. The
7140:pifeng
7079:daopao
7054:daopao
7030:shenyi
6973:, the
6970:mangfu
6965:mingfu
6895:gongfu
6883:guanfu
6868:neidan
6715:terlig
6660:, and
6353:Fujian
6349:Fuzhou
6011:Khitan
5974:weimao
5965:horses
5960:gaitou
5926:shenyi
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1795:, the
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1444:shenyi
1396:Shenyi
1333:youren
1305:shanku
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1271::
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984::
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929:mianfu
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19022:[
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