Malabar Muslims - Knowledge

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social and religious affairs in Malabar. The Portuguese tried to establish a monopoly in the spice trade in India, using violent naval warfare. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the Portuguese and the Calicut rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala. Small, lightly armed, and highly mobile vessels of the Mappilas remained a major threat to Portuguese shipping all along the west coast of India. Mappila merchants, now controlling pepper trade in Calicut in the place of the West Asian Muslims, drew Mappila corsairs and used them to transport the spices past Portuguese blockades. Some Mappila traders even tried to outwit the Portuguese by reorienting their trade to Western Indian ports. Some chose an overland route, across the Western Ghats, for the export of spices. By the end of the 16th century, the Portuguese were finally able to deal with the "Mappila challenge". Kunjali Marakkar was defeated and killed, with the help of the Calicut ruler, in c. 1600 AD. The Ali Rajas of Cannanore was given permission to send ships to even to the Red Sea, as a way of ensuring their cooperation. The relentless battles led to the eventual decline of the Muslim community in Kerala, as they gradually lost control of the spice trade. The Muslims — who had been depended solely on commerce — were reduced into severe economic perplexity. Some traders turned inland (South Malabar) in search of alternate occupations to commerce. The Muslims of Kerala gradually became a society of small traders, landless labourers and poor fishermen. The once affluent, and urban, Muslim population became predominantly rural in Kerala.

2096: 3136:(14th century) has recorded the considerably huge presence of Muslim merchants and settlements of sojourning traders in most of the ports of Kerala. Immigration, intermarriage and missionary activity/conversion — secured by the common interest in the spice trade — helped in this development. The monopoly of overseas spice trade in the Arabian Sea was safe with the Arab and Persian shipping magnates from the Malabar Coast. Fortunes of these merchants depended on the political patronage of the native chiefs of Calicut (Kozhikode), Cannanore (Kannur), Cochin (Kochi), and Quilon (Kollam). The chiefs of these tiny kingdoms derived a great part of their revenue from taxing the spice trade. A 13th century granite inscription, in Old Malayalam and Arabic, at 3271:. The big Mappila traders in Cochin supplied large quantities of Southeast Asian spices to the Portuguese carracks. These traders, along with the Syrian Christians, acted as brokers and intermediaries in the purchase of spices and in the sale of the goods brought from Europe. Wealthy Muslim merchants of the Malabar Coast – including Mappilas – provided large credits to the Portuguese. These businessmen received large trading concessions, stipends and privileges in return. Interaction between the Portuguese private traders and Mappila merchants also continued to be tolerated by the Portuguese state. Kingdom of Calicut, whose shipping was increasingly looted by the Portuguese, evolved into a centre of Muslim resistance. In February 1436: 3333: 3152:

mentions Shah Bandars in Calicut and Quilon (Ibrahim Shah Bandar and Muhammed Shah Bandar). The "nakhudas", merchant magnates owning ships, spread their shipping and trading business interests across the Indian Ocean. The famous nakhuda Mishkal who possessed ships for the trade with China, Yemen and Persia was active in Calicut in the 1340s. But unlike in some of the other regions of the Indian Ocean, in Kerala, it seems that the nakhudas did not held any positions of commercial, communal leadership. The Muslim line of Ali Rajas of Arakkal, near Cannanore, who were the vassals of the Kolathiri, ruled over the

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The peace was soon broken, with the assassination of the qazi of Cannanore Abu Bakr Ali (1545), and the Portuguese again came down hard on the Mappilas. In the meantime, the Portuguese also entered into friendship with some of the leading Middle Eastern merchants residing on the Malabar Coast (1550). The mantle of the Muslim resistance was now taken by the Ali Rajas of Cannanore, who even forced the king of Calicut to turn against the Portuguese once again. By the close of the 16th century, the Ali Rajas had emerged as figures with as much influence in Kerala as the Kolathiri (Chirakkal Raja) himself.

3413:, invaded and occupied northern Kerala in the late-18th century. In the following Mysore rule of Malabar, Muslims were favoured against the high caste Hindu landlords. Some were able to obtain some land rights and administrative positions. There was a sharp increase in community's growth, especially through conversions from the "outcaste" society. However, such measures of the Mysore rulers only widened the communal imbalance of Malabar. The East India Company — taking advantage of the situation — allied with the Hindu high castes to fight against the occupied regime. The British subsequently won the 2874:

Abu ibn Udthorman in Hijra 166. The mosque itself contains two medieval royal charters, one on a block of granite built into the steps of the mosque tank and another one a loose stone lying outside, of the Kodungallur Chera king Bhaskara Ravi Manukuladitya (962–1021 AD). The position of the royal Chera charter (in Old Malayalam) inside the mosque suggests that the city belonged to the Muslims or included them or came into their possession at a later stage. A few Umayyad (661–750 AD) coins were discovered from Kothamangalam in the eastern part of Ernakulam district.

2866: 2693: 9174: 3831: 2575:(Kollam)). They were traditionally elite merchants who were all part of the brisk foreign trade. Until well into the European period, the Muslims were almost exclusively concentrated in the port cities. Middle Eastern sailors had to rely on lighterage at most of the Kerala ports in the medieval period. This led them to enter into mutually beneficial relationships with the traditional sea fishermen community. A large majority of fishermen, once low-caste Hindus, in northern Kerala now follow Islam. 1334: 3196: 2195: 2673: 51: 3160: 3812: 9226: 9186: 2881:(c. 883 AD, "the Tabula Quilonensis") is written in Old Malayalam in Vatteluttu script, and concludes with a number of "signatures" in Kufic Arabic, Middle Persian in Pahlavi script and Judaeo-Persian. The charter shows Atikal, in presence of the royal representative from Kodungallur (prince Kota Ravi Vijayaraga) and regional civil and military officials, granting land and serfs to the Tarisapalli, built by Mar Sapir Iso, and conferring privileges on 3852: 9217: 9198: 1270: 785: 3175:) from the Malabar Coast. Export items across the Arabian Sea included spices such as pepper, ginger and cardamom, trans-shipped textiles, coconuts and associated products. Gold, copper, and silver, horses, silk and various aromatics were imported into Kerala. The native Muslims dominated the trade to Pegu, Mergui, Melaka (in Myanmar and Malaysia) and points east, and the Indian coastal trade (Canara, Malabar, 2707: 852: 2681: 2823:, which was the link between the West and ports of East Asia, even before Islam had been established in Arabia. The western coast of India was the chief centre of Middle Eastern trading activities right from at least 4th century AD and by about 7th century AD, and several West Asian merchants had taken permanent residence in some port cities of the Malabar Coast. According to popular tradition, 3187:. Muslims, with Gujarati Vanias, also took part in the trade with ports of Gujarat. The Indian coastal trade included goods such as coconuts, coir, pepper, cardamom, cinnamon and rice. Rice was a major import item into Kerala, from the Canara and the Coromandel Coast. Low-value but high-volume trade in foodstuffs that passed through the Gulf of Mannar was also handled by the native Muslims. 3791: 194: 2894:

the charter prove that the associates of Mar Sapir Iso included Jews and Muslims too. Muslim Arabs and some Persians must have formed permanent settlements at Kollam by this period. The charter gives proof of the status and privileges of trading guilds in Kerala. "Anjuvannam", mentioned in the copper plate, was a merchant association composed Christians, Jews and Muslims.

2019:. In general, a Muslim Mappila is either a descendant of any higher caste native convert to Islam or a mixed descendant of any Middle Eastern — Arab or Persian — individual. Mappilas are but one among the many communities that form the Muslim population of Kerala. No Census Report where the Muslim communities were mentioned separately is also available. 2914:". While there is no concrete historical evidence for this tradition, there can be little doubt of the early Muslim presence, and of the religious tolerance based on economic imperatives, on the Malabar Coast. The account of conversion of Islam by the then Cheraman Perumal is generally considered apocryphal by mainstream scholars. 5955:... Aurangzeb and Dara Shukoh participated in Aceh's trade, and Aurangzeb even exchanged presents with Aceh's sultan in 1641. For two decades after the Dutch conquest of Portuguese Melaka in 1641, the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by the VOC tried to attract trade to Melaka by restricting Muslim trade to Aceh. Angered by 3561:

backwardness began to change. The Mappila community is now considered as section of Indian Muslims marked by recovery, change and positive involvement in the modern world. Mappila women are now not reluctant to join professional vocations and assuming leadership roles. As per the latest government data, female literacy rate in

3156:. Zayn al-Din Makhdum (c. 1498–1581) estimates that 10% of the population of Malabar was Muslim by the midpoint of the 16th century AD. Samarqandi said that in Calicut he met Muslims among the "horde of infidels", and that both kings and beggars wear the same thing but that the Muslims wear fine clothing in the Arab fashion. 2862:(973–1052 AD) appears to have been the first to call the region by this name. Masudi of Baghdad (896–965 AD) speaks about the contacts between Malabar and Arabia. Authors such as Ibn Khurdad Beh (869 – 885 AD), Ahmad al Baladhuri (892 AD), and Abu Zayd of Ziraf (916 AD) mentions Malabar ports in their works. 3508:

Active participation in the state elections gave rise to a psychology of accommodation that took the Muslims into cooperate relationships with Hindus and Christians of Kerala. The Communist-lead Kerala government granted the wish of the Muslim League for the formation of a Muslim majority district in

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was a popular form of social entertainment among the Muslims of Kerala. It is generally presented by women numbering about fifteen including musicians, as a part of wedding ceremonies a day before the wedding day. The bride, dressed in all finery, covered with gold ornaments, is the chief spectator;

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in Cochin, now planning to capture the spice trade through the Gulf of Mannar and to Sri Lanka, came into the conflict with Mappilas and the (Tamil) Maraikkayars. The narrow gulf held the key to the trade to Bengal (especially Chittagong). By the 1520s, open confrontations between the Portuguese and

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in south Kerala was the southernmost of the Kerala ports associated with black pepper. It served as the region's gateway to the eastern Indian Ocean. East and Southeast Asia were the primary markets for Kerala's main export, the spices, until at least the c. 15th century. In 1403, it seems that, the

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reads: " to this Maymun ibn Ibrahim, Muhammad ibn Manih, Sulh ibn 'Ali, 'Uthaman ibn al-Marzuban, Muhammad ibn Yahya, 'Amr ibn Ibrahim, Ibrahim ibn al-Tayy, Bakr ibn Mansur, al-Qasim ibn Hamid, Mansur ibn 'Isa and, Isma'il ibn Ya'qub". The presence of non-Christian signatures and the names found in

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After and during the Portuguese period, some of the Muslim merchants were forced to turn inland (Malabar) in search of alternative occupations to commerce. Some acquired land and became landowners and some became agricultural labourers. Between 16th and 20th centuries, the collective Mappila numbers

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16th century. The ballads are compiled in complex blend of Malayalam/Tamil and Arabic, Persian/Urdu in a modified Arabic script. Mappila songs have a distinct cultural identity, as they sound a mix of the ethos and culture of Dravidian South India as well as West Asia. They deal with themes such as

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The Muslim material strength — along with the extent of modern education, theological "reform", and active participation in democratic process — recovered slowly after the 1921–22 Uprising. The Muslim numbers in provincial and central government posts remained staggeringly low. The Mappila literacy

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to oppose the Portuguese. The Portuguese maintained patrolling squadrons off the Kerala ports and continued their raids on departing Muslim fleets at Calicut and Quilon. After a series of naval battles, the once powerful Mappila chief was finally forced to sue for peace with the Portuguese in 1540.

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Sooner rather than later, tensions arose between the wealthy Mappila traders of Cannanore and the Portuguese state. The ships of the Cannanore Mappilas again and again fell prey to the Portuguese sailors off the coast of Maldives, an important point between Southeast Asia and the Red Sea. Interests

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Scholar C. N. Ahammad Moulavi has mentioned that he has seen at Irikkalur near Valapattanam a tombstone bearing the date 670 AD/Hijra 50 (it seems that the tombstone is now lost). Inscriptions found on a tombstone on the beach outside the Juma'h Mosque in Panthalayani Kollam record the death of one

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Modern Mappila theological revisions and social reforms were initiated by Wakkom Maulavi (1873–1932) in Kollam. The Maulavi was initially influenced by Muḥammad 'Abduh and Rashīd Riḍā, and to some degree by the ideas of Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī and Muḥammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhāb. He notably encouraged

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as the major port city in Kerala. Some of the important administrative positions in the kingdom of Calicut, such as that of the port commissioner, were held by Muslims. The port commissioner, the "shah bandar", represented commercial interests of the Muslim merchants. In his account, Ibn Batttutah

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ballad singing is prevalent amongst people who practice folkloric traditions in the Mappila community of Wayanad. Unlike usual religious interpretations, Mappila Ramayan or Lamayan evokes cultural memories and is set in Malabar Muslim milieu. Their Ramayan ballards are usually laced with everyday

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Before the 16th century, Middle Eastern Muslims dominated the economic, social and religious affairs of Kerala Muslims. Many of these merchants fled Kerala in the course of the 16th century. The vacuum created economic opportunities for some Mappila traders, who also took on a greater role in the

2910:(c. 570–632). Perumal's proselytisers, led by Malik ibn Dinar, established a series of mosques in his kingdom and north of it, thus facilitating the expansion of Islam in Kerala. It is assumed that the first recorded version of this legend is an Arabic manuscript of anonymous authorship known as " 2897:

In keeping with Kodungallur's significant role in the spice trade, the legends of Kerala Christians, Jews and Muslims all depict this port city as the focal point for the spread of their respective faiths. According to the legend of Cheraman Perumal, or as per one version of it, the first Indian

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Vaikom Muhammad Basheer (1910–1994), followed by, U. A. Khader, K. T. Muhammed, N. P. Muhammed and Moidu Padiyath are leading Mappila authors of the modern age. Mappila periodical literature and newspaper dailies — all in Malayalam — are also extensive and critically read among the Muslims. The

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The latter, also known as the "Paradesi Muslims", in fact came from all over the Islamic world. They included Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, Turks, Iraqis, Gujaratis, Khorasanis and Deccanis (and Melakans, Sumatrans, Bengalis). These Muslims were not unsettled navigators but had settled in Kerala.

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The Malabar Muslims have also been nicknamed such due to their presence in Malabar region. Mappila Muslims is a diverse group of people, including descendants of Arab traders and local converts to Islam. They share the Malayalam language with other communities in Kerala and have a rich cultural

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in the following years (beginning in the mid-1960s). This widespread participation in the Gulf Rush produced huge economic and social benefits for the community. Great influx funds from the earnings of Mappilas employed followed. Issues such as widespread poverty, unemployment and educational

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The discriminatory land tenure system — tracing its origins to pre modern Kerala — gave Muslims of Kerala (and other tenants and labourers) no access to land ownership. This led to a series of violent attacks against the high caste landlords and colonial administration (the Mappila Outbreaks,

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CE (c. 1500–1520), Portuguese traders were successful in reaching in agreements with the local Hindu chiefs and native Muslim (Mappila) merchants in Kerala. The major contradiction was between the Portuguese state and the Arab and Persian traders, and the Kingdom of Calicut. In January

2847:. Arab writers such as Masudi of Baghdad (934–955 AD), Idrisi (1154 AD), Abul-Fida (1213 AD) and al-Dimishqi (1325 AD) mentions the Muslim communities in Kerala. Some historians assume that the Mappilas can be considered as the first native, settled Islamic community in South Asia. 2034:, of which the Kerala state, as early as the 7th century AD. Before being overtaken by the Europeans in the spice trade, Malabar Muslims were a prosperous trading community, settled mainly in the coastal urban centres of Kerala. The continuous interaction of the Mappilas with the 3537:(1886–1964), E. K. Maulavi (1879–1974) and M. K. Haji carried his work forward to the modern age. K. M . Maulavi tried to spread the new ideas of southern Kerala to the more orthodox Malabar region. C. O. T. Kunyipakki Sahib, Maulavi Abussabah Ahmedali (died 1971), K. A. Jaleel, 2061:, does exist among the Muslims of Kerala (although all Muslims are allowed to worship in all Kerala mosques, certain communities are held in "lower status" to others). A number of different communities, some of them having distant ethnic roots, exist as status groups in Kerala. 2087:(Mappila Arabs) s, about one-quarter of Kerala's population (26.56%) are Muslims. The calculated Muslim population (2011) in Kerala state is 88,73,472. The number of Muslims in rural areas is only 42,51,787, against an urban population of 46,21,685. 3688:

In 17th century, after the arrival of Hadrami sufis to malabar the Ash'ari sufism become widespread among the malabar muslims. Which transformed muslim community into spiritually connected with the Sufi doctrines. This gives importance to apostles

3626:, while the other theological orientations, of which the Salafi Mujahids constitute a large majority, are seen as modern "reform" movements within the Sunni Islam. Both the Sunnis and Mujahids again have been divided to a number of sub-identities. 4663:"Remittances and its Impact on the Kerala Economy and Society – International Migration, Multi-local Livelihoods and Human Security: Perspectives from Europe, Asia and Africa", Institute of Social Studies, The Netherlands, 30–31 August 2007 2588:

interior. The peak of the Muslim distribution in Kerala had gradually shifted to the interior Malabar District. William Logan, comparing the Census Reports of 1871 and 1881, famously concluded that within ten years some 50,000 people from the

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has created a profound impact on their life, customs, and culture. This has resulted in the formation of a unique Indo-Islamic synthesis — within the large spectrum of Kerala culture — in literature, art, food, language, and music.

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she sits on a peetham, around which the singing and dancing take place. While women sing, they clap their hands rhythmically and move around the bride in steps. Two or three girls begin the songs and the rest join the chorus.

3581:, is another major Muslim entrepreneur from Kerala. During his state visit to Saudi Arabia in 2016, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi presented the Saudi king Salman with a gold-plated replica of the Kodungallur Mosque. 2139:

concerns of the British Empire. Diaspora groups of Mappilas are also found in Singapore and Malaysia. Furthermore, a substantial proportion of Muslims have left Kerala to seek employment in the Middle East, especially in

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Upadhyaya, U. Padmanabha. Coastal Karnataka: Studies in Folkloristic and Linguistic Traditions of Dakshina Kannada Region of the Western Coast of India. Udupi: Rashtrakavi Govind Pai Samshodhana Kendra, 1996.P-

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The Edinburgh review: or critical journal – Sydney Smith, Lord Francis Jeffrey Jeffrey, Macvey Napier, Sir George Cornewall Lewis, William Empson, Harold Cox, Henry Reeve, Arthur Ralph Douglas Elliot (Hon.)

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Hafiz Mohamad, N. P. "Socioeconomic determinants of the continuity of matrilocal family system among Mappila Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut

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The Middle Eastern Muslim traders and Kerala mercantile community went through a long period of peaceful intercultural growth till the arrival of the Portuguese explorers (early 16th century).

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Sousa, João de (1790). "Da mesmo Governador escrita ao Almirante D. Vasco da Gama Vice-Rei da India" [From the same Governor written to Admiral Dom Vasco da Gama, Viceroy of India].

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the Mappilas, from Ramanathapuram, and Thoothukudi to northern Kerala, and to western Sri Lanka, became a common occurrence. The Mappila traders actively worked in even in the island of

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and in the north Kerala a small proportion vote Communist Left. Politically, the Muslims in Kerala have exhibited more unanimity than any other major communities in modern Kerala.

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The earliest major epigraphic evidence of Muslim merchants in Kerala is a royal charter by Ayyan Atikal, the powerful governor of Kollam under the Chera king of Kodungallur. The

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community (former untouchables) converted to Islam. Muslim growth in the 20th century has considerably outpaced that of the general Kerala population due to higher birth rates.

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P. P., Razak Abdul "Colonialism and community formation in Malabar: a study of Muslims of Malabar" Unpublished Ph.D. thesis (2013) Department of History, University of Calicut

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Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)

5683:"Document 9: ANTT, Cartas Orientais No. 47- Chenicheri Kurup to the Viceroy Vasco da Gama, in "Letters from Kannur, 1500–50: A Little Explored Aspect of Kerala History"" 5516:

Muslim Architecture of South India: The Sultanate of Ma'bar and the Traditions of the Maritime Settlers on the Malabar and Coromandel Coasts (Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Goa)

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Till the 16th century, as noticed by the contemporary observers, Muslims settled mainly along the coastal tracts of Kerala (especially in major Kerala ports such as

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heritage that blends local traditions with Islamic practices. They were also referred to as 'Mouros da Terra'(Arabs of land) and Mouros Malabares' (Malabar Arabs).

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islands in Southern India. The term Mappila is used to denote Muslims of middle eastern descent in Northern Kerala, and in Southern Kerala for Mar thoma Nazarenes (

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1836–1921 led the officials to make and maintain a distinction between the interior Mappilas and the 'respectable' Mappila traders of the coastal cities, such as

4631: 1435: 3501:. K. O. Ayesha Bai, a member of Muslim community, the first Muslim women to rise to public fame in modern Kerala, became the Deputy Speaker of the Communist 1937: 6201: 5322:

Mohammad, K.M. "Arab relations with Malabar Coast from 9th to 16th centuries" Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Vol. 60 (1999), pp. 226–234.

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A model of the old structure of the Kodungallur Mosque. According to the Cheraman Perumal tradition, the first Indian mosque was built at Kodungallur.

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Lastly, there were the converts from the Backward and Scheduled Hindu castes (such as the South Malabar interior Mappilas, Pusalars/Puyislans and the

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Ever since in the Indian Independence from the British in 1947, the overwhelming majority of Muslims in former Malabar District have supported the

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in Calicut mentions a donation by the king to the mosque. The inscription is the only surviving historical document recording royal endowment by a

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can also be seen. When the British supremacy on Malabar District was established, many Mappilas were recruited for employment in plantations in

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school of religious law (known in Kerala as the traditionalist Sunnis) while a large minority follow modern movements that developed within

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increased rapidly in Malabar and Travancore and Kochi regions, chiefly by the conversion among the lower and 'outcaste' Hindu groups of the

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The Muslim community originated primarily as a result of the West Asian contacts with Kerala, which was fundamentally based upon commerce ("

2004:). Muslims of Kerala make up 26.56% of the population of the state (2011), and as a religious group they are the second largest group after 7463: 6263: 5662: 8082: 6677: 5598: 9116: 8603: 3714:

romance, satire, religion, and politics. Moyinkutty Vaidyar (1875–91) is generally considered as the poet laureate of Mappila Songs.

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Kolkkali was a popular dance form among the Muslims of Kerala. It is played in group of 12 people with two sticks, similar to the

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during 16th-century CE is the first-ever known book fully based on the history of Kerala, written by a Keralite. It is written in

6608: 568: 4237:"Sea, community and language: a study on the origin and development of Arabi- Malayalam language of mappila muslims of Malabar" 2929:, the first mosque was built by Malik ibn Dinar in Kodungallur, while the rest of the mosques were founded by Malik ibn Habib. 1924: 3398:

in the 16th century CE. For decades, the Malabari Mappila Muslims which representing the Mughal empire are already patronized

9250: 9089: 8948: 6015: 5978: 5810: 5776: 5608: 5581: 5551: 5524: 5438: 5404: 5370: 5289: 5255: 5199: 5165: 5131: 5093: 5040: 4840: 4342: 4164: 3541:, and K. O. Ayesha Bai were other prominent social and political reformers of the 20th century. An organisation known as the 2804:(5th century BCE) records that in his time the cinnamon spice industry was monopolised by the Egyptians and the Phoenicians. 1298: 455: 9265: 2843:. A number of foreign accounts have mentioned about the presence of considerable Muslim population in the coastal towns of 2740:

and it is still referred to as the "Garden of Spices" or as the "Spice Garden of India". Kerala's spices attracted ancient

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faded into memory in the rest of India, it remained a serious political force in the state of Kerala with leaders such as

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The Middle Eastern Muslims controlled the lucrative western arm of the overseas long-distance trade (to the ports of the

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Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500–1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)

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and the native rulers, the Portuguese attacked and plundered, as the opportunity offered, the Muslim ports in Kerala.

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As the modern Mappila literature developed after the 1921–22 Uprising, religious publications dominated the field.

3545:(MES), founded in 1964 by P. K. Abdul Ghafoor and friends, also played a role in the development of the community. 3533:

the Mappilas to adopt English education. Notable reformers such as K. M. Seethi Sahib (1898–1960), Khatib Muhammad

1861: 873: 233: 6231: 6039:"Moplahs a Menace for Several Years — Malabar Fanatics Said to Have Been Emboldened by Shifting of British Troops" 8991: 8976: 6439: 5751: 4680:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India 3557: 3490: 1538: 815: 8996: 2698: 760: 4596:

Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987 pp. 458–56.

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rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Mappila cuisine—

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The community was able to produce a number of high-regarded leaders in the following years. This included

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records its foundation year as Hijra 518 (1124 AD). The mosque in the heart of the old Chera capital, the

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The Sunnis referred here are identified by their conventional beliefs and practices and adherence to the

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islands in the Arabian Sea. A small number of Malayali Muslims have settled in the southern districts of

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Kaleidoscopic Ethnicity: International Migration and the Reconstruction of Community Identities in India

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M. G. S. Narayanan. "Kozhikkodinte Katha". Malayalam/Essays. Mathrubhumi Books. Second Edition (2017)

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Kunhali, V. "Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University (1986)

4368: 3248: 1914: 1543: 1448: 1291: 903: 861: 718: 430: 5917: 3202:(Cannanore) in northern Kerala in the 16th century. Whenever a formal war was broke out between the 9270: 9190: 8923: 8589: 8344: 4394:

Miller, Roland. E., "Mappila" in "The Encyclopedia of Islam". Volume VI. E. J. Brill, Leiden. 1987

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food culture. This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.

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This article is about Malabar Muslims or Jonaka Mappilas. For other uses of the title Mappila, see

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Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama, Cambridge University Press, 1997, 288

3751:(also called Dubh Muttu) was an art form prevalent among Muslims of Kerala, using the traditional 3092:

which dates back to the 10th century CE. It is a rare surviving document recording patronage by a

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According to some scholars, the Malabar Muslims are the oldest settled native Muslim community in

8732: 8444: 8439: 7536: 7378: 6464: 6299: 4093: 3486: 2636:) – at the top were the aristocratic Tangals (the Sayyids), who claim descent from the family of 2438: 2001: 1958: 1528: 1315: 898: 245: 17: 5497: 2621:. The Colonial administrates also kept a distinction between coastal and inland Mappilas of the 8981: 8662: 8027: 6594: 6273: 5573: 4068: 3573:, 19th richest man in India, is the richest Malayali, according to the Forbes magazine (2018). 3470: 2865: 2501:

The Muslims present in Kerala were distinguished by the Portuguese historians into two groups:

1568: 1198: 883: 699: 465: 5968: 5833: 5800: 5766: 5514: 5394: 5360: 5245: 5189: 9155: 8943: 8072: 7673: 6817: 6568: 6347: 6296:"Madikeri, Coorg, "Gaddige Mohiyadeen Ratib" Islamic religious "dikr" is held once in a year" 6005: 5279: 5155: 5121: 4181: 3722: 3510: 3351: 1548: 1513: 916: 694: 519: 303: 258: 5428: 4275:

Poetics of Piety Devoting and Self Fashioning in the Mappila Literary Culture of South India

4236: 3725:", founded in 1934, played as significant role in the development of the Mappila community. 2688:

map showing the then trade routes. The spice trade was mainly along the water routes (blue).

8903: 7721: 7506: 7240: 6842: 6564: 5658: 5567: 4363: 3662: 3346: 3300: 3105: 2152: 2145: 1841: 1836: 1363: 1284: 834: 108: 56: 8: 8500: 8067: 7915: 7170: 4864: 3973: 3578: 3562: 3538: 3498: 3379: 3203: 2305: 1889: 1846: 1458: 1443: 1233: 893: 808: 704: 338: 238: 5486:

VIII, no. 162, Madras: Govt of India, Central Publication Branch, Calcutta, 1932. p. 69.

4876: 8716: 8274: 7885: 7393: 7328: 7021: 6908: 6777: 6706: 5010: 3780: 3482: 3450: 3367: 3292: 2419: 2362: 2286: 2229: 1664: 1604: 1583: 1403: 878: 728: 685: 655: 638: 613: 558: 514: 226: 5085:

Striving for Sustainability: Environmental Stress and Democratic Initiatives in Kerala

4798: 4297: 3449:

being temporarily instituted in the region and the leaders of the rebellion tried and

9255: 8017: 7428: 6160: 6011: 5974: 5937: 5924: 5806: 5772: 5678: 5629: 5604: 5577: 5547: 5520: 5434: 5400: 5366: 5339: 5285: 5251: 5195: 5161: 5127: 5089: 5036: 5002: 4926: 4846: 4836: 4810: 4778: 4727: 4338: 4307: 4254: 4222: 4202: 4160: 3434: 3422: 3406: 3304: 3256: 2836: 2819:. It is generally agreed among scholars that Middle Eastern merchants frequented the 2564: 2400: 2343: 2324: 1856: 1498: 1488: 1478: 1418: 1413: 1398: 1388: 1378: 1348: 1175: 1153: 1013: 769: 733: 680: 593: 553: 415: 5281:

Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi

2710: 2643:

Landed Aristocracy - the Arabis were followed by the landed aristocracy, centred on

8657: 8424: 8354: 8226: 8221: 8100: 8037: 8032: 8007: 7958: 7867: 7643: 7333: 7225: 7155: 7001: 6986: 6883: 6787: 6742: 4872: 4806: 4501: 4279: 4244: 4152: 4088: 3947: 3566: 3514: 3474: 3414: 3363: 3211: 3210:

In the past, there were many Muslim traders in the ports of Malabar. Following the

3184: 2537: 2267: 2112: 1816: 1588: 1578: 1508: 1483: 1383: 1353: 1148: 578: 573: 524: 509: 494: 403: 282: 165: 4673: 3638:— mainly two groups (majority of traditional Sunnis in Kerala are Shafiʽis). 2692: 9053: 9038: 8630: 8612: 8216: 8148: 8105: 8077: 7973: 7771: 7761: 7516: 7473: 7418: 7408: 7398: 7348: 7270: 7230: 7074: 6918: 6903: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6863: 6858: 6702: 5928: 5737: 5333: 5083: 4920: 4916: 4772: 4721: 4395: 4301: 4063: 3884: 3666: 3648: 3609: 3570: 3137: 3129:

from one pepper merchant, a Muslim believed to have come from the Malabar Coast.

2613:

in North Malabar — arguably converts from high caste Hindus — and the Muslims of

2457: 2381: 2248: 2136: 2050: 1769: 1644: 1593: 1573: 1533: 1518: 1373: 1249: 1239: 1158: 888: 713: 529: 489: 478: 460: 363: 308: 221: 124: 4571: 3260: 9229: 8971: 8854: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8692: 8565: 8515: 8472: 8399: 8384: 8374: 8231: 8183: 7905: 7872: 7862: 7711: 7625: 7597: 7501: 7438: 7363: 7303: 7255: 7135: 7092: 6953: 6928: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6732: 6712: 6697: 6637: 6617: 6110:"Silver jubilee does not bring cheer to Karipur airport users – Times of India" 4330: 4078: 4038: 3888: 3550: 3494: 3442: 3399: 3296: 3089: 2548: 1851: 1704: 1679: 1674: 1629: 1323: 1090: 1018: 801: 673: 660: 618: 563: 177: 6581: 6295: 6250: 6138: 5362:

Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean

3830: 3521:, currently the twelfth busiest airport in India, was inaugurated in 1988. An 3362:

and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of

3226:, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between 73: 9244: 9160: 8908: 8875: 8787: 8700: 8652: 8550: 8540: 8535: 8495: 8490: 8419: 8414: 8314: 8304: 8289: 8196: 8173: 8042: 7994: 7984: 7925: 7890: 7829: 7819: 7726: 7696: 7663: 7658: 7648: 7615: 7511: 7413: 7403: 7383: 7353: 7343: 7298: 7290: 7195: 7150: 7120: 7046: 7036: 6961: 6873: 6782: 6642: 5028: 5006: 4850: 4258: 4209:

First All India Conference of Dravidian Linguistics, Thiruvananthapuram, 1973

3534: 3395: 3371: 3280: 3276: 3231: 3180: 3108:, has a granite foundation exhibiting 11th–12th century architectural style. 3079: 2903: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2789: 2769: 2648: 2622: 2585: 2155:, the district-wise distribution of the Muslim population is as shown below: 2031: 1879: 1831: 1811: 1639: 1634: 1614: 1493: 1393: 1100: 1033: 1008: 1003: 738: 643: 603: 153: 6586: 5219: 9221: 8737: 8530: 8520: 8505: 8143: 8125: 8115: 7837: 7804: 7766: 7736: 7653: 7638: 7323: 7318: 7215: 7200: 7130: 7125: 7056: 6991: 6966: 6943: 6938: 6923: 6913: 6717: 6667: 6657: 6652: 4367:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner. Archived from 4335:

Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921

4028: 3952: 3932: 3742: 3312: 3268: 3239: 3172: 3159: 3122: 3101: 2890: 2850:

The Southwestern Coast of India was known as "Malabar" (a mixture of Tamil

2812: 2785: 2672: 2141: 1904: 1689: 1619: 1503: 1274: 1254: 1168: 1082: 789: 745: 482: 214: 203: 50: 4723:

The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History

4650: 3195: 2609:. The two other regional groupings are the high-status Muslim families of 2194: 2111:

The number of Muslims is particularly high in the northern Kerala (former

9165: 9043: 9033: 9028: 9020: 8898: 8849: 8525: 8510: 8482: 8464: 8429: 8379: 8299: 8153: 8052: 7847: 7842: 7688: 7592: 7458: 7453: 7388: 7308: 7102: 7069: 7041: 6837: 6722: 5247:

The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine

4033: 4014: 3811: 3630: 3620: 3605: 3574: 3446: 3418: 3308: 3284: 3153: 3133: 3067: 2946: 2899: 2828: 2816: 2797: 2765: 2757: 2745: 2736:

Kerala has been a major spice exporter since 3000 BCE, according to

2116: 2046: 2035: 2023: 1997: 1669: 851: 842: 541: 499: 423: 137: 96: 60: 5153: 5014: 4990: 4303:

Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)

4283: 4249: 3651:—with different splinter factions (with varying degrees of puritanism). 3433:

1836–1921) and in 1921–22; it took in the form of an explosion known as

8545: 8454: 8334: 8309: 8138: 7945: 7910: 7786: 7468: 7368: 7235: 7190: 7051: 6868: 6737: 6185:"Yusuf Ali is the richest Malayali and he is richer than Donald Trump" 6059: 3862: 3802: 3672: 3635: 3601: 3084: 3071: 2886: 2882: 2730: 2614: 2058: 2043: 2016: 1684: 1624: 1368: 1086: 546: 3556:

A large number of Muslims of Kerala found extensive employment in the

8782: 8626: 8449: 8349: 8236: 8201: 8168: 7930: 7900: 7877: 7809: 7796: 7781: 7483: 7448: 7275: 7205: 7140: 7031: 6747: 6268: 6084: 4273: 3961: 3866: 3748: 3553:(founded 1948) also promoted the higher education among the Muslims. 3410: 3325: 3288: 3264: 3235: 3219: 3148: 3075: 3042: 3030: 3006: 2994: 2859: 2801: 2753: 2726: 2722: 2685: 2606: 2556: 2120: 2009: 1659: 1215: 1163: 1040: 445: 120: 100: 5930:

Leaves of the Same Tree Trade and Ethnicity in the Straits of Melaka

5682: 4991:"From Communitas to the Structure of Islam: The Mappilas of Malabar" 4542: 4520: 8844: 8829: 8777: 8459: 8339: 8251: 8246: 8012: 7979: 7968: 7852: 7587: 7574: 7521: 7423: 7313: 7285: 7265: 7210: 7097: 7011: 7006: 6981: 6893: 5470:: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978 4083: 4023: 3936: 3706: 3658: 3613: 3336:

Kolattiri Raja's minister Kuruppu's Arabic letter to da Gama (1524)

3141: 3054: 2907: 2793: 2637: 2123:, while the scattered presence of the community in major cities of 1764: 1729: 1649: 1598: 1408: 1096: 963: 956: 755: 723: 437: 371: 161: 157: 8581: 5600:

Communication and Colonialism in Eastern India: Bihar, 1760s-1880s

3144:

ruler, in the form of a grant, to the Muslim community in Kerala.

8962: 8870: 8862: 8824: 8814: 8809: 8560: 8409: 8394: 8389: 8294: 8269: 8264: 8191: 8087: 8022: 7953: 7920: 7895: 7857: 7746: 7706: 7701: 7610: 7602: 7569: 7559: 7554: 7526: 7491: 7245: 7220: 7185: 7175: 7165: 7112: 7016: 6976: 6792: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6682: 6662: 6647: 4115:

T. Nandakumar, "54.72 % of population in Kerala are Hindus"

4043: 4019: 4005: 3996: 3921: 3900: 3870: 3797: 3623: 3565:, centre of Mappila distribution, stood at 91.55% (2011 Census). 3355: 3168: 3126: 2902:

with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of

2840: 2749: 2629: 2590: 2568: 2541: 1759: 1734: 1358: 992: 923: 588: 265: 5970:

Firearms of the Islamic World: in the Tared Rajab Museum, Kuwait

4278:(PhD). The English and Foreign Languages University, Hyderabad. 3851: 2839:

in 661 CE. His grave is believed to be located on the island of

8958: 8834: 8772: 8636: 8434: 8404: 8369: 8359: 8329: 8324: 8284: 8256: 8241: 8211: 8206: 8158: 8120: 8110: 8095: 8047: 7963: 7935: 7824: 7814: 7776: 7751: 7741: 7731: 7716: 7678: 7633: 7579: 7546: 7443: 7250: 7180: 7160: 7079: 7064: 7026: 6971: 6933: 6827: 6822: 6797: 6752: 6727: 6692: 6687: 5467: 5396:

Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles

4001: 3880: 3858: 3734: 3641: 3391: 3375: 3359: 3215: 3199: 3176: 3117: 3097: 3018: 2982: 2970: 2958: 2844: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2644: 2633: 2618: 2610: 2572: 2560: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2201: 2104: 2100: 1993: 1989: 1739: 1724: 1694: 1210: 1185: 1119: 1061: 1054: 1047: 973: 868: 608: 598: 387: 355: 347: 332: 326: 210: 104: 92: 6551:

Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language

5667:. London: Reprint. Asian Educational Services. pp. 19–47. 3378:. A copy of this edition has been preserved in the library of 3147:

By the early decades of the 14th century, travellers speak of

3100:

of Kerala. The Arabic inscription on a copper slab within the

8839: 8819: 8555: 8279: 8178: 8130: 8062: 8057: 7756: 7564: 7531: 7496: 7433: 7373: 7358: 7338: 7280: 7260: 7145: 6996: 6832: 6672: 5455:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.

4073: 4009: 3965: 3940: 3904: 3421:

and, consequently, Malabar was organised as a district under

3383: 3227: 3093: 2824: 2777: 2773: 2737: 2713:(shaded in dark blue) is the most-prominent school among the 2680: 2667: 2655: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2054: 2027: 2005: 1699: 1654: 1609: 1205: 1127: 1110: 933: 928: 750: 628: 319: 277: 270: 193: 185: 149: 5430:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast

4974:

Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast

4190: 3770:

activities of the community and embellished with Urdu terms.

3267:'s navy marked the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the 2508:

Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca").

8929:

Sayyid Abdurahman Imbichikoya Thangal Al-Aydarusi Al-Azhari

8002: 6632: 5033:

Politics, Women and Well Being: How Kerala Became 'a Model'

4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4478: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4458: 4456: 4454: 3927: 3892: 3842: 3272: 3244: 3223: 2788:, must have made the first long voyage to Kerala and other 2781: 2761: 2741: 2601:

During the British period the so-called Mappila Outbreaks,

2521: 1123: 996: 968: 943: 938: 379: 287: 6547: 5882: 5880: 5160:. Permanent Black and Ravi Dayal Publisher. pp. 39–. 4674:"Population By Religious Community – 2011 Census of India" 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4434: 3790: 3370:

from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonise

5739:

PT/TT/CART/891.1/47: Carta de Guinguir, Guazil de Cananor

3879:

The Mohammaden Mappila cuisine is a blend of traditional

3763:. Participants dance to the rhythm as they beat the duff. 3756: 3595: 3517:

being its major catchment area, was established in 1968.

978: 5358: 3655:(K. N. M) is the largest Mujahid organisation in Kerala. 3394:

community of Kerala as well as the general condition of

5877: 5495: 5075: 4431: 3462:

rate was only 5% in 1931. Even by 1947, only 3% of the

2756:

to the Malabar Coast in the 3rd and 2nd millennia BCE.

2520:

A descendant of any native convert (vast majority were

4632:"Caste system exists among Muslims though not overtly" 4219:

Gulf Dream: For Indians The Golden Beaches Still gleam

3437:. The uprising — which initially had the supported of 6440:"Calicut Biryani Recipe I Kozhikodan Biriyani Recipe" 5687:

Clio and her descendants: Essays for Kesavan Veluthat

5154:

Shail Mayaram; M. S. S. Pandian; Ajay Skaria (2005).

3964:

is another popular item, which has an influence from

3600:

Most of the Muslims of Kerala follow the traditional

3588:. In south Kerala, the community generally supported 2858:, most probably) to the West Asians. Persian scholar 5565: 5561: 5559: 5243: 5239: 5237: 5082:

Chattopadhyay, Srikumar; Franke, Richard W. (2006).

4922:

Communism in Kerala: A Study in Political Adaptation

4351: 6226:Shajahan Madampat, "Malappuram Isn't Mini Kashmir" 5764: 5081: 3697:). Still today it retains some of these practices. 5331: 5147: 4159:. State University of New York Press. p. xi. 3805:, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Malabar 3445:- was suppressed by the colonial government, with 2760:established trade with Kerala during this period. 2049:, while a large minority follow movements such as 6251:Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India 5923: 5556: 5392: 5352: 5234: 5119: 4241:Muallim Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 1938:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1989–present) 9242: 5936:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 121–122. 5798: 5792: 5771:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 293–294. 5758: 5512: 5506: 5157:Muslims, Dalits, and the Fabrications of History 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 3700: 2906:, who converted to Islam during the lifetime of 2073: 2012:with the other religious communities of Kerala. 6085:"Kozhikode Calicut International Airport (CCJ)" 6060:"Official website of Calicut University – Home" 6003: 5277: 5191:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4306:. University of Michigan. p. 99 and note. 3728: 3525:(IIM) was established at Kozhikode in 1996 and 3078:town. The Koyilandy Jumu'ah Mosque contains an 3024:Shahab al-Din ibn 'Umar ibn Muhammad ibn Malik 2008:(54.73%). Muslims share the common language of 6563:(The English translation of the historic work 5386: 4512: 4111: 4109: 2889:. The attestation to the copper plates in the 2547:A descendant of a marriage alliance between a 1933:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama (1926–1989) 8597: 6616: 6602: 5999: 5997: 5966: 5540: 5499:Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I) 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5308: 5271: 5055: 4740: 4508:. Vol. VI. E. J. Brill. pp. 458–66. 4234: 4179: 3774: 3060:Zayn al-Din ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani 1966: 1292: 809: 6272:. Chennai, India. 7 May 2006. Archived from 5893: 5657: 5502:. Madras Government Press. pp. 423–424. 4770: 4719: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4524: 4235:Kottaparamban, Musadhique (1 October 2019). 3111: 6494:"Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast" 6256: 6127: 5664:An Historical Relation of the Island Ceylon 5596: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4106: 3179:, Maldives and Coromandel Coast, and other 3163:Early Arab settlements in Kerala up to 1496 2651:, arguably converts from high caste Hindus. 2053:. Contrary to a popular misconception, the 8604: 8590: 6609: 6595: 6010:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 51–. 5994: 5960: 5626:kabir:The Apposaitle of Hindu Muslim Unity 5624:Muhammed, Hedayuthabdulla (January 2009). 5566:Henry Morse Stephens (1897). "Chapter 1". 5365:. Columbia University Press. p. 333. 5305: 5115: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5107: 5105: 4995:Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 4579:PhD Dissertation Aligarh Muslim University 4359:"Population by religious community – 2011" 4325: 4323: 4147: 3608:. The latter section consists of majority 2918:First mosques of Malabar according to the 2668:Arrival of Islam in Kerala and Lakshadweep 2496: 1973: 1959: 1299: 1285: 816: 802: 49: 9117:Samastha Kerala Sunni Students Federation 6202:"TOI's top 10: World's richest Malayalis" 5677: 5433:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 5056:Pradeep Kumar, Kaavya (28 January 2014). 4830: 4638: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4248: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4127: 3036:Hussayn ibn Muhammad ibn Malik al-Madani 2815:rim, via spice and silk traders from the 2042:Most of the Muslims in Kerala follow the 43:Malabar Muslims of Kerala and Lakshadweep 6385: 5623: 4925:. C. Hurst and Company. pp. 23–25. 4915: 4890: 4771:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (29 October 1998). 4546: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4329: 4271: 3481:, and most crucially, the inspirational 3466:officers in Malabar region were Muslim. 3374:. It was first printed and published in 3331: 3194: 3158: 3125:court first learned of the existence of 2864: 2705: 2691: 2679: 2671: 2094: 8830:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats 7575:Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats 6567:written about the society of Kerala by 6487: 6485: 6437: 5850: 5765:Sanjay Subrahmanyam (29 October 1998). 5689:. Delhi: Primus Books. pp. 123–125 5478: 5476: 5102: 5027: 4569: 4320: 4296: 3991:are prepared by the Mappila community. 3275:, the defeat of the joint fleet of the 2869:Quilon Syrian Copper Plate (c. 883 AD) 2596: 2551:individual and a native low caste woman 14: 9243: 8645: 6491: 6465:"Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe" 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 5856: 5768:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama 5489: 5426: 5058:"Of Kerala, Egypt, and the Spice link" 4968: 4966: 4964: 4962: 4803:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4774:The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama 4720:Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (30 April 2012). 4715: 4585: 4572:"Muslim Communities in Kerala to 1798" 4500: 4290: 4151: 4124: 3596:Theological orientations/denominations 3577:, chairman of the Dubai-headquartered 3390:also describes the history of Mappila 3190: 2505:Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land"). 1925:All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen 8585: 6590: 6519:"Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels" 6386:Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6354:from the original on 27 December 2023 6322:"Muslim Ramayana traditions of India" 6302:from the original on 12 December 2021 5899:A G Noorani. Islam in Kerala. Books 5707: 5457:Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98. 5284:. Popular Prakashan. pp. 54–55. 4988: 4984: 4982: 4960: 4958: 4956: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4659: 4657: 4383: 4046:made of flour, like a baked, layered 6482: 6264:"Preserve identity of Mappila songs" 5742:(in Arabic). Lisbon. 1524. p. 1 5628:. Motilal Banarasidess. p. 47. 5473: 5218:. lakshadweep.nic.in. Archived from 5194:. Infobase Publishing. p. 506. 5187: 5120:A Sreedhara Menon (1 January 2007). 4004:paste covering a mixture of cashew, 3456: 3435:Mappila Uprising (Malabar Rebellion) 3082:inscription written in a mixture of 1920:Muslim chronicles for Indian history 1895:All India Ulema & Mashaikh Board 87:Regions with significant populations 9197: 8611: 6548:S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), 6235: 5427:Prange, Sebastian R. (3 May 2018). 5359:Edward Simpson; Kai Kresse (2008). 5021: 4976:. Cambridge University Press, 2018. 4877:10.1163/9789004206106_eifo_com_0673 3549:(founded in 1922, Kodungallur) and 2696:Names, routes and locations of the 1885:All India Muslim Personal Law Board 24: 9127:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 9108:Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama 6541: 6366: 5967:Robert Elgood (15 November 1995). 5460: 5035:. Palgrave McMillan. p. 112. 4979: 4939: 4692: 4654: 4607:"Kerala Public Service Commission" 4599: 1986:Malabar Muslims or Muslim Mappilas 1900:Ahle Sunnat Movement in South Asia 25: 9287: 6575: 6388:"Straight from the Malabar Coast" 6004:Prema A. Kurien (7 August 2002). 5805:. Psychology Press. p. 147. 5799:Mehrdad Shokoohy (29 July 2003). 5519:. Psychology Press. p. 144. 5513:Mehrdad Shokoohy (29 July 2003). 3857:Halwas are popular in towns like 1992:community found predominantly in 1910:All India Shia Personal Law Board 9225: 9224: 9215: 9196: 9185: 9184: 9173: 9172: 5496:Charles Alexander Innes (1908). 5482:Aiyer, K. V. Subrahmanya (ed.), 5188:West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). 4811:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_0673 3850: 3829: 3810: 3789: 3705:Mappila Songs/Poems is a famous 3683: 3527:National Institute of Technology 3048:Sa'd al-Din ibn Malik al-Madani 2578: 2193: 1862:Madeenathul Uloom Arabic College 1434: 1332: 1268: 850: 783: 192: 8992:Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal 6511: 6457: 6431: 6405: 6340: 6314: 6288: 6220: 6194: 6179: 6153: 6102: 6077: 6052: 6031: 5904: 5826: 5730: 5716:Academia das Ciências de Lisboa 5701: 5671: 5651: 5642: 5617: 5590: 5447: 5420: 5325: 5208: 5181: 5049: 4857: 4824: 4791: 4764: 4666: 4624: 4400: 3491:Syed Abdurrahiman Bafaki Tangal 3281:Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt 3212:discovery of a direct sea route 2831:, situated just to the west of 2090: 2078: 1562:Famous Families and ethnicities 55:A rebuilt structure of the old 8997:Sayed Abbas Ali Shihab Thangal 6582:BBC Hindi on Muslims in Kerala 5576:. Asian Educational Services. 5399:. Other Books. pp. 179–. 5088:. Concept Publishing Company. 4777:. Cambridge University Press. 4272:Kuzhiyan, Muneer Aram (2015). 4265: 4228: 4212: 4173: 3523:Indian Institute of Management 3238:. In the first two decades of 3183:shores) with the Chettis from 2898:mosque was built in 624 AD at 2699:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2115:). Mappilas are also found in 2064: 1807:Jami'a Nooriyya Arabic College 13: 1: 8987:Sayed Hyderali Shihab Thangal 6492:Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). 6413:"Thalassery Chicken Biriyani" 5973:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 164–. 5888:Kerala History and its Makers 5338:. M. E. Sharpe. p. 123. 5244:Uri M. Kupferschmidt (1987). 4835:. State Univ Of New York Pr. 4099: 3925:(a type of rice pancake) and 3701:Mohammaden Mappila literature 3519:Calicut International Airport 2792:. They must have brought the 2776:. The Arabs on the coasts of 2074:Demographics and distribution 1822:Darul Huda Islamic University 1524:Sayyid Sanaullah Makti Tangal 9251:Muslim communities of Kerala 9075:Traditionalist (Sunnī Islam) 6571:during sixteenth century CE) 6064:www.universityofcalicut.info 5466:Pg 58, Cultural heritage of 5126:. DC Books. pp. 57–58. 3729:Mohammaden Mappila folk arts 3096:king (Bhaskara Ravi) to the 2026:"). As per local tradition, 7: 9266:Social groups of Tamil Nadu 9062:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 9001:Munavvar Ali Shihab Thangal 8919:Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar 6165:Government of Kerala, India 5603:. Anthem Press. p. 8. 5332:Jonathan Goldstein (1999). 5250:. Brill. pp. 458–459. 4337:. Oxford University Press. 4057: 3824:(mussels stuffed with rice) 3653:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 2162:District wise map of Kerala 2057:, like from other parts of 1945:Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen 367:("Stories of the Prophets") 10: 9292: 9136:Sunni Students' Federation 8914:Varakkal Mullokoya Thangal 5484:South Indian Inscriptions. 5393:Husain Raṇṭattāṇi (2007). 5123:A Survey Of Kerala History 4989:Razak, P.P. Abdul (2007). 4831:Roland E., Miller (2016). 4186:. Madras Government Press. 3778: 3775:Mohammaden Mappila Cuisine 3678: 3663:the Jama'at-i-Islami India 3543:Muslim Educational Society 3485:(1898–1960). Although the 2879:Quilon Syrian Copper Plate 2662: 2192: 1827:Markazu Saqafathi Sunniyya 29: 9212: 9148: 9125: 9106: 9099: 9083:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar 9074: 9052: 9019: 9012: 8957: 8891: 8884: 8802: 8765: 8725: 8709: 8682: 8675: 8619: 8481: 7993: 7944: 7795: 7687: 7624: 7545: 7482: 7111: 6952: 6851: 6625: 5714:(in Portuguese). Lisbon: 4726:. John Wiley & Sons. 4506:The Encyclopedia of Islam 4183:Malabar Manual (Volume-I) 4018:(ripe banana filled with 4000:(deep-fried, boiled ripe 3249:First Battle of Cannanore 3112:Growth of Islam in Kerala 2976:'Abd al-Rahman ibn Malik 1915:Indian Muslim nationalism 1544:E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar 1076:Sunni schools of theology 148: 143: 136: 131: 119: 114: 91: 86: 72: 67: 48: 9276:South Indian communities 8939:Jifri Muthukkoya Thangal 8924:Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar 6089:www.kozhikodeairport.com 5278:A. Rā Kulakarṇī (1996). 3818:Kallummakkaya nirachathu 3649:Salafists (the Mujahids) 3610:Salafists (the Mujahids) 3590:Indian National Congress 3439:Indian National Congress 3303:marked the beginning of 2920:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad 2912:Qissat Shakarwati Farmad 2768:were the first to enter 2135:and for manual labor in 1789:List of mosques in India 456:Medieval Islamic science 32:Mappila (disambiguation) 9261:Social groups of Kerala 8977:Panakkad Shihab Thangal 8445:Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh 8440:Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh 6523:Faces Places and Plates 4869:Encyclopédie de l’Islam 3968:. Various varieties of 3253:Third Portuguese Armada 2811:, a part of the larger 2497:Portuguese distinctions 2002:Saint Thomas Christians 1718:Religious jurisprudence 1539:Panakkad Shihab Thangal 1529:Maulana Abul Kalam Azad 874:Prophets and Messengers 9090:AP Aboobacker Musliyar 8982:Umerali Shihab Thangal 8949:AP Aboobacker Musliyar 8733:Vaikom Muhammad Bashir 6554:, University of Madras 6438:Shamsul (7 May 2016). 5912:Mappila Muslim Culture 5574:Rulers of India series 4833:Mappila muslim culture 4180:William Logan (1887). 4157:Mappila Muslim Culture 4069:Arabi Malayalam script 3558:Persian Gulf countries 3471:Mohammed Abdur Rahiman 3354:(born around 1532) of 3337: 3207: 3164: 2870: 2854:and Arabic or Persian 2800:. The Greek historian 2733: 2703: 2689: 2677: 2571:), Cochin (Kochi) and 2108: 1569:Islam in Uttar Pradesh 1142:Contemporary movements 957:Rightly-Guided Caliphs 884:Succession to Muhammad 466:Succession to Muhammad 109:States of Persian Gulf 8944:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar 8876:Bohras (Daudi Bohras) 8825:Tangals (the Sayyids) 8073:Bhale Sultan Khanzada 7616:Bohras (Daudi Bohras) 7570:Tangals (the Sayyids) 6569:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 6417:The Take It Easy Chef 5453:Prange, Sebastian R. 4972:Prange, Sebastian R. 3956:, popularly known as 3709:tradition emerged in 3511:University of Calicut 3417:against Mysore ruler 3352:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 3335: 3198: 3162: 2868: 2709: 2695: 2683: 2675: 2516:A Mappila is either, 2098: 1988:, is a member of the 1549:K. Ali Kutty Musliyar 1514:Zainuddin Makhdoom II 144:Related ethnic groups 8904:Zainuddin Makhdoom I 8683:Religious literature 7916:Shaikhs of Rajasthan 6565:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen 6253:Modern Asian Studies 6161:"Literacy Rate 2011" 5886:A. Sreedhara Menon. 5838:. A. Constable. 1922 5597:Nitin Sinha (2014). 4570:Kumhali, V. (1986). 4364:2011 Census of India 3943:are used profusely. 3801:, a pancake made of 3721:newspaper known as " 3347:Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen 3291:with support of the 3066:It is believed that 2729:unlike from rest of 2597:British distinctions 2153:2011 Census of India 2146:United Arab Emirates 1842:Al Jamiatul Ashrafia 1837:Al-Jame-atul-Islamia 1364:Cheraman Juma Masjid 924:Declaration of Faith 505:Association football 57:Cheraman Juma Mosque 9161:Suprabhaatham Daily 9013:Major denominations 6048:. 4 September 1921. 5927:(22 January 2008). 5910:Roland E. Miller. 5865:on 21 December 2012 5711:Documentos Arabicos 4917:Nossiter, Thomas J. 4504:(1988). "Mappila". 4050:with rich filling, 3994:The snacks include 3579:Aster DM Healthcare 3563:Malappuram District 3539:C. N. Ahmad Moulavi 3499:C. H. Mohammed Koya 3388:Tuhfatul Mujahideen 3380:Al-Azhar University 3191:The European period 3149:Calicut (Kozhikode) 3132:Moroccan traveller 3017:Jurfatan/Jirfatan ( 3012:Malik ibn Muhammad 2952:Muhammad ibn Malik 2933: 1890:Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind 1847:Darul Uloom Deoband 266:Profession of Faith 239:Day of Resurrection 45: 9100:Influential bodies 8867:Dakhnis or Pathans 8717:Moyinkutty Vaidyar 7607:Dakhnis or Pathans 7419:Shaikhs of Gujarat 6350:. 8 January 2011. 6348:"Malabari Ramayan" 6326:The Times of India 6276:on 7 November 2012 6206:The Times of India 6114:The Times of India 6046:The New York Times 5890:. D C Books (2011) 5679:Devadevan, Manu V. 3919:(soft flatbread), 3781:Thalassery cuisine 3513:, with the former 3483:K. M. Seethi Sahib 3443:Mohandas K. Gandhi 3409:, ruled by Sultan 3368:Zamorin of Calicut 3338: 3319:of the Portuguese 3293:Republic of Venice 3208: 3165: 3106:Kodungallur Mosque 2988:Ibrahim ibn Malik 2932: 2871: 2734: 2704: 2690: 2678: 2477:Thiruvananthapuram 2109: 1874:Influential bodies 1753:Schools of thought 1605:Hyderabadi Muslims 1584:Rajasthani Muslims 1404:Kunhali Marakkar I 1181:Neo-traditionalism 42: 9236: 9235: 9144: 9143: 9070: 9069: 9008: 9007: 8934:Athippatta Usthad 8761: 8760: 8671: 8670: 8579: 8578: 8217:Kayastha Musalman 8018:Bachgoti Khanzada 7429:Sayyid of Gujarat 7295:Maliks of Gujarat 6187:Malayala Manorama 6017:978-0-8135-3089-5 5980:978-1-85043-963-9 5925:Leonard Y. Andaya 5859:"Islam in Kerala" 5812:978-0-415-30207-4 5778:978-0-521-64629-1 5610:978-1-78308-311-4 5583:978-81-206-1524-3 5552:978-81-8267-114-0 5526:978-0-415-30207-4 5440:978-1-108-42438-7 5406:978-81-903887-8-8 5372:978-0-231-70024-5 5335:The Jews of China 5291:978-81-7154-579-7 5257:978-90-04-07929-8 5201:978-1-4381-1913-7 5167:978-81-7824-115-9 5133:978-81-264-1578-6 5095:978-81-8069-294-9 5042:978-0-333-54808-0 4842:978-1-4384-5600-3 4502:Miller, Roland E. 4412:Outlook Traveller 4371:on 25 August 2015 4344:978-0-19562-139-6 4250:10.33306/mjssh/31 4223:Malayala Manorama 4166:978-1-4384-5601-0 4155:(27 April 2015). 4153:Miller, Roland E. 4015:pazham nirachathu 3745:dance of Gujarat. 3612:and the minority 3457:Post-colonial era 3423:Madras Presidency 3407:Kingdom of Mysore 3307:dominance of the 3277:Sultan of Gujarat 3257:Kingdom of Cochin 3064: 3063: 2981:Fakanur/Makanur ( 2925:According to the 2807:Islam arrived in 2796:of Kerala to the 2790:eastern countries 2494: 2493: 2151:According to the 2085:to the 2011 censu 1983: 1982: 1499:Nizamuddin Auliya 1489:Moinuddin Chishti 1479:Sheikh Ubaidullah 1419:Malabar Rebellion 1414:Kingdom of Mysore 1399:Deccan sultanates 1389:Gujarat Sultanate 1379:Bahmani Sultanate 1349:Sheikh Ubaidullah 1309: 1308: 1154:Deobandi movement 826: 825: 171: 170: 16:(Redirected from 9283: 9228: 9227: 9222:Islam portal 9220: 9219: 9218: 9200: 9199: 9188: 9187: 9176: 9175: 9104: 9103: 9017: 9016: 8909:Mampuram Thangal 8889: 8888: 8680: 8679: 8658:Malayalam script 8643: 8642: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8583: 8582: 8425:Sadaat-e-Bilgram 8390:Rajput Musalmaan 8365:Qaum-e-Punjabian 8227:Khokhar Khanzada 8164:Gujjar Musalmaan 6611: 6604: 6597: 6588: 6587: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6489: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6383: 6364: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6328:. 9 October 2016 6318: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6283: 6281: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6233: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6192: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6174: 6172: 6167:. 14 August 2019 6157: 6151: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6137:. Archived from 6131: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6043: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6024: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5987: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5935: 5921: 5915: 5914:SUNY Press, 2015 5908: 5902: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5870: 5861:. Archived from 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5796: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5785: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5749: 5747: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5621: 5615: 5614: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5563: 5554: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5533: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5356: 5350: 5349: 5329: 5323: 5320: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5241: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5227: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5174: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5140: 5117: 5100: 5099: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5025: 5019: 5018: 4986: 4977: 4970: 4937: 4936: 4913: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4768: 4762: 4759: 4738: 4737: 4717: 4690: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4652: 4647: 4636: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4603: 4597: 4594: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4567: 4544: 4539: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4498: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4414:. Archived from 4404: 4398: 4392: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4376: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4298:Županov, Ines G. 4294: 4288: 4287: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4232: 4226: 4216: 4210: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4149: 4122: 4119:August 26, 2015 4113: 4089:Sri Lankan Moors 3854: 3833: 3814: 3793: 3759:, also known as 3515:Malabar District 3475:E. Moidu Moulavi 3441:leaders such as 3415:Anglo-Mysore War 3364:Kunjali Marakkar 3321:casado moradores 3185:Coromandel Coast 2964:Hasan ibn Malik 2934: 2931: 2738:Sumerian records 2702:(1st century CE) 2567:(Tanur), Funan ( 2197: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2137:South East Asian 2113:Malabar District 2107:– District-wise. 2099:Distribution of 1975: 1968: 1961: 1817:Aliah University 1783:Mosques in India 1589:Gujarati Muslims 1579:Kashmiri Muslims 1509:Sarkar Waris Pak 1484:Malik bin Deenar 1438: 1384:Bengal Sultanate 1359:Cheraman Perumal 1354:Malik bin Deenar 1336: 1326: 1311: 1310: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1275:Islam portal 1273: 1272: 1271: 1149:Barelvi movement 1115: 1114: 1028: 1027: 854: 845: 839: 838: 828: 827: 818: 811: 804: 790:Islam portal 788: 787: 786: 196: 173: 172: 166:Sri Lankan Moors 81: 68:Total population 53: 46: 41: 27:Muslim community 21: 9291: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9281: 9280: 9271:Islam in Kerala 9241: 9240: 9237: 9232: 9216: 9214: 9208: 9156:Chandrika Daily 9140: 9121: 9095: 9066: 9048: 9039:Islam in Kerala 9004: 8953: 8880: 8798: 8757: 8721: 8710:Religious Poets 8705: 8697:Khissa Pattukal 8667: 8663:Arabi Malayalam 8641: 8631:Mappila dialect 8615: 8613:Islam in Kerala 8610: 8580: 8575: 8477: 8473:Tyagi Musalmaan 8252:Lalkhani Rajput 8149:Gautam Khanzada 8126:Dhobi Musalmaan 8092:Muslim Bhumihar 8078:Bhatti Khanzada 7989: 7974:Deccani Muslims 7940: 7791: 7772:Muslim Raj Gond 7762:Konkani Muslims 7683: 7620: 7541: 7517:Konkani Muslims 7478: 7449:Sulaymani Bohra 7409:Sandhai Muslims 7231:Ghanchi-Pinjara 7107: 7089:Shaikh of Bihar 6948: 6847: 6703:Deccani Muslims 6621: 6615: 6578: 6557: 6555: 6544: 6542:Further reading 6539: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6502: 6500: 6490: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6463: 6462: 6458: 6448: 6446: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6384: 6367: 6357: 6355: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6331: 6329: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6305: 6303: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6279: 6277: 6262: 6261: 6257: 6249: 6236: 6230:21 August 2017 6225: 6221: 6211: 6209: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6184: 6180: 6170: 6168: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6144: 6142: 6135:"The Institute" 6133: 6132: 6128: 6118: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6091: 6083: 6082: 6078: 6068: 6066: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6002: 5995: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5965: 5961: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5933: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5894: 5885: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5797: 5793: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5763: 5759: 5745: 5743: 5736: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5719: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5676: 5672: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5595: 5591: 5584: 5564: 5557: 5545: 5541: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5511: 5507: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5425: 5421: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5357: 5353: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5321: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5276: 5272: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5242: 5235: 5225: 5223: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5152: 5148: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5118: 5103: 5096: 5080: 5076: 5066: 5064: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5026: 5022: 4987: 4980: 4971: 4940: 4933: 4914: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4843: 4829: 4825: 4815: 4813: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4785: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4741: 4734: 4718: 4693: 4683: 4681: 4678:Census of India 4672: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4605: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4586: 4574: 4568: 4547: 4540: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4499: 4432: 4421: 4419: 4418:on 15 July 2012 4406: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4384: 4374: 4372: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4331:Panikkar, K. N. 4328: 4321: 4314: 4295: 4291: 4270: 4266: 4233: 4229: 4217: 4213: 4195: 4191: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4150: 4125: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4094:Nasrani Mappila 4064:Arabi Malayalam 4060: 3915:meaning meat), 3877: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3815: 3807: 3806: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3767:Mappila Ramayan 3731: 3703: 3686: 3681: 3667:political Islam 3665:)—representing 3598: 3571:M. A. Yusuf Ali 3503:Kerala Assembly 3459: 3263:and Zamorin of 3193: 3138:Muchundi Mosque 3118:Quilon (Kollam) 3114: 3090:Grantha scripts 3000:Musa ibn Malik 2827:was brought to 2670: 2665: 2599: 2581: 2544:) to Islam (or) 2499: 2161: 2093: 2081: 2076: 2067: 2024:the spice trade 1979: 1950: 1949: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1802: 1794: 1793: 1784: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1645:Dakhini Muslims 1594:Konkani Muslims 1574:Bengali Muslims 1563: 1555: 1554: 1553: 1534:Syed Ahmad Khan 1519:Ahmad Raza Khan 1473: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1439: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1374:Delhi Sultanate 1344: 1324: 1305: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1261: 1240:Kutub al-Sittah 1229: 1221: 1220: 1201: 1191: 1190: 1144: 1134: 1133: 1108: 1107: 1078: 1068: 1067: 1025: 1024: 999: 984: 983: 959: 949: 948: 919: 909: 908: 864: 841: 840: 832: 831: 822: 784: 782: 775: 774: 719:Other religions 714:Arabic language 676: 666: 665: 594:Moral teachings 485: 471: 470: 461:Spread of Islam 406: 396: 395: 383:(jurisprudence) 365:Qisas al-Anbiya 314: 313: 293: 292: 261: 251: 250: 206: 125:Arabi Malayalam 76: 63: 44: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9289: 9279: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9234: 9233: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9207: 9206: 9194: 9182: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9152: 9150: 9146: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9132: 9130: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9113: 9111: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9094: 9093: 9086: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9064: 9058: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9014: 9010: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9002: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8972:Pukkoya Tangal 8968: 8966: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8895: 8893: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8865: 8860: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8792:Muttum Viliyum 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8767: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8756: 8755: 8753:Moidu Padiyath 8750: 8748:N. P. Muhammed 8745: 8743:K. T. Muhammed 8740: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8713: 8711: 8707: 8706: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8695: 8693:Majlis Al-Noor 8690: 8686: 8684: 8677: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8649: 8647: 8640: 8639: 8634: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8616: 8609: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8586: 8577: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8566:Shershahabadia 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8516:Iraqi Biradari 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8487: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8475: 8470: 8467: 8465:Teli Musalmaan 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8197:Kakorvi Shaikh 8194: 8189: 8186: 8184:Iraqi Biradari 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8133: 8128: 8123: 8118: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7997: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7801: 7799: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7769: 7764: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7693: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7682: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7630: 7628: 7626:Madhya Pradesh 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7582: 7577: 7572: 7567: 7562: 7557: 7551: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7488: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7093:Shershahabadia 7090: 7087: 7085:Syed (Mallick) 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7059: 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7022:Malik of Bihar 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6958: 6956: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6803:Muslim Rajputs 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6733:Iraqi Biradari 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6613: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6585: 6584: 6577: 6576:External links 6574: 6573: 6572: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6525:. 30 June 2020 6510: 6481: 6456: 6430: 6419:. 23 June 2017 6404: 6365: 6339: 6313: 6287: 6255: 6234: 6219: 6193: 6178: 6152: 6126: 6101: 6076: 6051: 6030: 6016: 5993: 5979: 5959: 5942: 5916: 5903: 5892: 5876: 5849: 5825: 5811: 5791: 5777: 5757: 5729: 5718:. pp. 4–5 5700: 5670: 5650: 5641: 5634: 5616: 5609: 5589: 5582: 5555: 5539: 5525: 5505: 5488: 5472: 5459: 5446: 5439: 5419: 5405: 5385: 5371: 5351: 5344: 5324: 5304: 5290: 5270: 5256: 5233: 5222:on 14 May 2012 5207: 5200: 5180: 5166: 5146: 5132: 5101: 5094: 5074: 5048: 5041: 5029:Jeffrey, Robin 5020: 4978: 4938: 4931: 4889: 4856: 4841: 4823: 4790: 4783: 4763: 4739: 4732: 4691: 4665: 4653: 4637: 4623: 4598: 4584: 4545: 4523: 4511: 4430: 4428:December, 2009 4408:"Oh! Calicut!" 4399: 4382: 4350: 4343: 4319: 4312: 4289: 4264: 4227: 4225:Yearbook 1990; 4211: 4189: 4172: 4165: 4123: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4079:Beary language 4076: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4056: 4039:chatti pathiri 3856: 3849: 3848: 3835: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3809: 3808: 3795: 3788: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3746: 3739: 3730: 3727: 3702: 3699: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3676: 3675: 3670: 3656: 3646: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3597: 3594: 3551:Farook College 3495:Pukkoya Tangal 3493:, P. M. S. A. 3479:Congress Party 3458: 3455: 3400:Aceh Sultanate 3366:alongside the 3297:Ottoman Empire 3192: 3189: 3113: 3110: 3062: 3061: 3058: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2711:Shafiʽi school 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2641: 2598: 2595: 2580: 2577: 2553: 2552: 2549:Middle Eastern 2545: 2510: 2509: 2506: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2444: 2441: 2439:Pathanamthitta 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2245: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2092: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2063: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1942: 1941: 1940: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1865: 1864: 1859: 1857:Ma'din Academy 1854: 1852:Manzar-e-Islam 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1796: 1795: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1707: 1705:Shershahabadia 1702: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1675:Iraqi Biradari 1672: 1667: 1662: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1630:Bihari Muslims 1627: 1622: 1617: 1615:Dawoodi Bohras 1612: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1454:Indo-Saracenic 1451: 1446: 1440: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1329: 1328: 1325:Islam in India 1320: 1319: 1307: 1306: 1304: 1303: 1296: 1289: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1105: 1104: 1094: 1079: 1074: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1000: 990: 989: 986: 985: 982: 981: 976: 971: 966: 960: 955: 954: 951: 950: 947: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 920: 915: 914: 911: 910: 907: 906: 901: 899:Predestination 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 865: 860: 859: 856: 855: 847: 846: 824: 823: 821: 820: 813: 806: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 777: 776: 773: 772: 766: 765: 764: 763: 758: 748: 743: 742: 741: 736: 726: 721: 716: 710: 709: 708: 707: 702: 697: 689: 688: 683: 677: 674:Related topics 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 658: 656:Social welfare 653: 648: 647: 646: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 571: 566: 561: 556: 551: 550: 549: 544: 534: 533: 532: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 486: 477: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 418: 413: 407: 402: 401: 398: 397: 394: 393: 385: 376: 375: 369: 361: 353: 344: 343: 323: 315: 312: 311: 306: 300: 299: 298: 295: 294: 291: 290: 285: 280: 274: 273: 268: 262: 257: 256: 253: 252: 249: 248: 246:Predestination 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 227:Revealed Books 224: 218: 217: 207: 202: 201: 198: 197: 189: 188: 182: 181: 169: 168: 146: 145: 141: 140: 134: 133: 129: 128: 117: 116: 112: 111: 89: 88: 84: 83: 70: 69: 65: 64: 54: 38: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9288: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9239: 9231: 9223: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9195: 9193: 9192: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9137: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9115: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9073: 9063: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9026: 9024: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8885:Major figures 8883: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8788:Arabana Muttu 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8764: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8701:Mappila Pattu 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8678: 8674: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8653:Arabic script 8651: 8650: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8628: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8595: 8593: 8588: 8587: 8584: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8496:Dawoodi Bohra 8494: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8484: 8480: 8474: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8450:Shaikh Ja'fri 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420:Sadaat-e-Bara 8418: 8416: 8415:Sadaat Amroha 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8315:Nagar Muslims 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8305:Muslim Chhipi 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8193: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8122: 8119: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7995:Uttar Pradesh 7992: 7986: 7985:Dawoodi Bohra 7983: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926:Sindhi-Sipahi 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7830:Dawoodi Bohra 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7798: 7794: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7773: 7770: 7768: 7765: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7727:Dawoodi Bohra 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7664:Muslim Chhipi 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7649:Dawoodi Bohra 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7512:Kodava Maaple 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7354:Multani Lohar 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7196:Dawoodi Bohra 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7047:Muslim Chhipi 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6850: 6844: 6843:Urdu-speaking 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6619: 6618:Indian Muslim 6612: 6607: 6605: 6600: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6570: 6566: 6553: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6441: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6408: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6353: 6349: 6343: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6259: 6252: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6232: 6229: 6223: 6208:. 4 June 2015 6207: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6188: 6182: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6141:on 8 May 2017 6140: 6136: 6130: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6065: 6061: 6055: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5998: 5982: 5976: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5945: 5943:9780824831899 5939: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5896: 5889: 5883: 5881: 5864: 5860: 5853: 5837: 5836: 5829: 5814: 5808: 5804: 5803: 5795: 5780: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5761: 5753: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5717: 5713: 5712: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5637: 5635:9788120833739 5631: 5627: 5620: 5612: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5593: 5585: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5509: 5501: 5500: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5477: 5469: 5463: 5456: 5450: 5442: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5374: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5355: 5347: 5345:9780765601049 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5293: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5240: 5238: 5221: 5217: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5184: 5169: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5135: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5086: 5078: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5024: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4934: 4932:9780905838403 4928: 4924: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4786: 4784:9780521646291 4780: 4776: 4775: 4767: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4733:9780470672914 4729: 4725: 4724: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4633: 4627: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4543: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4397:. pp. 458–56. 4396: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4315: 4313:0-472-11490-5 4309: 4305: 4304: 4299: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4208: 4207:81-86668-06-3 4204: 4200: 4193: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4105: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074:Beary Muslims 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3897:Kallummakkaya 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3782: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3696: 3693:) or matrys ( 3692: 3684:Yemeni Sufism 3674: 3671: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3586:Muslim League 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3547:Aikya Sangham 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535:K. M. Maulavi 3530: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:Muslim League 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3396:Malabar Coast 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3372:Malabar coast 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3301:Battle of Diu 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3234:and south to 3233: 3232:Malabar Coast 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3181:Bay of Bengal 3178: 3174: 3170: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102:Madayi Mosque 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3080:Old Malayalam 3077: 3073: 3069: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2945:Kalankallur ( 2944: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:Chera dynasty 2901: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833:Malabar Coast 2830: 2826: 2822: 2821:Malabar Coast 2818: 2814: 2810: 2809:Malabar Coast 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770:Malabar Coast 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2674: 2657: 2653: 2650: 2649:North Malabar 2646: 2642: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2623:South Malabar 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2594: 2592: 2587: 2586:South Malabar 2579:Inland Growth 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2559:(Kozhikode), 2558: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2489: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2284: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2071: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2040: 2037: 2033: 2032:Malabar Coast 2029: 2025: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1964: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1954: 1953: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1881: 1880:Muslim Jamaat 1878: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1832:Jamiatur Raza 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1812:Jamia Nizamia 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1731: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1680:Arabs (India) 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1640:Tamil Muslims 1638: 1636: 1635:Oriya Muslims 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1494:Bakhtiar Kaki 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472:Major figures 1469: 1468: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1427: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1394:Mughal Empire 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1340: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1266: 1265: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1138: 1137: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1102: 1101:Ahl al-Hadith 1098: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1001: 998: 994: 988: 987: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 958: 953: 952: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 918: 913: 912: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 894:Judgement Day 892: 890: 887: 885: 882: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 863: 858: 857: 853: 849: 848: 844: 836: 830: 829: 819: 814: 812: 807: 805: 800: 799: 797: 796: 791: 781: 780: 779: 778: 771: 768: 767: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 747: 744: 740: 737: 735: 732: 731: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 711: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 692: 691: 690: 687: 684: 682: 679: 678: 675: 670: 669: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 629:Proselytizing 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 548: 545: 543: 540: 539: 538: 537:Denominations 535: 531: 528: 527: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 487: 484: 480: 475: 474: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 435: 433: 432: 428: 426: 425: 421: 420: 417: 414: 412: 409: 408: 405: 400: 399: 392: 390: 386: 384: 382: 378: 377: 373: 370: 368: 366: 362: 360: 358: 354: 352: 350: 346: 345: 341: 340: 335: 334: 329: 328: 324: 322: 321: 317: 316: 310: 307: 305: 302: 301: 297: 296: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 260: 255: 254: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 235: 232: 231: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 216: 212: 209: 208: 205: 200: 199: 195: 191: 190: 187: 184: 183: 179: 175: 174: 167: 163: 159: 155: 154:Kodava Maaple 151: 147: 142: 139: 135: 130: 126: 122: 118: 113: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 85: 80: 75: 71: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 37: 33: 19: 9238: 9201: 9189: 9177: 9129:(AP faction) 9110:(EK faction) 8738:U. A. Khader 7384:Patani Bohra 7324:Meta Qureshi 7126:Alavi Bohras 6944:Alavi Bohras 6939:Goan Muslims 6556:, retrieved 6550: 6527:. Retrieved 6522: 6513: 6501:. Retrieved 6497: 6472:. Retrieved 6468: 6459: 6447:. Retrieved 6443: 6433: 6421:. Retrieved 6416: 6407: 6395:. Retrieved 6391: 6356:. Retrieved 6342: 6330:. Retrieved 6325: 6316: 6304:. Retrieved 6290: 6278:. Retrieved 6274:the original 6267: 6258: 6227: 6222: 6210:. Retrieved 6205: 6196: 6186: 6181: 6169:. Retrieved 6164: 6155: 6143:. Retrieved 6139:the original 6129: 6117:. Retrieved 6113: 6104: 6092:. Retrieved 6088: 6079: 6067:. Retrieved 6063: 6054: 6045: 6033: 6021:. Retrieved 6006: 5984:. Retrieved 5969: 5962: 5954: 5947:. Retrieved 5929: 5919: 5911: 5906: 5895: 5887: 5867:. Retrieved 5863:the original 5857:AG Noorani. 5852: 5840:. Retrieved 5834: 5828: 5816:. Retrieved 5801: 5794: 5782:. Retrieved 5767: 5760: 5750:– via 5746:10 September 5744:. Retrieved 5738: 5732: 5722:10 September 5720:. 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Retrieved 4369:the original 4362: 4353: 4334: 4302: 4292: 4284:10603/213506 4274: 4267: 4240: 4230: 4218: 4214: 4198: 4192: 4182: 4175: 4156: 4116: 4054:, and more. 4051: 4047: 4037: 4027: 4013: 3995: 3993: 3988: 3987:and Ponnani 3984: 3983:, Kozhikode 3980: 3975: 3969: 3957: 3951: 3945: 3933:black pepper 3926: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3909:irachi puttu 3908: 3896: 3878: 3841: 3837: 3821: 3817: 3796: 3760: 3752: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3673:Shīiah Islam 3618: 3599: 3583: 3555: 3546: 3531: 3507: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3430: 3427: 3404: 3387: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3320: 3317: 3313:Indian Ocean 3269:Indian Ocean 3261:João da Nova 3251:between the 3240:16th century 3209: 3173:Persian Gulf 3166: 3146: 3134:Ibn Battutah 3131: 3115: 3083: 3065: 3043:Panthalayani 3041:Fandarinah ( 2926: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2916: 2896: 2891:Kufic script 2876: 2872: 2855: 2851: 2849: 2813:Indian Ocean 2806: 2786:Persian Gulf 2735: 2697: 2602: 2600: 2582: 2554: 2515: 2511: 2500: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2200: 2187:% of Muslims 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2150: 2142:Saudi Arabia 2110: 2091:Distribution 2084: 2082: 2079:Demographics 2068: 2055:caste system 2041: 2021: 2014: 1985: 1984: 1905:Raza Academy 1801:Universities 1690:Goan Muslims 1670:Sunni Bohras 1504:Amir Khusrow 1449:Indo-Islamic 1431:Architecture 1238: 1169:Ahl-i Hadith 1109:In terms of 1106: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1032: 1023: 917:Five Pillars 746:Islamophobia 525:Demographics 520:Circumcision 436: 429: 422: 388: 380: 364: 356: 348: 337: 331: 325: 318: 78: 39:Ethnic group 36: 9203:WikiProject 9166:Siraj Daily 9034:AP Samastha 9029:EK Samastha 8899:Malik Dinar 8803:Communities 8795:Vattappattu 8689:Mala-Mawlid 8483:West Bengal 8053:Banu Israil 7848:Hela Mehtar 7722:Chhaparband 7689:Maharashtra 7507:Chhaparband 7454:Sunni Bohra 7389:Patni Jamat 6620:communities 6444:CookAwesome 6358:27 December 6332:27 December 6306:17 February 6298:. 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