1735:"Honoured Editor, I request you to publish the following facts in your paper. According to the Press Reports from Malabar which you will have got, Hindu-Muslim Unity in Malabar has thoroughly ceased to exist. It appears that the report that Hindus are forcibly converted (by any men) is entirely untrue. Such conversions were done by the Government Party and Reserve Policemen in mufti mingling themselves with the rebels (masquerading as rebels.) Moreover, because some Hindu brethren, aiding the military, handed over to the military innocent (Moplahs) who were hiding from the military, a few Hindus have been put to some trouble. Besides, the Nambudiri, who is the cause of this rising, has also similarly suffered. The Hindus are compulsorily impressed for military service. Therefore, several Hindus seek protection in my Hill. Several Moplahs, too, have sought my protection. Now the chief military commander is causing Hindus to evacuate from these Taluks. Innocent women and children of Islam, who have done nothing and possess nothing, are not permitted to leave the place. The Hindus are compulsorily impressed for military service. Therefore, several Hindus seek protection in my hill. Several Moplahs, too, have sought my protection. For the last one month and a half, except for the seizure and punishment of the innocent, no purpose has been achieved. Let all the people in the world know this. Let Mahatma Gandhi and Moulana know it. If this letter is not seen published, I will ask your explanation at one time."
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fathers;of pregnant women cut to pieces and left on the roadsides and in the jungles, with the unborn babe protruding from the mangled corpse; of our innocent and helpless children torn from our arms and done to death before our eyes and of our husbands and fathers tortured, flayed and burnt alive; of our hapless sisters forcibly carried away from the midst of kith and kin and subjected to every shame and outrage which the vile and brutal imagination of these inhuman hell-hounds could conceive of; of thousands of our homesteads reduced to cinder-mounds out of sheer savagery and a wanton spirit of destruction; of our places of worship desecrated and destroyed and of the images of the deity shamefully insulted by putting the entrails of slaughtered cows where flower garlands used to lie or else smashed to pieces; of the wholesale looting of hard-earned wealth of generations reducing many who were formerly rich and prosperous to publicly beg for a piece or two in the streets of
Calicut, to buy salt or chilly or betel-leaf - rice being mercifully provided by the various relief agencies.
1686:"That the conference views with indignation and sorrow the attempts made at various quarters by interested parties to ignore or minimise the crimes committed by the rebels such as: brutally dishonouring women, flaying people alive, wholesale slaughter of men, women, and children, burning alive entire families, forcibly converting people in thousands and slaying those who refused to get converted, throwing half-dead people into wells and leaving the victims to struggle for escape till finally released from their suffering by death, burning a great many and looting practically all Hindu and Christian houses in the disturbed areas in which even Moplah women and children took part and robbed women of even the garments on their bodies, in short reducing the whole non-Muslim population to abject destitution, cruelly insulting the religious sentiments of the Hindus by desecrating and destroying numerous temples in the disturbed areas, killing cows within the temple precincts putting their entrails on the holy image and hanging skulls on the walls and the roofs."
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children". Resentment among the Muslim tentant population due to being vulnerable to rack renting, insecure tenancy, and eviction at the hands of Hindu landlords (jenmi) sustained by
British courts, the Mappillas responded in a series of outbreaks, in which they wanted their own death, 29 in number, between 1836 and 1919 were suppressed. These usually involved the violence against Nambudiri and Nair landlords. During the nineteenth century conversions to Islam heightened dramatically as the backward caste Cheruman serfs embraced Islam so that they got liberation from the caste system and support from fellow Muslims to protest against jenmi tyranny. The colonial government referred to the outbreaks as "Moplah outrages", but modern historians tend to treat them as religious outbreaks or expressions of agrarian discontent. The outbreak of 1921â22 sustained this tradition of violence in Malabar with one crucial difference: this time it had also a political ideology and a formal organization.
1548:...can he not feel a little sympathy for thousands of women left with only rags, driven from home, for little children born of the flying mothers on roads in refuge camps? The misery is beyond description. Girl wives, pretty and sweet, with eyes half blind with weeping, distraught with terror; women who have seen their husbands hacked to pieces before their eye, in the way "Moplas consider as religious"; old women tottering, whose faces become written with anguish and who cry at a gentle touch...men who have lost all, hopeless, crushed, desperate...Can you conceive of a more ghastly and inhuman crime than the murders of babies and pregnant women?...A pregnant woman carrying 7 months was cut through the abdomen by a rebel and she was seen lying dead on the way with the dead child projecting out of the womb...Another: a baby of six months was snatched away from the breast of his own mother and cut into two pieces... Are these rebels human beings or monsters?
1636:
some of the Moslem leaders could not bear this even. Maulana Fakir and other
Maulanas, of course, opposed the resolution and there was no wonder. But I was surprised, an out-and-out Nationalist like Maulana Hasrat Mohani opposed the resolution on the ground that the Mopla country no longer remained Dar-ul-Aman but became Dar-ul-Harab and they suspected the Hindus of collusion with the British enemies of the Moplas. Therefore, the Moplas were right in presenting the Quran or sword to the Hindus. And if the Hindus became Mussalmans to save themselves from death, it was a voluntary change of faith and not forcible conversionâWell, even the harmless resolution condemning some of the Moplas was not unanimously passed but had to be accepted by a majority of votes only.
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remain potential? Is it not possible to argue...that the preaching done before six months must have been remarkably good if it could take so fierce...a form in so short a time? ... if the message of non-violence was not allowed to reach the
Moplahs, was any other message allowed to reach them? And who delivered it? Thirdly, if it is claimed...that...non-violence can quell any kind of armed rising, does it not follow that it should have been conveyed five years ago to England and France and Germany? On the other hand, if the claim......non-violence can succeed only with a people in religious frenzy, are not those who first put them in such frenzy answerable to those who suffer its consequences?
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1019:...it was not mere fanaticism, it was not agrarian trouble, it was not destitution, that worked on the minds of Ali Musaliar and his followers. The evidence conclusively shows that it was the influence of the Khilafat and Non-co-operation movements that drove them to their crime. It is this which distinguishes the present from all previous outbreaks. Their intention was, absurd though it may seem, to subvert the British Government and to substitute a Khilafat Government by force of arms.(Judgement in Case No. 7 of 1921 on the file of the Special Tribunal, Calicut.) ...
1048:] when the respondent made the speech already referred to, and it was in such dangerous surroundings that he made it and the reference to Tiruvangadi in that speech has a consequence, a particular significance. Subsequent events are that on the 26th of August a retired police inspector was murdered at Anakayam near Manjeri by Variyamkunnath Kunhahammad Haji and his followers and on the 25th of August his head was paraded on a spear; and it was common ground that the respondent was at Manjeri from the morning of the 21st of August until the 30th of August.
25:
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resolutions of congratulations to the Moplas on the brave fight they were conducting for the sake of religion". Any person could have said that this was too heavy a price for Hindu-Muslim unity. But Mr. Gandhi was so much obsessed by the necessity of establishing Hindu-Muslim unity that he was prepared to make light of the doings of the Moplas and the
Khilafats who were congratulating them. He spoke of the Mappilas as the "brave God-fearing Moplahs who were fighting for what they consider as religion and in a manner which they consider as religious ".
1607:, especially as the...Khilafat preachers were denied access to the affected parts by the District authorities for six months before the disturbance, but is due to causes wholly unconnected with the two movements and that the outbreak would not have occurred had the message of non-violence been allowed to reach them. Nevertheless, this Congress...is of the opinion that the...disturbance in Malabar could have been prevented by the Government of Madras accepting the proffered assistance of Maulana Yakub Hassan...
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1237:. By 28 August 1921 colonial rule had virtually come to an end in Malappuram, Tirurangadi, Manjeri, and Perinthalmanna, which then fell into the hands of the rebels who established complete domination over the Eranad and Valluvanad Taluks. On 24 August 1921 Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji took over command of the rebellion from Ali Musliyar. Public proclamations were issued by Variyankunnath and Seethi that those Mappilas who resorted to looting would receive exemplary punishments.
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independence complete. The hard terms thus imposed on the
Kanakkaran had, of course, the effect of hardening the terms imposed by the Kanakkaran on those below him, the Verumpattakkar. The one-third of the net produce to which the Verumpattakkaran was customarily entitled, was more and more encroached upon as the terms imposed on the Kanakkaran became harder and harder. (Government of Madras. 1882, Vol. I: xvii, xxxiâii)
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Kizhakoth Amsom, Calicut Taluk. And at a second meeting held the next day at Pannur Mosque, there was some unpleasantness between the
Mappilas on one side, and Nairs and Tiyyar, who resented the Khilafat meeting, on the other. The Mappilas mustered the strength to attack the place of worship belonging to the Hindu Adhigari of the village.
1147:
District
Collector E. F. Thomas request reinforcements of British Troop stating "it is with the deepest regret, that I inform Government that the situation is beyond the District officials". The Governor of Madras wrote to Viceroy of India stating that "speeches on the Khilafat question combined with
1557:
Lady at
Melatur was stripped naked by the rebels in the presence of her husband and brothers, who were made to stand close by with their hands tied behind. When they shut their eyes in abhorrence they were compelled at the point of sword to open their eyes and witness the rape committed by the brute
1138:
A dispute between
Nilambur Raja (a Namboodiri landlord) and V. Mohammad (a Moplah Khilafatist) in July 1921 lead to a police search of V. Mohammad. The situation escalated when hundreds of Moplahs and Khilaftists marched towards Raja's home carrying war knives, swords, and other weapons. The mob was
1120:
The Khilafat Committee in Nagpur (in January 1921) headed by Syed of Ponnani Juma Masjid extended full support for the Nagpur Resolution of Congress that called for non-cooperation. Syed was the highest religious authorities for the Moplahs and called for complete support of non-cooperation. However
1023:
Nair noted Ali Musliyar rose to prominence at the instance of a Khilafat conference held in Karachi. Furthermore, Musliyar was not a native of Tirurangadi. He had only moved in 14 years earlier. So, according to Nair, there was not class revolt he was handling. It was a Khilafat edifice prepared and
986:
juridical concepts, such as that of absolute property rights, into the existing legal system of Malabar. Up until then, such rights had been unknown in the region and as a result all land became the private property of the Jenmi. This legal recognition gave them the right to evict tenants, which was
2255:
The Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji Memorial Town Hall in Malappuram Municipality is named after the leader of the rebellion, while the Tirur Wagon Tragedy Memorial Town Hall commemorates the eponymous incident. The Pookkottur War Memorial Gate is dedicated to those killed in the Pookkottur battle.
1425:
On 7 December 1921 two American newspapers reported the message received by the Friends of Freedom for India from Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji in a cablegram. In these two American newspaper reports the message was preceded by the following sentence: "Charges that the Moplahs of Malabar have put
1275:
and the arrival of government troops, when some members of the Hindu community were enlisted by the army to provide information on the rebels. It is alleged that once they had eliminated the minimal presence of the government, the Mappilas turned their full attention to attacking Hindus while Ernad
991:
The authorities, recognised the Janmi as absolute owner of his holding, and therefore free to take as big a share of the produce of the soil as he could get out of the classes beneath him... (Gradually) The British Courts backed up by Police and Magistrates and troops and big guns made the Janmi's
2259:
Along with these monuments, abandoned graves of British officers who died during the rebellion can be seen in Malabar. This includes that of Private F. M. Eley, Private H. C. Hutchings (both died of wounds received in action against the Mappilas at Tirurangadi on 22 July 1921), William John Duncan
1648:
Their wanton and unprovoked attack on the Hindus, the all but wholesale looting of their houses in Ernad, etc, the forcible conversion of Hindus in the beginning of the Moplah rebellion and the wholesale conversion of those who stuck to their homes in later stages, the brutal murder of inoffensive
1635:
The original resolution condemned the Moplas wholesale for the killing of Hindus and burning of Hindu homes and the forcible conversion to Islam. The Hindu members themselves proposed amendments till it was reduced to condemning only certain individuals who had been guilty of the above crimes. But
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In April 1921 a conference attended by Gandhi and Ali Brothers in Madras was attended in large numbers by Moplahs. Maulana Muhammad Ali of Ali Brothers made a statement that "if the Afghans invaded Bharat to evict the British, he would support them and fight the British and anyone else who opposed
1041:
It appears also that on the night of the 20th of August, at Nilambur 16 miles from Manjeri a police constable at Edavanna, were murdered and at Tiruvangadi in addition to Mr. Rowley and Lieutenant Johnston nine other persons were murdered. The police station at Manjeri was attacked on the night of
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was that, "The Moplah rebellion is just over, but at least 2,500 Moplahs have been killed by our troops, at least 1,000 Hindus were murdered, and at least 1,000 more were forcibly converted to Mahommedanism. Temples and churches were defiled and damaged, and property to the value of ÂŁ250,000 was
1619:
We need not...consider the propriety of the blameless . We are concerned chiefly with the spirit in which the Congress viewed...responsibility. Firstly, is the period of six months the maximum term for which the seeds of disaffection sown into the mind of a notoriously fanatical population could
1027:
The Khilafat movement was introduced into the district of Malabar on 28 April 1920, by a Resolution at the Malabar District Conference, held at Manjeri, the headquarters of Ernad Taluk. On 30 March 1921, there was a meeting at which one Abdulla Kutti Musaliar of Vayakkad lectured on Khilafat, in
996:
As conditions worsened, rents rose to as high as 75â80% of net produce, leaving the Verumpattakkar cultivators largely "only straw". This caused great resentment among the Mappilas, who, in the words of Logan, were "labouring late and early to provide a sufficiency of food for their wives and
1661:
But it is possible that your Ladyship is not fully apprised of all the horrors and atrocities perpetrated by the fiendish rebels; of the many wells and tanks filled up with the mutilated, but often only half dead bodies of our nearest and dearest ones who refused to abandon the faith of our
1524:
The blood-curdling atrocities committed by the Moplas in Malabar against the Hindus were indescribable. All over Southern India, a wave of horrified feeling had spread among the Hindus of every shade of opinion, which was intensified when certain Khilafat leaders were so misguided as to pass
2101:
According to official records, the colonial government lost 43 troops with 126 wounded, while 2337 rebels were killed, another 1652 injured and 45,404 imprisoned. Unofficial estimates put the number at 10,000 civilian deaths, 50,000 imprisoned, of who 20,000 were deported (mainly to the
1036:
The Malabar Rebellion witnessed many attacks on British officers in the region. The Madras High Court, which adjudicated in this matter, had passed judgements on each of the cases against the various Mappila rioters who were captured. The Madras High Court said on the matter,
1583:"They established the Khilafat Raj, crowned a King, murdered and plundered abundantly, and killed or drove away all Hindus who would not apostatise. Somewhere about a lakh people were driven from their homes with nothing but the clothes they had on, stripped of everything."
2120:
Within five years subsequent to the conflict the agricultural output was averaging slightly more than prior to it. Qureshi has said that, "In short, contrary to popular belief, Malabar did not suffer massive devastation, and even if it did the recovery was miraculous."
968:'s Kingdom of Mysore, having driven the Jenmi out of Malabar, reached accord with the Muslim Kanakkars. A new system of land revenue was introduced for the first time in the region's history with the government share fixed on the basis of actual produce from the land.
1540:, who had adverse effect on her popularity due to difference of opinion and later left the political field, recounts in two separate articles in New India on 29 November 1921 and 6 December 1921 as to what happened to the Malabar Hindus at the hands of the Moplahs:
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estimates forced conversions as in the range of 200 and 2500. In the aftermath of this violence, the Suddhi Movement was created by the Arya Samaj. They converted over 2,000 Hindus who had been forcibly converted to Islam by the Mappilas. Sumit Sarkar in
2725:
1416:
criticised the atrocities against Hindus in the name of the movement, which Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji said were part of the British plot. Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji also states to have killed the British agents and spies responsible for this.
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before or since. While the Mappilas were in the vanguard of the movement and bore the brunt of the struggle, several non-Mappila leaders actively sympathized with the rebels' cause, giving the uprising the character of a national upheaval. In 1971, the
1195:, leading to rumours that the building had been desecrated. A large crowd of Mappilas converged on Tirurangadi and besieged the local police station. The police opened fire on the crowd, triggering a furious reaction which soon engulfed the Eranad and
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imposed. An estimated 10,000 people died, although official figures put the numbers at 2337 rebels killed, 1652 injured and 45,404 imprisoned. Unofficial estimates put the number imprisoned at almost 50,000 of whom 20,000 were deported, mainly to the
731:
For many, the rebellion was primarily a peasant revolt against the colonial government. During the uprising, the rebels attacked various symbols and institutions of the colonial state, such as telegraph lines, train stations, courts and post offices.
1649:
Hindus without the slightest reason except that they are "Kafirs" or belonged to the same religion as the policemen, who their mosques, burning of Hindu temples, the outrage on Hindu women and their forcible conversion and marriage by the Moplahs.
1202:
Following the mosque incident, the rebels attacked and seized police stations, government treasuries, and entered the courts and registry offices where they destroyed records. Some even climbed into the judges' seats and proclaimed the advent of
2732:
Contemporary evaluation within India tends to the view that the Malabar Rebellion was a war of liberation, and in 1971 the Kerala Government granted the remaining active participants in the revolt the accolade of Ayagi, "freedom
783:
Contemporary colonial administrators and modern historians differ markedly in their assessment of the incident, debating whether the revolts were triggered by religious fanaticism or agrarian grievances. At the time, the
792:. However, some contemporary Indian evaluations now view the rebellion as a national upheaval against colonial rule and the most important event concerning the political movement in Malabar during the period.
1717:
conflict, or dispute regarding the mosque. When police atrocities became unbearable, they gave up the vow of non-violence, and decided to meet the violence (by the British police) with violence itself."
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the 21st; public officers at Manjeri on the 22nd. On the 24th of August Variyamkunnath Kunhahammad Haji who is described as the rebel leader arrived at Manjeri. All these incidents had occured [
932:
who helped to gather, prepare and store produce. The system ensured that no Jenmi could evict tenants under him except for non-payment of rent. This land tenure system was generally referred to as the
3468:
para. 3. "Conceived along the lines of the Irish Home Rule movement, the aim of the crusade was to attain Dominion status for India like Australia and Canada. The movement went on for two years...".
839:
sometimes referred to as the "Father of Tenancy Legislation" in Malabar, describing it as a system of 'corporate unityâ or joint proprietorship of each of the principal land right holders:
1709:"There is no doubt regarding the genesis of the rebellion in 1921. It was born out of police repression. Its chief cause was the excessive violence used by the authorities to suppress the
3400:
1252:
During the initial stages of the rebellion, the colonial military and police were forced to withdraw from these areas but by the end of August, several contingents of colonial troops and
978:, defeating Tipu Sultan and ending his reign over the region. This allowed the Jenmi to return to their homes and regain the lands lost during the Mysorean invasion, with the help of the
2774:
Tenancy legislation in Malabar, 1880â1970: an historical analysis, V. V. Kunhi Krishnan (Ph.D Thesis under Dr. K. K. N. Kurup, Calicut University ), Northern Book Centre, 1993, pp. 1â24.
426:
2143:) is set in the backdrops of Malabar Rebellion. The novel has about thirty characters belonging to three generations of eight families belonging to Malabar during the end of the
739:
peasantry and their Hindu landlords, the latter supported by the British colonial government, throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. The heavy-handed suppression of the
1187:. A crowd of 2,000 Mappilas from the neighbourhood foiled the attempt. On 20 August 1921, a squad of police arrested a number of Khilafat volunteers and seized records at the
1148:
the resolutions of the recent All-India Khilafat Conference at Karachi have produced an impression on the mind of the Mappilla that the end of the British Raj is at hand".
835:
Malabar's agricultural system was historically based on a hierarchy of privileges, rights and obligations for all principal social groups in what British administrator
2471:
2366:
3083:
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2217:. Many of these describe the events surrounding the Khilafat movement in Malabar and offer a view of conditions in the area at the time. Ahmed Kutty composed the
960:, the Jenmi took refuge in neighbouring states. The tenants and the Nair army men who could not escape were converted into Islam, as described in William Logan's
913:(Simple Lease) of the land that was typically valid for one year. According to custom, they were also entitled to one-third or an equal share of the net produce.
1052:
The District Magistrate stated that reliable information had been received about 180 forced conversions of Hindus and the actual total may run into thousands.
3808:
419:
2260:
Rowley (Assistant Suprededent of Police, Palghat, killed at Tirurangadi by a mob of Mappilas at the outbreak of the rebellion on 20 August 1921 â aged 28).
2221:
in 1925, which describes the events of the rebellion. Many of rebel prisoners such as Tannirkode Ossankoya composed songs in their letters to relatives.
209:
3612:
3280:
2284:
821:
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1768:. 64 of the 100 prisoners suffocated to death in the closed railroad wagon. Few Hindus also include in the 70 people killed due to the Wagon Tragedy.
1327:
By the end of 1921, the situation was brought under control. The colonial government raised a special quasi-military (or Armed Police) battalion, the
3630:
4159:
759:
For six months from August 1921, the rebellion extended over 2,000 square miles (5,200 km) â some 40% of the South Malabar region of the
412:
3149:, p. 20 : "...at an anti-non-co-operationion Meeting held at Ponnani on 24th July..." " p. 21 : "A week after the Ponnani meeting....."
1760:
On 10 November 1921 when the uprising was near its end, almost 100 detained Muslim prisoners were sent by train from Tirur to the Central Prison,
4134:
2109:
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2656:
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2189:
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was stabbed on 23 December 1926 by an Islamist at his Ashram. Some newspapers reported that certain districts were 'empty of Hindus.'
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of Malabar. The Mappilas attacked and took control of police stations, colonial government offices, courts and government treasuries.
2155:, India's most prestigious literary award, in 1960. It also received the Asan Centenary Award in 1973, a special award given by the
1100:
Chembrasseri Imbichi Koya Thangal, notorious for his alleged killing of 38 men by slashing their necks and throwing them into a well
1488:, and we are doing exactly what the Americans did to free America from British domination. So anyone giving aid and comfort to the
1572:
44:
Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.
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during the rebellion. It is also said during the rebellion, thousands of Hindus were murdered and forcibly converted to Islam.
776:, while around 10,000 went missing. According to Arya Samaj about 600 Hindus were killed and 2,500 were forcibly converted to
4129:
4085:
3981:
3122:
1167:
On 1 August 1921, the police attempted to arrest Vadakkevittil Muhammed, the secretary of the Khilafat Committee of Ernad at
193:
859:
chieftains, were the highest level of the hierarchy, and a class of people given hereditary land grants (''janmam'') by the
3785:
370:
1061:
quotes an Arya Samaj source that claimed about 600 Hindus were killed and 2,500 forcibly converted during the rebellion.
3159:
1271:
and the colonial government. Crimes committed by some of the rebels were accepted by leaders. After the proclamation of
360:
4072:
Panikkar, K. N. (1979). "Peasant Revolts in Malabar in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries". In Desai, A. R. (ed.).
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in the aftermath of the Hindu-Muslim riots during Khilafat Movement and particularly due to those during Moplah Riots.
375:
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of present-day Kerala. The popular uprising was also against the prevailing feudal system controlled by elite Hindus.
4106:
3909:
3062:
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2103:
1230:
1081:
The following were the various leaders of the movement, who were sentenced to death following the Malabar Rebellion:
773:
59:
2758:
Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836â1982 By P Radhakrishnan â COOPERJAL, pp. 17â20.
2113:
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2199:
1728:
1413:
1399:
1062:
556:
230:
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2106:) while around 1,000 went missing. The number of civilian casualties is estimated at between 10,000 and 12,000.
1359:
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claimed to have killed the alleged British agents and spies responsible for the forced conversion of Hindus to
836:
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In its magnitude and extent, it was an unprecedented popular upheaval, the likes of which has not been seen in
308:
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3685:
2194:
1196:
3613:"Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921"
3281:"Reports of Hindu-Muslim strife in Malabar baseless, wrote Variamkunnath Kunhamed Haji in The Hindu in 1921"
560:
4139:
2269:
1485:
1431:
957:
789:
87:
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Modern Kerala: studies in social and agrarian relations, K. K. N. Kurup, Mittal Publications, 1988, p. 80.
4154:
3748:
3674:. Thesis submitted to the University of London for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1975. p. 344.
3644:
2681:
The labor of development: workers and the transformation of capitalism in Kerala, India, Patrick Heller,
1739:
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was appointed as its sole executive authority, on 24 December 1921, in connection with the Moplah Riots:
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said. "But after proper investigation we discovered the real plot. The vandals that were guilty of this
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2624:
2299:
2135:
1301:
633:
443:
38:
2248:
who died while taking part in the suppression of the revolt are commemorated in a brass tablet at the
2805:
Kerala Development Report, Government of India Planning Commission, Academic Foundation, 2008, p. 53.
2472:"Revolt against British or communal riot? Removal of Kerala mural revives debate on Moplah Rebellion"
829:
400:
198:
4169:
3051:
India, Bharat and Pakistan The Constitutional Journey of a Sandwiched Civilisation (Kindle Edition)
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in return for a fixed share of the crops produced. Typically, a Jenmi would have a large number of
642:
33:
3146:
1565:, who once led a walk out in the fifth District Conference held at Manjeri, Ernad taluk after the
877:), the jenmis could neither cultivate nor supervise the land but would instead provide a grant of
975:
944:
817:
3717:
Aftermath of the Rebellion â A study of political and social trends in Malabar from 1921 to 1935
2599:"The Malabar rebellion is a layered story with multiple strands that defy simplistic narrations"
4164:
4144:
3937:
3363:
2279:
2156:
1328:
673:
637:
580:
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2982:
1569:
was opposed in overwhelming support in a resolution in the conference, said on the rebellion:
1256:
arrived. Clashes with the rebels followed, one of the most notable encounters taking place at
3738:
Papers by command: Volume 16, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons â 1922, p. 20.
3054:
2152:
1394:
979:
721:
584:
540:
491:
334:
316:
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1430:
were denied and characterized as part of a British plot to discredit the Moplah movement of
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852:
801:
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Encyclopaedia of Political Parties: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh: National, Regional, Local
1599:
The Congress expresses its firm conviction that the Moplah disturbance was not due to the
873:
in the European sense, but an office of dignity. Owing to their ritual status as priests (
8:
2790:. VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 India www.victoriainstitutions.com.
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3631:"'A great son of Mother India'?: Here's what RSS founder KB Hedgewar said about Muslims"
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will be se verely dealt with, irrespective of social position or religious affiliation.
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and Mappila classes, cultivated the land but were also its part-proprietors under the
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1335:. The Special Police then engaged the rioters and eventually put an end to the riot.
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83:
1264:) in which colonial troops sustained heavy casualties and had to retreat to safety.
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in turn enforced through the colonial civil courts. In the words of William Logan:
804:
officially recognized the active participants in the events as "freedom fighters".
725:
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588:
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124:
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4098:
Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924
4096:
3848:
3578:
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1577:
The Advocate (Tasmania), newspaper report on Malabar rebellion, 8th October, 1921
736:
572:
568:
552:
365:
3793:
3342:
1441:"A few cases of conversion of our Hindu brethren have been reported to me." the
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passed from distant Karachi, possibly controlled by spiritual leaders of Islam.
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1743:
1513:
1218:
870:
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4000:
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3645:"64 out of 100 Moplah prisoners suffocated in a closed car on train in India"
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3000:
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2190:
Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value
2181:
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100:
4032:
Kurup, K.K.N. (1996). "The Malabar Rebelliion - An analysis of the impact".
2672:, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 17, No. 20 (15 May 1982), pp. 823â824.
916:
The net produce of the land was the share left over after providing for the
472:
3600:. Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. p. 11.
3498:"MALABAR'S AGONY." Annie Besant. New India. Quoted in "GANDHI AND ANARCHY."
3108:
2185:
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1641:
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1529:
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661:
613:
220:
3913:
3786:"official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT OF KERALA"
1276:
and Valluvanad were declared "Khilafat kingdoms". During the rebellion, a
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The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine
2229:
1679:
1272:
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965:
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768:
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161:
156:
128:
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1267:
During the early phase of the rebellion, the targets were primarily the
1199:
Taluks along with neighbouring areas and continued for over two months.
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544:
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4008:
3809:"Puzha Muthal Puzhavare To Hit The Silver Screen On March 3 This Year"
1139:
dispersed after the intervention of Khilafat Committee of Malappuram.
3932:
3206:. Cornell University Library. Madras : Govt. Press. p. 37.
2177:
1723:
1675:
1587:
Here is the text of Resolution No. 3 of the Ahmedabad session of the
1496:
1404:
1313:
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1222:
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925:
921:
874:
861:
713:
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95:
3715:
3343:"The Baltimore Sun from Baltimore, Maryland on December 7, 1921 ¡ 6"
1209:(self-rule). The rebellion soon spread to the neighbouring areas of
1094:
Kunhj Koya, Thangal, President of the Khilafat Committee, Malappuram
2585:( Malabar: involvement of nationalism), MT Ansari, DC Books, p. 45.
1698:
1654:
1592:
1240:
1184:
520:
3878:"The Hindu : Engagements / Palakkad : In Palakkad Today"
3358:
3356:
3208:
The relief was effected on the 26th after the battle of Pukkottur.
1142:
1121:
Gandhi's tenet of non-violence was not accepted by the committee.
939:
2977:
2975:
2787:
MALABAR MANUAL: With Commentary by VED from VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS
1761:
1461:
to do such filthy work only to discredit our soldiers. There are
1442:
1321:
1317:
1277:
1214:
1097:
Koya Tangal of Kumaramputhur, Governor of a Khilafat principality
929:
465:
180:
3262:"ŕ´
ŕ´Žŕľŕ´Şŕ´¤ŕ´żŕ´¨ŕľŕ´ąŕľ നിഹാിലŕľâ എലപŕľŕ´Şŕľŕ´ąŕ´; എലപŕľŕ´Şŕľŕ´ąŕ´¤ŕľŕ´¤ŕ´żŕ´¨ŕľŕ´ąŕľ എഞനാിഠഎചഞപŕľŕ´¤ŕľŕ´ŕ´"
1133:
982:
and its duly-constituted courts. The Company introduced several
788:
repudiated the movement and it remained isolated from the wider
3353:
1721:
The English translation of the letter written to the newspaper
1545:
1495:"Let the great people of the great land of Washington postpone
1466:
1450:
1253:
1205:
1156:
902:
825:
796:
744:
3160:"The History of the Malabar Rebellion, 1921 by R.H. Hitchcock"
2972:
1316:, provided the entire shelter and protection for the orphaned
2130:
1500:
1489:
1474:
1446:
1268:
1226:
848:
777:
752:
536:
172:
3551:
Gundappa, D.V.; et al. (December 1921 â January 1922).
3325:"7 Dec 1921, Page 10 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com"
2962:"7 Dec 1921, Page 10 - Detroit Free Press at Newspapers.com"
3720:. Department of History, University of Calicut. p. 7.
3199:
3027:"Paramban Mammadu And Ors. vs The King on 19 January, 1949"
2548:
1554:
856:
103:
in 1921; areas in red show Taluks affected by the rebellion
4067:. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau – via archive.org.
3401:"Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar was more iconoclast than icon"
3183:
3181:
2844:
2822:
2820:
2517:
2515:
1670:
Second Dorsets to deploy from Bangalore to Malabar in 1921
1516:, who advocated for the formation of Pakistan in his book
1420:
1124:
3982:"The Mappilla Rebellion, 1921: Peasant Revolt in Malabar"
2928:
Telegram No. 687, dated 8-11-1921 in G. Tottenham (ed.),
1504:
1481:
1470:
1374:
1331:, initially consisting of non-Muslims and trained by the
1280:
gang under the leadership of Odayappurath Chekkutty from
1244:
Captured Mappila prisoners taken after a battle with the
1044:
2871:
Houtart and Lemercinier, 1978; Namboodiripad, 1943:1â2;
2453:
2451:
2449:
1434:
in a cablegram from Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji..."
1370:
920:
or all the other birthright holders such as the village
743:
by the colonial government was met by resistance in the
3702:
3700:
3504:
3178:
2832:
2817:
2527:
2512:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
3766:
3693:. Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953. pp. 15â16.
3527:. Madras: Theosophical Publishing House. p. 252.
2176:, depicts the events of the rebellion. The film stars
1426:
to death many Hindus and forcibly converted others to
3594:
District Census Handbook - Malappuram - Part B (2011)
3566:
Shraddanand, Swami (26 August 1926). "The Liberator".
3466:
Annie Besant, The Irish Activist Who Fought For India
3382:"7 Dec 1921, 6 - The Baltimore Sun at Newspapers.com"
2446:
951:
3864:"200 years of Bangalore's oldest Christian landmark"
3806:
3697:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2643:
Mappila Muslims of Kerala: A Study in Islamic Trends
2593:
2591:
2398:
1532:, who wanted dominion status for India, opposed the
1171:, alleging that he had stolen the pistol of a Hindu
2878:
2507:, Superintendent of Govt. Presses, pp. 179â183
2376:
2374:
2317:
2315:
1731:, as appeared in the newspaper on 18 October 1921:
4073:
2285:Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon
2159:for the most outstanding work since Independence.
822:Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon
3847:Congress, South Indian History (1 January 1988).
2890:
2588:
2328:(2016 ed.). Mathrubhumi Books. p. 207.
4116:
3936:. Chennai, India. 27 August 2009. Archived from
3884:. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013.
3113:. Saradindu Mukherji (1st ed.). New Delhi:
2727:EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorld Volume 6
2371:
2312:
2180:as Khadir, a retired Mappila soldier, alongside
1115:
735:There were also a series of clashes between the
3668:The Moplah Rebellion of 1921-22 and its Genesis
3080:The Moplah Rebellion of 1921â22 and Its Genesis
2386:
1143:Request for Reinforcement by District Collector
1076:
3849:"Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference ..."
724:in certain places in the southern part of old
4080:. Oxford University Press. pp. 601â630.
3837:, Volume 35, Issues 1â5, Brill, 2007, p. 452.
3550:
3259:
2697:
2360:
2213:The rebellion also spawned a large number of
1469:and Moplahs amongst these British agents and
1369:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
1134:Dispute between Nilambur Raja and V. Mohammad
681:
420:
3706:
3106:
2862:Mazumdar, 1973; Ravindran, 1973; Dale, 1980.
2801:
2799:
2797:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2544:
2542:
2321:
1682:, the Ruler of Malabar issued a resolution:
1320:families when the British started to arrest
828:during the Rebellions and later Viceroy and
812:
3637:
3610:
3577:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (1 January 1977).
3565:
3224:. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 297.
2342:
1945:Nilambur, Eranad, Kondotty, and Tirurangadi
1866:Mananthavady, Sulthan Bathery, and Kalpetta
1233:, Seethi Koya Thangal of Kumaranpathor and
1069:and killing others. However, their leader,
1011:Diwan Bahadur C. Gopalan Nair in his book,
4034:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress
3855:
3579:"History of the Freedom Movement in India"
3219:
2943:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2367:R Sasisekhar-Malayala Manorama 18 Jan 2019
2350:"Resurrecting a forgotten freedom fighter"
1499:until they have a chance to know the full
1457:department, and they joined our forces as
1338:
688:
674:
427:
413:
3979:
3807:Entertainment Bureau (25 February 2023).
3510:
3418:
3200:Madras (India : Presidency) (1922).
3187:
2850:
2838:
2826:
2794:
2747:
2577:
2575:
2539:
2533:
2415:
2233:Memorial for the Officers and Men of the
1968:Perinthalmanna, Mannarkkad, and Ottapalam
1151:
60:Learn how and when to remove this message
4071:
3995:(1). Cambridge University Press: 57â99.
3846:
3576:
3260:Leelakrishnan, Alamkode (17 June 2019).
2872:
2693:
2691:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2521:
2237:, who died in the Moplah Revolt, at the
2228:
1665:
1571:
1393:
1239:
1155:
943:Map of the Madras Presidency, after the
938:
865:or rulers'. The rights conveyed by this
816:
4160:Religiously motivated violence in India
4094:
3772:
3687:1951 census handbook - Malabar district
3654:. The New York Times. 22 November 1921.
3424:
2956:
2954:
2569:, Vishwanathan Publishers 2006, p. 361.
2482:
2469:
2457:
1996:Tirur, Ponnani, Pattambi, and Chavakkad
1421:Message to Friends of Freedom for India
1125:Conference of Gandhi & Ali Brothers
763:. The British colonial government sent
4135:Indian independence movement in Kerala
4117:
3546:
3544:
3522:
3203:The Mapilla Rebellion : 1921-1922
3048:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2572:
2551:-> History -> Malabar Rebellion.
2463:
1484:with England. We are fighting for the
1304:, who is also the founder of renowned
1088:Kunhi Kadir, Khilafat Secretary, Tanur
720:) started as a resistance against the
269:Mozhikunnath Brahmadathan Nambudiripad
4031:
3861:
3278:
3044:
3042:
3040:
2688:
2636:
2634:
2554:
2497:
2380:
1360:too many or overly lengthy quotations
1110:
1085:Ali Musliyar, leader of the rebellion
361:Medieval persecution by Muslim rulers
4060:
4040:. Indian History Congress: 440â445.
3749:"INDIA. (Hansard, 14 February 1922)"
3450:
3398:
3077:
2951:
2913:
2901:
2884:
2504:Kerala District Gazetteers, Volume 4
2470:Daniyal, Shoaib (13 November 2018).
2392:
1449:were members of the British reserve
1342:
1288:(a seat of the ruling family of the
1031:
1000:
371:Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam
18:
3541:
3253:
2761:
2104:penal colony in the Andaman Islands
896:
774:penal colony in the Andaman Islands
13:
3928:"Battle of Pookottur commemorated"
3453:Pakistan or the Partition of India
3037:
2631:
2565:A short survey of Kerala History,
2124:
1518:Pakistan or the Partition of India
1473:. They have decidedly been put to
952:Land reforms and Mappila outbreaks
376:Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam
14:
4186:
4175:Riots and civil disorder in India
3862:David, Stephen (9 January 2009).
3707:Vattarambath, Sreevidhya (2007).
3364:"Clipped From Detroit Free Press"
2783:
2219:Malabar Lahala Enna Khilafat Patt
1820:Payyanur, Taliparamba, and Kannur
1784:Corresponding Present-day Taluks
1163:photographed during the uprising.
3664:
3495:
3307:"Clipped From The Baltimore Sun"
2983:"Clipped From The Baltimore Sun"
2192:in the same year. The 2023 film
1749:
1520:(1945), wrote on the rebellion:
1402:which appeared in the newspaper
1347:
971:However, within five years, the
901:The Verumpattakkarar, generally
655:
471:
464:
259:
250:
243:
234:
224:
155:
94:
23:
3973:
3944:
3920:
3902:
3870:
3840:
3835:Asian journal of social science
3828:
3800:
3778:
3741:
3732:
3678:
3658:
3623:
3604:
3585:
3570:
3559:
3516:
3489:
3471:
3459:
3444:
3392:
3374:
3335:
3317:
3299:
3272:
3228:
3213:
3193:
3152:
3139:
3100:
3071:
3019:
2993:
2931:The Malabar Rebellion 1921-1920
2922:
2907:
2865:
2856:
2808:
2777:
2738:
2718:
2675:
2663:
2250:St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore
2239:St. Mark's Cathedral, Bangalore
2200:Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
1729:Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
1657:in a petition to Lady Reading:
1437:In the message he said :
1414:Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
1400:Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
1063:Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
231:Variyankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
3425:Daniyal, Shoaib (7 May 2017).
3370:. 7 December 1921. p. 10.
2698:Kupferschmidt, Uri M. (1987).
2421:
2244:The officers and men from the
2141:The Beautiful and the Handsome
2019:Palakkad, Alathur, and Chittur
1693:, who was the grandson of the
1231:Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji
1103:Palakamthodi Avvocker Musaliar
16:Conflict in India in 1921â1922
1:
3980:Hardgrave, Robert L. (1977).
3525:The Future of Indian Politics
3313:. 7 December 1921. p. 6.
3279:Sudhi, K. S. (25 June 2020).
2989:. 7 December 1921. p. 6.
2933:. Chennai. 1922. p. 173.
2645:. Chennai. 1992. p. 148.
2305:
2195:1921: Puzha Muthal Puzha Vare
2039:Fort Cochin Revenue Division
1771:
1701:, and had been a part of the
1116:Nagpur Resolution of Congress
1106:Konnara Mohammed Koya Thangal
909:. These classes were given a
887:kanakkaran (holder of tenure)
807:
267:Pandiyatt Narayanan Nambeesan
86:, the Mappila riots, and the
4130:Indian independence movement
3952:"Pookkottur Grama Panchayat"
3611:K. S. Sudhi (25 June 2020).
3479:"A woman who showed the way"
2583:Desheeyathayude idapedalukal
2270:Murder of Collector Connolly
2224:
2153:Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award
1937:Malappuram Revenue Division
1812:Thalassery Revenue Division
1091:Variankunnath Kunhammad Haji
1077:Punishments of rebel leaders
958:Mysorean invasion of Malabar
88:Indian independence movement
7:
3581:. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
3427:"Was Ambedkar anti-Muslim?"
3053:(1st ed.). New Delhi:
2263:
2198:was based on the riots and
1886:Kozhikode Revenue Division
1740:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
1538:Montague-Chelmsford reforms
1412:Different people including
851:, consisting mainly of the
767:to quell the rebellion and
10:
4191:
4095:Qureshi, M. Naeem (1999),
4076:Peasant Struggles in India
4064:The Moplah Rebellion, 1921
3236:"History of Kalpakanchery"
3147:The Moplah Rebellion, 1921
3110:The Moplah rebellion, 1921
2875:, p. 611; Wood, 1974.
2300:List of massacres in India
2202:, written and directed by
2149:Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
2136:Sundarikalum Sundaranmarum
2112:'s statement given in the
1988:Palakkad Revenue Division
1917:Kozhikode and Thamarassery
1753:
1567:MontaguâChelmsford Reforms
1302:Vaidyaratnam P. S. Warrier
1260:(often referred to as the
1004:
249:K. Moiteenkutti Haji
4061:Nair, C. Gopalan (1923).
4001:10.1017/S0026749X00013226
3894:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3107:Gopalan Nair, C. (2020).
2914:King (19 November 1935).
2038:
1987:
1936:
1885:
1811:
1013:The Moplah Rebellion 1921
830:Governor-General of India
813:Land ownership in Malabar
537:Venad - Kingdom of Quilon
401:1947 Rawalpindi massacres
273:
242:Chembrasery Thangal
187:
147:
107:
93:
81:
76:
4090:– via archive.org.
3553:INDIAN REVIEW OF REVIEWS
2549:http://www.kerala.gov.in
2162:The 1988 Malayalam film
1534:non-cooperation movement
1367:summarize the quotations
1229:under principal leaders
842:
786:Indian National Congress
2433:Encyclopedia Britannica
1789:Total population (1921)
1339:Reactions and aftermath
1310:Kottakkal Natya Sangham
945:Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
936:(customary practices).
525:Confluence of religions
32:Some of this article's
3523:Besant, Annie (1922).
3145:Diwan C Gopalan Nair,
3049:Deepak, J Sai (2022).
2623:: CS1 maint: others (
2605:. para. 7. 5 July 2020
2280:Malabar Special Police
2241:
2157:Kerala Sahitya Akademi
1894:Vatakara and Koyilandy
1737:
1719:
1688:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1638:
1622:
1609:
1585:
1579:
1560:
1550:
1527:
1509:
1409:
1329:Malabar Special Police
1249:
1164:
1152:Rebellion and response
1130:the Afghan invasion".
1050:
1021:
994:
980:Company administration
948:
832:
318:Persecution of Hindus
215:Thomas T. S. Hitchcock
205:Freeman Freeman-Thomas
188:Commanders and leaders
3455:. pp. Chapter 6.
3078:Wood, Conrad (1975).
3055:Bloomsbury Publishing
2730:. 1988. p. 460.
2232:
2133:'s masterpiece novel
1843:Thalassery and Iritty
1733:
1707:
1684:
1678:presided over by the
1674:A conference held at
1669:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1617:
1611:Here the rebuttal of
1597:
1581:
1575:
1551:
1542:
1522:
1486:independence of India
1439:
1397:
1243:
1159:
1039:
1017:
989:
942:
820:
722:British colonial rule
704:of 1921 (also called
614:Unification of Kerala
585:Battle of Tirurangadi
335:Religious persecution
274:Casualties and losses
258:Konnara Thangal
3989:Modern Asian Studies
3940:on 1 September 2009.
2814:Logan, 1951b:209-10.
1615:to INC's statement:
1432:India's independence
1398:A letter written by
1262:Battle of Pookkottur
853:Namboothiri Brahmins
802:Government of Kerala
790:nationalist movement
557:Minor principalities
284:43 combatants killed
265:M. P. Narayana Menon
256:Kappad Krishnan Nair
139:Rebellion suppressed
4140:Rebellions in India
3916:on 4 February 2012.
3496:Nair, C. Sankaran.
3451:Ambedkar, Bhimrao.
3220:O P Ralhan (1996).
3084:People's Pub. House
2916:"Madras High Court"
2685:Press, 1999, p. 67.
2499:Menon, A. Sreedhara
2429:"Khilafat movement"
2290:John Burnett-Stuart
2188:. The film won the
1796:(Before rebellion)
1631:of 26 August 1926:
1071:Swami Shraddhananda
605:Communism in Kerala
340:Freedom of religion
294:2,339 rebels killed
4155:Massacres in India
3652:The New York Times
3405:The Economic Times
3368:Detroit Free Press
3349:. 7 December 1921.
3001:"MOPLAH REBELLION"
2683:Cornell University
2640:Roland E. Miller,
2603:The Indian Express
2567:A. Sreedhara Menon
2322:K. Madhavan Nair.
2242:
2114:British parliament
1804:population (1921)
1691:K. P. Kesava Menon
1680:Zamorin of Calicut
1672:
1625:Swami Shraddhanand
1580:
1558:in their presence.
1503:about the present
1410:
1408:on 18 October 1921
1290:Zamorin of Calicut
1250:
1165:
1111:Timeline of events
973:East India Company
949:
934:janmi-kana-maryada
833:
573:Rise of Travancore
492:Megalithic culture
345:Religious violence
240:Sithi Koya Thangal
210:Governor of Madras
4125:Conflicts in 1921
4087:978-0-19-560803-8
3910:"Places to visit"
3753:api.parliament.uk
3500:. pp. 133â6.
3485:. 1 October 2017.
3399:Carvalho, Brian.
3311:The Baltimore Sun
3124:978-93-85485-22-0
2987:The Baltimore Sun
2853:, pp. 62â63.
2356:. 8 October 2016.
2275:Khilafat Movement
2208:Thalaivasal Vijay
2099:
2098:
1794:population (1921)
1766:Madras Presidency
1711:Khilafat Movement
1703:Khilafat movement
1605:Khilafat movement
1392:
1391:
1286:Kizhake Kovilakam
1032:Nature of attacks
1007:Khilafat Movement
1001:Khilafat Movement
976:took over Malabar
928:and agricultural
879:kanam (a form of
761:Madras Presidency
741:Khilafat Movement
710:Mappila rebellion
706:Moplah rebellion,
702:Malabar rebellion
698:
697:
577:Mysorean invasion
565:Portuguese period
529:Mamankam festival
497:Maritime contacts
452:History of Kerala
437:
436:
396:Direct Action Day
386:Malabar rebellion
320:in pre-1947 India
302:
301:
298:45,404 imprisoned
291:Official figures:
281:Official figures:
168:Madras Presidency
143:
142:
84:Khilafat Movement
77:Malabar Rebellion
70:
69:
62:
4182:
4111:
4091:
4079:
4068:
4057:
4028:
3986:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3912:. Archived from
3906:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3826:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3796:on 3 March 2016.
3792:. Archived from
3782:
3776:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3729:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3649:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3046:
3035:
3034:
3031:indiankanoon.org
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3007:. 8 October 1921
2997:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2784:Logan, William.
2781:
2775:
2772:
2759:
2756:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2695:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2519:
2510:
2508:
2495:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2319:
2210:portrayed Haji.
2145:Second World War
2129:Renowned author
1776:
1775:
1601:Non-Co-operation
1536:, supported the
1387:
1384:
1378:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1306:Arya Vaidya Sala
1294:Arya Vaidya Sala
1054:Roland E. Miller
897:Verumpattakkaran
726:Malabar district
690:
683:
676:
662:India portal
660:
659:
658:
601:Battle of Quilon
589:Malabar District
561:Age of Discovery
475:
468:
439:
438:
429:
422:
415:
321:
304:
303:
263:
254:
247:
238:
228:
213:
202:
199:Viceroy of India
160:
159:
125:Malabar district
109:
108:
98:
74:
73:
65:
58:
54:
51:
45:
27:
19:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4170:Islam in Kerala
4115:
4114:
4109:
4088:
3984:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3860:
3856:
3845:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3819:
3817:
3805:
3801:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3711:
3709:"The Rebellion"
3705:
3698:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3659:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3609:
3605:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3560:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3521:
3517:
3509:
3505:
3494:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3460:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3397:
3393:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3277:
3273:
3258:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3218:
3214:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3144:
3140:
3125:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3086:. p. 229.
3076:
3072:
3065:
3057:. p. 924.
3047:
3038:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2981:
2980:
2973:
2960:
2959:
2952:
2936:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2912:
2908:
2900:
2891:
2887:, pp. 7â8.
2883:
2879:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2795:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2762:
2757:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2696:
2689:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2664:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2632:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2589:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2496:
2483:
2468:
2464:
2456:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2325:Malabar Kalapam
2320:
2313:
2308:
2295:Dorset Regiment
2266:
2246:Dorset Regiment
2235:Dorset Regiment
2227:
2172:and written by
2127:
2125:Popular culture
1803:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1758:
1752:
1423:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1373:or excerpts to
1364:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1324:household men.
1154:
1145:
1136:
1127:
1118:
1113:
1079:
1034:
1015:, writes thus:
1009:
1003:
954:
899:
845:
815:
810:
718:malabÄr kalÄpam
694:
656:
654:
647:
646:
645:
640:
636:
631:
626:
618:
617:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
553:Arakkal kingdom
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
494:
489:
481:
480:
479:
478:
477:
476:
469:
433:
366:Goa Inquisition
319:
317:
297:
295:
285:
268:
266:
264:
257:
255:
248:
241:
239:
229:
216:
214:
207:
203:
196:
154:
131:
99:
66:
55:
49:
46:
43:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4113:
4112:
4107:
4092:
4086:
4069:
4058:
4029:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3943:
3919:
3901:
3882:HinduOnNet.com
3869:
3866:. India Today.
3854:
3839:
3827:
3799:
3777:
3775:, p. 454.
3765:
3740:
3731:
3696:
3677:
3665:Wood, Conrad.
3657:
3636:
3633:. 8 June 2018.
3622:
3603:
3584:
3569:
3558:
3555:. p. 213.
3540:
3534:978-8121218955
3533:
3515:
3511:Hardgrave 1977
3503:
3488:
3470:
3458:
3443:
3417:
3391:
3386:Newspapers.com
3373:
3352:
3347:Newspapers.com
3334:
3329:Newspapers.com
3316:
3298:
3271:
3252:
3227:
3212:
3192:
3188:Hardgrave 1977
3177:
3164:INDIAN CULTURE
3151:
3138:
3123:
3117:. p. 22.
3115:Voice of India
3099:
3092:
3070:
3063:
3036:
3018:
2992:
2971:
2966:Newspapers.com
2950:
2921:
2906:
2889:
2877:
2864:
2855:
2851:Hardgrave 1977
2843:
2839:Hardgrave 1977
2831:
2827:Hardgrave 1977
2816:
2807:
2793:
2776:
2760:
2746:
2737:
2717:
2711:978-9004079298
2710:
2687:
2674:
2670:K. N. Panikkar
2662:
2630:
2587:
2571:
2553:
2538:
2534:Hardgrave 1977
2526:
2524:, p. 622.
2511:
2481:
2462:
2460:, p. 447.
2445:
2420:
2416:Hardgrave 1977
2397:
2385:
2370:
2359:
2341:
2334:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2262:
2226:
2223:
2168:, directed by
2126:
2123:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1754:Main article:
1751:
1748:
1744:K. B. Hedgewar
1742:was formed by
1713:, and not any
1553:A respectable
1514:B. R. Ambedkar
1422:
1419:
1390:
1389:
1355:
1353:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1284:protected the
1219:Perinthalmanna
1153:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1078:
1075:
1033:
1030:
1005:Main article:
1002:
999:
962:Malabar Manual
953:
950:
918:cherujanmakkar
898:
895:
844:
841:
824:, Governor of
814:
811:
809:
806:
696:
695:
693:
692:
685:
678:
670:
667:
666:
665:
664:
649:
648:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
581:British Period
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
470:
463:
462:
461:
460:
459:
458:
455:
454:
448:
447:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
417:
409:
406:
405:
404:
403:
398:
393:
391:Noakhali riots
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
355:
354:
350:
349:
348:
347:
342:
337:
329:
328:
324:
323:
313:
312:
300:
299:
287:
276:
275:
271:
270:
218:
190:
189:
185:
184:
178:
177:
176:
170:
150:
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
123:
121:
117:
116:
113:
105:
104:
91:
90:
79:
78:
68:
67:
34:listed sources
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4187:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:1921 in India
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4145:British India
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4120:
4110:
4108:9789004113718
4104:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3915:
3911:
3905:
3897:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3865:
3858:
3851:The Congress.
3850:
3843:
3836:
3831:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3803:
3795:
3791:
3790:Kerala.gov.in
3787:
3781:
3774:
3769:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3735:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3703:
3701:
3689:
3688:
3681:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3607:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3573:
3562:
3554:
3547:
3545:
3536:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3513:, p. 65.
3512:
3507:
3499:
3492:
3484:
3483:The Statesman
3480:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3454:
3447:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3263:
3256:
3241:
3237:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3205:
3204:
3196:
3190:, p. 82.
3189:
3184:
3182:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3148:
3142:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3089:
3085:
3082:. New Delhi:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3064:9789354354526
3060:
3056:
3052:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2976:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2940:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2873:Panikkar 1979
2868:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2841:, p. 59.
2840:
2835:
2829:, p. 62.
2828:
2823:
2821:
2811:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2694:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2671:
2666:
2658:
2652:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2626:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2594:
2592:
2584:
2578:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2536:, p. 58.
2535:
2530:
2523:
2522:Panikkar 1979
2518:
2516:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2394:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2368:
2363:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2337:
2335:9788182666115
2331:
2327:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2215:Mappila Songs
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2105:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1791:
1788:
1786:(approximate)
1783:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1756:Wagon tragedy
1750:Wagon Tragedy
1747:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1715:Jenmi-Kudiyan
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1640:The Viceroy,
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1613:D.V. Gundappa
1608:
1606:
1602:
1596:
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1468:
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1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1428:Mohammedanism
1418:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1356:This article
1354:
1345:
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1336:
1334:
1333:colonial army
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
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1282:Kalpakanchery
1279:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1246:colonial army
1242:
1238:
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1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
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1084:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1067:Mohammadanism
1064:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1014:
1008:
998:
993:
988:
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838:
837:William Logan
831:
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793:
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781:
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770:
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757:
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750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
691:
686:
684:
679:
677:
672:
671:
669:
668:
663:
653:
652:
651:
650:
644:
641:
639:
635:
630:
622:
621:
615:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:South Malabar
594:
593:North Malabar
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:Sangam period
498:
493:
485:
484:
474:
467:
457:
456:
453:
450:
449:
445:
441:
440:
430:
425:
423:
418:
416:
411:
410:
408:
407:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
381:Mappila riots
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
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362:
359:
358:
357:
356:
352:
351:
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343:
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315:
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305:
296:1,652 injured
293:
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282:
278:
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171:
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158:
152:
151:
146:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:British India
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
110:
106:
102:
101:South Malabar
97:
92:
89:
85:
80:
75:
72:
64:
61:
53:
41:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
4097:
4075:
4063:
4037:
4033:
3992:
3988:
3974:Bibliography
3959:. Retrieved
3956:lsgkerala.in
3955:
3946:
3938:the original
3931:
3922:
3914:the original
3904:
3881:
3872:
3857:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3818:. Retrieved
3812:
3802:
3794:the original
3789:
3780:
3773:Qureshi 1999
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:
3743:
3734:
3716:
3686:
3680:
3667:
3660:
3651:
3639:
3625:
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3606:
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3561:
3552:
3524:
3518:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3482:
3473:
3461:
3452:
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3430:
3420:
3408:. Retrieved
3404:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3367:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3319:
3310:
3301:
3284:
3274:
3265:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3240:lsgkerala.in
3239:
3230:
3221:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3195:
3168:. Retrieved
3166:. p. 35
3163:
3154:
3141:
3109:
3102:
3079:
3073:
3050:
3030:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3004:
2995:
2986:
2965:
2930:
2924:
2909:
2904:, p. 8.
2880:
2867:
2858:
2846:
2834:
2810:
2786:
2779:
2740:
2731:
2726:
2720:
2700:
2677:
2665:
2642:
2607:. Retrieved
2602:
2582:
2529:
2503:
2475:
2465:
2458:Qureshi 1999
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2423:
2388:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2324:
2258:
2254:
2243:
2218:
2212:
2193:
2186:Ali Musliyar
2174:T. Damodaran
2164:
2161:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2119:
2117:destroyed."
2108:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2066:
1759:
1738:
1734:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1660:
1653:The Rani of
1652:
1647:
1642:Lord Reading
1639:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1598:
1586:
1582:
1576:
1563:Annie Besant
1561:
1552:
1543:
1530:Annie Besant
1528:
1523:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1507:in Malabar."
1494:
1479:
1455:intelligence
1453:and British
1440:
1436:
1424:
1411:
1403:
1383:January 2023
1380:
1365:Please help
1357:
1326:
1309:
1285:
1266:
1251:
1235:Ali Musliyar
1204:
1201:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1161:Ali Musliyar
1146:
1137:
1128:
1119:
1080:
1059:Modern India
1058:
1051:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1010:
995:
990:
970:
961:
955:
933:
917:
915:
911:Verum Pattam
910:
906:
900:
890:
886:
878:
866:
860:
846:
834:
794:
782:
758:
751:
734:
730:
717:
709:
705:
701:
699:
638:Architecture
632:
625:Other topics
569:Dutch period
495:
385:
290:
289:
280:
279:
221:Ali Musliyar
217:A. S. P. Amu
194:Rufus Isaacs
153:
148:Belligerents
82:Part of the
71:
56:
47:
36:
3726:10603/63444
3436:9 September
3266:Mathrubhumi
3170:8 September
2110:Lord Curzon
1891:Kurumbranad
1480:"We are at
1273:martial law
1193:Tirurangadi
1183:(manor) in
1174:Thirumulpad
966:Tipu Sultan
956:During the
893:under him.
881:land tenure
869:were not a
769:martial law
609:Lakshadweep
545:Kolattunadu
521:Ezhil Malai
513:Spice trade
286:126 wounded
162:British Raj
37:may not be
4119:Categories
4009:2152/24252
3814:CNN-News18
3133:1297039293
3093:8170070457
3011:1 February
2381:Kurup 1996
2306:References
2204:Ramasimhan
2170:I. V. Sasi
2089:2,039,339
2079:1,004,327
1965:Walluvanad
1772:Statistics
1463:Christians
1375:Wikisource
1292:) and the
1258:Pookkottur
1211:Malappuram
1197:Valluvanad
1191:Mosque in
1169:Pookkottur
907:kanakkarar
891:kanakkarar
875:Nambudiris
862:Naduvazhis
808:Background
749:Valluvanad
541:Valluvanad
4101:, BRILL,
4046:2249-1937
4025:145692085
3933:The Hindu
3617:The Hindu
3431:Scroll.in
3293:0971-751X
3285:The Hindu
2939:cite book
2902:Nair 1923
2885:Nair 1923
2704:. BRILL.
2651:cite book
2581:Malabar:
2476:Scroll.in
2438:9 October
2393:Nair 1923
2354:The Hindu
2225:Monuments
2178:Mammootty
2074:3,098,871
1817:Chirakkal
1724:The Hindu
1629:Liberator
1405:The Hindu
1371:Wikiquote
1358:contains
1314:Kottakkal
1298:Kottakkal
1223:Pandikkad
1180:Kovilakam
930:labourers
926:goldsmith
922:carpenter
714:Malayalam
629:Geography
505:Tamilakam
353:Incidents
175:landlords
115:1921â1922
50:July 2020
4150:Mappilas
4054:44133348
3961:25 April
3890:cite web
3820:10 March
3410:29 March
3005:Advocate
2733:fighter"
2619:cite web
2609:15 April
2501:(1962),
2264:See also
2151:won the
1840:Kottayam
1807:Percent
1799:Percent
1699:Palakkad
1695:Maharaja
1655:Nilambur
1593:Gandhiji
1591:, where
1497:judgment
1459:patriots
1189:Mambaram
1185:Nilambur
964:. Thus,
871:freehold
444:a series
442:Part of
309:a series
307:Part of
120:Location
39:reliable
3758:21 July
3245:15 July
2031:315,432
2022:427,015
2016:Palghat
2008:281,155
2002:229,016
1999:533,252
1993:Ponnani
1980:259,979
1974:133,919
1971:394,517
1957:163,328
1951:237,402
1948:401,101
1929:196,435
1920:300,211
1914:Calicut
1906:259,799
1897:356,907
1863:Wayanad
1855:175,048
1846:232,285
1832:254,980
1823:346,345
1779:Name of
1764:in the
1762:Bellary
1676:Calicut
1627:in the
1603:or the
1443:message
1322:Mappila
1318:Mappila
1278:Mappila
1215:Manjeri
1177:from a
984:Western
737:Mappila
634:Economy
533:Calicut
181:Mappila
4105:
4084:
4052:
4044:
4023:
4017:311886
4015:
3531:
3291:
3131:
3121:
3090:
3061:
2708:
2332:
2061:32.64
2055:22.30
2049:22,417
2044:Cochin
2034:73.87
2028:11.23
2025:47,946
2011:52.72
2005:42.95
1983:65.90
1977:33.95
1960:40.72
1954:59.19
1942:Eranad
1932:65.43
1926:29.44
1923:88,393
1909:72.80
1903:27.03
1900:96,463
1881:80.03
1878:67,845
1875:16.81
1872:14,252
1869:84,771
1858:75.36
1852:23.74
1849:55,146
1835:73.62
1829:25.22
1826:87,337
1792:Muslim
1781:Taluka
1705:said:
1546:Gandhi
1467:Hindus
1451:police
1254:Gurkha
1206:swaraj
924:, the
903:Thiyya
867:janmam
826:Madras
797:Kerala
765:troops
753:taluks
745:Eranad
549:Cochin
509:Cheras
446:on the
327:Issues
233:
223:
183:Rebels
136:Result
4050:JSTOR
4021:S2CID
4013:JSTOR
3985:(PDF)
3712:(PDF)
3691:(PDF)
3672:(PDF)
3648:(PDF)
3598:(PDF)
2182:Madhu
2131:Uroob
2094:65.81
2084:32.41
2067:Total
2058:7,318
2052:4,999
1802:Hindu
1555:Nayar
1501:truth
1490:enemy
1475:death
1471:spies
1447:crime
1269:Jenmi
1227:Tirur
885:to a
849:Jenmi
843:Jenmi
778:Islam
643:Forts
173:Jenmi
4103:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4042:ISSN
3963:2017
3896:link
3822:2023
3760:2019
3529:ISBN
3438:2022
3412:2022
3289:ISSN
3247:2020
3172:2022
3129:OCLC
3119:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3059:ISBN
3013:2024
2945:link
2706:ISBN
2657:link
2625:link
2611:2022
2440:2017
2330:ISBN
2165:1921
1544:Mr.
1308:and
1225:and
857:Nair
855:and
847:The
747:and
708:and
700:The
488:Main
112:Date
4005:hdl
3997:doi
3722:hdl
2184:as
1727:by
1697:of
1589:INC
1505:war
1482:war
1312:at
1296:at
1045:sic
517:Ays
4121::
4048:.
4038:57
4036:.
4019:.
4011:.
4003:.
3993:11
3991:.
3987:.
3954:.
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311:on
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